Near East - Knowledge

1302: 553: 1008: 447: 654: 1365:. Within the government the State Department has been most influential in promulgating the Near Eastern regional system. The countries of the former empires of the 19th century have in general abandoned the term and the subdivision in favor of Middle East, North Africa, and various forms of Asia. In many cases, such as France, no distinct regional substructures have been employed. Each country has its own French diplomatic apparatus, although regional terms, including Proche-Orient and Moyen-Orient, can be used in a descriptive sense. 1407:. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara). 37: 5542: 1234:... in India, in Central Asia, and in all the regions adjacent to the Near East, he still boldly remains a conqueror in possession of vast stretches of valuable territory; a conqueror who has no intention of lightly surrendering his conquests, and who indeed sees in every attempt to modify the old order of things a most hateful and unjustifiable revolt which must at all costs be repressed. This is so absolutely true that no candid person will be inclined to dispute it. 2375:(CIA) is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The combined range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, 1436: 231: 801:. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Africa. Except for the Balkans, the region matches the later Middle East. It differs from the Ottoman Empire of the times in including Greece and Iran. Hogarth gives no evidence of being familiar with the contemporaneous initial concept of the Middle East. 3699: 1038:

frontiers of the Arabic language, yet the genius of the Near East overrides linguistic barriers, and encroaches on the Arabicspeaking world on the one side as well as on the German-speaking world on the other. Syria is essentially a Near Eastern country, and a physical geographer would undoubtedly carry the Near Eastern frontiers up to the desert belt of the Sahara, Nefud and Kevir.

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its policy the British government decided that the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power. It therefore undertook to oppose the Russians in both places, one result being the Crimean War. During that war the administration of the British Empire began promulgating a new vocabulary, giving specific regional meaning to the

631:, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the 873:, which Scribners planned to publish in 1897. Mrs. Norman, a writer herself, wrote glowing letters of the home and person of Mme. Zakki, "the wife of a Turkish cabinet minister," who, she said, was a cultivated woman living in a country home full of books. As for the natives of the Balkans, they were "a semi-civilized people". 1046:, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, among other changes, liberated women from the strait rules still in effect in most Arabic-speaking countries. The demise of the political Near East now left a gap where it had been, into which stepped the Middle East. 1292:

Although racial and colonial definitions of the Middle East are no longer considered ideologically sound, the sentiment of unity persists. For much, but by no means all, of the Middle East, the predominance of Islam lends some unity, as does the accident of geographical continuity. Otherwise there is

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The spirit of the Crusaders may thus be said still to linger in those latitudes which, to give geographical and political cohesion, are here broadly named the Middle and Near East; and, to use a somewhat dangerous but illuminating figure of speech, it may be even be maintained that to-day, as of old,

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The planned book was never published, however Norman published the gist of the book, mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire, in an article in June 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ruling over barbarians for their own good to something

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have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the ancient Near East or

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The ancient Near East is frozen in time. The living Near East is primarily what the agencies each define as a matter of practice; often guided by their political leadership. In most cases, this single term is inadequate to describe the geographical range in practical applications. This has resulted

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There has been something pathological about the history of this Near Eastern World. It has had an undue share of political misfortunes, and had lain for centuries in a kind of spiritual paralysis between East and West—belonging to neither, partaking paradoxically of both, and wholly unable to rally

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The plain fact is that it is as hard for an Ottoman official to be honest as it is for a camel to enter through the eye of a needle. It is not so much the fault of the men as the fault of the system, which is thoroughly bad from top to bottom... Turkish administration is synonymous with corruption,

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If Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately

570:, primarily interested in trade with the east, collaborated with English merchants to form the first trading companies to the far-flung regions, using their own jargon. Their goals were to obtain trading concessions by treaty. The queen chartered the Company of Merchants of the Levant, shortened to 2524:, Great Britain. Among its many activities CSAD numbers "a long-term project to create a library of digitised images of Greek inscriptions." These it arranges by region. The Egypt and the Near East region besides Egypt includes Cyprus, Persia and Afghanistan but not Asia Minor (a separate region). 1124:

The middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Gulf. Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every

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It may be assumed that the most sensitive part of our external policy in the Middle East is the preservation of the independence and integrity of Persia and Afghanistan. Our active interest in Persia began with the present century, and was due to the belief that the invasion of India by a European

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texts. In defense of the Bible as history they said: "The primeval nations, that piled their glorious homes on the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Nile, are among us again with their archives in their hands; ..." They further defined the nations as "... the countries lying between the Caspian,

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brought a change in vocabulary with the introduction of terms more familiar to the late 19th century. The Russian Empire had entered a more aggressive phase, becoming militarily active against the Ottoman Empire and also against China, with territorial aggrandizement explicitly in mind. Rethinking

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These were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the "collective wisdom" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under

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The limits of the Near East are not easy to define. On the north-west, Vienna is the most conspicuous boundary-mark, but one might almost equally well single out Trieste or Lvov or even Prag. Towards the southeast, the boundaries are even more shadowy. It is perhaps best to equate them with the

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and the neighboring colonies of the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and Germans. They fit together as a pair based on the opposites of far and near, suggesting that they were innovated together. They appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century. Both terms were used before then with local

