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this volume is brought during the snow melting in May, and the inflow is minimal in
February–March. This inflow raises and lowers the sea level that promotes the water exchange with the Barents Sea. As a result, annually, about 2,000 km and 2,200 km flow in and out of the White Sea, respectively. The inflow of fresh water in spring decreases the surface salinity in the top 5–10-metre layer to 23‰ (parts per thousand) in the eastern and 26–27‰ in the western parts of the sea, reaching 10–12‰ in Dvina Bay; it also increases the content of
686:−6 °C, due to the warm air masses from the Atlantic. Arctic anticyclones, however, change winds to the northeastern ones, bringing much colder weather with temperatures of about −25 °C. Summers are cold, cloudy and relatively humid, with northeastern winds and frequent rains. Average July temperatures are 8–10 °C. Occasional southeastern winds bring warm air from Europe, raising the temperature to 17–19 °C and sometimes even to 30 °C. Annual precipitations increase from 282 mm in the north 529 in the south.
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stable temperature (−1.4 °С) and salinity (30‰). The depth distribution of water temperature is very inhomogeneous across the sea. For example, at the exit from Dvina Bay, water temperature drops to 0 °C at the depth of only 12–15 m, but the same temperature is reached at 65 m at the exit from the
Kandalaksha Gulf.
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In summer, surface water warms up to 15 °С in the central part, but remains relatively cold in the north, at 7–8 °С, due to the water exchange between the surface and the cold bottom part which is enhanced by the shallow depths in the northern parts. Deep sea (about 100 m or more) is characterised by
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Rivers bring annually about 215 km of fresh water, on average, mostly to the Onega, Mezen and Dvina bays. The
Northern Dvina alone may contribute up to 171 km in some years, with the Mezen, Onega, Kem and Vyg rivers adding up to 38.5, 27.0, 12.5 and 11.5 km, respectively. About 40% of
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In winter, from
October–November to April–May, the sea freezes, with the average January water temperatures of −1.9 °C in the north, between −1.3 and −1.7 °С in the centre, and between −0.5 and −0.7 °С in the bays. These variations are due to the distribution of water salinity across the sea,
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Dutch ships soon followed the
English, and the port of Kholmogory became busy with shipments of fur and fish. Local and foreign shops and factories were established in the city at that time. The port was reinforced with a fortress which sustained a siege by the Polish-Lithuanian army in 1613.
685:
with frequent fogs and clouds. Winds are predominantly southwestern in winter with speeds of 4–8 m/s. They bring cold air from the south, establishing the temperature of about −15 °C (February) over most of the sea. The northern part is warmer at about −9 °C, sometimes reaching
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Increasing traffic overloaded the port, which relied on shallow river-waters and had limited ship-capacity. However, instead of expanding the old port, Ivan IV established a new one down-river in 1584, called New
Kholmogory, which from 1596 began to become known as Arkhangelsk.
785:. Returning from Russia in 1554, Chancellor brought back a detailed description of Moscow and the Russian north, which were largely unknown to Europe, as well as a letter from the Tsar expressing desire to establish trade relations with England. In 1555
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1293:
Filatov N., Pozdnyakov D., Johannessen M.O.,, Pettersson H.L.,, Bobylev P.L., 2005, White Sea: Its Marine
Environment and Ecosystem Dynamics Influenced by Global Change, pp.174, Praxis Publishing, Springer, retrieved on
804:(1703), which opened a more direct ice-free connection between Russia and the bulk of Western Europe via the Baltic Sea. From the 1920s, most northern Russian sea shipments diverted from the White Sea to the new port of
634:. Its bottom is very uneven and contains the Kandalaksha Hollow in the northwest and the Solovetsky Islands in the south. Also, the Onega Bay has many small underwater elevations. The opening and the
611:
and Onega Bay is a mixture of sand and stones. Ice age deposits often emerge near the sea shores. Northwestern coasts are tall and rocky but the slope is much weaker at the southeastern side.
870:
have been considered as rare visitors to the waters while actual frequency of occurrences within White Sea basin is not specified. The fishing industry is relatively small, mostly targeting
773:
and a group of about 240 English merchants, had London's authorisation to establish trade connections. The ships of
Willoughby were separated and the other two were lost at sea, but
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Storms are the strongest in
October–November. Shallow sea depths reduce the wave height to the average of 1 metre, sometimes reaching 3–5 metres. The sea is quiet in July–August.
