455:
593:
487:
553:
521:
581:
537:
199:
565:
191:
471:
1822:
37:
486:
301:) rode on horseback. Because of their lack of discipline, they were not capable of undertaking major military operations, but were useful for other tasks such as reconnaissance and outpost duty. However, their uncertain temper occasionally made it necessary for the Ottoman regular troops to disarm them by force.
454:
291:, caused mainly by the Empire's wide expanse required a heavier reliance on irregular soldiers. They were armed and maintained by the government, but did not receive pay and did not wear uniforms or distinctive badges. They were motivated to fight mostly by expectations of
592:
747:
he faintest stirrings would unloose a whirling of janissaries and spahis and later on, and perhaps the worst, bashi-bazouks. They adorned the towns with avenues of gibbets, the burnt villages with pyramids of heads and the roadsides with impaled
414:
The bashi-bazouks were notorious for being violently brutal and undisciplined, thus giving the term its second, colloquial meaning of "undisciplined bandit" in many languages. A notable example of this use is in the comic series
279:. Bashi-bazouks had a reputation for being undisciplined and brutal, notorious for looting and preying on civilians as a result of a lack of regulation and of the expectation that they would support themselves off the land.
552:
520:
1851:
938:
580:
1881:
536:
402:
The term "bashibozouk" has also been used for a mounted force, existing in peacetime in various provinces of the
Ottoman Empire, which performed the duties of
1696:
564:
448:
in
Ottoman Macedonia, these troops burned 119 villages and destroyed 8400 houses, and over 50,000 Bulgarian refugees had to flee into the mountains.
1658:
931:
399:. The use of bashi-bazouks was abandoned by the end of the 19th century. However, self-organized bashi-bazouk troops still appeared later.
1861:
924:
287:
Although the
Ottoman armies always contained irregular troops such as mercenaries as well as regular soldiers, the strain on the Ottoman
692:
1355:
994:
1856:
1404:
1876:
1056:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
910:
853:
823:
796:
771:
470:
1362:
1722:
987:
1846:
1701:
982:
445:
388:
159:
895:
740:
1282:
1317:
999:
955:
1394:
720:. Vol. V, fascicules 79–80. Translated by Gibb, H. A. R. (new ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 35ff.
1399:
1350:
1046:
627:
1061:
1051:
20:
1112:
503:
of two
Bulgarian women in a church by one African-looking and two Turkish-looking bashi-bazouks, during the
1769:
1340:
1238:
1127:
380:
1643:
1066:
632:
1218:
1041:
1429:
1424:
1324:
1036:
977:
1117:
1825:
1706:
1004:
417:
214:
1292:
1287:
1277:
527:
203:
45:
1626:
1621:
1307:
1177:
1152:
1147:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1009:
149:
571:
1434:
1208:
1137:
1122:
433:
813:
761:
198:
1781:
1727:
1299:
392:
1223:
686:
1803:
1788:
1732:
1411:
1389:
1233:
543:
1198:
1157:
879:
8:
1798:
1749:
1506:
1253:
1213:
1203:
599:
496:
441:
1546:
1793:
1776:
1744:
1556:
1551:
1511:
1496:
1446:
1172:
1082:
1024:
396:
252:
123:
1228:
1092:
1566:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1501:
1384:
1258:
1243:
916:
906:
891:
849:
819:
792:
767:
736:
342:
1107:
1871:
1866:
1591:
1576:
1526:
1312:
1182:
1132:
1102:
1097:
1087:
622:
477:
231:
65:
341:
Soldiers of subject, protectorate, or allied states (the most important being the
1737:
1648:
1638:
1596:
1561:
1536:
1484:
1461:
1416:
1167:
1162:
1142:
864:
843:
437:
422:
128:
190:
1759:
1631:
1586:
1581:
1489:
1248:
815:
Humanitarian
Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent
504:
461:
429:
361:
268:
154:
144:
118:
105:
83:
348:
Bashi-bazouks, who usually did not receive regular salaries and lived off loot
1840:
681:
288:
432:(1876) was carried out by thousands of bashi-bazouks sent to quell a local
256:
403:
365:
264:
221:
1441:
353:
1764:
1754:
1456:
1377:
1367:
1345:
887:
613:
384:
357:
315:
260:
295:. Though the majority of troops fought on foot, some troops (called
685:
323:
310:
179:
79:
558:
An
Albanian bashi-bazouk painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme in the 1860s.