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The many and varied specialized agencies that were formed to handle specific aspects of complex international relations, evolved with the terms. Definitions from the present came to be not in concert with those of the past. Reconciling these terms and their definitions remains difficult due to

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was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia. In the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of "the sick man of Europe" left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by

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It remains then to consider whether the Great Powers can solve the Eastern Question ... Foreigners find it extremely difficult to understand the foreign, and especially the Eastern policy of Great Britain, and we cannot wonder at their difficulty, for it seems a mass of contradictions to

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The Nearer East is a term of current fashion for a region which our grandfathers were content to call simply The East. Its area is generally understood to coincide with those classic lands, historically the most interesting on the surface of the globe, which lie about the eastern basin of the

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Englishmen themselves ... At one moment we are bringing about the independence of Greece by sending the Turkish fleet to the bottom of the bay of Navarino. Twenty-seven years later we are spending immense sums and wasting thousands of lives in order to protect the Turks against Russia.

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and Far East did not refer to any particular region. The Far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the "far east" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as much as the East Indies. The

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the Persian Gulf, and the Mediterranean ..." The regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Ancient Israel, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans.

889:." Furthermore, "Greece shook off the turbaned destroyer of her people" and so on. The Russians were suddenly liberators of oppressed Balkan states. Having portrayed the Armenians as revolutionaries in the name of freedom with the expectation of being rescued by the intervention of 2409:

of United Kingdom recognises a Middle East and North Africa region, but not a Near East. Their original Middle East consumed the Near East as far as the Red Sea, ceded India to the Asia and Oceania region, and went into partnership with North Africa as far as the Atlantic.

748:. They undoubtedly saw a need to separate the biblical lands from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire. The Christians saw the country as the land of the Old and New Testaments, where Christianity had developed. The scholars in the field of studies that eventually became 1066:

as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term

216:." Later on in 2012, the FAO defined the Near East as a subregion of the Middle East. The Near East included Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, and Türkiye while the Middle East included the Arabian Peninsula, the Caucasus, and Iran. 2507:

Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the

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recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The

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on the occasion of the latter's violent demise. The last Roman emperor died fighting hand-to-hand in the streets of his capital, Constantinople, overwhelmed by the Ottoman military, in May 1453. The victors inherited his remaining territory in the Balkans.

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If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the

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and others, defined themselves as making: "... an imperfect conspectus of the arrow-headed writings of the nearer east; writings which cover nearly the whole period of the postdiluvian Old Testament history ..." By arrow-headed writings they meant

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The threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on.

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To support the "sick man" in the Near East is an arduous and costly affair; let England, France and America too, beware how they create a "sick giant" in the Far East, for they may rest assured that, if Turkey is European necessity, China is a world

1337:, which could no longer be relied upon to be the actual Near East. The Ottoman Empire was gone, along with all the other empires of the 19th century, replaced in the region with a number of republics with various affinities, regional and global. 602:

as though a stable and uncontested polity of that name once existed. The borders did expand and contract but they were always dynamic and always in "question" right from the beginning. The Ottoman Empire was created from the lands of the former

957:, 1898, Miller claimed to have made four trips to the Balkans, 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1898, and to be, in essence, an expert on "the Near East", by which he primarily meant the Balkans. Apart from the fact that he attended Oxford and played 713:

was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to the general public. They became immediately popular, supplanting "Levant" and "East Indies", which gradually receded to minor usages and then began to change meaning.

533:" including China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific in a map that was every bit as distorted as Ptolemy's, despite the lapse of approximately 1,500 years. That "east" in turn was only an English translation of Latin 1028:

Having supposed that it was sick, he kills it off: "The Near East has never been more true to itself than in its lurid dissolution; past and present are fused together in the flare." To Toynbee the Near East was a spiritual being of a

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divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" and "Scythia beyond the Himalayas". To the south is "India on this side of the Ganges" and "India beyond the Ganges". Asia began on the coast of

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as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900

1019:, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms, he believed. If the Ottoman Empire had been a sick man, then: 642:, 1853–1856, in which the British Empire and the French Empire supported the Ottoman Empire in its struggle against the incursions of the Russian Empire. Eventually, the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Balkan region. 2379:. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula. 1125:

scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and, in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force, if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Gulf.

696:, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire was wasting its resources on a false threat from Russia against China. Toward the end of the letter he said: 999:. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies. 590:

also means "land of the rising sun", but where Anatolia always only meant the projection of land currently occupied by the Republic of Turkey, Levant meant anywhere in the domain ruled by the Ottoman Porte. The

1246:(compared to diplomatic and political issues in the Near East) was due to the fact that "there is no good work dealing with these problems as one whole, and much misunderstanding consequently exists." 1418:

to be in conformance with the practices of the State Department. Its views are independent. The WINEP bundles the countries of Northwest Africa together under "North Africa". Details can be found in

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There was a linguistic predisposition to use such terms. The Romans had used them in near Gaul / far Gaul, near Spain / far Spain and others. Before them the Greeks had the habit, which appears in

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in the 19th century) to the "Problem of the Nearer East", which he rephrased around the issue of the future of European colonialism in the Near East, writing that in regards to "the white man":

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in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the ancient Near East, although often

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Archaeology on the international scene, though very much of intellectual interest to major universities, was overshadowed by international relations. The archaeologists' domain became the

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From the death of the Near East, new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east.

