Damascus - Knowledge

3562: 4399: 3041:, the new Islamic capital. Within the first six months of Abbasid rule, revolts began erupting in the city, albeit too isolated and unfocused to present a viable threat. Nonetheless, the last of the prominent Umayyads were executed, the traditional officials of Damascus were ostracised, and army generals from the city were dismissed. Afterwards, the Umayyad family cemetery was desecrated and the city walls were torn down, reducing Damascus into a provincial town of little importance. It roughly disappeared from written records for the next century and the only significant improvement of the city was the Abbasid-built treasury dome in the Umayyad Mosque in 789. In 811, distant remnants of the Umayyad dynasty staged a strong uprising in Damascus that was eventually put down. 5268: 1416: 4339: 4354: 3772: 5432: 3415: 2457:, centered on its capital Damascus. The Aramaeans who entered the city without battle, adopted the name "Dimashqu" for their new home. Noticing the agricultural potential of the still-undeveloped and sparsely populated area, they established the water distribution system of Damascus by constructing canals and tunnels which maximized the efficiency of the river Barada. The Romans and the Umayyads later improved the same network, and still forms the basis of the water system of the old part of the city today. The Aramaeans initially turned Damascus into an outpost of a loose federation of Aramaean tribes, known as 180: 5231: 3551: 4384: 5179:. There are about one hundred lines that operate inside the city and some of them extend from the city center to nearby suburbs. There is no schedule for the lines, and due to the limited number of official bus stops, buses will usually stop wherever a passenger needs to get on or off. The number of buses serving the same line is relatively high, which minimizes the waiting time. Lines are not numbered, rather they are given captions mostly indicating the two endpoints and possibly an important station along the line. Between 2019 and 2022, more than 100 modern buses were delivered from 4113: 1466: 3540: 3018: 5575: 5158: 213: 147: 4975: 55: 4414: 2651: 1544: 4752: 2610: 2768: 5076: 4601: 2933: 4475: 3216: 101: 4369: 4631: 5187: 5523: 91: 4016: 3407: 10950: 5549: 4483: 3942: 2838: 5627: 5601: 5536: 11095: 1405: 5588: 5510: 15311: 13172: 10998: 4760: 3650: 4083: 286: 2438: 3954: 3742: 5614: 5562: 4854: 15304: 3086: 5424: 220: 187: 154: 7322:, p. 194. Quote: "Again, the Holy Prophet "P sent Dihyah bin Khalifa Kalbi to the Byzantine king Heraclius, Hatib bin Abi Baltaeh to the king of Egypt and Alexandria; Allabn Al-Hazermi to Munzer bin Sawa the king of Bahrain; Amer bin Aas to the king of Oman. Salit bin Amri to Hozah bin Ali— the king of Yamama; Shiya bin Wahab to Haris bin Ghasanni to the king of Damascus" 3323:. Saladin eventually overthrew the Fatimid caliphs and established himself as Sultan of Egypt. He also began to assert his independence from Nur ad-Din, and with the death of both Amalric and Nur ad-Din in 1174, he was well-placed to begin exerting control over Damascus and Nur ad-Din's other Syrian possessions. In 1177 Saladin was defeated by the crusaders at the 1610:, west along the Barada valley, used to provide the city with drinking water, and various sources to the west are tapped by water contractors. The flow of the Barada dropped with the rapid expansion of housing and industry in the city and it is almost dry. The lower aquifers are polluted by the city's runoff from heavily used roads, industry, and sewage. 2317:, on the outskirts of Damascus, suggests that the site may have been occupied since the second half of the seventh millennium BC, possibly around 6300 BC. However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists, although no large-scale settlement was present within Damascus' walls until the second millennium BC. 3585:. The day after, the victorious sultan entered the city, staying for three months. On 15 December, he left Damascus by Bab al-Jabiya, intent on the conquest of Egypt. Little appeared to have changed in the city: one army had simply replaced another. However, on his return in October 1517, the sultan ordered the construction of a mosque, 904:. As of June 2023, it was the least livable out of 173 global cities in the same Global Liveability Ranking. In 2017, new development projects have been launched in Damascus to build new residential districts, symbolizing post-war reconstruction. The Old city of Damascus is widely known for numerous sites which includes the 1455:, irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals, and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. Maps of Roman Syria indicate that the Barada River emptied into a lake of some size east of Damascus. Today it is called Bahira Atayba, the hesitant lake because in years of severe drought, it does not even exist. 4163:

and the influx of young Syrian migrants drawn by employment and educational opportunities. The migration of Syrian youths to Damascus has resulted in an average age within the city that is below the national average. Nonetheless, the population of Damascus is thought to have decreased in recent years

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or "the meadow". Al-Marjeh soon became the name of what was initially the central square of modern Damascus, with the city hall in it. The courts of justice, post office, and railway station stood on higher ground slightly to the south. A Europeanized residential quarter soon began to be built on the

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Due to the rapid decline of the population of Old Damascus (between 1995 and 2009 about 30,000 people moved out of the old city for more modern accommodation), a growing number of buildings are being abandoned or are falling into disrepair. In March 2007, the local government announced that it would

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between 37 and 40 AD. In fact, all these theories stem not from any actual evidence outside the New Testament but rather "a certain understanding of 2 Corinthians 11:32" and in reality "neither from archaeological evidence, secular-historical sources, nor New Testament texts can Nabatean sovereignty

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of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and the prevailing ocean currents. Summers are prolonged, dry, and hot with less humidity. Winters are cool and somewhat rainy; snowfall is infrequent. Autumn is brief and mild, but has the most drastic temperature change, unlike spring where the transition to summer is

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Damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up with every passing occupation, it has become almost impossible to excavate all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 2.4 m (8 ft) below the modern level.

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ruling in Damascus and Cairo. Damascus was the capital of independent Ayyubid rulers between 1193 and 1201, from 1218 to 1238, from 1239 to 1245, and from 1250 to 1260. At other times it was ruled by the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt. During the internecine wars fought by the Ayyubid rulers, Damascus was

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By the 8th century BC, Damascus was practically engulfed by the Assyrians and entered a Dark Age. Nonetheless, it remained the economic and cultural center of the Near East as well as the Arameaen resistance. In 727, a revolt took place in the city but was put down by Assyrian forces. After Assyria

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Shias, Fatemids, and Dawoodi Bohras believe that after the battle of Karbala (680 AD), in Iraq, the Umayyad Caliph Yezid brought Imam Husain's head to Damascus, where it was first kept in the courtyard of Yezid Mahal, now part of Umayyad Mosque complex. All other remaining members of Imam Husain's

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besieged the city for ten days, which surrendered between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, though its Citadel resisted. Ghazan then retreated with most of his forces in February, probably because the Mongol horses needed fodder, and left behind about 10,000 horsemen under the Mongol general

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river valley. The Anti-Lebanon Mountains mark the border between Syria and Lebanon. The range has peaks of over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) and blocks precipitation from the Mediterranean Sea, so the region of Damascus is sometimes subject to droughts. However, in ancient times, the Barada River

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The Old City of Damascus with an approximate area of 86.12 hectares is surrounded by ramparts on the northern and eastern sides and part of the southern side. There are seven extant city gates, the oldest of which dates back to the Roman period. These are, clockwise from the north of the citadel:

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The tourism industry in Damascus has a lot of potential, however, the civil war has hampered these prospects. The abundance of cultural wealth in Damascus has been modestly employed since the late 1980s with the development of many accommodation and transportation establishments and other related

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in the region and brought about new development of warfare. Damascus was only a peripheral part of this picture, which mostly affected the larger population centers of ancient Syria. However, these events contributed to the development of Damascus as a new influential center that emerged with the

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By June 2012, bullets and shrapnel shells smashed into homes in Damascus overnight as troops battled the Free Syrian Army in the streets. At least three tank shells slammed into residential areas in the central Damascus neighborhood of Qaboun, according to activists. Intense exchanges of assault

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of the Seljuq dynasty. Under Duqaq and Toghtekin, Damascus experienced stability, elevated status, and a revived role in commerce. In addition, the city's Sunni majority enjoyed being a part of the larger Sunni framework effectively governed by various Turkic dynasties who in turn were under the

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against the Neo-Assyrian army. Aram-Damascus came out victorious, temporarily preventing the Assyrians from encroaching into Syria. However, after Hadadzezer was killed by his successor, Hazael, the Levantine alliance collapsed. Aram-Damascus attempted to invade Israel but was interrupted by the

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periods. Today, it is the seat of the central government of Syria. Damascus lost its glory during the civil war, which began in 2011. The city experienced numerous bombings during the war and was battleground between the opposition groups and the government forces. In 2018, the Syrian government

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In 2008, the government announced a plan to construct a Damascus Metro. The green line will be an essential west–east axis for the future public transportation network, serving Moadamiyeh, Sumariyeh, Mezzeh, Damascus University, Hijaz, the Old City, Abbassiyeen and Qaboun Pullman bus station. A

3113:(996–1021). In 998, hundreds of Damascus citizens were rounded up and executed by him for incitement. Three years after al-Hakim's mysterious disappearance, a rebellion was initiated in southern Syria against the Fatimids, but was stifled by the Fatimid Turkish governor of Syria and Palestine, 4027:

The historical role that Damascus played as an important trade center has changed in recent years due to political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula.

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Little remains of the architecture of the Romans, but the town planning of the old city did have a lasting effect. The Roman architects brought together the Greek and Aramaean foundations of the city and fused them into a new layout measuring approximately 1,500 by 750 m (4,920 by

2422:, but now the land of Judea, and this when his posterity became a multitude; as to which posterity of his, we relate their history in another work. Now the name of Abraham is even still famous in the country of Damascus; and there is a village named after him, The Habitation of Abraham. 2647:) and the Cardo (north-south), the Decumanus being about twice as long. The Romans built a monumental gate which still survives at the eastern end of Decumanus Maximus. The gate originally had three arches: the central arch was for chariots while the side arches were for pedestrians. 2884:, the Byzantines fielded an army superior to that of the Rashidun in manpower. They advanced into southern Syria during the spring of 636 and consequently Khalid ibn al-Walid's forces withdrew from Damascus to prepare for renewed confrontation. In August, the two sides met along the 2472:, the claimant to Aram-Zobah's throne who was denied kingship of the federation, fled Beqaa and captured Damascus by force in 965 BC. Ezron overthrew the city's tribal governor and founded the independent entity of Aram-Damascus. As this new state expanded south, it prevented the 5414:

oasis is also a weekend destination for recreation. Many recreation centers operate in the city including sports clubs, swimming pools, and golf courses. The Syrian Arab Horse Association in Damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders.

6607: 3204:, Toghtekin managed to halt Crusader raids in the Golan and Hauran. Mawdud was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque in 1109, depriving Damascus of northern Muslim backing and forcing Toghtekin to agree to a truce with the Crusaders in 1110. In 1126, the Crusader army led by 4435:

throughout the second half of the 20th century has been an influential current in the Sunni religious practises, particularly in Damascus. The largest women-only and girls-only Muslim movement in the world happens to be Sufi-oriented and is based in Damascus, led by

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and some scholars believe that Herod was also granted control of Damascus as well. The control of Damascus reverted to Syria either upon the death of Herod the Great or was part of the lands given to Herod Philip which were given to Syria with his death in 33/34 AD.

3264:; Isma'il's brother, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, replaced him. Meanwhile, Zengi, intent on putting Damascus under his control, married Safwat al-Mulk in 1138. Mahmud's reign then ended in 1139 after he was killed for relatively unknown reasons by members of his family. 4047:

formally opened for trade in March 2009, and the exchange is the only stock exchange in Syria. It is located in the Barzeh district, within Syria's financial markets and securities commission. Its final home is to be located in the upmarket business district of

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had previously attempted to capture the city in April 634 but without success. With Damascus now in Muslim-Arab hands, the Byzantines, alarmed at the loss of their most prestigious city in the Near East, had decided to wrest back control of it. Under Emperor

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and Palestine. Duqaq seemed to have been content with Crusader's rule as a buffer between his dominion and the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. Toghtekin, however, saw the Western invaders as a viable threat to Damascus which, at the time, nominally included

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Streets in Damascus are often narrow, especially in the older parts of the city, and speed bumps are widely used to limit the speed of vehicles. Many taxi companies operate in Damascus. Fares are regulated by law and taxi drivers are obliged to use a

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American Missionary E.C. Miller records that in 1867 the population of the city was 'about' 140,000, of whom 30,000 were Christians, 10,000 Jews, and 100,000 'Mohammedans' with fewer than 100 Protestant Christians. In the meantime, American writer

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in 1192. Saladin allowed pilgrimages to be made to Jerusalem, allowing the Crusaders to fulfill their vows, after which they all returned home. Local crusader barons set about rebuilding their kingdom from Acre and the other coastal cities.

3054:, a dissenting Turkish wali appointed by the Abbasids, conquered Syria, including Damascus, from his overlords in 878–79. In an act of respect for the previous Umayyad rulers, he erected a shrine on the site of Mu'awiya's grave in the city. 4132:

Damascus's population in 2004 was estimated to be 2.7 million people. The estimated population of Damascus in 2011 was 1,711,000. However, in 2022, the city had an estimated population of 2,503,000, which in early 2023 rose to 2,584,771.

3297:, however, was a complete failure. When the city seemed to be on the verge of collapse, the crusader army suddenly moved against another section of the walls and was driven back. By 1154, Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control. 3718:, in which he mentioned: "Though old as history itself, thou art fresh as the breath of spring, blooming as thine own rose-bud, and fragrant as thine own orange flower, O Damascus, pearl of the East!". In November 1898, German emperor 2834:, the king of Damascus. In his letter, Muhammad stated: "Peace be upon him who follows true guidance. Be informed that my religion shall prevail everywhere. You should accept Islam, and whatever under your command shall remain yours." 6614: 3255:

against Damascus with nearly 2,000 knights and 10,000 infantry. However, Buri allied with Zengi and managed to prevent their army from reaching the city. Buri was assassinated by Isma'ili agents in 1132; he was succeeded by his son,

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renewed Assyrian invasion. Hazael ordered a retreat to the walled part of Damascus while the Assyrians plundered the remainder of the kingdom. Unable to enter the city, they declared their supremacy in the Hauran and Beqa'a valleys.

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between the regular army and rebels reached the outskirts of Damascus, reportedly preventing people from leaving or reaching their houses, especially when security operations there intensified from the end of January into February.

3109:, visited Damascus in 985, remarking that the architecture and infrastructure of the city were "magnificent", but living conditions were awful. Under al-Aziz, the city saw a brief period of stability that ended with the reign of 3832:

whereby Britain and France had arranged to partition the Arab East between them. A new Franco-British proclamation on 17 November promised the "complete and definitive freeing of the peoples so long oppressed by the Turks." The

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on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the world. It is hoped that its inclusion on the list will draw more public awareness to these significant threats to the future of the historic Old City of Damascus.

4565:, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam. A shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of 4988:, which is the oldest and largest university in Syria. After the enactment of legislation allowing private higher institutions, several new universities were established in the city and the surrounding area, including: 4006:

in 2019, based on factors such as: stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure. However, the trend of being the least liveable city on Earth started in 2017, and continued as of 2023.

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in 1095. The Seljuqs established a court in Damascus and a systematic reversal of Shia inroads in the city. The city also saw an expansion of religious life through private endowments financing religious institutions

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went on a wide-scale campaign of quelling revolts throughout Syria, Damascus became subjugated by their rule. A positive effect of this was stability for the city and benefits from the spice and incense trade with

2453:, in the 11th century BC. By the start of the first millennium BC, several Aramaic kingdoms were formed, as Aramaeans abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and formed federated tribal states. One of these kingdoms was 1493:

and Imara in the north and north-west. These neighborhoods originally arose on roads leading out of the city, near the tombs of religious figures. In the 19th century outlying villages developed on the slopes of

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family (left alive after Karbala) along with the heads of all other companions, who were killed at Karbala, were also brought to Damascus. These members were kept as prisoners on the outskirts of the city (near

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Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (Ḥalab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah)

8083: 5244:. The preparation for the festivity began in February 2007 with the establishing of the Administrative Committee for "Damascus Arab Capital of Culture" by a presidential decree. Museums in Damascus includes 3121:

where he died in 1041. From that date to 1063, there are no known records of the city's history. By then, Damascus lacked a city administration, had an enfeebled economy, and a greatly reduced population.

8263: 6445: 5456:: a town located 51 km (32 mi) north-west of Damascus, its moderate temperature and low humidity in summer attracts many visitors from Damascus and throughout Syria, Lebanon and the 4529:(east-west main street) of Roman Damascus, and extended for over 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Today, it consists of the street of Bab Sharqi and the Souk Medhat Pasha, a covered market. The 4909:

be demolishing Old City buildings along a 1,400 m (4,600 ft) stretch of rampart walls as part of a redevelopment scheme. These factors resulted in the Old City being placed by the

3274:("slave soldier") took effective power of the city, prompting Zengi—with Safwat al-Mulk's backing—to lay siege against Damascus the same year. In response, Damascus allied with the Crusader 3002:. Following the murder of the latter in 743, the Caliphate of the Umayyads—which by then stretched from Spain to India— was crumbling as a result of widespread revolts. During the reign of 6406: 4184:

are the second largest ethnic minority, with a population of approximately 300,000. They reside primarily in the neighborhoods of Wadi al-Mashari ("Zorava" or "Zore Afa" in Kurdish) and

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in 1192, recovering most of the coast for the Christians, but could not recover Jerusalem or any of the inland territory of the kingdom. The crusade came to an end peacefully, with the

3117:, in 1029. This victory gave the latter mastery over Syria, displeasing his Fatimid overlords, but gaining the admiration of Damascus' citizens. He was exiled by Fatimid authorities to 2643:

conquered the region. Still today the Old Town of Damascus retains the rectangular shape of the Roman city, with its two main axes: the Decumanus Maximus (east-west; known today as the

54: 4069:, were permitted starting in the early 2000s with the liberalization of trade that took place. Traditional handcrafts and artisan copper engravings are still produced in the old city. 2892:

which ended in a decisive Muslim victory, solidifying Muslim rule in Syria and Palestine. While the Muslims administered the city, the population of Damascus remained mostly Christian—

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in 33/34 AD and the death of Aretas in 40 AD but there is substantial evidence against Aretas controlling the city before 37 AD and many reasons why it could not have been a gift from

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Ellen Clare Miller, 'Eastern Sketches – notes of scenery, schools and tent life in Syria and Palestine'. Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Company. 1871. page 90. quoting Eli Jones, a

3700:. The Christian quarter of the old city (mostly inhabited by Catholics), including several churches, was burnt down. The Christian inhabitants of the notoriously poor and refractory 3438:; hence, the citizens of Damascus saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets. However, following the Mongol defeat at 5466:: a city close to the border with Lebanon. Its mild weather along with the scenic views, made the town a popular resort both for tourists and for visitors from other Syrian cities. 1565:

refugees. City planners preferred to preserve the Ghouta as far as possible, and in the later 20th century some of the main areas of development were to the north, in the western

6133: 3506:. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name 15787: 5410:

is one of the largest parks in Damascus. It is home to the annual Damascus Flower Show. Other parks include al-Jahiz, al-Sibbki, al-Tijara, al-Wahda, etc... The city's famous

2418:, called the land of the Chaldeans: but, after a long time, he got him up, and removed from that country also, with his people, and went into the land then called the land of 4673:

in the south-east, from which tradition holds that Saint Paul made his escape from Damascus, lowered from the ramparts in a basket; this gate has been closed and turned into

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In the early years of the 20th century, nationalist sentiment in Damascus, initially cultural in its interest, began to take a political coloring, largely in reaction to the

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From the late 19th century on, a modern administrative and commercial center began to spring up to the west of the old city, around the Barada, centered on the area known as

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which is almost dry (3 cm (1 in) left). To the southeast, north, and northeast it is surrounded by suburban areas whose history stretches back to the Middle Ages:

3463:. In May 1300, the Egyptian Mamluks returned from Egypt and reclaimed the entire area without a battle. In April 1303, the Mamluks managed to defeat the Mongol army led by 9391: 9369: 8821: 9428: 9048:"Analysing of the sustainable development goals in Damascus University during Syrian crisis using the strategy in the university and the bibliometrics data from SciVal" 4036:

investments. Since the early 2000s, numerous boutique hotels and bustling cafes opened in the old city which attracts plenty of European tourists and Damascenes alike.