267:
as bashi-bazouks, but recruits came from all ethnic groups of the
618:
373:
292:
174:
101:
36:
1451:
890:): Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul.
369:
330:
297:
276:
272:
169:
164:
876:, 1500–1700 by Rhoads Murphey. London : UCL Press, 1999.
586:
An
African bashi-bazouk, painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1860s.
811:
500:
338:
lit. armed, man-at-arms), but other kinds were also present
649:
647:
436:. Likewise, bashi-bazouks perpetrated the massacres of
946:
659:
644:
334:(lit. "fiefed cavalry") and their retainers (called
259:, raised in times of war. The army chiefly enlisted
1852:
Military units and formations of the
Ottoman Empire
845:
570:A bashi-bazouk contemplating his loot. Painting by
387:bashi-bazouks in favor of his regular forces began
246:one whose head is turned, damaged head, crazy-head
1838:
321:Provincial soldiers, which were fiefed (Turkish
1882:Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
526:An Albanian bashi-bazouk in Egypt. Painting by
421:, where the word is often used as an insult by
251:, roughly "leaderless" or "disorderly") was an
932:
759:
304:The Ottoman army consisted of the following:
696:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
676:
674:
409:
236:
1702:Ottoman – Albanian nobility
939:
925:
818:. Oxford University Press. pp. 185–.
314:, which were salaried, most notable being
194:A group of bashi-bazouks, Ottoman postcard
35:
1356:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
862:
671:
665:
753:
716:Inalcık, Halil (1979). "Khosrew Pasha".
680:
197:
189:
842:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor, ed. (1993).
841:
715:
653:
598:Two captured bashi-bazouks, painted by
1839:
812:Alexis Heraclides; Ada Dialla (2015).
786:
730:
308:The Sultan's household troops, called
920:
901:Montgomery, Viscount Bernard (1968).
866:The Remininiscences of a Bashi-bazouk
766:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 168–.
282:
230:
16:Irregular soldier of the Ottoman army
512:
218:
791:. USA: Penguin Books. p. 205.
13:
1862:19th century in the Ottoman Empire
947:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire
391:which led to the establishment of
14:
1893:
1821:
1820:
905:, The World Publishing Company.
591:
579:
563:
551:
535:
519:
485:
469:
453:
763:Running for the Hills: A Memoir
760:Horatio Clare (11 March 2008).
460:Bashi-bazouks carrying out the
42:Albanian Bashi-Bazouk Chieftain
1857:Mercenary units and formations
805:
780:
731:Fermor, Patrick Leigh (2013).
724:
709:
700:
628:Military of the Ottoman Empire
446:Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising
160:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1877:Ottoman period in the Balkans
1052:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
638:
542:Drawing of a bashi-bazouk by
476:Bashi-bazouks' atrocities in
21:Bashi-bazouk (disambiguation)
327:), the most important being
222:
7:
1363:Declaration of Independence
735:. John Murray. p. 21.
607:
202:An African bashi-bazouk by
10:
1898:
863:Vizetelly, Edward (1897).
835:
718:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
633:Military history of Turkey
18:
1847:Turkish words and phrases
1816:
1715:
1657:
1614:
1607:
1474:
1333:
1267:
1191:
1075:
1067:Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion
970:
963:
952:
493:The Bulgarian Martyresses
444:in 1914. During the 1903
410:Reputation and atrocities
137:
111:
97:
89:
75:
61:
53:
34:
1318:1912 – 13
1313:1478 – 79
1293:1477 – 78
1283:1466 – 67
1005:1843 – 44
1000:1432 – 36
621:, irregular horsemen in
418:The Adventures of Tintin
381:Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
271:, including slaves from
706:Montgomery 1968, p. 246
693:Encyclopædia Britannica
150:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1723:Bosnia and Herzegovina
978:Skanderbeg's rebellion
787:Glenny, Misha (2012).