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continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.

1414:(WINEP) is a non-profit organization for research and advice on Middle Eastern policy. It regards its target countries as the Middle East but adopts the convention of calling them the 1075:'s "India Beyond the Ganges." The Ottoman Empire ended at the eastern border of Iraq. "India This Side of the Ganges" and Iran had been omitted. The archaeologists counted Iran as the 1341:

ongoing territorial disputes and non-free nuclear powers' territorial ambitions, putting any reconciliation of definitions out of scope of diplomatic corps in the classical sense.

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conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the

893:, he states "but her hope was vain." England had "turned her back." Norman concluded his exhortation with "In the Balkans, one learns to hate the Turk." Norman made sure that 1238:

the white man and the Cross remain as blindly opposed to the brown man and Islamism, Hinduism and what these creeds postulate, as the most uncompromising bigot could desire.

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because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there. This usage did not sit well with the diplomats; India was left in an equivocal state. They needed a regional term.

1301: 961:, not many biographical details have been promulgated. He was, in effect (whatever his formal associations if any), a point man of British Near Eastern intelligence. 1396:. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau. 3850: 1195:", explaining that the aforementioned regions were in actuality "politically one region – in spite of the divisions into which it is academically divided." 2976: 736:

remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates:

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continued to be used, but evolved in their meaning and scope. This increased confusion, the resolution of which became the study of experts in the new field of

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acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the religiously motivated

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to mean the holdings of the Ottoman Empire as early as the Crimean War had left a geographical gap. The East Indies, or "Far East", derived ultimately from

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began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words

595:(Originally charted as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies") was chartered in 1600 for trade to the East Indies. 881:, which were being conducted even as the couple traveled the Balkans. According to Norman now, the empire had been established by "the Moslem horde" from 1293:

but little basis except for history and convention to lump together peoples of multiple, often unrelated languages, governments, loyalties and customs.

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By 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over "the eastern question",

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formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined.

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In 1853 the Russian Empire on behalf of the Slavic Balkan states began to question the very existence of the Ottoman Empire. The result was the

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on the explicit grounds that they were non-Muslim peoples and as such were a potential threat to the Muslim empire within which they lived. The

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to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.

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Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included. One was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the

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Throughout this article, Norman uses "Near East" to mean the countries where "the eastern question" applied; that is, to all of the

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targeting Assyrians and Armenians aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world. In the United States, the then aging

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Hogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is

5151: 4025: 3733: 2873: 2654: 2357: 869:. As the book was a big success, he was off to the Balkan states with his wife in 1896 to develop detail for a sequel, 398:, or government. Europeans could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the 2980: 5233: 3979: 3502: 3289: 2826: 1483: 1377: 349:. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the " 3472: 1465: 5248: 5238: 5180: 5158: 5141: 5136: 5055: 2756: 1385: 1162: 760: 3331: 977:

Miller's final pronouncements on the topic could not be ignored by either the British or the Ottoman governments:

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It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the nineteenth century,

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One such institution is the Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents (CSAD) founded by and located centrally at

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In the 20th century, subsequent to major warfare and decades of intense political turmoil, the terms such as

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Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the

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The United States is the chief remaining nation to assign official responsibilities to a region called the

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According to Simpson, the reason why the "Problem of the Nearer East" remained so misunderstood in the

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Apparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term

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Gordon, Thomas Edward (January–June 1900). Knowles, James (ed.). "The Problem of the Middle East".

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controlled territory in the Near East and North Africa, as well as Central and Southeastern Europe.

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This article is about the geographical term. For the geopolitical region that it applies to, see

692:. Its author, an "official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service" and a member of the 5456: 5263: 4857: 4660: 3959: 3949: 3944: 3389: 2659: 1207: 992: 837:

The change is evident in the reports of influential British travelers to the Balkans. In 1894,

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recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the

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Travels in the Middle East: Being Impressions by the Way In Turkish Arabia, Syria, and Persia

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read the article. Prince Nicolas of Montenegro wrote a letter thanking him for his article.

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co-existed, but they were not always seen as distinct in the eyes of Western commentators.

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denote the same territories and are "generally accepted as comprising the countries of the

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Meadows, Thomas Taylor (October–December 1855). "Chinese Insurgents and British Policy".

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Mediterranean Sea; but few probably could say offhand where should be the limits and why.

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The Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the "

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Much of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the

88:. The term was invented by modern Western geographers and was originally applied to the 5574: 5360: 4981: 4944: 4822: 4268: 4190: 4150: 4125: 3777: 3648:. Appletons' World Series: The Regions of the World. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 3410: 2851: 2485: 2461:; a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of 2457:

always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced

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as "the Near and Middle East." According to Simpson, the combined region consisted of "

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Islamist Terrorism in Northwestern Africa: A 'Thorn in the neck' of the United States?

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is multiple definitions used differently by each major region, power, or institution.

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chilling circumstances: "... no final solution of the difficulty has yet been found."