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were killed in the city along with their leaders. The Sunnis were provoked by rumors alleging there was a plot by the Isma'ilis, who controlled the strategic fort at

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was also established as the official language, giving the Muslim minority of the city an advantage over the Aramaic-speaking Christians in administrative affairs.

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Damascus is the center of a crowded metropolitan area with an estimated population of 5 million. The metropolitan area of Damascus includes the cities of

3806: 2978:(known as the Umayyad Mosque) in 706. The site originally had been the Christian Cathedral of St. John and the Muslims maintained the building's dedication to 8337: 8267: 6154: 3875:

spread to Damascus, the French suppressed it with heavy weaponry, bombing and shelling the city on 9 May 1926. As a result, the area of the old city between

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spilled over into the city. Several thousand Christians were killed in June 1860, with many more being saved through the intervention of the Algerian exile

13298: 7838: 5214: mi) west of the old city. The station is now defunct and the tracks have been removed, but there still is a ticket counter and a shuttle to Damascus 4936: 9767:

Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: Their Historic Meeting in Damascus, 1401 A.d. (803 A. H.) A Study Based on Arabic Manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography,"

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On 20 May 2018, Damascus and the entire Rif Dimashq Governorate came fully under government control for the first time in 7 years after the evacuation of

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in 685, an Islamic coinage system was introduced and all of the surplus revenue of the Caliphate's provinces were forwarded to the treasury of Damascus.

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in Iraq, conquered Damascus after facing little resistance. With the heralding of the Abbasid Caliphate, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by

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The Harat Al Yehud or Jewish Quarter is a recently restored historical tourist destination popular among Europeans before the outbreak of civil war.

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Linda Kay Davidson and David Martin Gitlitz, Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland, an Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 141–42.

3577:, started a campaign of conquest against the Mamluk sultanate. On 21 September, the Mamluk governor of Damascus fled the city, and on 2 October the 3153:). Damascus soon became one of the most important centers of propagating Islamic thought in the Muslim world. After Duqaq died in 1104, his mentor ( 10865: 9754: 7903: 5982: 4729: 4345: 3597:. This was to be the first of Damascus' great Ottoman monuments. During this time, according to an Ottoman census, Damascus had 10,423 households. 3293:, emir of Aleppo, made an alliance with Damascus. When the European crusaders arrived, they and the nobles of Jerusalem agreed to attack Damascus. 9313: 9292: 6728: 5500: 4876: 3978: 2748:, and the silk routes from China all converging on it. The city satisfied the Roman demands for eastern luxuries. Circa 125 AD the Roman emperor 659: 8390: 7652:, vol. II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311, ed. R. L. Wolff and H. W. Hazard (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 45–49. 6889: 6863: 6390: 5874: 5342:

The now modernized Al-Fayhaa Sports City features a basketball court and a hall that can accommodate up to 8,000 people. In late November 2021,

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forces by a mixed British Indian and Free French force. The French agreed to withdraw in 1946, following the British intervention during the

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The Shia Fatimids gained control in 970, inflaming hostilities between them and the Sunni Arabs of the city who frequently revolted. A Turk,

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from spreading north and the two kingdoms soon clashed as they both sought to dominate trading hegemony in the east. Under Ezron's grandson,

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967. A period of instability in the city followed, with a Qarmatian raid in 968, a Byzantine raid in 970, and increasing pressures from the

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annexed the western part of Syria. The Romans occupied Damascus and subsequently incorporated it into the league of ten cities known as the

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Christians represent about 10%–15% of the population. Several Eastern Christian rites have their headquarters in Damascus, including the

9896: 5822: 3066:. Due to their inability to control the vast amount of land they occupied, the Qarmatians withdrew from Damascus and a new dynasty, the 2944:'s death in 661, Mu'awiya was chosen as the caliph of the expanding Islamic empire. Because of the vast amounts of assets his clan, the 13101: 8073: 6107: 3331:

in 1183, but was forced to withdraw. He finally launched a full invasion of Jerusalem in 1187 and annihilated the crusader army at the

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Muhammad's first indirect interaction with the people of Damascus was when he sent a letter, through his companion Shiya ibn Wahab, to

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and Basilia City are two new development projects in Damascus. These two projects are viewed as post-war reconstruction efforts. The

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mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft)

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have reportedly been observed between 1982 and 2004. The Patriarchal See of the Syriac Orthodox is based in Damascus, Bab Touma.

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In Damascus, Higher education in Syrian Arab Republic started with sustainable development steps through Damascus University.

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Early in the nineteenth century, Damascus was noted for its shady cafes along the banks of the Barada. A depiction of these by

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The modern city has an area of 105 km (41 sq mi), out of which 77 km (30 sq mi) is urban, while

987: 13761: 13681: 11926: 10418: 9811: 9738: 9719: 9672: 9637: 9618: 9578: 9510: 9420: 8575: 8459: 7500: 7209: 6478: 6127: 6017: 2822:

in 613, along with a large number of Byzantine troops as prisoners, and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.

8855: 8581: 8465: 7215: 6270:

Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times Until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 BC.

2764:, remains from the Roman period. Roman Damascus lies mostly at depths of up to five meters (16 feet) below the modern city. 12726: 10840: 10428: 9904: 8612: 6699: 6507: 3985: 3746: 3502:

was burnt and men and women were taken into slavery. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at

2589:

the capital of his vast empire, which led to the decline of Damascus' importance compared with new Seleucid cities such as

6591: 5353:

The city also has a modern golf course located near the Ebla Cham Palace Hotel on the southeastern outskirts of Damascus.

4383: 14757: 13284: 10259: 6243: 5343: 4740: 4538: 4282: 3696:

and his soldiers (three days after the massacre started), who brought them to safety in Abd al-Qadir's residence and the

3239:, took power in Aleppo and gained a mandate from the Abbasids to extend his authority to Damascus. In 1129, around 6,000 2473: 917: 9392:"Care-i cel mai... înfrățit oraș din România? Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu rușii? Și care-i înfrățit cu Timișoara..." 3289:

from Europe in 1148. In the meantime, Zengi was assassinated and his territory was divided among his sons, one of whom,

15210: 15034: 10423: 9936: 8423: 8169: 6569: 6562:

A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities (Archaeology and Biblical Studies)

6343: 5048: 3196:, the Beqaa Valley, Hauran, and the Golan Heights as part of its territories. With military support from Sharaf al-Din 3098: 1498:, overlooking the city, already the site of the al-Salihiyah neighborhood centered on the important shrine of medieval 8677: 5183:

as part of the international agreement. These deliveries strengthened and modernized the public transport of Damascus.

3426:

Ayyubid rule (and independence) came to an end with the Mongol invasion of Syria in 1260, in which the Mongols led by

1577:

in the north-east. Poorer areas, often built without official approval, have mostly developed south of the main city.

15767: 15053: 9830: 9788: 9700: 8994: 8964: 8880: 8707: 8642: 8487: 7723: 7080: 6517: 6439: 6400: 6367: 6169: 3736: 3212:

near Damascus; however, despite their tactical victory, the Crusaders failed in their objective to capture Damascus.

2545:. However, Assyrian authority was dwindling by 609–605 BC, and Syria-Palestine was falling into the orbit of Pharaoh 769: 716: 5388:

are activities frequented in cafés. These coffeehouses had an international reputation in the past, as indicated by

4939:, a traditional hand-craft region in a protected buffer zone near the walls of Old Damascus between the Citadel and 1540:. The commercial and administrative center of the new city gradually shifted northwards slightly towards this area. 212: 13754: 10340: 8341: 7945: 7043: 5661: 5400:

in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837. Current movies can be seen at Cinema City which was previously known as

4590: 4266: 4247: 3962: 3139: 146: 6077:

Totah, Faedah M. (2009). "Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus".

5267: 2795:

both lived in that neighborhood. Roman Catholic historians also consider Bab Tuma to be the birthplace of several

1415: 536: 15777: 10241: 8730: 8138: 4724: 4413: 3757: 3468: 3356: 3278:

to resist Zengi's forces. Consequently, Zengi withdrew his army and focused on campaigns against northern Syria.

3209: 7835: 1553:

In the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the Barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the

13094: 12482: 10900: 10825: 10513: 9908: 8764: 5139: 4290: 3472: 1643: 884:. Damascus saw its importance decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the 567: 6997: 6831: 5959: 3977:

suffered heavy bombing in December 2017 and a further wave of bombing started in February 2018, also known as

15797: 14121: 11741: 10979: 10930: 10920: 10905: 10408: 10168: 10034: 7883: 5022: 5007: 3363: 353: 9165: 8938: 7538: 2492:

region), and went on the offensive with Israel. This conflict continued until the early 8th century BC when

13943: 13930: 13917: 13904: 13891: 10935: 10915: 10910: 10880: 10592: 10060: 9217: 5645: 5241: 4661:("Touma" or "Thomas's Gate") in the north-east corner, leading into the Christian quarter of the same name, 4061:, cement, and various chemical industries. The majority of factories are run by the state, however limited 4044: 2760:

2,460 ft), surrounded by a city wall. The city wall contained seven gates, but only the eastern gate,

1635:

more gradual and steady. Annual rainfall is around 130 mm (5 in), occurring from October to May.

1339:

facing east, oriented to the sunrise, will find the north to the left. This is contrasted with the name of

345: 14089: 10994: 9143: 5914: 1451:

mitigated this, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. Damascus is surrounded by the

15709: 15156: 14978: 14752: 10482: 10373: 10335: 10173: 10125: 10024: 9116: 5245: 5234: 4886: 4553:, the Ottoman governor of Syria who renovated the Souk. At the end of Bab Sharqi Street, one reaches the 4029: 3999: 3693: 3447: 3304: 3251:. Soon after the massacre, the Crusaders aimed to take advantage of the unstable situation and launch an 2614: 1474: 9602: 5845: 3459:. Around March 1300, Mulay returned with his horsemen to Damascus, then followed Ghazan back across the 3394:

The patterned Byzantine and Chinese silks available through Damascus, one of the Western termini of the

2357:

where the former handed over control of the Damascus area to Ramesses II in 1259 BC. The arrival of the

15716: 14133: 13070: 10766: 10668: 10457: 9307: 9286: 5896: 5439: 5017: 4453: 4321: 4003: 3854: 3719: 1547: 1335:). The latter term etymologically means "land of the left-hand side" or "the north", as someone in the 913: 901: 330: 100: 8210: 4368: 3771: 3089:

Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, which extended from Western Europe to Southern Asia

2994:

in 724. With these successions, the status of Damascus was gradually weakening as Suleiman had chosen

2341:. The Damascus region, as well as the rest of Syria, became a battleground circa 1260 BC, between the 15762: 13087: 12563: 10925: 10890: 10820: 10498: 10433: 10403: 10393: 10378: 9339: 9191: 8382: 6885: 6859: 5870: 5706: 5431: 5002: 4992: 3901: 3893:, and a new road was built outside the northern ramparts to facilitate the movement of armored cars. 3842: 3431: 3340: 2983: 2663: 2503:

Another possible reason for the treaty between Aram-Damascus and Israel was the common threat of the

20: 6613:. Damascus Metropolitan Area Urban Planning and Development. October 2009. p. 2. Archived from 5936: 3442:

on 3 September 1260, Damascus was captured five days later and became the provincial capital of the

3414: 3097:

drove out the Fatimids five years later, and through diplomacy, prevented the Byzantines during the

1619: 541: 15747: 13066: 10972: 10795: 10587: 9885: 8363: 6540: 5775: 5730: 5389: 5350:, making Damascus host of Syria's first international basketball tournament in almost two decades. 5271: 4947: 4508: 4503: 3889:("the fire"). The old city was surrounded with barbed wire to prevent rebels from infiltrating the 3834: 3644: 3498:, who negotiated with him, but after their withdrawal, Timur sacked the city on 17 March 1401. The 3491: 3443: 3388: 3294: 3257: 3134:

in the late 11th century, Damascus again became the capital of independent states. It was ruled by

2975: 2732:, Damascus and the Roman province of Syria in general began to prosper. Damascus's importance as a 1145: 637: 608: 506: 9024: 8916: 3760:

government established in Istanbul in 1908. The hanging of a number of patriotic intellectuals by

3175:

While the rulers of Damascus were preoccupied in conflict with their fellow Seljuqs in Aleppo and

1506:. These new neighborhoods were initially settled by Kurdish soldiery and Muslim refugees from the 15505: 15385: 14236: 13777: 13727: 13109: 12732: 12131: 11002: 10885: 10870: 10835: 10780: 10163: 6641: 6630:

The Palestinian refugees in Syria. Their past, present, and future. Dr. Hamad Said al-Mawed, 1999

5487: 4954:

have been recognized by The World Monument Fund as one of the most endangered sites in the world.

4782: 4694: 4578: 4445: 4420: 4250:. It is believed that there are more than 200 mosques in Damascus, the most well-known being the 4243: 3802: 3704:

district outside the walls (mostly Orthodox) were, however, protected by their Muslim neighbors.

3544: 3205: 3045: 2982:. By 715, the mosque was complete. Al-Walid died that same year and he was succeeded at first by 2971: 2961: 2864: 2784: 2718:

Damascus became a metropolis by the beginning of the 2nd century and in 222 it was upgraded to a

2704: 2387: 921: 548: 414: 6046: 3604:

from 1832 to 1840. Because of its importance as the point of departure for one of the two great

2703:

served as governor of Syria from 73 to 74 AD, where he met the Nabatean architect and engineer,

15349: 13692: 11791: 11282: 10895: 10850: 10845: 10741: 10472: 10070: 9929: 7875: 6545: 6295:

Frank Moore Cross (February 1972). "The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad of Damascus".

5397: 5230: 5197: 5012: 4892: 4719: 4554: 4542: 4262: 4258: 3994: 3897: 3640: 3601: 3594: 3550: 3435: 3375: 3371: 3282: 3220: 3011: 2772: 2594: 1594: 1537: 1431: 811: 788: 7692: 7292: 7238: 7070: 6199: 3768:

and the British Imperial forces approached, residents fired on the retreating Turkish troops.

3745:

The Turkish Hospital in Damascus on 1 October 1918, shortly after the entry of the Australian

14782: 14730: 14379: 12844: 11010: 9999: 9652: 7589: 6468: 6052: 5814: 5325:, Qasioun SC, al-Thawra SC, Maysalun SC, al-Fayhaa SC, Dummar SC, al-Majd SC and al-Arin SC. 5294: 5257: 5190: 5146:, the airport had connectivity to many Asian, European, African, and, South American cities. 5027: 4870: 4286: 3838: 3829: 3821: 3628:

for pilgrims on the road to Mecca, was completed to a design by the famous Ottoman architect

3114: 3110: 2831: 2675: 2573:. After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Damascus became the site of a struggle between the 2515:

coalition, that included forces from the northern Aram-Hamath kingdom and troops supplied by

562: 298: 14345: 3539: 3017: 90: 14854: 14848: 14394: 14261: 13993: 13812: 13707: 13478: 12755: 12121: 10875: 10761: 10644: 10523: 10383: 10213: 10138: 10115: 10100: 10075: 10039: 9976: 9059: 7879: 7870: 6653: 6119: 5574: 5483: 5302: 5278: 5253: 4959: 4910: 4815: 4793: 4714: 4674: 4570: 4566: 4516: 4469: 4390: 4375: 4278: 4215:

There was once a significant Jewish community in Damascus, but as of 2023, no Jews remain.

4205: 3946: 3916: 3714: 3621: 3348: 3324: 3301: 3275: 3265: 2788: 2407: 2299: 1562: 1019: 1008: 909: 488: 303: 77: 9840:

Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event".

9540: 9480: 8004: 6911: 5911:"President al-Assad issues decrees on appointing new governors for eight Syrian provinces" 4242:

districts of Mezzeh 86 and Sumariyah. Twelvers primarily live near the Shia holy sites of

1481:

The old city of Damascus, enclosed by the city walls, lies on the south bank of the river

836: 815: 8: 14917: 14879: 14725: 13721: 13062: 12838: 12591: 12283: 11966: 10855: 10830: 10649: 10626: 10607: 10388: 10330: 10325: 10208: 10095: 10080: 10065: 10055: 10009: 9986: 9966: 7889: 7616: 5724: 5473: 5377: 5333: 5329: 5306: 5298: 5120: 5088: 4985: 4978: 4842: 4837: 4810: 4558: 4498: 4457: 4112: 3920: 3868: 3798: 3697: 3439: 3352: 3312: 2872: 2570: 2529: 2504: 597: 11094: 9890: 9088: 9063: 9047: 8059: 6657: 3919:, with its collection of archaeological and historical religious sites, was listed as a 3849:

crossed the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, defeated a small Syrian defensive expedition at the

1465: 1438:, and at a crossroads between trade routes: the north-south route connecting Egypt with 15184: 15166: 15130: 15102: 14968: 14047: 13934: 13550: 12942: 11841: 11801: 11103: 10686: 10582: 10158: 10153: 10105: 9857: 9748: 8311: 7937: 7897: 7871: 6316: 6308: 6277: 5846:"معنى كلمة الفَيْحَاءُ في معجم المعاني الجامع والمعجم الوسيط – معجم عربي عربي – صفحة 1" 5157: 5084: 4820: 4798: 4201: 4121: 3850: 3260:

who ruled tyrannically until he was murdered in 1135 on secret orders from his mother,

3070:, took control of the city. They maintained the independence of Damascus from the Arab 2849: 2792: 2582: 1631: 858: 14286: 8711: 3680:

was also one of the most notorious incidents of these centuries when fighting between

2948:, owned in the city and because of its traditional economic and social links with the 15742: 15525: 15481: 15365: 15339: 15202: 14983: 14958: 14666: 14141: 13153: 12996: 12476: 12141: 12061: 12001: 11906: 11581: 10953: 10815: 10810: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10251: 10148: 10110: 10090: 10085: 10014: 9922: 9853: 9826: 9807: 9784: 9734: 9715: 9696: 9668: 9633: 9614: 9093: 9075: 8703: 8571: 8513: 8455: 7719: 7205: 7076: 6565: 6513: 6474: 6435: 6396: 6339: 6320: 6226: 6148: 6123: 6092: 6079: 6013: 5656: 4963: 4546: 4526: 4486: 4437: 3970:

rifle fire marked the clash, according to residents and amateur video posted online.

3880: 3876: 3858: 3633: 3236: 3228: 3034: 2889: 2808: 2737: 2723: 2679: 2618: 2578: 2550: 2400: 2346: 2236: 2189: 2141: 1409: 1379: 1110: 1086: 873: 434: 8786: 8233: 6665: 5566: 4974: 3446:, ruled from Egypt, following the Mongol withdrawal. Following their victory at the 3105:, wrested back control of the city and tamed Sunni dissidents. The Arab geographer, 2636:

which themselves were incorporated into the province of Syria and granted autonomy.