372:were bashi-bazouks in
206:
195:
76:Founding location
1042:Ali Pasha's Rebellion
1037:Albanian–Venetian War
201:
193:
26:Criminal organization
1412:Partition of Albania
1341:Albanian Renaissance
1057:Mehmed II's campaign
903:A History of Warfare
687:"Bashi-Bazouk"
572:Émile Vernet-Lecomte
544:Francis Davis Millet
495:(1877), painting by
232:[baʃɯboˈzuk]
19:For other uses, see
1047:Ballaban's campaign
988:Macedonian campaign
600:Vasily Vereshchagin
497:Konstantin Makovsky
31:
983:Italian expedition
869:. J.W. Arrowsmith.
623:18th-century India
397:Khedivate of Egypt
283:Origin and history
207:
196:
124:Khedivate of Egypt
29:
1834:
1833:
1812:
1811:
1470:
1469:
911:978-0-688-01645-6
855:978-90-04-08265-6
825:978-0-7190-8990-9
798:978-0-14-242256-4
773:978-0-7432-7428-9
513:Depictions in art
188:
187:
90:Years active
1889:
1824:
1823:
1612:
1611:
995:Albanian revolts
968:
967:
941:
934:
927:
918:
917:
870:
859:
830:
829:
809:
803:
802:
784:
778:
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728:
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721:
713:
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704:
698:
697:
689:
678:
669:
663:
657:
651:
595:
583:
567:
555:
539:
528:Jean-Léon Gérôme
523:
489:
478:Ottoman Bulgaria
473:
457:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
204:Jean-Léon Gérôme
46:Jean-Léon Gérôme
39:
32:
28:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1808:
1711:
1653:
1603:
1466:
1462:Vithkuqi script
1447:Skanderbeg myth
1421:Principalities
1405:North Macedonia
1329:
1263:
1187:
1071:
959:
948:
945:
874:Ottoman warfare
856:
838:
833:
826:
810:
806:
799:
785:
781:
774:
758:
754:
743:
733:The Broken Road
729:
725:
714:
710:
705:
701:
679:
672:
664:
660:
652:
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641:
610:
603:
596:
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568:
559:
556:
547:
540:
531:
524:
515:
508:
490:
481:
474:
465:
458:
423:Captain Haddock
412:
383:to disband his
285:
255:soldier of the
248:
245:
242:
239:
227:
215:Ottoman Turkish
184:
133:
129:Crimean Khanate
49:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1832:
1831:
1829:
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1817:
1814:
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1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1770:Western Thrace
1767:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1742:
1741:
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832:
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824:
804:
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779:
772:
752:
741:
723:
708:
699:
684:, ed. (1911).
682:Chisholm, Hugh
670:
666:Vizetelly 1897
658:
656:, p. 670.
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541:
534:
532:
525:
518:
514:
511:
510:
509:
505:April Uprising
499:depicting the
491:
484:
482:
475:
468:
466:
462:Batak massacre
459:
452:
430:Batak massacre
411:
408:
379:An attempt by
362:Crimean Tatars
350:
349:
346:
339:
319:
284:
281:
269:Ottoman Empire
186:
185:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
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157:
155:British Empire
152:
147:
145:Russian Empire
141:
139:
135:
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131:
126:
121:
119:Ottoman Empire
115:
113:
109:
108:
106:Eastern Europe
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
84:Ottoman Empire
77:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
40:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1726:
1724:
1721:
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1714:
1708:
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1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Grand Viziers
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
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1463:
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1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
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1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:Congregations
1190:
1184:
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1169:
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1164:
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1159:
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1078:
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1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
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1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
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1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
993:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
975:
973:
969:
966:
962:
958:
957:
951:
942:
937:
935:
930:
928:
923:
922:
919:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
896:975-6121-00-9
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
875:
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868:
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827:
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749:
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742:9781590177549
738:
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668:, p. 83.