417:-independent since the eighteenth century, formerly part of the empire at its apogee. 5441: 5060: 4887: 4852: 4713: 4708: 4689: 4498: 4325: 4085: 3797: 3357: 3285: 2587: 2561: 2521: 2441: 2414: 1334: 1327: 1184: 1016: 620: 616: 560: 431: 426:. It is now generally used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of 271: 267: 138: 28: 3204: 2445:

is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of

1274:. The formerly Near Eastern sections of his trip are now "Turkish" and not Ottoman. 541:, "the land of the rising Sun", used since Roman times for "east". The world map of 5522: 5517: 5507: 5436: 5113: 5067: 5010: 4939: 4802: 4696: 4645: 4623: 4476: 4423: 4362: 3643: 2669: 2602: 2458: 1223: 1203: 890: 604: 350: 225: 69: 1210:. The work included a "color chart" of the world, dividing it into a spectrum of ' 467:

British and American meanings: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.

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to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.

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Retrospect and Prospect: Studies in International Relations Naval and Political

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A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles,

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Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Near East

1243: 693: 579: 556: 410: 399: 395: 2796: 360:

came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term

5431: 5370: 5350: 5340: 5050: 5022: 4777: 4515: 4449: 4418: 4367: 4239: 4168: 4105: 4095: 3616: 2509: 2497: 2128: 1219: 1211: 1117: 1113: 841:, a journalist, traveled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called 65: 5487: 5446: 5377: 5082: 4971: 4914: 4842: 4792: 4679: 4655: 4544: 4382: 4300: 4278: 4254: 4100: 4090: 3879: 3773: 2627: 2622: 2533: 2488:, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by 2462: 2391: 1561: 1176: 1146: 996: 958: 798: 667: 639: 530: 295: 197: 182: 133: 97: 81: 20: 3753: 3100:

Norman, Henry (June 1896). "In the Balkans – the Chessboard of Europe".

574:, and soon known also as The Turkey Company, in 1581. In 1582, the ship 5017: 4986: 4812: 4807: 4471: 4432: 4394: 4312: 4185: 4070: 4065: 3793: 3335: 3305: 2502:

The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine

1936: 1188: 929: 1011:

Australian troops, Gallipoli, 1915. The battle was an Ottoman victory.

5464: 5123: 5097: 5027: 5005: 4998: 4782: 4493: 4389: 4212: 4195: 4080: 4075: 4049: 2637: 2361: 1389: 1368:

Some of the most influential agencies in the United States still use

1215: 1112:, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the 769: 759:

of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by

684: 507: 503: 427: 379: 346: 318: 282:. Up until 1912, the Ottomans retained a band of territory including 213: 57: 24: 3677:

Landmarks of Mapmaking: an Illustrated History of Maps and Mapmakers

3235:

The Conflict of Colour: The Threatened Upheaval Throughout the World

2847:"Met Museum to Renovate Its Ancient Near East and Cypriot Galleries" 1435: 1266:

just before the war. The book does not contain a single instance of

1168:

The Conflict of Colour: The Threatened Upheaval Throughout the World

740:, reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of 4991: 4596: 4532: 4503: 4413: 4372: 4180: 4160: 4040: 3550: 2064: 909: 495: 476: 362: 103: 77: 2492:, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of 112:

during earlier times and official British usage. Today, the terms

4963: 4701: 4591: 4549: 4437: 4249: 4244: 4173: 2617: 2348: 2192: 1968: 1872: 1625: 1593: 1529: 1259: 1072: 937: 933: 901: 886: 846: 818: 725: 717: 486: 403: 383: 314: 310: 283: 254:. But by 1914, the empire had lost all of its territories except 247: 230: 205: 166: 61: 3812: 3278:

Is There a Middle East?: The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept

2928: 1348: 5469: 4573: 4527: 4234: 4221: 3698: 3062: 2612: 2425:. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others. 2352: 2344: 2224: 1840: 1811: 1782: 1654: 1380:, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term 1180: 921: 913: 905: 587: 511: 499: 391: 209: 178: 162: 158: 142: 73: 49: 2568:. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the 2468:

Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the

1426:

Table of Near Eastern countries recognized by various agencies

1330:. The new wave of diplomats often came from those programmes. 545:

of 1590 labels all of Asia from the Caspian to the Pacific as

5320: 5215: 4759: 4057: 4041: 3670:(April and July 1861). London: Hamilton, Adams and Co.: 1–33. 3276:

Amanat, Abbas (2012). "Conceptual Origins of the Near East".

2288: 2160: 2096: 1904: 1686: 1263: 1192: 1172: 1161:, a journalist who served for a period as an officer for the 1030: 858: 854: 850: 519: 515: 480: 375: 371: 367: 201: 200:. The part of the region that is in Asia (ie., not including 174: 146: 85: 2940: 964:

In Miller's view, the Ottoman officials were unfit to rule:

4354: 3014: 2642: 2000: 1750: 1718: 882: 862: 645: 578:

transported the first ambassador, William Harebone, to the

462:

refer to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former

435: 418: 154: 150: 3038: 3026: 1392:

of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary

1202:, Simpson argued that what united these regions was their 470: 3167:

Toynbee, Arnold J.; Great Britain Foreign Office (1916).

3124: 2482:

Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament

995:(already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of 2720:"Are the Middle East and the Near East the Same Thing?" 1057: 549:, shortly to appear in translation as the East Indies. 120:

are used interchangeably to refer to the same region.