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The White Sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern Russia, interconnecting various economic regions and providing an outlet to the foreign routes. The
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Between the 15th and early 18th centuries, the White Sea served as the major trade route in and out of Russia. This role decreased later after the foundation of
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of the
Russian Federation. Any movement of foreign vessels on the White Sea is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
642:, resulting in maximum depths of 40 metres in that part. This hinders water exchange between the White and Barents seas. The exchange is assisted by the
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knew of the White Sea from at least the 11th century and rapidly explored its commercial significance for navigation and its coastal forests rich in
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in Onega Bay is significant due to a historic monastery. Velikiy Island, located close to the shore, is the largest island in the Kandalaksha Gulf.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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is located on the White Sea. For much of Russia's history this was Russia's main centre of international maritime trade, conducted by the
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It was in pursuit of a northeast passage that the English under the leadership of Richard Chancellor arrived in Kholmogory in 1553.
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There are four main bays or gulfs on the White Sea. These bays connect with the funnel-shaped opening to the Barents Sea via a
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lies in the western part of the White Sea; it is the deepest part of the sea, reaching 340 metres (1,115 feet). On the south,
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of the sea are rather shallow, with depths about 50 metres or less. There is an underwater ridge in the northern part of the
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managed to pass the White Sea and reach Kholmogory, from where Chancellor was escorted to Moscow to meet the Russian
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The White Sea contains a large number of islands, but most of them are small. The main island group is the
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to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the
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This article is about the inlet of the Barents Sea. For the Turkish term Akdeniz (White Sea), see
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The White Sea is a water-filled depression in the block of a continental shelf known as the
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Two satellite photos of the White Sea taken on 23 April 2000 (top) and 3 May 2001 (bottom)
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The White Sea is one of the four seas named (not only in English) after common
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The first foreign ship to arrive in Kholmogory was the English
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defines the northern limit of the White Sea as "A line joining
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in water, which is a characteristic feature of the White Sea.
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which increases from 24 to 26‰ in the centre to 30.5‰ in the
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and the white whale. Several other dolphin species, such as
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in 1553. Together with two other ships under the command of
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The seabed of the central part and Dvina Bay is covered in
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Portrait of the White Sea offered by the Baltic Sea Portal
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1128:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. p. 26.
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March, G. Patrick (1996). "3: Ivan IV and the Muscovite
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seas. The major ports on the White Sea are Arkhangelsk,
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and sand, whereas the bottom of the northern part, the
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of Russia. Administratively, it is divided between the
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Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific
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Southern inlet of the Barents Sea in northwest Russia
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564:. On the east side of the 'gorlo', opposite to the
580:. Other major rivers flowing into the sea are the
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1226:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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1208:. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009
1076:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953
917:. The Baltic Sea, in turn, is connected by the
816:The entire water area of the White Sea is the
793:to trade with Russia via the White Sea route.
765:, his crew had sought a northern route to the
98:accompanying your translation by providing an
64:Click for important translation instructions.
51:expand this article with text translated from
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1161:England and the Baltic in the Elizabethan era
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417:. In the modern era it became an important
27:. For the American solo music project, see
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898:. There is a developing seaweed industry.
1071:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
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1060:, Moscow University (1982) (in Russian)
834:The sea hosts more than 700 species of
469:International Hydrographic Organization
265:90,000 km (34,700 sq mi)
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1371:The New Student's Reference Work
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913:and the major city and port of
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421:naval and submarine base. The
108:You may also add the template
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710:A map of the White Sea (1635)
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1305:"Большой гость в Белом море"
1232:. lomonosovo.ru (in Russian)
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110:{{Translated|ru|Белое море}}
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677:The climate varies between
495:Summer day on a beach near
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1622:American Mediterranean Sea
1354:Collier's New Encyclopedia
830:Kandalaksha Nature Reserve
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626:Hydrography and bathymetry
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413:("seaside settlers") from
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281:340 m (1,115 ft)
72:Machine translation, like
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1058:"Seas of USSR. White Sea"
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53:the corresponding article
2287:Seas of the Arctic Ocean
1428:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
552:. To the southeast, the
1574:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
273:60 m (197 ft)
119:For more guidance, see
1895:Great Australian Bight
1339:13 August 2009 at the
903:White Sea–Baltic Canal
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517:Shore of Onega Bay on
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378:to the north, and the
370:. It is surrounded by
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1098:Kholmogory web portal
919:Volga–Baltic Waterway
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709:
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560:at the major port of
540:, meaning "throat").