2414:

reigned at Damascus, being a foreigner, who came with an army out of the land above

15476: 15415: 15344: 14993: 14963: 14937: 14767: 14545: 14508: 14073: 12630: 12624: 12086: 11786: 11616: 11272: 11207: 11202: 10602: 10597: 10477: 10233: 9849: 9570: 9249: 9083: 9067: 6661: 6300: 6228:

Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 6

6115: 6088: 5218:

station in the south of the city, which now functions as the main railway station.

5168: 5143: 4235: 4165: 4039:

In 2009 new office space was built and became available on the real estate market.

4020: 3936: 3813: 3775: 3620:

was more populous and commercially more important. In 1559 the western building of

3332: 3315:. When Shirkuh died in 1169, he was succeeded by his nephew Yusuf, better known as 3290: 3022: 2979: 2893: 2804: 2683: 2520: 2497: 2469: 2396: 2382: 1192: 1129: 1015: 897: 734: 681: 9518: 8291:"Marota and Basilia Cities… Smart Cities and Investment Opportunities in Damascus" 7508: 4589:

is also within walking distance from these sites. Another heavily visited site is

3366:

which lasted until 1191. After re-capturing Acre, Richard defeated Saladin at the

2650: 1430:

and about 80 km (50 mi) inland from the Mediterranean, sheltered by the

15752: 15430: 15375: 15233: 15076: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14948: 14308: 14199: 13410: 13356: 12926: 12091: 12081: 11931: 11776: 11621: 11571: 11337: 11327: 11322: 10860: 10805: 10800: 10462: 10200: 10183: 10143: 10029: 9971: 9778: 9731:

First to Damascus: The story of the Australian Light Horse and Lawrence of Arabia

9662: 8718: 8567:

The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture

8565: 8449: 8370: 7998:"The Emperor's visit to the East: As reflected in contemporary Arabic journalism" 7842: 7699: 7319: 7312: 7299: 7199: 6595: 6250: 5943: 4764: 4751: 4594: 4209: 4149: 4125: 4058: 3912:, thus leading to the full independence of Syria. Damascus remained the capital. 3669: 3530: 3383: 3367: 3261: 3252: 3169: 3051: 2965: 2956:

tribes of the region, Mu'awiya established Damascus as the capital of the entire

2659: 2609: 2581:

empires. The control of the city passed frequently from one empire to the other.

2574: 2374: 1585: 1427: 1267: 1260: 885: 877: 854: 779: 728: 13650: 6692: 4329:, dating back at least to Roman times, if not before to the time of King David. 3521:

Rebuilt, Damascus continued to serve as a Mamluk provincial capital until 1516.

3058:

rule of Damascus was brief, lasting only until 906 before being replaced by the

1543: 15603: 15115: 15029: 14929: 14762: 14519: 14429: 14389: 14221: 14161: 13983: 13443: 13257: 13249: 13233: 13218: 13058: 12849: 12487: 11856: 11716: 11711: 11696: 11566: 11511: 10636: 10518: 10441: 10284: 10279: 10178: 9981: 9961: 9823:

A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades

9140:"China grants 100 buses to Syria in contribution to enhancing transport sector" 9071: 8111: 6588: 6470:

The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria

6334:

Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C.E. (2007).

6244:

Handbook for the Study of Egyptian Topographical Lists relating to Western Asia

5401: 5336: 5322: 4896: 4866: 4776: 4646: 4616: 4604: 4586: 4582: 4562: 4512: 4490: 4449: 4405: 4301: 4251: 4197: 4181: 4105: 4066: 3846: 3810: 3600:

The Ottomans remained for the next 400 years, except for a brief occupation by

3570: 3499: 3328: 3286: 2953: 2842: 2811:

who converted to Christianity with the advent of Saint Paul's proselytization.

2696: 2554: 2450: 2330: 1558: 1511: 1426:

Damascus was built in a strategic site on a plateau 680 m (2,230 ft)

1354:), correspondingly meaning "the right-hand side" or "the south". The variation 1304: 1222: 1149: 905: 60: 8887: 7636:

The Leper King and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

3101:

from attempting to annex the city. However, by 977, the Fatimids under Caliph

2767: 872:. First settled in the 3rd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the 15731: 15609: 15410: 15192: 14834: 14678: 14444: 14303: 13276: 13158: 13111:

Decapolis cities (in bold), with surrounding regions mentioned by Pliny t. E.

13019: 12920: 12221: 12211: 12171: 12101: 12046: 11971: 11901: 11886: 11821: 11761: 11731: 11526: 11496: 11431: 11381: 10790: 10775: 10726: 10549: 10503: 10289: 9994: 9800: 9647: 9079: 6359: 5618: 5447: 5407: 5361: 5286: 5201: 4889:

in 1976 to serve as a library, exhibition center, museum and craft workshops.

4768: 4686: 4680: 4612: 4062: 3909: 3883:

was burned to the ground, with many deaths, and has since then been known as

3795: 3779: 3753: 3689: 3673: 3613: 3534: 3344: 3248: 3231:, became the nominal ruler of Damascus. Coincidentally, the Seljuq prince of 3188: 3164: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2885: 2876: 2507:

which was attempting to expand into the Mediterranean coast. In 853 BC, King

2454: 2432: 2350: 2326: 1976: 1574: 1532: 1495: 1459: 1419: 810:, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth 263: 250: 65: 14434: 8415: 4533:

street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of

4474: 4300:

minority inhabits the city, notably in the mixed Christian-Druze suburbs of

4159:

The city's growth rate is higher than in Syria as a whole, primarily due to

4057:

Damascus is home to a wide range of industrial activities, such as textile,

3215: 2916:. The governor assigned to the city which had been chosen as the capital of 2445:

Damascus is first documented as an important city during the arrival of the

1206: 1114: 900:, Damascus was named the least livable city out of 140 global cities in the 15639: 15519: 15440: 15080: 15045: 14933: 14925: 14646: 14640: 14514: 14497: 14473: 14404: 14340: 14151: 14119: 13832: 13609: 13194: 12958: 12664: 12327: 12273: 12216: 12116: 12056: 12051: 12011: 11941: 11936: 11891: 11826: 11691: 11671: 11651: 11596: 11486: 11471: 11466: 11441: 11401: 11237: 11212: 11182: 11162: 11117: 10785: 10751: 10676: 10508: 10294: 10133: 10004: 9774: 9097: 7916:"Population and Revenue in the Towns of Palestine in the Sixteenth Century" 7606:(Oxford University Press, 1965, trans. John Gillingham, 1972), pp. 118–120. 5553: 5457: 5075: 4882: 4652: 4600: 4550: 4189: 4160: 4137: 3989: 3905: 3657: 3625: 3487: 3362:

The surviving crusaders, joined by new arrivals from Europe, put Acre to a

3336: 3131: 3106: 2932: 2868: 2733: 2625: 2493: 2462: 2378: 1607: 1287:

by the citizens of Damascus, of Syria and other Arab neighbors and Turkey (

1040: 850: 799: 401: 369: 69: 45: 13746: 8990: 8968: 8491: 7059:

of the renaming rests on a few writers following Mionnets writings in 1811

6886:"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. 7, Sect. 2" 6860:"The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. 6, Sect. 4" 4630: 3382:

Saladin died in 1193, and there were frequent conflicts between different

15243: 15148: 15110: 14797: 14708: 14698: 14554: 14483: 14414: 14409: 14241: 14063: 13838: 13716: 13571: 12870: 12680: 12524: 12441: 12411: 12400: 12186: 12181: 12096: 11981: 11956: 11911: 11866: 11701: 11681: 11626: 11561: 11531: 11456: 11446: 11312: 11277: 11132: 11074: 11034: 10701: 10554: 10467: 9762: 8445: 7971: 7039:

The Hellenistic settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa

5357: 5249: 5186: 4832: 4326: 4316: 4040: 3787: 3765: 3761: 3629: 3495: 3476: 3419: 3240: 2897: 2800: 2753: 2598: 2477: 2392: 2358: 2354: 320: 15687: 7941: 7931: 7037: 5313:. Many Other sports clubs are located in several districts of the city: 4933:, a protected buffer zone, was destroyed in three days in November 2006; 4667:("eastern gate") in the east wall, the only one to retain its Roman plan 4325:

the Jewish quarter. They are the remnants of an ancient and much larger

4015: 3573:, wary of the danger of an alliance between the Mamluks and the Persian 3406: 15289: 15266: 14953: 14885: 14866: 14683: 14451: 14359: 14281: 14191: 14146: 14033: 13426: 13421: 13378: 13308: 13148: 13013: 12799: 12697: 12618: 12502: 12371: 12360: 12349: 12338: 12231: 12191: 12176: 12161: 12006: 11946: 11836: 11831: 11756: 11721: 11611: 11516: 11426: 11411: 11376: 11347: 11342: 11172: 11157: 11079: 11044: 10736: 10711: 10631: 10304: 7925: 7702:, University of Wisconsin Press, series "History of the Crusades", 2006 6312: 6281: 5701: 5522: 5381: 5365: 5310: 5282: 5124: 4862: 4787: 4664: 4530: 4482: 4185: 3941: 3709: 3555: 3176: 3063: 3059: 2837: 2819: 2761: 2728: 2715:

in 91 AD, and later built several monuments during the 2nd century AD.

2362: 2314: 1439: 846: 73: 9861: 9769:. Translated by Walter Joseph Fischel. University of California Press. 7936:. Vol. 28. Institut Francais du Proche-Orient. pp. 217–225. 3247:, to aid the Crusaders in capturing Damascus in return for control of 15513: 15456: 15120: 15013: 14943: 14871: 14809: 14802: 14777: 14713: 14693: 14688: 14559: 14530: 14424: 14384: 14246: 14043: 13927: 13542: 13473: 13399: 13265: 13234:

region Gabe/Tel Jabiah/Lake of Gabe(el Bajje) (Muzeirib/ Tell Jabiah)

13110: 12856: 12750: 12737: 12715: 12708: 12686: 12658: 12635: 12568: 12552: 12530: 12508: 12395: 12226: 12206: 11976: 11921: 11871: 11796: 11746: 11736: 11726: 11646: 11601: 11556: 11551: 11541: 11476: 11406: 11332: 11302: 11292: 11287: 11197: 11177: 11167: 11112: 10746: 10654: 10299: 9907:, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel, 8540:"'Urgent' action required to preserve Jewish sites in Syria and Iraq" 8290: 8107:"Syrian military in full control of Damascus for first time in years" 7648:"The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus", in 6006:

Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia

5738: 5548: 5540: 5373: 5314: 5176: 5161: 5151: 4670: 4585:, can also be found near the Umayyad Mosque. The ancient district of 4521: 4193: 3885: 3825: 3783: 3685: 3676:

was brought against members of the Jewish community of Damascus. The

3590: 3511: 3503: 3464: 3460: 3395: 3184: 3160: 3067: 3003: 2957: 2881: 2633: 2516: 2508: 2446: 2338: 2310: 1503: 1499: 1447: 1404: 1064: 479: 15310: 14602: 14578: 13171: 9113:"Syria receives one hundred domestic traffic-buses offered by China" 8756: 6336:

Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation

6304: 1120: 649: 15560: 15271: 15261: 15251: 15225: 15174: 15138: 14900: 14860: 14672: 14658: 14502: 14462: 14456: 14210: 14204: 14156: 13878: 13558: 13388: 13372: 13361: 13140: 12981: 12936: 12702: 12669: 12607: 12546: 12513: 12446: 12366: 12355: 12322: 12242: 12151: 12146: 12136: 12126: 12106: 12021: 11996: 11951: 11896: 11876: 11861: 11846: 11816: 11806: 11781: 11706: 11676: 11666: 11641: 11586: 11536: 11506: 11501: 11451: 11386: 11357: 11252: 11064: 10696: 10309: 7689:

A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311

6639: 6009: 5592: 5479: 5469: 5463: 5369: 5036:

The institutes play an important rule in the education, including:

4951: 4759: 4658: 4634: 4534: 4305: 4270: 4231: 4153: 3574: 3515: 3320: 3135: 3094: 3071: 2780: 2687: 2667: 2546: 2367: 2342: 526: 13229:

Region Trachonitis (El-Musmije, Ezra,Ez Szanamain, Ard el Batanea)

5293:. Damascus is home to many football clubs that participate in the 4082: 3668:

and were allowed to practice their religious precepts. During the

3649: 3494:. The Mamluk sultan dispatched a deputation from Cairo, including 3430:

entered the city on 1 March 1260, along with the King of Armenia,

3307:, requested help from Nur ad-Din. The Nur ad-Din sent his general 2437: 15681: 15650: 15597: 15577: 15461: 15390: 15370: 15334: 14988: 14787: 14619: 14588: 14526: 14478: 14399: 14335: 14271: 14266: 14226: 14216: 14077: 14027: 14007: 13997: 13973: 13967: 13908: 13901: 13862: 13822: 13808: 13802: 13735: 13587: 13511: 13495: 13459: 13437: 13415: 13404: 13339: 13334: 13210: 13202: 13034: 13029: 12991: 12975: 12909: 12886: 12810: 12783: 12691: 12653: 12647: 12602: 12574: 12384: 12344: 12111: 12076: 12071: 12031: 12016: 11986: 11881: 11851: 11766: 11636: 11606: 11576: 11546: 11521: 11481: 11461: 11416: 11367: 11352: 11307: 11267: 11257: 11247: 11242: 11232: 11227: 11152: 11147: 11059: 10681: 10544: 9693:

The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam

8942: 8078: 7530: 5742: 5631: 5626: 5600: 5535: 5453: 5112: 4984:

Damascus is the main center of education in Syria. It is home to

4574: 4309: 4145: 4141: 4096: 4087: 4049: 3953: 3741: 3586: 3582: 3427: 3316: 3308: 3145: 3102: 3079: 3055: 3038: 3030: 2987: 2945: 2901: 2783:

was developed at the end of the Roman/Byzantine era by the local

2749: 2741: 2639:

The city of Damascus was entirely redesigned by the Romans after

2590: 2586: 2558: 2415: 2411: 1490: 1443: 881: 827: 516: 452: 117: 15303: 12541: 9221: 9169: 8056:"Public transportation in Damascus is having an uphill go of it" 7687:

Kenneth M. Setton, Robert Lee Wolff, Harry W. Hazard (editors),

7672:

From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260

5482:: a city located in the mountains, 1,500 metres (4,921 ft) 5222:

four-line metro network is expected to be in operation by 2050.

4853: 4655:("the gate of peace"), all on the north boundary of the Old City 4346:

Greek-Melkite Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady

4277:

and Ghassani. Each have many churches, most notably the ancient

2691:

over Damascus in the first century AD be proven." Roman emperor

1039:

The name of Damascus first appeared in the geographical list of

15673: 15662: 15656: 15591: 15566: 15547: 15536: 15500: 15471: 15466: 15435: 15420: 15319: 15281: 14973: 14905: 14895: 14890: 14829: 14824: 14736: 14703: 14629: 14583: 14564: 14492: 14419: 14364: 14354: 14350: 14320: 14314: 14291: 14181: 14176: 14166: 14125: 14067: 14057: 13963: 13888: 13852: 13842: 13828: 13818: 13696: 13604: 13593: 13582: 13576: 13506: 13489: 13223: 13132: 13002: 12953: 12914: 12898: 12881: 12875: 12861: 12805: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12675: 12596: 12579: 12464: 12459: 12423: 12417: 12333: 12201: 12156: 12066: 12041: 12036: 12026: 11991: 11961: 11811: 11771: 11751: 11661: 11631: 11396: 11317: 11297: 11262: 11222: 11217: 11192: 11142: 11127: 11122: 11084: 11019: 10731: 10721: 10716: 10559: 10539: 9889: 9139: 9112: 8760: 8514:"As Fighting Rages in Damascus, Kurds Flee Their Neighborhoods" 7967: 6642:"World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated" 5910: 5734: 5587: 5527: 5514: 5509: 5411: 5132: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5100: 4923: 4693:

Other areas outside the walled city also bear the name "gate":

4441: 4432: 4274: 4239: 4117: 3974: 3924: 3890: 3872: 3845:

over Syria, and in 1920 a French army commanded by the General

3801:, the third arrival of the day, the first being the Australian 3665: 3617: 3578: 3451: 3270: 3244: 3197: 3180: 3155: 3118: 3085: 3075: 3007: 2999: 2991: 2909: 2712: 2692: 2640: 2629: 2534: 2512: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2419: 1570: 1566: 1554: 1514:

which had fallen under Christian rule. Thus they were known as

1507: 1482: 1470: 1452: 1435: 1303:" and for "Syria"; the latter, and particularly the historical 1300: 1231: 889: 862: 842: 484: 8845:"2008 World Monuments Watch List Of 100 Most Endangered Sites" 8488:"Kurds of Damascus: Trapped between Secession and Integration" 6427: 5717: 4577:

was buried is located in the gardens just outside the mosque.

3479:

of 1348–1349 killed as much as half of the city's population.

1090: 1068: 1044: 578: 15628: 15620: 15555: 15530: 15425: 15405: 15380: 15256: 15215: 14839: 14819: 14814: 14792: 14742: 14718: 14624: 14612: 14607: 14572: 14549: 14468: 14439: 14374: 14330: 14276: 14256: 14053: 14037: 14023: 14017: 14013: 13987: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13921: 13882: 13872: 13868: 13858: 13848: 13798: 13792: 13788: 13702: 13620: 13615: 13533: 13522: 13484: 13454: 13448: 13432: 13393: 13350: 13345: 13228: 13124: 12969: 12964: 12832: 12821: 12761: 12642: 12557: 12535: 12519: 12497: 12435: 12430: 12406: 12389: 12196: 12166: 11686: 11656: 11591: 11491: 11421: 11391: 11069: 11054: 11029: 10997: 10706: 10691: 9245:"Syria hosts first international basketball tourney in years" 5613: 5605: 5579: 5561: 5435: 5423: 5385: 5290: 5215: 5180: 5172: 4885:, a mid-19th-century Jewish private mansion, restored by the 4297: 4238:

comprise sizeable minorities. Alawites live primarily in the

4227: 4223: 4177: 4091: 3701: 3681: 3643:

was published in 1836, along with a poetical illustration by

3609: 3483: 3456: 3232: 3201: 2995: 2949: 2905: 2796: 2745: 2500:. As a result, he granted Israel trading rights in Damascus. 2458: 1581: 1486: 1340: 1336: 1225: 1212: 807: 749: 291: 8617:

Al-Monitor: Independent, Trusted Coverage of the Middle East

7926:

Abd al-Qadir al-Rihawi; Émilie E. Ouéchek (1975). "Les deux

6640:

M. Kottek; J. Grieser; C. Beck; B. Rudolf; F. Rubel (2006).

6392:

The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East

6200:"A luxury city shows blueprint for Syria's rebuilding plans" 3957:

Damascus in 2006, taken from the International Space Station

3616:

than its size might have warranted—for most of this period,

2695:

who annexed the Nabataean Kingdom, creating the province of

1528:. They lay 2–3 km (1–2 mi) north of the old city. 15644: 15585: 15400: 14772: 14747: 14596: 14540: 14535: 14325: 14298: 14251: 14231: 14171: 14003: 13977: 13940: 13895: 13598: 13528: 13500: 13007: 12903: 12827: 12794: 12788: 12720: 12613: 11916: 11187: 11137: 11049: 11039: 9914: 9306:

Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "poetical illustration".

8193:"The world's least liveable cities are starting to improve" 7179: 7174:

Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology

7148:

Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology

5128: 5096: 5092: 3661: 3605: 3193: 2853: 2708: 2283: 1197: 758: 740: 705: 687: 9650:(1987). "Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)". 9335: 9195: 8602:

Sbalchiero in: Laurentin/ Sbalchiero (2007), p. 1093–1097.