3711:"Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies (NEJS)" 2556:

without any implication of modern times. For example,

832: 825:

often included the Balkans. Robert Hichens' 1913 book

559:, 1767, gateway to trade with the Levant. Painting by 3679:. England: Dorset Press (Marlboro Books Corporation). 3469:"The Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis" 3148: 3136: 23:. For another region that it roughly applies to, see 3112: 3050: 829:

is subtitled "Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople".

752:

attempted to define it on the basis of archaeology.

305:". The Balkan states, with the partial exception of 16:

Geographical term that roughly encompasses West Asia

3549:. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Archived from 3261:Fowle, Trenchard Craven William (1916). "Preface". 3173:. London, New York : Hodder and Stoughton. p. 529:of 1670, "India Beyond the Ganges" had become "the 313:, were primarily Christian, as was the majority of 3597:. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3306:"Near Eastern Affairs: Countries and Other Areas" 2713: 2711: 1401:Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies 1226:(a diplomatic issue concerning the waning of the 845:, which came out in 1895. By "Far East" he meant 5566: 3575:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hellenic Republic 3170:The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire 2690:"Near East | Middle East, Levant & Anatolia" 2560:in the ancient sense includes such languages as 2390:for the purpose of determining and distributing 1249: 809:In the last years of the 19th century, the term 598:It has pleased western historians to write of a 196:defined the region similarly, but also included 3360:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 3224: 3222: 3220: 3108:(6). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: 653–69. 1270:. Instead, the entire region is considered the 682:In 1855, a reprint of a letter earlier sent to 450:Inhabitants of the Near East, late 19th century 353:", as the Ottomans were on the east of Europe. 317:. Starting in 1894, the Ottomans struck at the 242:At the beginning of the nineteenth century the 3209:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 2977:"East India Company, 1817-1827 - Archives Hub" 2708: 1357:Logotype of the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 4026: 3895: 3674: 3661: 3501:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 3471:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 3044: 3032: 3020: 2946: 2934: 2371:, one of four directorates into which the US 1349:Influential agencies represented in the table 1133:. It was, however, already there to be seen. 1033:-character", connected to both east and west: 390:applied to what had been mainly known as the 345:, leapt into the war of words and joined the 27:. For the ancient history of the region, see 3662:Telford, John; Barber, Aquila. "Article I". 3217: 2965:. London: The Hakluyt Society. p. viii. 2532:A large percentage of experts on the modern 924:and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), 784:in 1902, in which he stated his view of the 3192:. London: Lowe, Marston & Company: 413. 2351:on the west and includes Iran on the east. 1464:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4033: 4019: 3909: 3902: 3888: 2476:. For example, a high point in the use of 1403:(NESA), an educational institution of the 1049: 904:. The countries and regions mentioned are 877:considerably less. The difference was the 615:under Turkish rule had become part of the 3794:"Netherlands Institute for the Near East" 3350: 2334: 1484:Learn how and when to remove this message 1412:Washington Institute for Near East Policy 406:without permits from the Ottoman Empire. 40:Topographic map of parts of the Near East 3675:Tooley, R. V.; Bricker, Charles (1989). 2874:"FAO - Regional Overview of Middle East" 1352: 1300: 1136: 1006: 953:enmeshed all the others as well. In the 871:The People and Politics of the Near East 843:The Peoples and Politics of the Far East 724: 652: 627:, 1804–1833. created modern Serbia. The 551: 445: 229: 35: 3641: 3228: 3081:"Literary Chat: Two Traveled Authors". 3068: 3056: 3001: 2962:Early Voyages and Travels in the Levant 2413:The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the 2384:US Agency for International Development 1372:as a working concept. For example, the 1165:, combined both terms in his 1910 work 498:("land of the rising Sun"). Beyond the 471:Ideas of the East up to the Crimean War 394:, which was in the jurisdiction of the 234:At the height of its power (1683), the 5567: 3832:"The History of the Ancient Near East" 3652: 3280:. Stanford University Press. pp. 3275: 3265:. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company. 3187: 3154: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3099: 2453:may acquire varying meanings, but the 1206:and the fact that they were all under 944:domain is demoted to just "the East". 582:(government of the Ottoman Empire) at 4014: 3883: 3517: 3457:. United Nations Statistics Division. 3298: 3260: 3202: 2844: 1024:itself decidedly to one or the other. 3730:"Department of Near Eastern Studies" 3655:Travel and Politics in the Near East 3378: 2958: 1462:adding citations to reliable sources 1429: 1281:in diplomatic and military circles, 1058:Origin of the concept of Middle East 955:Travel and Politics in the Near East 266:, which saw the independence of the 250:, north to the southern edge of the 2979:. 21 September 2019. Archived from 2717: 2517:in the sense of ancient Near East. 1405:United States Department of Defense 1277:Subsequently, with the disgrace of 1222:' races. Simpson also modified the 833:Sir Henry Norman and his first wife 804: 718:Original archaeological concept of 366:appeared contemporaneously meaning 219: 13: 3780:Department of Near Eastern Studies 3734:University of California, Berkeley 2845:Small, Zachary (9 February 2022). 