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494:
458:White Sea Rift System
341:'Dvina Sea';
121:Knowledge:Translation
92:copyright attribution
1742:Gulf of St. Lawrence
1181:Isabel De Madariaga
1103:23 June 2010 at the
771:Edward VI of England
719:Solovetsky Monastery
479:Coast, 39°47'E) and
2043:Gulf of Carpentaria
1837:Sea of the Hebrides
1466:King Haakon VII Sea
864:northern bottlenose
396:Republic of Karelia
213: /
2038:Gulf of California
1935:Mozambique Channel
1579:Queen Victoria Sea
1441:Bellingshausen Sea
818:territorial waters
812:Legislative status
775:Edward Bonaventure
759:Richard Chancellor
754:Edward Bonaventure
742:Ivan III of Russia
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2248:Oceans portal
1797:Mediterranean Sea
1747:Gulf of Venezuela
1539:East Siberian Sea
1481:Riiser-Larsen Sea
1364:"White Sea"
1348:"White Sea"
1242:Chernov, Ilya A.
1184:Ivan the Terrible
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1326:
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60:(August 2019)
56:
54:
49:You can help
45:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2258:
2239:
2113:Sea of Japan
1988:Bismarck Sea
1940:Persian Gulf
1925:Gulf of Suez
1920:Gulf of Oman
1900:Gulf of Aden
1867:Indian Ocean
1847:Thracian Sea
1832:Sea of Crete
1822:Sea of Åland
1817:Sargasso Sea
1792:Ligurian Sea
1777:Labrador Sea
1767:Irminger Sea
1722:Gulf of Lion
1677:Bothnian Sea
1667:Bay of Fundy
1642:Balearic Sea
1607:Adriatic Sea
1588:
1529:Beaufort Sea
1511:Arctic Ocean
1436:Amundsen Sea
1370:
1352:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:the original
1299:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
1237:
1212:10 September
1210:. Retrieved
1206:"Kholmogory"
1200:
1183:
1177:
1160:
1158:Henryk Zins
1154:
1146:
1139:. Retrieved
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:(in Russian)
1078:. Retrieved
1065:
1005:(in Russian)
900:
892:Atlantic cod
833:
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723:
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497:Severodvinsk
466:
434:colour terms
431:
400:
299:
297:
262:Surface area
133:
96:edit summary
87:
58:
50:
29:Morgan Kibby
2191:Caspian Sea
2163:Visayan Sea
2143:Solomon Sea
2138:Sibuyan Sea
2133:Shantar Sea
2088:Molucca Sea
2083:Mar de Grau
2013:Chilean Sea
2008:Celebes Sea
2003:Camotes Sea
1968:Arafura Sea
1880:Arabian Sea
1875:Andaman Sea
1827:Sea of Azov
1802:Myrtoan Sea
1617:Alboran Sea
1569:Pechora Sea
1564:Lincoln Sea
1534:Chukchi Sea
1524:Barents Sea
1501:Weddell Sea
1471:Lazarev Sea
1269:"День кита"
1253:14 November
1080:28 December
963:icebreakers
955:Kandalaksha
923:Volga River
884:saffron cod
876:ringed seal
730:fur animals
578:Kuloy River
574:Mezen River
562:Arkhangelsk
550:Onega River
473:Svyatoy Nos
407:Arkhangelsk
388:Arkhangelsk
364:Barents Sea
319:Beloye more
220: /
195:Coordinates
2276:Categories
2227:Superocean
2201:Salton Sea
2168:Yellow Sea
2158:Tasman Sea
2103:Salish Sea
1983:Bering Sea