8206: 8170:"Revealed: The world's best (and worst) cities to live in" 7852: 7715:

All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World

7586:

The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom

5993: 5083:

Damascus is linked with other major cities in Syria via a

3343:

in October. These events shocked Europe, resulting in the

3048:, causing the lives of 70,000 people in estimated deaths. 2848:

After most of the Syrian countryside was conquered by the

1569:

neighborhood and most recently along the Barada valley in

14634: 11436: 7273: 5501:

List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia § Syria

5450:: a small mountainous town and well-known holiday resort. 5064:

Syrian International Academy for Training and Development

4966:

most "on the verge" of irreparable loss and destruction.

3837:

in March adopted a democratic constitution. However, the

3824:. Political tension arose in November 1917, when the new 3565:

Damascus, view taken from the Christian quarter, in 1876.

2974:'s successor, al-Walid initiated the construction of the 2941: 696: 8451:

Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East

8225: 7035: 6333: 5131:. The M1 highway connects the city to western Syria and 4903: 3722:

toured Damascus, during his trip to the Ottoman Empire.

2674:

It is speculated that control of Damascus was gained by

2549:'s Egypt. In 572 BC, all of Syria had been conquered by 2468:

The city would gain pre-eminence in southern Syria when

9016: 7768: 7756: 7744: 4689:

at the entrance to Souk Midhat Pasha, in the southwest.

3998:

as the least liveable city, scoring 30.7 points on the

2990:, who each ruled for brief periods before the reign of 2441:

Annotated view of Damascus and surroundings from space.

1573:

in the northwest and on the slopes of the mountains at

7885:

The universal geography: the earth and its inhabitants

7261: 6779:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University, 1978. 192–198. Print. 6533: 4895:, a 17th-century Damascene house, serving as a luxury 4549:

is also a main market in Damascus and was named after

2496:

was captured by Israel after unsuccessfully besieging

1177: 1165: 1153: 1096: 1074: 1050: 857:, Damascus experiences an arid climate because of the 15788:

Populated places established in the 7th millennium BC

8074:"Heavy gunfire in Syria's capital during the weekend" 7816: 7804: 7792: 7780: 6297:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

6274:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

5339:

were held in Damascus in 1976 and 1992 respectively.

4226:

is the largest religion. The majority of Muslims are

1391: 1288: 770: 761: 755: 752: 717: 708: 702: 699: 13266:

Region Arca/Tarichaea-Philoteria (Tiberias/Yardenit)

7236: 7201:

Coinage in Roman Syria: Northern Syria, 64 BC-AD 253

7161:

Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years

5679: 5486:, it was one of the episcopal cities of the ancient 5164:

KLQ 6118GQ bus used for public transport in Damascus

4873:, housing the Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions. 4865:, originally built in 1750 as the residence for the 3581:

in the Umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of

2541:(Akkadian: 𒐼𒄿𒈨𒊑𒋙𒌋) and its governor was named 2349:

from the south, ending with a signed treaty between

1599: 1373: 1361: 1349: 1308: 1294: 1282: 1276: 1246: 1234: 1133: 793: 737: 684: 470: 10414:

Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology

10399:

International University for Science and Technology

8712:

https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus

5044:

Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology

4998:

International University for Science and Technology

3816:also entered Damascus. A military government under 3418:Venetian delegation in Damascus, painting of 1511. 3319:, who defeated a joint crusader-Byzantine siege of 3006:in 744, the capital of the empire was relocated to 2597:Philopator rebuilt the city according to the Greek 1216: 746: 743: 693: 690: 9799: 9220:. Damascus.org.sy. 22 October 2007. Archived from 8678:"Syrian Sufis Divided As Salafist Influence Grows" 8168: 5200:, the former main railway station of Damascus was 4649:("the gate of the orchards", or "of the paradise") 3612:, Damascus was treated with more attention by the 3467:and Mulay along with their Armenian allies at the 3327:, despite his numerical superiority. Saladin also 2936:View of Damascus with the Umayyad Mosque in center 1442:, and the east-west cross-desert route connecting 1148:. A number of Akkadian spellings are found in the 13680: 8814:"Old Damascus struggles to cope in the new Syria" 7995: 7072:Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire 6757:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6294: 6153:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 6000:Dumper, Michael R. T.; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). 3712:visited Damascus, then wrote about his travel in 3339:fell to Saladin soon after, and Jerusalem itself 3138:starting in 1079 and he was succeeded by his son 3046:multiple earthquake struck and destroyed Damascus 2699:, had previously been in Damascus, as his father 2410:, in the fourth book of his History, says thus: " 1195:spellings of the name often include an intrusive 870:oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world 15729: 10866:2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship 9627: 9457:(in Spanish). Diario Córdoba. 10 February 2020. 8842: 8234:"Damascus Revels in Its New Allure to Investors" 6388: 6112:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 4746: 4501:is in the northwest corner of the Old City. The 3857:. The French made Damascus the capital of their 3820:was named and Faisal ibn Hussein was proclaimed 2752:promoted the city of Damascus to "Metropolis of 2736:was evident with the trade routes from southern 2381:. According to the 1st-century Jewish historian 896:As of September 2019, eight years into the 15773:Archaeological sites in Rif Dimashq Governorate 13219:Region Abilene/Abila-Lysanea (Souq Wadi Barada) 9137: 8028:Barker, A. (1998) "The Allies Enter Damascus", 7638:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–136. 7243:Historia Numorum: A Manual of Greek Numismatics 6755:"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1961–1990" 6729:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 6583: 6581: 6466: 6360:"Kalmasoft - Phonetic Database of Syriac Words" 4557:, an underground chapel that was the cellar of 13640:An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 13306: 8836: 8643:"Despite pressure Druze remain in regime camp" 8410: 8408: 7523: 4625: 4065:in addition to economic activities led by the 3227:Following Toghtekin's death in 1128, his son, 2927: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1080: 841:), Damascus is a major cultural center of the 15061: 14105: 13762: 13666: 13292: 13095: 12258: 10980: 9930: 9628:Aharoni, Yohanan; Avi-Yonah, Michael (1977). 9285:Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture". 9166:"الخط الأخضر " أهلاً بكم في موقع الخط الأخضر" 6256:The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography 5999: 5690:) literally translates as "the Spacious One". 5494: 5111:in the south. The M1 is going from Homs onto 4705:, both to the south-west of the walled city. 3125: 3082:in the south and the Hamdanids in the north. 1557:oasis. In 1956–1957, the new neighborhood of 1383: 15075: 9753:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8915:. The British Syrian Society. Archived from 8264:"Report: Office Space Across the World 2009" 7902:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7674:(State University of New York Press, 1977), 7068: 6693:"SUNSHINE GUIDE TO THE DAMASCUS AREA, SYRIA" 6578: 6509:The Religion of the Nabataeans: A Conspectus 6267: 5980: 5937:statement by the governor of Damascus, Syria 5770: 5768: 5685: 4779:, also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus 3033:, having already beaten the Umayyads in the 1367: 1355: 1344: 1314: 1271: 1252: 1240: 1211:, meaning "dwelling". Thus, the English and 1139: 831: 821: 129: 121: 13776: 13154:Region Ampeloessa /Abila (in Wadi Queilbeh) 9761: 9611:Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column 9487:(in Arabic). Ajman News. 16 December 2019. 9397:(in Romanian). Banatul Azi. 6 August 2016. 8454:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. 8405: 7858: 7493: 6505: 6044: 5040:Higher Institute of Business Administration 4708: 4176:The vast majority of Damascenes are Syrian 3223:also Known as the Madrasah Nuriyya al-Kubra 1320: 15068: 15054: 14112: 14098: 13769: 13755: 13673: 13659: 13299: 13285: 13102: 13088: 12265: 12251: 10987: 10973: 9937: 9923: 9884: 9806:. Essential Histories. Osprey Publishing. 9608: 9242: 9110: 8338:"AFP: Syria launches first stock exchange" 7553: 7185: 6980: 6978: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6460: 6395:. Princeton University Press. p. 27. 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 4269:. The Christian districts in the city are 3992:. In September 2019, Damascus entered the 3311:, and in 1166 Amalric was defeated at the 3219:The twin domes of the funerary-Medresa of 876:from 661 to 750. After the victory of the 9714:(in French). Editions Payot&Rivages. 9087: 8731:"Jewish Quarter of Damascus blooms again" 8314:. Syrian Enterprise and Business Center. 8312:"Inauguration of Damascus Stock Exchange" 8266:. Cushman & Wakefield. Archived from 8104: 7204:. Royal Numismatic Society. p. 220. 7107:Skolnik, Fred; Michael Berenbaum ( 2007) 7016: 6912:"Damascus, Syria : Image of the Day" 6833:Genesis 14:15 (New International Version) 6814: 6812: 6799: 6797: 6725:"Damascus INTL Climate Normals 1991–2020" 6560:Younger, K. Lawson Jr. (7 October 2016). 6428:Beattie, Andrew; Pepper, Timothy (2001). 6070: 6038: 5765: 5256:Museum, Museum of Arabic Calligraphy and 4581:, the shrine of the youngest daughter of 3896:On 21 June 1941, 3 weeks into the Allied 3554:A Turkish Divan in Damascus, in 1836, by 2403:. In Antiquities i. 7, Josephus reports: 880:, the seat of Islamic power was moved to 13224:Region Paneas/Caesarea-Phillipi (Banias) 9820: 9728: 9709: 9690: 9681: 9045: 8805: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7711: 7633: 7621:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 7583: 7565: 7531:"Madrasa al-Nuriyya al-Kubra (Damascus)" 7481: 7469: 7457: 7445: 7433: 7421: 7409: 7397: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7349: 7337: 7279: 7034:Cohen raises doubts about this claim in 6539: 6224: 5843: 5430: 5422: 5266: 5229: 5185: 5156: 5074: 4973: 4917: 4852: 4758: 4750: 4741:Saint George's Syriac Orthodox Cathedral 4629: 4599: 4481: 4473: 4111: 4081: 4014: 3952: 3940: 3770: 3740: 3560: 3549: 3538: 3413: 3405: 3214: 3208:fought Burid forces led by Toghtekin at 3084: 3016: 2998:as his residence and later Hisham chose 2931: 2836: 2818:, the city was besieged and captured by 2807:. Accordingly, there was a community of 2766: 2649: 2608: 2436: 2361:, around 1200 BC, marked the end of the 1542: 1464: 1414: 1403: 934:Names of Damascus in different languages 15089:With correspondence to modern geography 13149:Region Ampeloessa/Capitolias (Beit Ras) 10224:Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul 9797: 9603:Bibliography of the history of Damascus 8811: 7822: 7615: 7325: 7305: 7197: 7176:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 83–84, 89 7111:Volume 5 Granite Hill Publishers pg 527 6975: 6963: 6946: 6564:. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 551. 6559: 6167: 5794: 4943:, is threatened by a proposed motorway. 4922:In spite of the recommendations of the 4848: 4361:Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul 1396:), with the same semantic development. 826:) and dubbed, poetically, the "City of 15730: 13055:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 10219:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition 9839: 9646: 9309:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837 9305: 9288:Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837 9284: 8967:. Global Heritage Fund. Archived from 8886:. World Monuments Fund. Archived from 8444: 8288: 8244:from the original on 30 September 2015 7810: 7798: 7786: 6934: 6809: 6794: 6782: 6608:"DMA-UPD Discussion Paper Series No.2" 6180:from the original on 15 September 2019 6105: 4730:Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady 3589:and mausoleum at the shrine of Shaikh 3398:, gave the English language "damask". 3285:, a crusader stronghold, which led to 2366:transition from the Bronze Age to the 927: 15049: 14093: 13750: 13654: 13280: 13083: 12246: 10968: 10419:Higher Institute of Music in Damascus 9918: 9868: 9773: 9660: 9401:from the original on 21 December 2020 9257:from the original on 14 December 2021 8793:from the original on 27 December 2015 8563: 8213:from the original on 12 November 2009 8181:from the original on 11 January 2022. 8149:from the original on 25 November 2020 7983: 7571: 7559: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7355: 7343: 7331: 7267: 7249:from the original on 24 November 2016 7218:from the original on 24 November 2016 7089:from the original on 24 November 2016 7022: 6984: 6969: 6957: 6940: 6818: 6803: 6788: 6690: 6487:from the original on 16 December 2019 6076: 5897:"Damascus Administration and society" 5442:ice cream shop in the Damascus market 5418: 5262: 4904:Threats to the future of the old City 2940:Following the fourth Rashidun caliph 2564: 2377:14:15 as existing at the time of the 1580:Damascus used to be surrounded by an 1473:river is high, seen here next to the 15783:Populated places along the Silk Road 12272: 10429:National Institute of Administration 10149:Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque) 9653:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 9491:from the original on 5 December 2020 9461:from the original on 21 October 2020 9368:(in Turkish). Ankara. Archived from 9316:from the original on 6 December 2022 9295:from the original on 6 December 2022 9168:. Damascus-metro.com. Archived from 8997:from the original on 2 December 2018 8941:. Worldmonuments.org. Archived from 8767:from the original on 27 October 2017 8426:from the original on 1 February 2018 8416:"Damascus | National Capital, Syria" 7712:Johnston, Ruth A. (31 August 2011). 7004:from the original on 2 December 2020 6735:from the original on 19 October 2017 6717: 6672:from the original on 17 October 2011 6254:, Leiden 1937. See also Y. AHARONI, 6170:"World's most livable city revealed" 6120:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.013.1793 6059:from the original on 4 December 2018 5825:from the original on 7 November 2009 5782:from the original on 25 October 2019 5729:'Lord of Heaven(s)'), was a 5710: 5053:National Institute of Administration 3811:the forces of the Arab revolt led by 3518:), originally "the tower of heads". 3359:, though the last drowned en route. 3179:, the Crusaders, who arrived in the 2585:, one of Alexander's generals, made 1606:), watered by the Barada river. The 9729:Hamilton, Jill, Duchess of (2002). 8824:from the original on 13 August 2017 8787:"Archnet, Maktab Anbar Restoration" 8684:from the original on 6 October 2015 8570:. Vol. 33. BRILL. p. 12. 8520:from the original on 13 August 2016 8393:from the original on 2 October 2022 8362:Central Bureau of Statistics Syria 8330: 8231: 8043:World War I, a Student Encyclopedia 7150:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing pg 73–89 7036:Cohen, Getzel M; EBSCOhost (2006), 6168:Buckley, Julia (4 September 2019). 5877:from the original on 2 October 2022 5686: 5171:in Damascus depends extensively on 4507:(referred to in the account of the 4463: 3163:, took control of Damascus and the 2601:system and renamed it "Demetrias". 2557:, but the status of Damascus under 2305: 1589: 1536:road leading between al-Marjeh and 1368: 1356: 1345: 1315: 1272: 1241: 1140: 832: 822: 783: 463: 130: 122: 13: 15211:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 15035:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions 14120:Ancient states and regions in the 13717:Ancient Villages of Northern Syria 10424:Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts 9581:from the original on 29 March 2017 9551:from the original on 14 April 2021 9431:from the original on 3 August 2020 9275:Beatties and Pepper, 2001, p. 102. 8812:Hendawi, Hamza (1 February 2009). 8737:from the original on 16 March 2017 7163:Westminster John Knox Press pg 130 7042:, University of California Press, 6840:from the original on 7 August 2010 5903: 5472:: a town dominated by speakers of 5285:, swimming, tennis, table tennis, 5049:Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts 4100:headdress, and urban lady wearing 3828:government in Russia revealed the 3809:. Two days later, 3 October 1918, 3099:Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes 2825: 1205:), perhaps influenced by the root 814:. Known colloquially in Syria as 382:77 km (29.73 sq mi) 14: 15809: 9878: 9342:from the original on 12 July 2010 9218:"مجلس الإدارة و المجلس الاستشاري" 9194:. Damascus.org.sy. Archived from 9192:"دمشق عاصمة الثقافة العربية 2008" 9146:from the original on 10 July 2022 9027:from the original on 28 July 2022 8649:from the original on 24 June 2016 8623:from the original on 24 June 2016 8584:from the original on 2 April 2023 8086:from the original on 2 April 2023 7948:from the original on 17 June 2022 7732:from the original on 2 April 2023 7541:from the original on 29 July 2020 7055:page 137 note 4 – suggesting the 6892:from the original on 13 June 2015 6866:from the original on 13 June 2015 6448:from the original on 2 April 2023 6409:from the original on 2 April 2023 6370:from the original on 16 June 2021 6136:from the original on 7 April 2022 6026:from the original on 2 April 2023 5983:"Area Database – Global Data Lab" 5917:from the original on 20 July 2022 5639: 5070: 4619:used to pray while in captivity. 4478:Typical historic Damascene street 4028:Damascus has also held an annual 4023:, a 4-star hotel in Hamra Street. 3737:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 3524: 2816:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 2537:. In 694 BC, the town was called 1263:, meaning "a well-watered land". 202:Show map of Eastern Mediterranean 166:Location of Damascus within Syria 16:Capital and largest city of Syria 15758:Sufi Muslim communities in Syria 15309: 15302: 14369: 13170: 11093: 10996: 10949: 10948: 10260:Syriac Cathedral of Saint George 9909:Historic Cities Research Project 9563: 9533: 9503: 9473: 9443: 9413: 9384: 9354: 9328: 9278: 9269: 9236: 9210: 9184: 9158: 9138:Ruaa al-Jazaeri (20 June 2019). 9131: 9119:from the original on 7 July 2022 9104: 9046:Al-Raeei, Marwan (22 May 2023). 9039: 9009: 8983: 8957: 8931: 8905: 8873: 8779: 8749: 8723: 8696: 8670: 8661: 8635: 8605: 8596: 8557: 8532: 8506: 8480: 8468:from the original on 20 May 2016 8438: 8375: 8356: 8304: 8282: 8256: 8199: 8185: 8161: 8131: 8119:from the original on 20 May 2018 8105:Aboufadel, Leith (20 May 2018). 8098: 8066: 8048: 8035: 8022: 8003:. pp. 14–15. Archived from 7989: 7977: 7960: 7919: 7910: 7864: 7828: 7046:from the original on 27 May 2014 6922:from the original on 11 May 2015 6705:from the original on 11 May 2011 6093:10.1111/j.1548-744X.2009.01015.x 6004:. In Janet L. Abu-Lughod (ed.). 5960:"Damascus metro population 2022" 5662:List of World Heritage in Danger 5625: 5612: 5599: 5586: 5573: 5560: 5547: 5534: 5521: 5508: 5344:Syria's national basketball team 4412: 4397: 4382: 4367: 4352: 4337: 4267:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch 3725: 3672:of 1840 the false accusation of 3648: 3401: 2875:in August–September 634 CE. His 2480:(880–841 BC), and his successor 2426: 1073:is uncertain. It is attested as 733: 680: 511:Country code: 963, City code: 11 374:105 km (41 sq mi) 284: 219: 218: 211: 199:Damascus (Eastern Mediterranean) 186: 185: 178: 153: 152: 145: 99: 89: 64:General view of Damascus • 53: 12288:states with limited recognition 9780:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium 9596: 9547:. Destino Toledo. 17 May 2016. 9336:"Syrian Arab Horse Association" 9243:Albert Aji (29 November 2021). 8340:. 10 March 2009. Archived from 8318:from the original on 3 May 2011 7705: 7681: 7664: 7655: 7642: 7627: 7609: 7596: 7577: 7285: 7230: 7191: 7166: 7153: 7140: 7127: 7114: 7101: 7062: 7028: 6990: 6904: 6878: 6852: 6824: 6769: 6747: 6684: 6633: 6624: 6600: 6553: 6499: 6421: 6382: 6352: 6327: 6288: 6261: 6235: 6218: 6192: 6161: 6106:Bowker, John (1 January 2003), 6099: 5974: 5693: 5356:Damascus has a busy nightlife. 4899:within the old city since 2005. 4734:Saint John the Damascene Church 4725:Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus 4072: 3758:Committee of Union and Progress 3730: 3387:besieged repeatedly, as, e.g., 3357:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor 3172:of the Baghdad-based Abbasids. 3136:Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 2960:. With the ascension of Caliph 2858: 2604: 2298:For a chronological guide, see 444: • Metro density 15793:World Heritage Sites in Danger 9873:. American Publishing Company. 9854:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805 9825:. Cambridge University Press. 9783:. Cambridge University Press. 9017:"Aljazeera Private University" 8613:"Syria's Alawites Under Siege" 8195:. The Economist. 31 July 2023. 6122:(inactive 11 September 2024), 5952: 5929: 5889: 5863: 5837: 5673: 5140:Damascus International Airport 4291:apparitions of the Virgin Mary 4285:in Bab Tuma. At the suburb of 4030:international trade exposition 3678:massacre of Christians in 1860 3473:Mongol invasions of the Levant 2662:was given lands controlled by 2320: 1644:Damascus International Airport 1270:, the city is called Dimashq ( 1063:) in the 15th century BC. The 568:Damascus International Airport 1: 15738:World Heritage Sites in Syria 13682:World Heritage Sites in Syria 10906:January 2012 al-Midan bombing 10409:Arab International University 9842:The English Historical Review 9481:"Internationale samenwerking" 8564:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). 8207:"Damascus International Fair" 7237:Barclay Vincent Head (1887). 6434:. Rough Guides. p. 290. 6045:Sarah Birke (2 August 2013), 5759: 5427:Zabadani resort near Damascus 5023:Wadi International University 5008:Arab International University 4747:Islamic sites in the old city 4086:Three Damascene women, 1873: 4077: 3434:, and the Prince of Antioch, 2900:—with a growing community of 1561:became a second home to many 1434:, supplied with water by the 1408:Damascus in spring seen from 1281:). The city is also known as 893:recaptured the entire city. 428:24,000/km (60,000/sq mi) 314: 14287:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia 10881:2008 Arab Capital of Culture 10061:Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa 9944: 9609:Abdulkarim, Maamoun (2003). 9451:"Las 12 hermanas de Córdoba" 9427:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 9362:"Ankaranın Kardeş Şehirleri" 8913:"The British Syrian Society" 7933:Bulletin d'études orientales 7661:Wolff and Hazard, pp. 67–85. 7311:Akbar Shāh Ḵẖān Najībābādī, 7124:University Press of America. 6589:"Damascus: the ancient town" 6258:, London 1967, p147, No. 13. 5718: 5646:List of people from Damascus 5242:2008 Arab Capital of Culture 5032:European University Damascus 4969: 4950:and notably the district of 4857:Narrow alley in old Damascus 4171: 3930: 2787:community. According to the 2654:Remnants of ancient Damascus 1469:One of the rare periods the 1399: 1392: 1247: 1207: 1178: 1166: 1154: 1152:, from the 14th century BC: 1115: 1091: 1075: 1069: 1045: 447:7,090/km (18,400/sq mi) 7: 15710:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 15157:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 10841:International Film Festival 10483:Four Seasons Hotel Damascus 10374:National Museum of Damascus 10336:Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai 10174:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque 10020:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 9613:. L'Erma di Bretschneider. 9511:"Sister Cities of Istanbul" 9421:"Convenios Internacionales" 9111:Mazen Eyon (29 June 2022). 8991:"Syrian Private University" 8818:The San Diego Union-Tribune 8289:Lilian (26 February 2021). 7584:Phillips, Jonathan (2007). 7291:Safiur-Rahman Mubarakpuri, 6777:The Neolithic of the Levant 6666:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 6549:. Vol. 9. p. 261. 6114:, Oxford University Press, 5873:. World Population Review. 5680: 5650: 5246:National Museum of Damascus 5240:Damascus was chosen as the 5235:National Museum of Damascus 4804: 4626:Walls and gates of Damascus 4537:(St. Thomas's Gate), where 4333:Religious sites in Damascus 4218: 4188:. Other minorities include 4164:as a result of the ongoing 3448:Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar 2928:Umayyad and Abbasid periods 2852:during the reign of Caliph 2049:Average precipitation days 1835:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1765:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1642:Climate data for Damascus ( 1600: 1374: 1362: 1350: 1309: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1235: 1217: 1134: 837: 816: 794: 471: 10: 15814: 15717:Legacy of the Roman Empire 13071:Georgian-Ossetian conflict 10458:Bakdash (ice cream parlor) 9682:Cammelli, Stefano (2006). 9600: 9517:. Istanbul. Archived from 9072:10.1007/s43621-023-00140-y 8757:"Ancient City of Damascus" 8383:"Damascus Population 2023" 7996:Abdel-Raouf Sinno (1998). 7634:Hamilton, Bernard (2000). 7313:History of Islam, Volume 1 7075:. Routledge. p. 181. 6691:Tyson, Patrick J. (2010). 6541:Bosworth, Clifford Edomond 6338:. Routledge. p. 189. 6268:Paul E. Dion (May 1988). " 5871:"Damascus population 2022" 5643: 5498: 5495:Twin towns – sister cities 5392:'s poetical illustration, 5225: 5018:Yarmouk Private University 4467: 4454:Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri 4010: 3934: 3734: 3624:, comprising a mosque and 3528: 3126:Seljuq and Ayyubid periods 3023:dome of Damascus' treasury 2569:Damascus was conquered by 2430: 2297: 2293: 2286:(humidity, sun 1970–1990) 2281: 1641: 1613: 1548:Municipalities of Damascus 1477:hotel in downtown Damascus 1384: 1253: 1226: 1221:, which was imported from 1184: 1172: 1160: 1121: 1097: 1081: 1051: 973: 941: 931: 902:Global Liveability Ranking 598:UNESCO World Heritage Site 390:680 m (2,230 ft) 18: 15705: 15672: 15619: 15576: 15546: 15499: 15490: 15449: 15358: 15327: 15318: 15300: 15280: 15242: 15224: 15201: 15183: 15165: 15147: 15129: 15101: 15094: 15087: 15022: 14916: 14657: 14190: 14132: 13784: 13688: 13635: 13315: 13242: 13179: 13168: 13117: 13048: 12564:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 12298: 12281: 11366: 11102: 11091: 11009: 11003:Cities and towns of Syria 10944: 10760: 10667: 10619: 10575: 10568: 10532: 10491: 10450: 10434:Damascus Community School 10404:Syrian Private University 10394:Syrian Virtual University 10379:Al-Assad National Library 10364: 10318: 10272: 10250: 10232: 10199: 10192: 10124: 10048: 9952: 9886:Macalister, R. A. Stewart 9821:Runciman, Steven (1987). 9630:The MacMillan Bible Atlas 8387:worldpopulationreview.com 7650:A History of the Crusades 7501:"Madrasa Nuriya al-Kubra" 6389:Teixidor, Javier (2015). 