2655:Genetic history of the Middle East 2358:United Nations Statistics Division 1296: 212:) is "now commonly referred to as 68:; it also includes the historical 14: 5606: 3813:"Program in Near Eastern Studies" 3774:"Near Eastern Studies at Cornell" 3690: 2827:Food and Agriculture Organization 2428: 1378:United States Department of State 1002: 947: 885:, which was stopped by "intrepid 264:rise of nationalist Balkan states 190:Food and Agriculture Organization 96:was used in conjunction with the 5541: 5540: 4873:West South Central United States 3697: 1434: 1163:Chinese Maritime Customs Service 5088:Latin America and the Caribbean 4954:Latin America and the Caribbean 3634: 3609: 3587: 3565: 3539: 3487: 3461: 3447: 3425: 3399: 3372: 3324: 3269: 3254: 3196: 3181: 3160: 3093: 3074: 2995: 2969: 2959:Bent, J. Theodore, ed. (1893). 2952: 2919: 2910: 2407:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 646:Original diplomatic concept of 3642:Hogarth, David George (1902). 3407:"Middle East and North Africa" 2891: 2866: 2838: 2814: 2789: 2763: 2737: 2682: 2480:for Biblical scholars was the 1374:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 1093:The Problem of the Middle East 675:, the Ottoman Empire, and the 1: 3525:"USAID Middle East Countries" 3379:Hunt, Emily (February 2007). 3203:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1902). 2676: 1388:, it implements the official 1309: 1250:One presumed region, one name 839:Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet 600:decline of the Ottoman Empire 525:By the time of John Seller's 441: 294:, which were lost in the two 5580:Geography of the Middle East 4555:Middle East and North Africa 4260:Middle East and North Africa 2900:Oxford Dictionary of English 661:Until about 1855, the terms 657:British troops, Crimea, 1855 7: 3045:Telford & Barber (1861) 3033:Telford & Barber (1861) 3021:Telford & Barber (1861) 2947:Tooley & Bricker (1989) 2935:Tooley & Bricker (1989) 2753:National Geographic Society 2575: 2527: 2421:also does not use the term 2373:Central Intelligence Agency 2369:Directorate of Intelligence 1191:, and last, but not least, 1100:Power was a probable event. 343:Battle Hymn of the Republic 10: 5611: 4848:Northeastern United States 3657:. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 3547:"Travel Advice by Country" 2432: 776:The British archaeologist 223: 18: 5536: 5478: 5455: 5422: 5386: 5319: 5213: 5121: 5112: 5041: 4962: 4768: 4572: 4353: 4311: 4220: 4211: 4159: 4116: 4056: 3915: 3754:"Near Eastern Collection" 3617:"Egypt and the Near East" 2916:Book VI, Chapters 14, 15. 629:Greek War of Independence 5329:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4333:Transantarctic Mountains 3685: 3653:Miller, William (1898). 3409:. unicef. Archived from 3312:. US Department of State 3089:(1): 121–22. April 1896. 2925:Book VII, chapters 1, 2. 2745:"Middle East, Near East" 2665:Near Eastern archaeology 2472:from the inroads of the 2449:to ancient history. The 2435:Near Eastern archaeology 2394:, does not use the term 1504:Agriculture Organization 969:inefficiency, and sloth. 586:. Compared to Anatolia, 5078:Caribbean South America 2904:Oxford University Press 2486:James Bennett Pritchard 2033:Palestinian territories 454:The geographical terms 276:Danubian Principalities 171:Palestinian territories 4858:Southern United States 4661:Scandinavian Peninsula 3910:CIA activities in Asia 3334:. NESA. Archived from 3230:Simpson, Bertram Lenox 3190:The Nineteenth Century 2660:Middle Eastern studies 2558:Near Eastern languages 2335:Other regional systems 1358: 1306: 1240: 1208:European colonial rule 1200:The Conflict of Colour 1127: 1102: 1091:published an article, 1040: 1026: 1012: 984: 971: 795: 730: 703: 658: 568:Elizabeth I of England 564: 451: 335:Massacres of Badr Khan 239: 56:encompassing parts of 48:is a transcontinental 41: 5590:Eastern Mediterranean 5334:Antarctic Convergence 4878:Western United States 3573:"Bilateral Relations" 2598:Eastern Mediterranean 2433:Further information: 1524:for Near East Policy 1356: 1304: 1232: 1159:Bertram Lenox Simpson 1137:Single region concept 1122: 1120:, commented in 1902: 1097: 1035: 1021: 1010: 979: 966: 790: 728: 698: 656: 555: 449: 252:Great Hungarian Plain 233: 39: 4400:Greater Central Asia 3817:Princeton University 3706:at Wikimedia Commons 3338:on 30 September 2011 3244:Macmillan Publishers 3004:Littell's Living Age 2983:on 21 September 2019 2257:United Arab Emirates 1522:Washington Institute 1458:improve this section 1376:, a division of the 1285:prevailed. However, 1256:Near and Middle East 1089:Thomas Edward Gordon 1082:The use of the term 750:biblical archaeology 690:Littell's Living Age 605:eastern Roman Empire 246:included all of the 5546:Continents of Earth 5073:Brazilian Highlands 4482:Indian subcontinent 4343:Antarctic Peninsula 4141:Southern Hemisphere 4136:Northern Hemisphere 3862: / 3715:Brandeis University 3505:on 27 November 2020 3310:Diplomacy in Action 3133:, pp. 391–392. 3102:Scribner's Magazine 2937:, pp. 135–136. 2777:. 29 September 2023 2759:on 2 November 2023. 2593:Intermediate Region 1519:Department of State 1110:Alfred Thayer Mahan 280:Kingdom of Bulgaria 125:National Geographic 5361:Great Barrier Reef 4982:Mainland Australia 4690:Apennine Peninsula 4151:Western Hemisphere 4126:Eastern Hemisphere 3778:Cornell University 3499:The World Factbook 3395:on 27 August 2008. 2852:The New York Times 2771:"Country Profiles" 2696:. 23 December 2023 2552:is abbreviated to 2419:Republic of Turkey 2377:The World Factbook 1386:Secretary of State 1359: 1307: 1013: 940:. The rest of the 918:Bosnia-Herzegovina 879:Hamidian Massacres 815:Hamidian Massacres 778:D. G. Hogarth 731: 707:Duke of Wellington 659: 625:Serbian Revolution 593:East India Company 565: 452: 434:to (or including) 327:Hamidian Massacres 303:sick man of Europe 292:Adrianople Vilayet 240: 54:East Mediterranean 42: 5562: 5561: 5442:Mediterranean Rim 5315: 5314: 5254:Mediterranean Sea 5108: 5107: 5061:Amazon Rainforest 4888:Canadian Prairies 4853:Pacific Northwest 4714:Iberian Peninsula 4499:Arabian Peninsula 4326:Antarctic Plateau 4086:Three/Four Worlds 4008: 4007: 3866:32.800°N 35.600°E 3798:Leiden University 3702:Media related to 3664:The London Review 3495:"The Middle East" 3413:on 19 August 2016 3083:Munsey's Magazine 2718:Grannan, Cydney. 