1890:Flores Sea
1857:Wadden Sea
1787:Libyan Sea
1757:Ionian Sea
1752:Hudson Bay
1697:Foxe Basin
1687:Celtic Sea
1647:Baltic Sea
1637:Baffin Bay
1612:Aegean Sea
1584:Wandel Sea
1559:Laptev Sea
1491:Scotia Sea
1476:Mawson Sea
1315:29 January
1294:06-05-2014
1279:29 January
1141:8 February
969:References
911:Baltic Sea
907:Lake Onega
828:See also:
787:Queen Mary
734:Kholmogory
620:Kiy Island
519:Kiy Island
487:Topography
481:Cape Kanin
456:See also:
427:Baltic Sea
415:Kholmogory
403:major port
355:Serako yam
347:Сэрако ямʼ
332:Vienanmeri
308:Белое море
290:References
278:Max. depth
55:in Russian
25:Aegean Sea
2282:White Sea
2123:Seram Sea
2093:Moro Gulf
2018:Coral Sea
1998:Bohol Sea
1993:Bohai Sea
1978:Banda Sea
1950:Timor Sea
1807:North Sea
1772:James Bay
1762:Irish Sea
1672:Black Sea
1589:White Sea
1496:Somov Sea
1456:Davis Sea
1172:pp. 35,38
1116:Compare:
1026:White Sea
999:White Sea
939:Belomorsk
872:harp seal
736:, on the
683:subarctic
656:silicates
570:Mezen Bay
554:Dvina Bay
546:Onega Bay
452:Geography
313:romanized
300:White Sea
163:White Sea
139:White Sea
114:talk page
2260:Category
2196:Dead Sea
2186:Aral Sea
2153:Sulu Sea
2108:Savu Sea
2078:Koro Sea
2073:Java Sea
1973:Bali Sea
1554:Kara Sea
1486:Ross Sea
1337:Archived
1222:cite web
1101:Archived
860:rorquals
856:humpback
850:such as
806:Murmansk
726:Novgorod
576:and the
528:called "
477:Murmansk
392:Murmansk
324:Karelian
184:Location
90:provide
1945:Red Sea
1376:. 1914.
1357:. 1921.
931:Caspian
921:to the
909:to the
880:herring
852:bowhead
783:Ivan IV
702:History
665:Climate
652:silicon
594:Varzuga
534:Russian
372:Karelia
362:of the
339:
328:Finnish
315::
304:Russian
208:37°30′E
205:65°30′N
112:to the
94:in the
57:.
2210:Others
1416:oceans
1373:
1195:p. 121
1191:
1168:
1132:
933:, and
848:whales
840:beluga
767:Indies
746:Russia
463:Extent
448:seas.
446:Yellow
419:Soviet
411:Pomors
368:Russia
343:Nenets
252:Russia
2217:Ocean
1412:Earth
1074:(PDF)
947:Mezen
943:Onega
927:Black
868:orcas
692:gorlo
679:polar
644:tides
640:gorlo
636:gorlo
598:Ponoy
568:, is
538:Горло
530:Gorlo
438:Black
360:inlet
246:Basin
74:DeepL
1420:seas
1418:and
1317:2017
1281:2017
1255:2023
1228:link
1214:2010
1189:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1143:2017
1130:ISBN
1082:2020
959:Umba
957:and
935:Azov
894:and
858:and
779:Tsar
681:and
654:and
605:silt
596:and
590:Umba
586:Niva
467:The
444:and
401:The
390:and
337:lit.
326:and
298:The
234:Type
88:must
86:You
2222:Sea
1414:'s
1122:".
951:Kem
582:Vyg
532:" (
483:".
442:Red
405:of
239:Sea
76:or
2278::
1367:.
1351:.
1246:.
1224:}}
1220:{{
1145:.
1090:^
1033:^
1010:^
1001:,
977:^
965:.
953:,
949:,
945:,
941:,
929:,
925:,
890:,
886:,
882:,
878:,
874:,
866:,
862:,
854:,
781:,
748:.
600:.
592:,
588:,
584:,
536::
440:,
429:.
398:.
349:,
345::
334:,
330::
322:;
310:,
306::
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
1319:.
1283:.
1257:.
1230:)
1216:.
1084:.
475:(
302:(
123:.
116:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