6241:List I, 13 in J. Simons, 5776:"Biggest Cities In Syria" 5745:. Hence, Sham refers to ( 5003:Syrian Private University 4993:Syrian Virtual University 4962:named Damascus one of 12 4519:9:11), also known as the 4427: 4319:namely in what is called 4120:in Damascus, in 1838, by 3632:, and soon afterward the 2984:Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik 2385:in his twenty-one volume 2373:Damascus is mentioned in 2329:records are from 1350 BC 2234: 2187: 2139: 2095: 2048: 1974: 1904: 1834: 1764: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1122: 918:Cathedral of Saint George 669: 665: 655: 645: 630: 622: 614: 604: 595: 591: 573: 561: 547: 535: 525: 515: 505: 495: 478: 458: 451: 443: 432: 424: 410: 399: 394: 386: 378: 367: 362: 351: 341: 336: 326: 310: 297: 279: 244: 139: 113: 85: 52: 43: 33: 21:Damascus (disambiguation) 15768:Amarna letters locations 13067:Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 10588:Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex 10331:As'ad Pasha Caravansarai 9991:Grand Serail of Damascus 9710:Demurger, Alain (2007). 9691:Crawford, Peter (2013). 9541:"Toledo's sister cities" 9312:. Fisher, Son & Co. 9291:. Fisher, Son & Co. 8045:, 2006, ABC-CLIO, p. 657 7890:J.S. Virtue & Co Ltd 7318:5 September 2015 at the 6467:Dirven, Lucinda (1999). 6431:The Rough Guide to Syria 6225:Gauthier, Henri (1929). 6053:New York Review of Books 5667: 5390:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 5272:Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex 5202:al-Hejaz railway station 4826: 4709:Churches in the old city 4504:Damascus Straight Street 4327:Jewish presence in Syria 4032:every fall, since 1954. 4004:Global Liveability Index 3835:Syrian National Congress 3747:4th Light Horse Regiment 3645:Letitia Elizabeth Landon 3636:was built adjoining it. 3469:Battle of Marj al-Saffar 3130:With the arrival of the 2976:Grand Mosque of Damascus 1366:'), of the more typical 1230:and originated from the 865:flows through Damascus. 833:مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ 609:Ancient City of Damascus 358:Mohammad Tariq Kreishati 346:Mayor–council government 123:مَدِيْنَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ 15712:; Proposed; in Danger 15506:Palestinian territories 13778:Arab Capital of Culture 12733:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 10886:2008 Arab League summit 10871:2004 WABA Champions Cup 10836:World Military Cup 1977 10438:Lycée Charles de Gaulle 10319:Souqs and caravanserais 10209:Chapel of Saint Ananias 9897:Encyclopædia Britannica 9798:Nicolle, David (2001). 9052:Discover Sustainability 8717:11 October 2017 at the 8238:The Wall Street Journal 7847:Encyclopædia Britannica 7841:26 October 2008 at the 7623:. Penguin. p. 350. 7198:Butcher, Kevin (2004). 7172:Riesner, Rainer (1998) 7146:Riesner, Rainer (1998) 5819:Encyclopædia Britannica 5488:Patriarchate of Antioch 5277:Popular sports include 5091:connects Damascus with 4964:cultural heritage sites 4926:World Heritage Center: 4783:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque 4617:Imam Ali-Zain-ul-Abedin 4579:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque 4446:Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi 4421:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque 4045:Damascus stock exchange 3973:The Damascus suburb of 3803:3rd Light Horse Brigade 3545:Jacob Balthasar Peeters 3262:Safwat al-Mulk Zumurrud 2863:), Damascus itself was 2705:Apollodorus of Damascus 2561:is relatively unknown. 2391:, Damascus (along with 2388:Antiquities of the Jews 2345:from the north and the 1502:Sheikh and philosopher 1378:), is also attested in 1299:is an Arabic term for " 922:Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque 868:Damascus is one of the 15778:Capitals of caliphates 15252:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 14880:Luwian-Aramaean states 11792:Khirbet al-Tin Mahmoud 11238:al-Mukharram al-Foqani 10846:1981 Azbakiyah bombing 10612:Al-Fayhaa Sports Arena 10473:Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel 10071:Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa 8843:World Monuments Fund. 8143:Guinness World Records 8139:"Least habitable city" 7876:Ernst Georg Ravenstein 7698:2 January 2023 at the 7670:R. Stephen Humphreys, 7159:Hengel, Martin (1997) 7120:Knoblet, Jerry (2005) 6594:8 October 2015 at the 6546:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6512:. BRILL. p. 126. 5913:. SANA. 20 July 2022. 5582:, United Arab Emirates 5443: 5428: 5398:William Henry Bartlett 5274: 5237: 5198:Chemins de Fer Syriens 5193: 5165: 5080: 5013:University of Kalamoon 4981: 4858: 4772: 4756: 4720:House of Saint Ananias 4638: 4607: 4591:Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque 4545:, is notably located. 4543:Syriac Orthodox Church 4493: 4479: 4263:Syriac Catholic Church 4259:Syriac Orthodox Church 4129: 4109: 4024: 4019:Bank Al-Sharq and the 3995:Guinness World Records 3958: 3950: 3898:Syria-Lebanon campaign 3791: 3749: 3641:William Henry Bartlett 3602:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt 3566: 3558: 3547: 3423: 3411: 3224: 3090: 3062:who were adherents of 3044:On 24 November 847, a 3029:On 25 August 750, the 3026: 2937: 2845: 2776: 2773:Street called Straight 2701:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 2655: 2621: 2442: 2424: 2333:when Damascus (called 1550: 1478: 1432:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 1423: 1412: 419:15th in the Arab World 14731:Neo-Babylonian Empire 14315:Canaanite city-states 12845:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 12284:Dependent territories 10826:International Airport 10341:Al-Harir Caravansarai 10049:Madrasas and takiyyas 10000:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 9905:Map of Damascus, 1929 8881:"2008 Panelists Bios" 8369:10 March 2013 at the 7590:Yale University Press 7109:Encyclopaedia Judaica 7069:Warwick Ball (2002). 6888:. Project Gutenberg. 6862:. Project Gutenberg. 6473:. BRILL. p. 76. 6048:Damascus: What's Left 5987:hdi.globaldatalab.org 5434: 5426: 5346:played there against 5295:Syrian Premier League 5270: 5258:Nur al-Din Bimaristan 5233: 5189: 5160: 5079:A highway in Damascus 5078: 5028:Al-Jazeera University 4977: 4918:State of old Damascus 4869:governor of Damascus 4856: 4762: 4754: 4633: 4603: 4539:St George's Cathedral 4489:, dating back to the 4485: 4477: 4444:, and clergy such as 4161:rural-urban migration 4115: 4085: 4018: 3979:Rif Dimashq Offensive 3956: 3944: 3902:Damascus was captured 3841:had granted France a 3839:Versailles Conference 3830:Sykes-Picot Agreement 3774: 3744: 3591:Muhi al-Din ibn Arabi 3564: 3553: 3542: 3450:, the Mongols led by 3417: 3409: 3305:invaded Fatimid Egypt 3258:Shams al-Mulk Isma'il 3218: 3115:Anushtakin al-Duzbari 3088: 3025:in the Umayyad Mosque 3020: 2935: 2840: 2832:Harith ibn Abi Shamir 2770: 2682:between the death of 2676:Aretas IV Philopatris 2653: 2612: 2593:in the north. Later, 2440: 2405: 2325:Some of the earliest 1584:, the Ghouta region ( 1546: 1468: 1418: 1407: 812:holiest city in Islam 563:International airport 264:33.51306°N 36.29194°E 28:Capital city in Syria 15798:New Testament cities 15014:Tanukhid confederacy 14849:New Kingdom of Egypt 13813:United Arab Emirates 13479:United Arab Emirates 12756:United Arab Emirates 12122:al-Surah al-Saghirah 10524:Yusuf al-Azma Square 10384:Damascus Opera House 10214:Chapel of Saint Paul 10116:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya 10101:Al-Zahiriyah Library 10076:Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa 10040:October War Panorama 9977:Mausoleum of Saladin 9871:The Innocents Abroad 9869:Twain, Mark (1869). 9661:Burns, Ross (2005). 9172:on 11 September 2008 8945:on 30 September 2002 8939:"Worldmonuments.org" 8852:World Monuments Fund 8820:. Associated Press. 7880:Augustus Henry Keane 7617:Tyerman, Christopher 6506:J.F. Healey (2001). 6272:, Wayne T. Pitard". 6249:26 July 2018 at the 6012:. pp. 119–126. 5254:October War Panorama 5138:The main airport is 5123:links the city with 4960:Global Heritage Fund 4948:Old City of Damascus 4911:World Monuments Fund 4849:Old Damascene houses 4816:Az-Zahiriyah Library 4794:Mausoleum of Saladin 4715:Chapel of Saint Paul 4675:Chapel of Saint Paul 4593:, where the tomb of 4567:St. John the Baptist 4470:Old city of Damascus 4391:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya 4376:Chapel of Saint Paul 4283:St Georges Cathedral 4279:Chapel of Saint Paul 3947:Damascus Opera House 3917:Old City of Damascus 3807:A.C.N. 'Harry' Olden 3776:King Faisal of Syria 3715:The Innocents Abroad 3622:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya 3543:Damascus in 1690 by 3510:(between modern-day 3349:Richard I of England 3325:Battle of Montgisard 3302:Amalric of Jerusalem 3276:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2888:where they fought a 2789:Acts of the Apostles 2707:, who joined him in 2408:Nicolaus of Damascus 2337:) was ruled by king 2300:Timeline of Damascus 1695:Record high °C (°F) 1628:Köppen-Geiger system 1422:overlooking the city 1215:name of the city is 1067:of the ancient name 910:Mausoleum of Saladin 425: • Density 304:Damascus Governorate 78:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya 19:For other uses, see 14726:Neo-Assyrian Empire 14509:Paleo-Syrian states 13728:Qal’at Salah El-Din 13722:Crac des Chevaliers 13063:Status of Jerusalem 12839:Episkopi Cantonment 12592:Bandar Seri Begawan 11967:Rasm Harmil al-Imam 10916:April 2012 bombings 10911:March 2012 bombings 10856:1992 Pan Arab Games 10831:1976 Pan Arab Games 10669:Municipal districts 10608:Al-Muhafaza Stadium 10514:Sabaa Bahrat Square 10492:Streets and squares 10389:Damascus University 10326:Jaqmaq Caravansarai 10242:Mariamite Cathedral 10096:Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa 10081:Al-Rukniyah Madrasa 10066:Al-Fathiyah Madrasa 10056:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa 10010:Hejaz Train Station 9987:Citadel of Damascus 9684:Il Minareto di Gesù 9664:Damascus: A History 9064:2023DiSus...4...24A 8733:. 5 November 2010. 8344:on 12 February 2012 8010:on 23 November 2020 7592:. pp. 216–227. 7298:12 May 2016 at the 7135:Damascus: A History 7133:Burns, Ross (2007) 6658:2006MetZe..15..259K 6620:on 28 October 2012. 6543:(1997). "AL-SHĀM". 5942:16 May 2011 at the 5474:Western Neo-Aramaic 5252:, Military Museum, 5204:, about 1 km ( 4986:Damascus University 4979:Damascus University 4887:Ministry of Culture 4843:Khan Sulayman Pasha 4811:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa 4677:marking this event, 4499:Citadel of Damascus 4458:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi 3921:World Heritage Site 3869:Great Syrian Revolt 3794:On 1 October 1918, 3698:Citadel of Damascus 3569:In early 1516, the 3471:, to put an end to 3353:Philip II of France 3313:Battle of al-Babein 3183:in 1097, conquered 2873:Khalid ibn al-Walid 2779:The old borough of 2617:at the entrance of 2571:Alexander the Great 2530:Tiglath-Pileser III 2505:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2484:, Damascus annexed 2096:Average snowy days 1905:Record low °C (°F) 1462:occupies the rest. 1024:(1550–1069 BC) 928:Names and etymology 260: / 15533:: Emmaus Nicopolis 15516:: Aelia Capitolina 15328:Of legion veterans 15185:Gallia Narbonensis 15167:Gallia Lugdunensis 15131:Britannia Inferior 15103:Britannia Superior 14969:Herodian Tetrarchy 14048:State of Palestine 13935:State of Palestine 10583:Abbasiyyin Stadium 10106:Nur al-Din Madrasa 9775:Kaegi, Walter Emil 9733:. Kangaroo Press. 9521:on 28 October 2016 9425:buenosaires.gob.ar 9372:on 25 October 2020 8680:. 3 October 2013. 8619:. 4 January 2013. 8177:. 16 August 2017. 8145:. September 2019. 7562:, pp. 148–149 7454:, pp. 137–138 7442:, pp. 135–136 7430:, pp. 130–132 7418:, pp. 121–122 7382:, pp. 106–107 7358:, pp. 103–104 7239:"VII. Coele-Syria" 7057:received tradition 6080:City & Society 5981:Sub-national HDI. 5444: 5438:being sold in the 5429: 5419:Nearby attractions 5396:, to a picture by 5275: 5263:Sports and leisure 5238: 5194: 5166: 5081: 4982: 4937:King Faysal Street 4871:As'ad Pasha al-Azm 4859: 4821:Nur al-Din Madrasa 4799:Nabi Habeel Mosque 4773: 4771:cemetery, Damascus 4757: 4737:Saint Paul's Laura 4639: 4608: 4541:, the seat of the 4494: 4480: 4315:There was a small 4130: 4122:Charles G. Addison 4110: 4025: 3959: 3951: 3851:Battle of Maysalun 3792: 3750: 3567: 3559: 3548: 3424: 3412: 3225: 3091: 3027: 2938: 2850:Rashidun Caliphate 2846: 2777: 2656: 2622: 2583:Seleucus I Nicator 2565:Hellenistic period 2519:of Israel, in the 2511:of Damascus led a 2443: 2395:), was founded by 1632:rain shadow effect 1551: 1489:in the southwest, 1479: 1424: 1413: 1330:land of the Levant 859:rain shadow effect 646:Reference no. 626:i, ii, iii, iv, vi 379: • Urban 269:33.51306; 36.29194 15725: 15724: 15701: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15526:Caesarea Maritima 15450:Possible colonies 15340:Caesarea Maritima 15298: 15297: 15257:Castra Taurinorum 15203:Germania Inferior 15043: 15042: 14984:Nabataean Kingdom 14959:Hasmonean dynasty 14954:Ghassanid Kingdom 14667:Achaemenid Empire 14503:Ib'al Confederacy 14142:Kish civilization 14087: 14086: 13744: 13743: 13734: 13726: 13648: 13647: 13630: 13629: 13564: 13548: 13274: 13273: 13077: 13076: 13043: 13042: 12477:Camp Thunder Cove 12240: 12239: 11582:al-Hajar al-Aswad 10962: 10961: 10931:July 2012 bombing 10921:May 2012 bombings 10901:2011–2012 clashes 10663: 10662: 10593:Al-Fayhaa Stadium 10356:Al-Buzuriyah Souq 10351:Al-Hamidiyah Souq 10346:Midhat Pasha Souq 10268: 10267: 10252:Oriental Orthodox 10164:Sayyidah Ruqayyah 10111:Salimiyya Takiyya 10091:Salimiyya Madrasa 10086:Al-Sahiba Madrasa 10025:Temple of Jupiter 10015:Statue of Saladin 9813:978-1-84176-179-4 9740:978-0-7318-1071-0 9721:978-2-228-90235-9 9695:. Pen and Sword. 9674:978-0-415-27105-9 9639:978-0-7318-1071-0 9620:978-8-8826-5233-3 9545:destinotoledo.com 9515:greatistanbul.com 9455:diariocordoba.com 8577:978-90-04-11638-2 8461:978-0-521-52104-8 8364:Syria census 2004 8062:on 21 March 2012. 7293:The Sealed Nectar 7282:, pp. 42–43. 7270:, pp. 75–77. 7211:978-0-901405-58-6 7188:, pp. 35–37. 6836:. Bible Gateway. 6480:978-90-04-11589-7 6364:www.kalmasoft.com 6206:. 5 November 2018 6129:978-0-19-280094-7 6019:978-1-5760-7919-5 5962:. macrotrends.net 5778:. 25 April 2017. 5728: 5716: 5657:Damascus Document 5394:Cafes in Damascus 5107:in the north and 4958:In October 2010, 4755:Saladin mausoleum 4547:Medhat Pasha Souq 4487:Al-Hamidiyah Souq 4438:Munira al-Qubaysi 3961:By January 2012, 3881:Medhat Pasha Souq 3877:Al-Hamidiyah Souq 3867:When in 1925 the 3862:Mandate for Syria 3859:League of Nations 3660:, Christians and 3654:Cafes in Damascus 3634:Salimiyya Madrasa 3492:besieged Damascus 3266:Mu'in al-Din Unur 3237:Imad al-Din Zengi 3229:Taj al-Muluk Buri 3149:) and hospitals ( 3035:Battle of the Zab 2841:Courtyard of the 2809:Jewish Christians 2791:, Saint Paul and 2724:Septimius Severus 2619:Al-Hamidiyah Souq 2551:Nebuchadnezzar II 2474:Kingdom of Israel 2290: 2289: 2142:relative humidity 1620:cool arid climate 1598: 1380:Old South Arabian 1037: 1036: 1025: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 969: 968: 965: 964: 874:Umayyad Caliphate 838:Madīnat al-Yāsmīn 792: 673: 672: 469: 411: • Rank 342: • Type 169:Show map of Syria 15805: 15763:Capitals in Asia 15497: 15496: 15477:Emmaus Nicopolis 15345:Aelia Capitolina 15325: 15324: 15313: 15306: 15099: 15098: 15070: 15063: 15056: 15047: 15046: 14994:Palmyrene Empire 14964:Herodian kingdom 14938:Byzantine Empire 14753:Israel (Samaria) 14114: 14107: 14100: 14091: 14090: 13771: 13764: 13757: 13748: 13747: 13732: 13724: 13701:Ancient City of 13675: 13668: 13661: 13652: 13651: 13562: 13546: 13318: 13317: 13301: 13294: 13287: 13278: 13277: 13174: 13104: 13097: 13090: 13081: 13080: 12631:Christmas Island 12625:Flying Fish Cove 12301: 12300: 12267: 12260: 12253: 12244: 12243: 12087:al-Shaykh Maskin 11787:Khirbet Ghazaleh 11617:Harran al-Awamid 11208:Maarat al-Numaan 11203:Jisr ash-Shughur 11097: 11001: 11000: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10966: 10965: 10952: 10951: 10891:2008 car bombing 10603:Tishreen Stadium 10598:Al-Jalaa Stadium 10573: 10572: 10478:Blue Tower Hotel 10234:Eastern Orthodox 10197: 10196: 9967:Khan As'ad Pasha 9939: 9932: 9925: 9916: 9915: 9901: 9900:(11th ed.). 9893: 9891:"Damascus" 9874: 9865: 9848:(373): 805–819. 9836: 9817: 9805: 9794: 9770: 9758: 9752: 9744: 9725: 9712:Jacques de Molay 9706: 9687: 9678: 9657: 9643: 9624: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9282: 9276: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9250:Associated Press 9240: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9198:on 5 August 2011 9188: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9091: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8892: 8885: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8861:on 20 March 2013 8860: 8854:. Archived from 8849: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8727: 8721: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8674: 8668: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8645:. 5 March 2015. 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8609: 8603: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8561: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8494:on 18 April 2016 8490:. Archived from 8484: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8379: 8373: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8172: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8082:. 10 June 2012. 8070: 8064: 8063: 8058:. Archived from 8052: 8046: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7901: 7893: 7868: 7862: 7859:Ibn Khaldun 1952 7856: 7850: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7709: 7703: 7685: 7679: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7631: 7625: 7624: 7613: 7607: 7600: 7594: 7593: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7507:. Archived from 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7334:, pp. 98–99 7329: 7323: 7309: 7303: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7144: 7138: 7131: 7125: 7118: 7112: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7032: 7026: 7025:, pp. 21–23 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7009: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6973: 6972:, pp. 13–14 6967: 6961: 6955: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6918:. 15 July 2013. 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6704: 6698:. climates.com. 6697: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6637: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6425: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6356: 6350: 6349: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6265: 6259: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6152: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5956: 5950: 5948: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5899:. 3 August 2024. 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5811: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5772: 5754: 5723: 5721: 5715:romanized: 5714: 5712: 5707:Imperial Aramaic 5697: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5630: 5629: 5617: 5616: 5604: 5603: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5577: 5565: 5564: 5552: 5551: 5539: 5538: 5526: 5525: 5513: 5512: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5191:Al-Hejaz Station 5169:Public transport 5144:Syrian civil war 5085:motorway network 4893:Beit al-Mamlouka 4838:Khan As'ad Pasha 4683:(The Small Gate) 4555:House of Ananias 4464:Historical sites 4416: 4401: 4386: 4371: 4356: 4341: 4317:Jewish community 4244:Sayyidah Ruqayya 4166:Syrian civil war 4104:(i.e. kabkab or 4021:Blue Tower Hotel 3949:, opened in 2004 3937:Syrian civil war 3855:entered Damascus 3799:entered Damascus 3664:were considered 3652: 3475:. Later on, the 3444:Mamluk Sultanate 3370:in 1191 and the 3347:in 1189, led by 3333:Battle of Hattin 3283:conquered Edessa 3241:Isma'ili Muslims 3010:in the northern 2980:John the Baptist 2894:Eastern Orthodox 2862: 2860: 2785:Eastern Orthodox 2521:Battle of Qarqar 2383:Flavius Josephus 2379:War of the Kings 2306:Early settlement 2052: 1639: 1638: 1605: 1593: 1591: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1274: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1210: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1118: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1094: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1023: 978: 977: 974: 946: 945: 942: 938: 937: 898:Syrian civil war 840: 835: 834: 825: 824: 819: 797: 787: 785: 774: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 732: 721: 715: 714: 711: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 641: 587: 584: 582: 580: 557: 474: 468:romanized: 467: 465: 460: 319: 316: 290: 288: 287: 275: 274: 272: 271: 270: 265: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 236: 235:Show map of Asia 222: 221: 215: 203: 189: 188: 182: 170: 156: 155: 149: 133: 132: 125: 124: 114:Nicknames: 103: 93: 57: 31: 30: 15813: 15812: 15808: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15802: 15748:Cities in Syria 15728: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15693: 15668: 15659:: Philippopolis 15615: 15588:: Arca Caesarea 15572: 15542: 15504: 15492: 15486: 15445: 15354: 15314: 15308: 15307: 15294: 15276: 15238: 15234:Augusta Emerita 15220: 15197: 15179: 15161: 15143: 15125: 15090: 15083: 15074: 15044: 15039: 15018: 15009:Sasanian Empire 15004:Seleucid Empire 14999:Parthian Empire 14949:Emesene Dynasty 14912: 14758:Israel (united) 14673:Aramaean states 14653: 14200:Akkadian Empire 14186: 14128: 14118: 14088: 14083: 13780: 13775: 13745: 13740: 13684: 13679: 13649: 13644: 13631: 13626: 13625: 13567: 13553: 13465: 13464: 13384: 13311: 13305: 13275: 13270: 13238: 13175: 13166: 13113: 13108: 13078: 13073: 13053:Disputed. See: 13044: 13039: 12927:Northern Cyprus 12891: 12743: 12584: 12469: 12455: 12380: 12294: 12277: 12271: 12241: 12236: 12092:Shayukh Tahtani 12082:Shaykh al-Hadid 11932:Qalaat al-Madiq 11802:Ma'arrat Misrin 11777:Kuwayris Sharqi 11362: 11328:al-Suqaylabiyah 11323:ash-Shaykh Badr 11098: 11089: 11005: 10995: 10993: 10963: 10958: 10940: 10764: 10756: 10659: 10615: 10564: 10528: 10487: 10463:Bawabet Dimashq 10446: 10366: 10360: 10314: 10264: 10246: 10228: 10188: 10120: 10044: 10035:Al-Shaab Palace 10030:Tishreen Palace 9972:Straight Street 9955:other landmarks 9954: 9948: 9943: 9881: 9833: 9814: 9791: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9722: 9703: 9675: 9640: 9621: 9605: 9599: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9571:"Sister cities" 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9524: 9522: 9509: 9508: 9504: 9494: 9492: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9464: 9462: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9434: 9432: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9404: 9402: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9375: 9373: 9360: 9359: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9338:. Saha-sy.org. 9334: 9333: 9329: 9319: 9317: 9298: 9296: 9283: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9225: 9216: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9190: 9189: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9109: 9105: 9044: 9040: 9030: 9028: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9000: 8998: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8919:on 23 June 2007 8911: 8910: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8858: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8729: 8728: 8724: 8719:Wayback Machine 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8641: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8587: 8585: 8578: 8562: 8558: 8548: 8546: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8523: 8521: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8471: 8469: 8462: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8414: 8413: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8371:Wayback Machine 8361: 8357: 8347: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8321: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8232:Cummins, Chip. 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8200: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8041:Roberts, P.M., 8040: 8036: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7895: 7894: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7843:Wayback Machine 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7726: 7710: 7706: 7700:Wayback Machine 7686: 7682: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7656: 7647: 7643: 7632: 7628: 7614: 7610: 7602:Hans E. Mayer, 7601: 7597: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7529: 7528: 7524: 7514: 7512: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7320:Wayback Machine 7310: 7306: 7300:Wayback Machine 7290: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7250: 7245:. p. 662. 