2588:Ancient Near East 2550:ancient Near East 2544:. The meaning of 2522:Oxford University 2478:ancient Near East 2470:ancient Near East 2455:ancient Near East 2442:ancient Near East 2415:Hellenic Republic 2319: 2318: 1494: 1493: 1486: 1335:ancient Near East 1328:political science 1017:Arnold J. Toynbee 757:The London Review 621:Great Turkish War 617:Habsburg monarchy 561:Antoine de Favray 272:Kingdom of Serbia 268:Kingdom of Greece 139:Arabian Peninsula 29:Ancient Near East 5602: 5544: 5543: 5523:Global Southwest 5518:Global Southeast 5508:Global Northwest 5503:Global Northeast 5493:Global Heartland 5437:Indian Ocean Rim 5119: 5118: 5011:Island Melanesia 4702:Balkan Peninsula 4477:Himalayan states 4424:Russian Far East 4218: 4217: 4146:Water Hemisphere 4035: 4028: 4021: 4012: 4011: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3736:. Archived from 3725: 3723: 3721: 3701: 3680: 3671: 3658: 3649: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3358:"Research Areas" 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3226: 3215: 3214: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2902:(2nd ed.). 2895: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2755:. Archived from 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2686: 2670:Oriental studies 2649:Academic studies 2603:Fertile Crescent 2570:Arabic languages 2459:Fertile Crescent 2330: 2326: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1438: 1430: 1420:Policy Focus #65 1224:Eastern Question 891:Christian Europe 805:Balkan confusion 619:by 1688. in the 547:India Orientalis 351:Eastern question 341:, author of the 226:Eastern question 220:Eastern question 185:often included. 70:Fertile Crescent 5610: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5585:Regions of Asia 5565: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5532: 5474: 5451: 5418: 5382: 5311: 5300:South China Sea 5209: 5152:Central America 5104: 5037: 4958: 4910:Northern Mexico 4898:Northern Canada 4883:Atlantic Canada 4838:Mountain states 4764: 4619:European Russia 4612:Southern Russia 4568: 4521:Iranian Plateau 4349: 4338:West Antarctica 4321:East Antarctica 4307: 4207: 4155: 4131:Land Hemisphere 4112: 4052: 4039: 4009: 4004: 3911: 3908: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3834:. Mark McDonald 3830: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3783: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3758:Yale University 3752: 3743: 3741: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3709: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3645:The Nearer East 3637: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3553:on 22 June 2011 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3475:on 12 June 2007 3467: 3466: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3274: 3270: 3259: 3255: 3227: 3218: 3201: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3098: 3094: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3071:, Frontispiece. 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2843: 2839: 2822:"The Near East" 2820: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2797:"The Near East" 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2578: 2530: 2490:Leonard Woolley 2437: 2431: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1490: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1455: 1439: 1428: 1394:Hillary Clinton 1351: 1312: 1299: 1297:Current meaning 1252: 1147:First World War 1143:interwar period 1139: 1095:, which began: 1060: 1055: 1005: 993:Triple Alliance 950: 835: 807: 782:The Nearer East 738:the Nearer East 723: 651: 633:Barbary pirates 613:Hungarian lands 576:The Great Susan 543:Jodocus Hondius 506:(including the 473: 444: 339:Julia Ward Howe 331:Adana Massacres 228: 222: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5608: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5554:Physical Earth 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5393: 5391: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5366:Mariana Trench 5363: 5353: 5348: 5346:Atlantic Ocean 5343: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5307:Southern Ocean 5304: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5295:East China Sea 5287: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5229:Atlantic Ocean 5226: 5220: 5218: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5033:Remote Oceania 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4903:Western Canada 4900: 4895: 4893:Eastern Canada 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4607:South Caucasus 4604: 4602:North Caucasus 4594: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4509:South Caucasus 4501: 4491: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4387: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4378:Aralkum Desert 4375: 4365: 4359: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4317: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4232: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4169:Africa-Eurasia 4165: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3884: 3871:32.800; 35.600 3845: 3844: 3828: 3809: 3790: 3770: 3750: 3740:on 7 June 2011 3726: 3707: 3694: 3692: 3691:External links 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3672: 3659: 3650: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3608: 3586: 3564: 3538: 3516: 3486: 3460: 3446: 3424: 3398: 3371: 3349: 3323: 3297: 3290: 3268: 3253: 3216: 3195: 3180: 3159: 3157:, p. 489. 3147: 3145:, p. 479. 3135: 3123: 3111: 3092: 3073: 3069:Hogarth (1902) 3061: 3057:Hogarth (1902) 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 2994: 2968: 2951: 2949:, p. 133. 