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289:feudal system
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56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:Bashi-bazouks
22:
1692:20th century
1687:19th century
1682:18th century
1677:17th century
1672:16th century
1667:15th century
1627:Islamization
1385:Mësonjëtorja
1373:Bashi-Bazouk
1372:
1334:Other events
1062:Morea revolt
954:
902:
883:
880:Özhan Öztürk
873:
865:
844:
814:
807:
788:
782:
762:
755:
746:
732:
726:
717:
711:
702:
691:
661:
654:Houtsma 1993
492:
440:in 1898 and
427:
416:
413:
401:
393:Muhammad Ali
378:
351:
335:
328:
322:
309:
303:
296:
286:
257:Ottoman army
211:bashi-bazouk
210:
208:
69:
57:17th century
41:
1716:Communities
1390:Nationalism
1351:Balkan Wars
1239:Manastir II
789:The Balkans
404:gendarmerie
389:the rioting
366:Muslim Roma
265:Circassians
62:Named after
1841:Categories
1632:Bektashism
1442:Rum Millet
1234:Manastir I
956:Background
639:References
354:Afro-Turks
219:باشی بوزوق
70:crazy-head
1782:Arbëreshë
1765:Souliotes
1755:Arvanites
1573:Vilayets
1497:Pashaliks
1475:Geography
1457:Stratioti
1430:Kastrioti
1425:Dukagjini
1378:Devshirme
1368:Janissary
1346:Armatoles
1325:Svetigrad
1153:Oranik II
1113:Martinići
971:Rebellion
888:Black Sea
884:Karadeniz
848:. BRILL.
614:Mercenary
434:rebellion
358:Albanians
316:Janissary
261:Albanians
253:irregular
223:başıbozuk
98:Territory
68:word for
1826:Category
1738:Arbanasi
1728:Bulgaria
1644:Nobility
1592:Manastir
1557:Monastir
1552:Ioannina
1518:Sanjaks
1485:Ioannina
1481:Eyalets
1304:Shkodër
1209:Dukagjin
1173:Torvioll
1148:Oranik I
1128:Mokra II
1083:Albulena
882:(2005).
748:corpses.
608:See also
602:, 1878.
385:Albanian
329:Timarli
311:Kapıkulu
180:Bulgaria
80:Istanbul
1872:Outlaws
1867:Robbers
1804:Ukraine
1789:Romania
1733:Croatia
1615:Culture
1608:Society
1597:Scutari
1577:Albania
1567:Scutari
1542:Elbasan
1532:Delvina
1522:Albania
1507:Scutari
1490:Rumelia
1395:Albania
1259:Prizren
1254:Preveza
1219:Frashër
1214:Elbasan
1158:Otonetë
1138:Novšiće
1123:Mokra I
1076:Battles
964:History
836:Sources
619:Pindari
574:, 1862.
546:, 1889.
530:, 1870.
442:Phocaea
374:Rumelia
343:Crimean
324:Tımarlı
293:plunder
240:
175:Romania
102:Balkans
93:Unknown
66:Turkish
54:Founded
48:, 1881.
1799:Turkey
1750:Greece
1707:Pashas
1659:People
1649:Tribes
1587:Kosovo
1582:Janina
1547:Görice
1527:Avlona
1512:Yanina
1452:Spahiu
1435:Muzaka
1417:Piracy
1400:Kosovo
1274:Krujë
1268:Sieges
1183:Vaikal
1178:Ulcinj
1133:Murino
1103:Lopate
1098:Kosovo
1088:Ankara
909:
894:
852:
822:
795:
770:
739:
438:Candia
370:Pomaks
368:, and
345:Khans)
336:cebelu
331:Sipahi
318:corps.
298:aḳıncı
277:Africa
273:Europe
170:Serbia
165:Greece
138:Rivals
112:Allies
1794:Syria
1777:Italy
1745:Egypt
1639:Kanun
1562:Ohrid
1537:Dibra
1502:Berat
1300:Berat
1229:Lezhë
1204:Dibra
1199:Dibër
1168:Savra
1163:Polog
1143:Ohrid
1118:Meçad
1093:Deçiq
352:Many
1760:Cham
1622:Besa
1308:1474
1288:1467
1278:1450
1249:Peja
1224:Kuçi
1108:Lumë
1030:1912
1025:1911
1020:1910
1015:1847
1010:1845
907:ISBN
892:ISBN
850:ISBN
820:ISBN
793:ISBN
768:ISBN
737:ISBN
501:rape
428:The
263:and
237:lit.
228:IPA:
1244:Mat
395:'s
275:or
44:by
1843::
745:.
690:.
673:^
646:^
425:.
406:.
376:.
364:,
360:,
356:,
235:,
226:,
217::
209:A
104:,
82:,
940:e
933:t
926:v
913:.
898:.
886:(
858:.
828:.
801:.
776:.
507:.
480:.
464:.
249:'
243:'
213:(
23:.
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