7235: 7231: 7221: 7219: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7186:Abdulkarim 2003 7184: 7180: 7171: 7167: 7158: 7154: 7145: 7141: 7137:Routledge pg 52 7132: 7128: 7122:Herod the Great 7119: 7115: 7106: 7102: 7092: 7090: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7049: 7047: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6947: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6817: 6810: 6802: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6723: 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6675: 6673: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6596:Wayback Machine 6586: 6579: 6572: 6558: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6504: 6500: 6490: 6488: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6412: 6410: 6403: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6332: 6328: 6305:10.2307/1356214 6293: 6289: 6266: 6262: 6251:Wayback Machine 6240: 6236: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6166: 6162: 6146: 6145: 6139: 6137: 6130: 6104: 6100: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6043: 6039: 6029: 6027: 6020: 5998: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5944:Wayback Machine 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5813: 5812: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5731:Semitic sky-god 5698: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5637: 5624: 5611: 5598: 5585: 5572: 5559: 5546: 5533: 5520: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5484:above sea level 5421: 5384:variants), and 5372:(water pipes). 5265: 5228: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5073: 4972: 4920: 4906: 4851: 4829: 4807: 4765:Bilal ibn Rabah 4749: 4711: 4628: 4595:Zaynab bint Ali 4472: 4466: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4378: 4372: 4363: 4357: 4348: 4342: 4248:Sayyidah Zaynab 4221: 4210:Greek community 4174: 4126:British Library 4080: 4075: 4059:food processing 4013: 3939: 3933: 3805:, led by Major 3756:program of the 3739: 3733: 3728: 3670:Damascus affair 3537: 3531:Damascus Eyalet 3527: 3410:Woodcut of 1497 3404: 3384:Ayyubid sultans 3376:Treaty of Jaffa 3372:Battle of Jaffa 3368:Battle of Arsuf 3281:In 1144, Zengi 3170:moral authority 3128: 3052:Ahmad ibn Tulun 2952:as well as the 2930: 2857: 2828: 2826:Rashidun period 2722:by the Emperor 2668:Caesar Augustus 2660:Herod the Great 2607: 2591:Syrian Laodicea 2567: 2555:Neo-Babylonians 2461:, based in the 2435: 2429: 2323: 2308: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1618:Damascus has a 1616: 1510:regions of the 1428:above sea level 1402: 1385: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1305:region of Syria 1254: 1146:Biblical Hebrew 1101: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1022: 1006: 988: 936: 930: 878:Abbasid dynasty 855:above sea level 772: 736: 727: 726: 719: 683: 679: 635: 600: 577: 555: 501: 461: 417: 317: 285: 283: 268: 266: 262: 259: 254: 251: 249: 247: 246: 240: 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 232:Damascus (Asia) 230: 229: 228: 227: 223: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 190: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 162: 161: 157: 135: 127: 109: 108: 107: 106: 97: 96: 81: 80: 76: 68: 63: 48: 39: 36: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15811: 15801: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15713: 15706: 15703: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15691: 15685: 15678: 15676: 15670: 15669: 15667: 15666: 15660: 15654: 15648: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15625: 15623: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15613: 15607: 15601: 15595: 15589: 15582: 15580: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15570: 15564: 15558: 15552: 15550: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15534: 15528: 15523: 15517: 15510: 15508: 15494: 15491:Locations with 15488: 15487: 15485: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15459: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15362: 15360: 15359:Of late Empire 15356: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15331: 15329: 15322: 15316: 15315: 15301: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15292: 15286: 15284: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15248: 15246: 15240: 15239: 15237: 15236: 15230: 15228: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15218: 15213: 15207: 15205: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15195: 15189: 15187: 15181: 15180: 15178: 15177: 15171: 15169: 15163: 15162: 15160: 15159: 15153: 15151: 15145: 15144: 15142: 15141: 15135: 15133: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15123: 15118: 15116:Lindum Colonia 15113: 15107: 15105: 15096: 15092: 15091: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15073: 15072: 15065: 15058: 15050: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15030:Amarna letters 15026: 15024: 15020: 15019: 15017: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14930:Roman Republic 14922: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14851: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14807: 14806: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14669: 14663: 14661: 14655: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14616: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14569: 14568: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14486: 14476: 14471: 14459: 14457:Hittite Empire 14454: 14449: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14211:Amorite states 14207: 14202: 14196: 14194: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14138: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14117: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14094: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14071: 14061: 14051: 14041: 14031: 14021: 14011: 14001: 13991: 13981: 13971: 13961: 13951: 13938: 13925: 13912: 13899: 13886: 13876: 13866: 13856: 13846: 13836: 13826: 13816: 13806: 13796: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13774: 13773: 13766: 13759: 13751: 13742: 13741: 13739: 13738: 13730: 13719: 13714: 13705: 13699: 13689: 13686: 13685: 13678: 13677: 13670: 13663: 13655: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13636: 13633: 13632: 13628: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13612: 13601: 13590: 13579: 13568: 13566: 13565: 13554: 13538: 13536: 13525: 13514: 13503: 13492: 13481: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13451: 13440: 13429: 13418: 13407: 13396: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13353: 13342: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13322: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13309:Arab countries 13304: 13303: 13296: 13289: 13281: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13263: 13255: 13246: 13244: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13208: 13200: 13192: 13183: 13181: 13177: 13176: 13169: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13162:(Tabaqat Fahl) 13156: 13151: 13146: 13138: 13130: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13114: 13107: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13084: 13075: 13074: 13059:Cyprus dispute 13049: 13046: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13037: 13026: 13010: 12999: 12988: 12972: 12961: 12950: 12933: 12917: 12906: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12889: 12878: 12867: 12853: 12835: 12824: 12813: 12802: 12791: 12780: 12769: 12758: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12741: 12723: 12712: 12705: 12694: 12683: 12672: 12661: 12650: 12639: 12621: 12610: 12599: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12571: 12560: 12549: 12538: 12527: 12516: 12505: 12494: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12438: 12427: 12414: 12403: 12392: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12363: 12352: 12341: 12330: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12310:Southeast Asia 12308: 12305: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12270: 12269: 12262: 12255: 12247: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 12002:al-Sabe' Biyar 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11857:Mashta al-Helu 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11697:Jubb al-Jarrah 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11567:al-Ghizlaniyah 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11373: 11371: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11109: 11107: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11016: 11014: 11007: 11006: 10992: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10969: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10945: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10767:List of rulers 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10639: 10637:Al-Muhafaza SC 10634: 10629: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10613: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10579: 10577: 10570: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10519:Umayyad Square 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10499:Baghdad Street 10495: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10442:Shami Hospital 10439: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10285:Bab al-Jabiyah 10282: 10280:Bab al-Faradis 10276: 10274: 10273:Historic gates 10270: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10256: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10245: 10244: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10205: 10203: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10130: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9989: 9984: 9982:Umayyad Mosque 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9962:Al-Azem Palace 9958: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9942: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9902: 9880: 9879:External links 9877: 9876: 9875: 9866: 9837: 9831: 9818: 9812: 9795: 9789: 9771: 9759: 9739: 9726: 9720: 9707: 9701: 9688: 9679: 9673: 9658: 9648:Amitai, Reuven 9644: 9638: 9625: 9619: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9562: 9532: 9502: 9472: 9442: 9412: 9383: 9353: 9327: 9277: 9268: 9235: 9224:on 11 May 2011 9209: 9183: 9157: 9130: 9103: 9038: 9008: 8982: 8971:on 15 May 2011 8956: 8930: 8904: 8893:on 13 May 2008 8872: 8835: 8804: 8778: 8748: 8722: 8695: 8669: 8660: 8634: 8604: 8595: 8576: 8556: 8531: 8505: 8479: 8460: 8437: 8420:Britannica.com 8404: 8374: 8355: 8329: 8303: 8281: 8270:on 11 May 2011 8255: 8224: 8198: 8184: 8160: 8130: 8112:Al-Masdar News 8097: 8065: 8047: 8034: 8021: 7988: 7976: 7959: 7918: 7909: 7892:. p. 401. 7863: 7851: 7827: 7815: 7813:, p. 248. 7803: 7801:, p. 810. 7791: 7789:, p. 247. 7779: 7777:, p. 146. 7767: 7765:, p. 439. 7755: 7753:, p. 307. 7743: 7724: 7704: 7680: 7663: 7654: 7641: 7626: 7608: 7595: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7522: 7505:Madain Project 7492: 7480: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7324: 7304: 7284: 7272: 7260: 7229: 7210: 7190: 7178: 7165: 7152: 7139: 7126: 7113: 7100: 7081: 7061: 7027: 7015: 6989: 6974: 6962: 6945: 6933: 6903: 6877: 6851: 6823: 6808: 6806:, pp. 5–6 6793: 6781: 6775:Moore, A.M.T. 6768: 6746: 6716: 6683: 6652:(3): 259–263. 6632: 6623: 6599: 6587:romeartlover, 6577: 6571:978-1589831285 6570: 6552: 6532: 6518: 6498: 6479: 6459: 6440: 6420: 6401: 6381: 6351: 6345:978-1135978761 6344: 6326: 6287: 6260: 6234: 6217: 6191: 6160: 6128: 6098: 6069: 6037: 6018: 5992: 5973: 5951: 5928: 5902: 5888: 5862: 5844:Almaany Team. 5836: 5793: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5699:Historically, 5692: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5649: 5644:Main article: 5641: 5640:Notable people 5638: 5636: 5635: 5622: 5609: 5596: 5583: 5570: 5557: 5544: 5531: 5518: 5504: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5477: 5467: 5461: 5451: 5420: 5417: 5402:Cinema Dimashq 5337:Pan Arab Games 5264: 5261: 5227: 5224: 5072: 5071:Transportation 5069: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4971: 4968: 4956: 4955: 4944: 4934: 4919: 4916: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4897:boutique hotel 4890: 4880: 4874: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4777:Umayyad Mosque 4748: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4691: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4647:Bab al-Faradis 4627: 4624: 4605:Umayyad Square 4583:Husayn ibn Ali 4563:Umayyad Mosque 4561:'s house. The 4468:Main article: 4465: 4462: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4411: 4409: 4406:Umayyad Mosque 4403: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4343: 4336: 4334: 4322:Harat al-Yahud 4252:Umayyad Mosque 4220: 4217: 4198:Syrian Turkmen 4173: 4170: 4106:platform shoes 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4067:private sector 4012: 4009: 3935:Main article: 3932: 3929: 3847:Mariano Goybet 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3571:Ottoman Empire 3526: 3525:Ottoman period 3523: 3500:Umayyad Mosque 3403: 3400: 3329:besieged Kerak 3300:In 1164, King 3210:Marj al-Saffar 3140:Abu Nasr Duqaq 3127: 3124: 2954:Christian Arab 2929: 2926: 2861: 634–644 2843:Umayyad Mosque 2827: 2824: 2711:when he was a 2697:Arabia Petraea 2624:In 64 BC, the 2615:Jupiter Temple 2606: 2603: 2566: 2563: 2451:Semitic people 2431:Main article: 2428: 2425: 2331:Amarna letters 2322: 2319: 2307: 2304: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2237:sunshine hours 2232: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2190:sunshine hours 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1637: 1615: 1612: 1526:(the migrants) 1512:Ottoman Empire 1410:Spot satellite 1401: 1398: 1150:Amarna letters 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1012: 1011: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 993: 990: 985: 982: 967: 966: 963: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 929: 926: 914:Jewish Quarter 906:Umayyad Mosque 671: 670: 667: 666: 663: 662: 657: 653: 652: 647: 643: 642: 632: 628: 627: 624: 620: 619: 616: 612: 611: 606: 602: 601: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 575: 571: 570: 565: 559: 558: 552: 545: 544: 539: 533: 532: 529: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 499: 497: 493: 492: 482: 476: 475: 455: 449: 448: 445: 441: 440: 437: 430: 429: 426: 422: 421: 412: 408: 407: 404: 397: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 380: 376: 375: 372: 365: 364: 360: 359: 356: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 334: 333: 328: 327:Municipalities 324: 323: 312: 308: 307: 306:, Capital City 301: 295: 294: 281: 277: 276: 242: 241: 231: 225: 224: 217: 216: 210: 209: 208: 207: 198: 192: 191: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 165: 159: 158: 151: 150: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 137: 136: 115: 111: 110: 104: 98: 94: 88: 87: 86: 83: 82: 61:Umayyad Mosque 59: 58: 50: 49: 44: 41: 40: 37: 34: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15810: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15718: 15714: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15704: 15689: 15686: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15675: 15671: 15664: 15661: 15658: 15655: 15652: 15649: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15618: 15611: 15608: 15605: 15602: 15599: 15596: 15593: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15583: 15581: 15579: 15575: 15568: 15565: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15545: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15507: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15489: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15448: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15436:Philippopolis 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15401:Arca Caesarea 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15361: 15357: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15317: 15312: 15305: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15283: 15279: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15249: 15247: 15245: 15241: 15235: 15232: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15223: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15208: 15206: 15204: 15200: 15194: 15193:Narbo Martius 15191: 15190: 15188: 15186: 15182: 15176: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15155: 15154: 15152: 15150: 15146: 15140: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15132: 15128: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15104: 15100: 15097: 15093: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15071: 15066: 15064: 15059: 15057: 15052: 15051: 15048: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15021: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14919: 14918:Classical Age 14915: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14856: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14812: 14811: 14808: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14679:Aram-Damascus 14677: 14676: 14675: 14674: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14664: 14662: 14660: 14656: 14648: 14645: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14599: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14528: 14525: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14485: 14482: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14466: 14465: 14464: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14317: 14316: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237:First Babylon 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14214: 14213: 14212: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14115: 14110: 14108: 14103: 14101: 14096: 14095: 14092: 14079: 14075: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14059: 14055: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14035: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14022: 14019: 14015: 14012: 14009: 14005: 14002: 13999: 13995: 13992: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13979: 13975: 13972: 13969: 13965: 13962: 13959: 13955: 13952: 13949: 13945: 13942: 13939: 13936: 13932: 13929: 13926: 13923: 13919: 13916: 13913: 13910: 13906: 13903: 13900: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13880: 13877: 13874: 13870: 13867: 13864: 13860: 13857: 13854: 13850: 13847: 13844: 13840: 13837: 13834: 13830: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13817: 13814: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13779: 13772: 13767: 13765: 13760: 13758: 13753: 13752: 13749: 13737: 13731: 13729: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13700: 13698: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13687: 13683: 13676: 13671: 13669: 13664: 13662: 13657: 13656: 13653: 13641: 13638: 13637: 13634: 13622: 13618: 13617: 13613: 13611: 13607: 13606: 13602: 13600: 13596: 13595: 13591: 13589: 13585: 13584: 13580: 13578: 13574: 13573: 13569: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13552: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13535: 13531: 13530: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13519: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13508: 13504: 13502: 13498: 13497: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13486: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13475: 13471: 13470: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13456: 13452: 13450: 13446: 13445: 13441: 13439: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13428: 13424: 13423: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13412: 13408: 13406: 13402: 13401: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13390: 13386: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13374: 13370: 13369: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13359: 13358: 13354: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13332: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13314: 13310: 13302: 13297: 13295: 13290: 13288: 13283: 13282: 13279: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13261:(Beit She'an) 13260: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13201: 13199: 13198:(Tell Ashari) 13197: 13193: 13191: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13163: 13161: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13139: 13137: 13135: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13122: 13120: 13116: 13112: 13105: 13100: 13098: 13093: 13091: 13086: 13085: 13082: 13072: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13052: 13047: 13036: 13032: 13031: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13021: 13020:South Ossetia 13016: 13015: 13011: 13009: 13005: 13004: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12977: 12973: 12971: 12967: 12966: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12955: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12938: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12922: 12921:North Nicosia 12918: 12916: 12912: 12911: 12907: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12888: 12884: 12883: 12879: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12847: 12846: 12841: 12840: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12829: 12825: 12823: 12819: 12818: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12807: 12803: 12801: 12797: 12796: 12792: 12790: 12786: 12785: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12717: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12673: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12655: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12644: 12640: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12626: 12622: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12570: 12566: 12565: 12561: 12559: 12555: 12554: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12543: 12539: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12510: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12499: 12495: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12448: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12437: 12433: 12432: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12419: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12408: 12404: 12402: 12398: 12397: 12393: 12391: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12373: 12369: 12368: 12364: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12353: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12340: 12336: 12335: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12268: 12263: 12261: 12256: 12254: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12222:al-Yaarubiyah 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12212:Urum al-Kubra 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12172:Tell al-Daman 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11927:al-Qahtaniyah 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11902:al-Nashabiyah 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11887:al-Musayfirah 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11762:Khan Shaykhun 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11732:Kafr Takharim 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11527:al-Darbasiyah 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11432:Assal al-Ward 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11382:Abu al-Thuhur 11380: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11101: 11096: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10999: 10990: 10985: 10983: 10978: 10976: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10955: 10947: 10946: 10943: 10937: 10936:2017 bombings 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10926:Battle (2012) 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10896:2011 bombings 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10851:1986 bombings 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10821:Battle (1941) 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10791:Burid dynasty 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10567: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10550:Mount Qasioun 10548: 10546: 10545:Pharpar River 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:Marjeh Square 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10490: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451:Entertainment 10449: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10363: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10290:Bab al-Saghir 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10249: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10139:Darwish Pasha 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Khadra Palace 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9935: 9933: 9928: 9926: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9892: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9872: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9834: 9832:9780521347723 9828: 9824: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9804: 9803: 9796: 9792: 9790:0-521-81459-6 9786: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9742: 9736: 9732: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9713: 9708: 9704: 9702:9781473828650 9698: 9694: 9689: 9685: 9680: 9676: 9670: 9667:. Routledge. 