2939: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2890: 2865: 2837: 2832:United Nations 2813: 2788: 2762: 2736: 2707: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2633:South Caucasus 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2608:Syria (region) 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2529: 2526: 2494:T. E. Lawrence 2430: 2429:Archaeological 2427: 2341:United Nations 2336: 2333: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1491: 1442: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1350: 1347: 1311: 1308: 1298: 1295: 1251: 1248: 1228:Ottoman Empire 1145:following the 1138: 1135: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1004: 1003:Arnold Toynbee 1001: 989:Triple Entente 949: 948:William Miller 946: 834: 831: 806: 803: 722: 716: 650: 644: 584:Constantinople 572:Levant Company 527:Atlas Maritima 472: 469: 464:British Empire 443: 440: 260:Eastern Thrace 256:Constantinople 244:Ottoman Empire 236:Ottoman Empire 224:Main article: 221: 218: 194:United Nations 90:Ottoman Empire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5607: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5356:Pacific Ocean 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290:Pacific Ocean 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Caribbean Sea 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5186:by population 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5159:South America 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5142:North America 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5093:Southern Cone 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:Andean States 5066: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5043:South America 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4770:North America 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Low Countries 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4709:South-western 4707: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697:South-eastern 4695: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4685:South-central 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4675:Mediterranean 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641:British Isles 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4538:Levantine Sea 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4230:Mediterranean 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3833: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3618: 3612: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3526: 3520: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3434: 3433:"Arab States" 3428: 3412: 3408: 3402: 3391: 3384: 3383: 3375: 3359: 3353: 3337: 3333: 3332:"NESA Region" 3327: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3291:9780804775274 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:New York City 3237: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3156: 3155:Miller (1898) 3151: 3144: 3143:Miller (1898) 3139: 3132: 3131:Miller (1898) 3127: 3121:, p. ix. 3120: 3119:Miller (1898) 3115: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3023:, p. 14. 3022: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2898:"Near East". 2894: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2712: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Marshall Plan 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2323: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1517:United States 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1477: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1443:This section 1441: 1437: 1432: 1431: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1303: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1244:Western world 1239: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214:', 'brown', ' 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1044:Mustafa Kemal 1039: 1034: 1032: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1009: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 983: 978: 975: 970: 965: 962: 960: 956: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 830: 828: 827:The Near East 824: 820: 817:of Christian 816: 812: 802: 800: 794: 789: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 766: 762: 758: 755:For example, 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 727: 721: 715: 712: 708: 702: 697: 695: 694:Oriental Club 691: 687: 686: 680: 678: 674: 669: 664: 655: 649: 643: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 609: 606: 601: 596: 594: 589: 585: 581: 580:Ottoman Porte 577: 573: 569: 562: 558: 557:Ottoman Porte 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 518:(sections of 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 482: 478: 468: 465: 461: 457: 448: 439: 437: 433: 432:Mediterranean 429: 425: 420: 416: 412: 411:Barbary Coast 407: 405: 401: 400:Gulf of Sidra 397: 396:Ottoman Porte 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364: 359: 354: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 237: 232: 227: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192:(FAO) of the 191: 188:In 1997, the 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 123:According to 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 106: 101: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 5595:Eurocentrism 5552: / 5550:List of seas 5548: / 5513:Global South 5498:Global North 5432:Atlantic Rim 5371:Ring of Fire 5351:Indian Ocean 5341:Arctic Ocean 5283:Persian Gulf 5278:Indian Ocean 5259:Adriatic Sea 5224:Arctic Ocean 5056:Amazon Basin 5051:Amazon Plain 5023:Near Oceania 4828:Mid-Atlantic 4778:Aridoamerica 4738:Northwestern 4651:Northwestern 4624:Southeastern 4559: 4516:Greater Iran 4455:Southeastern 4450:Pacific Asia 4419:Pacific Asia 4407:Northeastern 4363:Asia–Pacific 4106:Fourth World 4096:Second World 3847: 3836:. 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