9666: 9665: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9632:. Carta Ltd. 9631: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9612: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9476: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9446: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9400: 9396: 9395:banatulazi.ro 9393: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9366:ankara.bel.tr 9363: 9357: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9281: 9272: 9256: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9187: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9134: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9042: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9012: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8944: 8940: 8934: 8918: 8914: 8908: 8889: 8882: 8876: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8708:9781576070048 8705: 8699: 8683: 8679: 8673: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8599: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8568: 8560: 8545: 8544:www.thejc.com 8541: 8535: 8519: 8515: 8509: 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3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:king of Syria 3819: 3815: 3814:Prince Faisal 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3796:T.E. Lawrence 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780:T.E. Lawrence 3777: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754:turkicisation 3748: 3743: 3738: 3726:Modern period 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:Mount Lebanon 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3674:ritual murder 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3535:Syria Vilayet 3532: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508:Burj al-Ru'us 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3408: 3402:Mamluk period 3399: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364:lengthy siege 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:Third Crusade 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:a new crusade 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3189:Mount Lebanon 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2918:Islamic Syria 2915: 2914:Syrian Desert 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886:Yarmouk River 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2771:The Biblical 2769: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2726:. During the 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2616: 2613:Ruins of the 2611: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2595:Demetrius III 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:Aram-Damascus 2452: 2448: 2439: 2434: 2433:Aram-Damascus 2427:Aram-Damascus 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2399:, the son of 2398: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351:Hattusili III 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2301: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188:Mean monthly 2186: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2047: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1977:precipitation 1973: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1630:, due to the 1629: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496:Jabal Qasioun 1492: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1460:Jabal Qasioun 1456: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1420:Mount Qasioun 1417: 1411: 1406: 1397: 1394: 1381: 1376: 1364: 1352: 1342: 1338: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1249: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1136: 1131: 1117: 1112: 1093: 1088: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1003: 991: 986: 983: 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947: 944: 943: 940: 939: 935: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 829: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 790: 781: 777: 776: 766: 730: 724: 723: 713: 677: 668: 664: 661: 658: 654: 651: 648: 644: 639: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610: 607: 605:Official name 603: 599: 594: 590: 586: 576: 572: 569: 566: 564: 560: 553: 550: 546: 543: 540: 538: 534: 530: 528: 527:ISO 3166 code 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 498: 494: 490: 486: 483: 481: 477: 473: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 436: 433: • 431: 427: 423: 420: 416: 413: 409: 405: 403: 400: • 398: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 371: 368: • 366: 361: 357: 355: 352: • 350: 347: 344: 340: 335: 332: 329: 325: 322: 318: 10 000 313: 311:First settled 309: 305: 302: 300: 296: 293: 282: 278: 273: 245:Coordinates: 243: 214: 181: 148: 138: 119: 112: 102: 92: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:Mount Qasioun 62: 56: 51: 47: 42: 32: 26: 22: 15640:Dura-Europos 15634: 15600:: Heliopolis 15493:modern names 15441:Dura-Europos 15395: 15081:Ancient Rome 14934:Roman Empire 14926:Ancient Rome 14878: 14853: 14735: 14671: 14639: 14595: 14571: 14507: 14461: 14313: 14209: 14152:Chagar Bazar 13914: 13833:Saudi Arabia 13711: 13708:Ancient City 13693:Ancient City 13614: 13610:Saudi Arabia 13603: 13592: 13581: 13570: 13557: 13547:(proclaimed) 13541: 13527: 13517: 13516: 13505: 13494: 13483: 13472: 13453: 13442: 13431: 13420: 13409: 13398: 13387: 13377: 13371: 13355: 13344: 13333: 13307:Capitals of 13258: 13250: 13214:(Ar-Rafi'ah) 13211: 13203: 13195: 13187: 13186: 13159: 13141: 13133: 13126:Philadelphia 13125: 13050: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13012: 13001: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12974: 12963: 12959:Saudi Arabia 12952: 12947: 12941: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12919: 12908: 12897: 12880: 12869: 12864: 12855: 12843: 12837: 12826: 12816: 12815: 12804: 12793: 12782: 12771: 12760: 12749: 12731: 12725: 12714: 12707: 12696: 12685: 12674: 12665:Kuala Lumpur 12663: 12652: 12641: 12629: 12623: 12612: 12601: 12590: 12573: 12562: 12551: 12540: 12529: 12518: 12507: 12496: 12491: 12481: 12475: 12458: 12452: 12440: 12429: 12422: 12416: 12405: 12394: 12383: 12377: 12365: 12354: 12343: 12332: 12328:Turkmenistan 12321: 12304:Central Asia 12291: 12217:Wadi al-Oyun 12057:al-Shaddadah 11942:al-Qaryatayn 11892:al-Mushannaf 11692:al-Jawadiyah 11672:al-Janudiyah 11652:Ibbin Samaan 11597:al-Hamidiyah 11487:Bir al-Helou 11472:Barri Sharqi 11442:Ayn al-Fijah 11368:Sub-district 11283:Ra's al-'Ayn 11213:al-Malikiyah 11024: 10796:Siege (1148) 10786:Jund Dimashq 10742:Al-Salihiyah 10677:Old Damascus 10645:Al-Shorta SC 10540:Barada River 10509:Rawda Square 10365:Culture and 10295:Bab al-Salam 10005:Maktab Anbar 9953:Historic and 9945: 9895: 9870: 9845: 9841: 9822: 9802:The Crusades 9801: 9779: 9766: 9730: 9711: 9692: 9686:. Il Mulino. 9683: 9663: 9651: 9629: 9610: 9597:Bibliography 9585:16 September 9583:. Retrieved 9574: 9565: 9555:16 September 9553:. Retrieved 9544: 9535: 9525:16 September 9523:. Retrieved 9519:the original 9514: 9505: 9493:. Retrieved 9485:ajmannews.ae 9484: 9475: 9465:16 September 9463:. Retrieved 9454: 9445: 9435:16 September 9433:. Retrieved 9424: 9415: 9405:16 September 9403:. Retrieved 9394: 9386: 9376:16 September 9374:. Retrieved 9370:the original 9365: 9356: 9344:. Retrieved 9330: 9318:. Retrieved 9308: 9297:. Retrieved 9287: 9280: 9271: 9259:. Retrieved 9248: 9238: 9226:. Retrieved 9222:the original 9212: 9200:. Retrieved 9196:the original 9186: 9174:. Retrieved 9170:the original 9160: 9148:. Retrieved 9133: 9121:. Retrieved 9106: 9055: 9051: 9041: 9029:. Retrieved 9020: 9011: 8999:. Retrieved 8985: 8973:. Retrieved 8969:the original 8959: 8947:. Retrieved 8943:the original 8933: 8921:. Retrieved 8917:the original 8907: 8895:. Retrieved 8888:the original 8875: 8863:. 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Retrieved 5750: 5746: 5741:and ancient 5700: 5695: 5675: 5554:Buenos Aires 5530:, Kazakhstan 5458:Persian Gulf 5406: 5393: 5358:Coffeehouses 5355: 5352: 5341: 5327: 5276: 5239: 5220: 5195: 5167: 5148: 5137: 5082: 5061:Additional: 5056: 5035: 4983: 4957: 4940: 4931:Souq al-Atiq 4921: 4907: 4883:Maktab Anbar 4699:Bab Mousalla 4695:Bab al-Faraj 4692: 4653:Bab al-Salam 4640: 4621: 4609: 4597:is located. 4551:Midhat Pasha 4520: 4502: 4495: 4431: 4320: 4314: 4295: 4289:a series of 4256: 4222: 4214: 4208:and a small 4190:Palestinians 4175: 4158: 4135: 4131: 4101: 4095: 4073:Demographics 4056: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4026: 3993: 3990:Yarmouk Camp 3983: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3914: 3906:Vichy French 3895: 3884: 3866: 3818:Shukri Pasha 3793: 3751: 3731:20th century 3713: 3706: 3694:Abd al-Qadir 3658:Ottoman rule 3638: 3608:caravans to 3599: 3595:al-Salihiyah 3568: 3520: 3507: 3488:Turco-Mongol 3481: 3425: 3393: 3381: 3361: 3341:was captured 3299: 3280: 3269: 3226: 3174: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3132:Seljuq Turks 3129: 3107:al-Muqaddasi 3092: 3050: 3043: 3028: 2986:and then by 2972:Abd al-Malik 2970: 2962:Abd al-Malik 2939: 2890:major battle 2847: 2829: 2813: 2793:Saint Thomas 2778: 2758: 2734:caravan city 2727: 2719: 2717: 2684:Herod Philip 2673: 2657: 2644: 2638: 2623: 2605:Roman period 2568: 2542: 2538: 2526: 2502: 2494:Ben-Hadad II 2488:(modern-day 2467: 2463:Beqaa Valley 2444: 2406: 2386: 2372: 2334: 2324: 2309: 1979:mm (inches) 1646:) 1991–2020 1623: 1617: 1608:Fijeh spring 1601: 1579: 1552: 1538:al-Salihiyah 1530: 1525: 1523:al-Muhajirin 1522: 1518: 1515: 1480: 1475:Four Seasons 1457: 1436:Barada River 1425: 1310:Bilād aš-Šām 1307:, is called 1265: 1202: 1196: 1190: 1041:Thutmose III 1038: 970: 895: 867: 863:Barada River 851:Anti-Lebanon 804:largest city 675: 674: 507:Area code(s) 415:1st in Syria 402:Capital city 370:Capital city 70:Maktab Anbar 46:Capital city 25: 15522:: Ptolemais 15216:Mogontiacum 15149:Roman Dacia 15111:Camulodunum 14699:Bit Bahiani 14484:Tell Hadidi 14064:Kuwait City 13994:Constantine 13839:Kuwait City 13572:Kuwait City 13259:Scythopolis 12946:(de facto) 12871:Kuwait City 12727:West Island 12681:Philippines 12525:Afghanistan 12442:Ulaanbaatar 12412:South Korea 12401:North Korea 12187:Tell Salhab 12182:Tell Rifaat 11982:al-Ruhaybah 11867:al-Masmiyah 11842:al-Mansurah 11702:Jubb Ramlah 11682:al-Jarniyah 11562:al-Ghariyah 11532:Deir Atiyah 11457:Ayn al-Nasr 11447:Ayn Halaqim 11313:al-Sanamayn 11278:al-Qutayfah 11133:Ayn al-Arab 11075:Rif Dimashq 11035:Deir ez-Zor 11011:Governorate 10876:Declaration 10781:Siege (634) 10737:Rukn al-Din 10702:Al-Shaghour 10650:Al-Wahda SC 10641:Al-Nidal SC 10627:Al-Jaish SC 10555:Salera Hill 10468:Havana Cafe 10169:Sinan Pasha 10159:Nabi Habeel 10154:Murad Pasha 9763:Ibn Khaldun 9577:. Yerevan. 9261:14 December 9202:27 December 9021:jude.edu.sy 8897:3 September 8588:26 November 8322:28 November 8274:28 November 8248:28 November 8217:28 November 8032:, Volume 48 7972:New England 7930:de Damas". 7811:Amitai 1987 7799:Schein 1979 7787:Amitai 1987 6943:, p. 9 6844:25 November 6821:, p. 7 6791:, p. 2 6709:26 November 6646:Meteorol. Z 6299:(205): 40. 6276:(270): 98. 5947:(in Arabic) 5850:almaany.com 5829:28 November 5719:Ba'al Šamem 5687:الْفَيْحَاء 5556:, Argentina 5323:Al-Muhafaza 5319:Al-Nidal SC 5250:Azem Palace 4833:Khan Jaqmaq 4491:Ottoman era 4450:Sa'id Hawwa 4206:Circassians 4186:Rukn al-Din 4116:Scene in a 4041:Marota City 3788:World War I 3766:Arab Revolt 3762:Jamal Pasha 3630:Mimar Sinan 3496:Ibn Khaldun 3490:conqueror, 3477:Black Death 3436:Bohemond VI 3420:Louvre-Lens 3295:Their siege 3074:dynasty of 2898:Monophysite 2869:Arab Muslim 2814:During the 2805:Gregory III 2775:of Damascus 2754:Coele-Syria 2599:hippodamian 2478:Ben-Hadad I 2393:Trachonitis 2359:Sea Peoples 2355:Ramesses II 2321:Late Bronze 2235:Mean daily 1563:Palestinian 1519:(the Kurds) 1130:Old Aramaic 1020:New Kingdom 1009:hieroglyphs 660:Arab States 496:Postal code 299:Governorate 267: / 131:الْفَيْحَاء 128:Al-Fayhaa ( 15732:Categories 15715:See also: 15690:: Seleucia 15653:: Laodicea 15539:: Neronias 15386:Heliopolis 15290:Singidunum 15267:Mediolanum 14886:Carchemish 14867:Nabataeans 14684:Aram Rehob 14452:Carchemish 14262:Third Mari 14242:Third Ebla 14192:Bronze Age 14147:Tell Halaf 14134:Copper Age 14034:Port Sudan 13563:(de facto) 13427:Mauritania 13422:Nouakchott 13379:Somaliland 13144:(Umm Qais) 13014:Tskhinvali 12800:Azerbaijan 12698:Phnom Penh 12619:East Timor 12503:Bangladesh 12453:North Asia 12372:Uzbekistan 12361:Tajikistan 12350:Kyrgyzstan 12339:Kazakhstan 12307:South Asia 12232:az-Ziyarah 12192:Tell Tamer 12177:Tell Hamis 12162:al-Tamanah 12142:al-Sukhnah 12062:al-Shajara 12007:al-Sabkhah 11947:al-Qurayya 11907:al-Nasirah 11837:al-Malihah 11757:al-Khafsah 11742:al-Karamah 11722:Kafr Batna 11612:Harbnafsah 11517:Darat Izza 11427:al-Asharah 11412:al-Arishah 11377:Abu Qilqil 11348:al-Thawrah 11343:Tell Abyad 11158:Dayr Hafir 11080:as-Suwayda 11045:al-Hasakah 10712:Kafr Sousa 10632:Al-Majd SC 10305:Bab Sharqi 9656:: 236–255. 9601:See also: 9575:yerevan.am 9320:6 December 9299:6 December 9001:2 December 8949:6 November 8771:31 October 8472:29 October 8430:31 January 7984:Twain 1869 7572:Burns 2005 7560:Burns 2005 7488:Burns 2005 7476:Burns 2005 7464:Burns 2005 7452:Burns 2005 7440:Burns 2005 7428:Burns 2005 7416:Burns 2005 7404:Burns 2005 7392:Burns 2005 7380:Burns 2005 7368:Burns 2005 7356:Burns 2005 7344:Burns 2005 7332:Burns 2005 7268:Kaegi 2003 7023:Burns 2005 6985:Burns 2005 6970:Burns 2005 6958:Burns 2005 6941:Burns 2005 6819:Burns 2005 6804:Burns 2005 6789:Burns 2005 6761:3 December 6174:CNN Travel 6140:15 January 6108:"Damascus" 6002:"Damascus" 5855:24 October 5815:"Damascus" 5786:25 October 5760:References 5702:Baalshamin 5499:See also: 5382:backgammon 5374:Card games 5348:Kazakhstan 5297:including 5287:equestrian 5283:basketball 5196:Served by 5125:Al-Hasakah 4863:Azm Palace 4788:Bab Saghir 4703:Bab Sreija 4665:Bab Sharqi 4531:Bab Sharqi 4525:, was the 4509:conversion 4296:A smaller 4265:, and the 4078:Population 3735:See also: 3720:Wilhelm II 3710:Mark Twain 3556:John Carne 3529:See also: 3291:Nur ad-Din 3221:Nur ad-Din 3206:Baldwin II 3177:Diyarbakir 3165:Burid line 3068:Ikhshidids 3064:Shia Islam 3060:Qarmatians 2922:Mu'awiya I 2912:, and the 2820:Shahrbaraz 2762:Bab Sharqi 2729:Pax Romana 2658:In 23 BC, 2543:Ilu-issīya 2539:Šaʾimerišu 2459:Aram-Zobah 2363:Bronze Age 2315:Tell Ramad 2313:dating at 1500:Andalusian 1440:Asia Minor 1316:بلاد الشام 1141:דַּמֶּשֶׂק 1102:𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱 1056:𓍘𓄟𓊃𓈎𓅱 932:See also: 847:Arab world 631:Designated 395:Population 337:Government 255:36°17′31″E 252:33°30′47″N 74:Azm Palace 15684:: Antioch 15665:: Palmyra 15594:: Berytus 15514:Jerusalem 15350:Ptolemais 15272:Placentia 15262:Florentia 15121:Londinium 14979:Macedonia 14944:Commagene 14872:Qedarites 14810:Phoenicia 14778:Philistia 14694:Bit Agusi 14689:Bit-Adini 14531:Tall Bazi 14425:Phoenicia 14395:Jerusalem 14247:Ekallatum 14044:Bethlehem 13928:Jerusalem 13551:Palestine 13543:Jerusalem 13474:Abu Dhabi 13400:Mogadishu 13253:(Sussita) 13206:(Qanawat) 13190:(Dimashq) 12943:Palestine 12857:Jerusalem 12751:Abu Dhabi 12738:Australia 12716:Vientiane 12709:Singapore 12687:Naypyidaw 12659:Indonesia 12636:Australia 12569:Sri Lanka 12553:New Delhi 12531:Kathmandu 12509:Islamabad 12396:Pyongyang 12378:East Asia 12313:West Asia 12227:al-Zirbah 12207:Uqayribat 11977:al-Riqama 11922:al-Qadmus 11872:al-Mazraa 11797:al-Kiswah 11747:al-Kasrah 11737:Kafr Zita 11727:Kafr Nabl 11647:al-Huwash 11602:al-Hamraa 11557:Ghandoura 11552:Ghabaghib 11542:al-Dumayr 11477:Beit Jinn 11407:al-Ariqah 11333:Talkalakh 11303:Salamiyah 11293:as-Safira 11288:al-Rastan 11273:al-Qusayr 11198:Jarabulus 11178:al-Haffah 11168:Duraykish 11113:Abu Kamal 10747:Muhajreen 10655:Barada SC 10367:education 10300:Bab Kisan 9749:cite book 9080:2662-9984 9058:(1): 24. 8828:13 August 8797:9 October 8688:6 October 8153:9 October 7898:cite book 7736:7 October 7093:15 August 7008:26 August 6525:14 August 6452:14 August 6413:14 August 6321:163497507 5921:10 August 5739:Phoenicia 5681:Al-Fayḥāʾ 5634:, Armenia 5608:, Morocco 5543:, Romania 5541:Bucharest 5315:Barada SC 5303:al-Shorta 5177:minibuses 5162:King Long 5152:taximeter 4970:Education 4941:Bab Touma 4763:Grave of 4671:Bab Kisan 4571:mausoleum 4527:decumanus 4522:Via Recta 4287:Soufanieh 4202:Armenians 4194:Assyrians 4172:Ethnicity 4000:Economist 3931:Civil war 3904:from the 3886:al-Hariqa 3826:Bolshevik 3784:HMS Orion 3686:Maronites 3512:Al-Qassaa 3504:Samarkand 3482:In 1400, 3465:Kutlushah 3461:Euphrates 3440:Ain Jalut 3396:Silk Road 3335:in July. 3185:Jerusalem 3161:Toghtekin 3151:maristans 3004:Marwan II 2958:Caliphate 2882:Heraclius 2865:conquered 2664:Zenodorus 2645:Via Recta 2634:Decapolis 2579:Ptolemaic 2517:King Ahab 2513:Levantine 2509:Hadadezer 2447:Aramaeans 2347:Egyptians 2339:Biryawaza 2311:Carbon-14 1626:) in the 1595:romanized 1533:al-Marjeh 1504:Ibn Arabi 1448:Euphrates 1446:with the 1400:Geography 1346:اَلْيَمَن 1065:etymology 798:) is the 789:romanized 581:.damascus 480:Time zone 464:دِمَشقِيّ 459:Damascene 457:English: 439:2,685,000 406:2,503,000 387:Elevation 15743:Damascus 15688:Samandağ 15635:Damascus 15631:: Bostra 15569:: Gerasa 15563:: Gadara 15561:Umm Qais 15482:Neronias 15431:Neapolis 15396:Damascus 15376:Seleucia 15366:Laodicea 15226:Hispania 15175:Lugdunum 15139:Eboracum 15077:Colonies 14901:Palistin 14861:Itureans 14659:Iron Age 14463:Hurrians 14205:Alashiya 14157:Hamoukar 13915:Damascus 13879:Khartoum 13733:Site of 13712:Damascus 13559:Ramallah 13518:Damascus 13389:Khartoum 13373:Hargeisa 13362:Djibouti 13357:Djibouti 13188:Damascus 13136:(Jerash) 12982:Abkhazia 12937:Ramallah 12817:Damascus 12703:Cambodia 12670:Malaysia 12608:Thailand 12547:Maldives 12514:Pakistan 12447:Mongolia 12367:Tashkent 12356:Dushanbe 12323:Ashgabat 12274:Capitals 12152:Talbiseh 12147:al-Tabni 12137:al-Susah 12127:al-Suwar 12107:Sirghaya 12022:Saidnaya 11997:Sabburah 11952:Qurqania 11897:Muzayrib 11877:Muhambal 11862:Maskanah 11817:Maaloula 11807:Maabatli 11782:Khanaser 11707:Jindires 11677:Jaramana 11667:al-Jalaa 11642:Huraytan 11622:al-Hirak 11587:al-Hajib 11572:al-Hader 11537:al-Dimas 11502:Busayrah 11452:Ayn Issa 11387:Akhtarin 11358:Zabadani 11253:Qamishli 11104:District 11065:Quneitra 11025:Damascus 10954:Category 10811:Protocol 10762:Timeline 10697:Al-Midan 10310:Bab Tuma 10201:Catholic 10193:Churches 10184:Yalbugha 10144:Hanabila 9946:Damascus 9888:(1911). 9777:(2003). 9765:(1952). 9579:Archived 9549:Archived 9489:Archived 9459:Archived 9429:Archived 9399:Archived 9340:Archived 9314:Archived 9293:Archived 9255:Archived 9144:Archived 9142:. SANA. 9117:Archived 9115:. SANA. 9098:37251498 9089:10201509 9025:Archived 8995:Archived 8822:Archived 8791:Archived 8765:Archived 8741:16 March 8735:Archived 8715:Archived 8682:Archived 8647:Archived 8621:Archived 8582:Archived 8518:Archived 8466:Archived 8448:(2010). 8424:Archived 8391:Archived 8367:Archived 8316:Archived 8242:Archived 8211:Archived 8179:Archived 8147:Archived 8117:Archived 8084:Archived 7946:Archived 7942:41604595 7882:(1876). 7839:Archived 7730:Archived 7696:Archived 7619:(2006). 7539:Archived 7316:Archived 7302:, p. 227 7296:Archived 7247:Archived 7216:Archived 7087:Archived 7044:archived 7002:Archived 6920:Archived 6916:nasa.gov 6890:Archived 6864:Archived 6838:Archived 6739:26 April 6733:Archived 6700:Archived 6676:1 August 6670:Archived 6592:Archived 6485:Archived 6446:Archived 6407:Archived 6368:Archived 6247:Archived 6178:Archived 6149:citation 6134:archived 6057:archived 6024:Archived 6010:ABC-CLIO 5940:Archived 5915:Archived 5875:Archived 5823:Archived 5780:Archived 5711:ܒܥܠ ܫܡܝܢ 5651:See also 5595:, Turkey 5593:Istanbul 5517:, Turkey 5480:Saidnaya 5470:Maaloula 5464:Zabadani 5370:nargileh 5332:and the 5307:Al-Wahda 5299:al-Jaish 5279:football 4952:Bab Tuma 4805:Madrasas 4790:Cemetery 4659:Bab Tuma 4635:Bab Tuma 4535:Bab Tuma 4513:St. Paul 4306:Jaramana 4271:Bab Tuma 4232:Alawites 4219:Religion 4154:Jaramana 4090:(left), 3656:. Under 3575:Safavids 3516:Bab Tuma 3432:Hethum I 3321:Damietta 3146:madrasas 3111:al-Hakim 3095:Alptakin 3080:Fatimids 3072:Hamdanid 3031:Abbasids 3014:region. 2946:Umayyads 2871:general 2799:such as 2781:Bab Tuma 2688:Caligula 2628:general 2575:Seleucid 2547:Necho II 2368:Iron Age 2343:Hittites 2327:Egyptian 2282:Source: 2230:3,164.1 2140:Average 2051:(≥ 1 mm) 1975:Average 1800:(100.0) 1760:(114.4) 1745:(100.4) 1740:(112.3) 1735:(112.6) 1730:(114.4) 1725:(113.0) 1720:(106.5) 1516:al-Akrad 1351:al-Yaman 1236:Darmeśeq 1232:Qumranic 1227:Δαμασκός 1218:Damascus 1201:(letter 1185:𒁲𒈦𒀸𒋡 1173:𒁲𒈦𒀸𒄀 1135:Dammeśeq 1123:𐡃𐡌𐡔𐡒 1111:Egyptian 1087:Akkadian 845:and the 676:Damascus 623:Criteria 618:Cultural 554:0.612 – 462:Arabic: 453:Demonyms 354:Governor 226:Damascus 193:Damascus 160:Damascus 116:City of 72: • 35:Damascus 15682:Antakya 15651:Latakia 15647:: Emesa 15612:: Tyrus 15606:: Sidon 15598:Baalbek 15578:Lebanon 15503:and the 15462:Ascalon 15416:Sebaste 15391:Palmyra 15371:Antioch 15335:Berytus 15023:Sources 14989:Osroene 14788:Ascalon 14763:Jericho 14641:Nuhašše 14589:Suteans 14527:Armanum 14479:Mitanni 14474:Nuhašše 14435:Shechem 14415:Megiddo 14410:Lakisha 14400:Kenites 14390:Jericho 14370:Dimasqu 14341:Aštartu 14336:Ascalon 14272:Palmyra 14227:Andarig 14217:Alalakh 14162:Jericho 14124:of the 14122:history 14078:Lebanon 14074:Tripoli 14028:Morocco 14008:Tunisia 13998:Algeria 13984:Tripoli 13974:Baghdad 13968:Bahrain 13909:Algeria 13902:Algiers 13863:Morocco 13823:Lebanon 13809:Sharjah 13803:Tunisia 13736:Palmyra 13588:Bahrain 13512:Lebanon 13496:Baghdad 13460:Tunisia 13444:Tripoli 13438:Morocco 13416:Comoros 13405:Somalia 13340:Algeria 13335:Algiers 13212:Raphana 13204:Canatha 13128:(Amman) 13035:Armenia 13030:Yerevan 12997:Georgia 12992:Tbilisi 12976:Sukhumi 12910:Nicosia 12887:Bahrain 12811:Lebanon 12784:Baghdad 12692:Myanmar 12654:Jakarta 12648:Vietnam 12603:Bangkok 12575:Thimphu 12385:Beijing 12345:Bishkek 12292:italics 12290:are in 12276:of Asia 12112:Slinfah 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5226:Culture 5209:⁄ 5113:Latakia 4867:Ottoman 4575:Saladin 4559:Ananias 4442:mosques 4310:Sahnaya 4302:Tadamon 4150:Al-Tall 4146:Darayya 4142:Harasta 4097:tantour 4088:peasant 4011:Economy 3963:clashes 3871:in the 3843:mandate 3790:, 1918. 3786:during 3666:dhimmis 3587:tekkiye 3583:Selim I 3428:Kitbuqa 3389:in 1229 3317:Saladin 3309:Shirkuh 3253:assault 3103:al-Aziz 3056:Tulunid 3039:Baghdad 2988:Umar II 2902:Muslims 2867:by the 2750:Hadrian 2742:Palmyra 2720:colonia 2680:Nabatea 2587:Antioch 2559:Babylon 2553:of the 2528:led by 2498:Samaria 2416:Babylon 2412:Abraham 2375:Genesis 2335:Dimasqu 2294:History 2044:(4.91) 2039:(0.93) 2034:(0.84) 2029:(0.25) 2024:(0.01) 2009:(0.01) 2004:(0.19) 1999:(0.22) 1994:(0.55) 1989:(0.88) 1984:(1.02) 1970:(10.4) 1965:(16.2) 1960:(16.5) 1955:(30.2) 1950:(38.3) 1945:(49.1) 1940:(50.9) 1935:(43.2) 1930:(34.5) 1925:(18.5) 1910:(12.6) 1900:(49.1) 1895:(35.4) 1890:(41.4) 1885:(51.8) 1880:(59.5) 1875:(65.5) 1870:(65.5) 1865:(60.6) 1860:(53.8) 1855:(46.4) 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