2242:
848:
559:
395:
242:
263:
657:
2339:
453:
1013:
1004:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
927:
912:
903:
894:
885:
869:
859:
627:
305:
346:
590:
612:
333:
693:
682:
202:
1820:
471:
437:
290:
2576:
358:
410:
575:
379:
532:
936:
921:
878:
509:
2421:
483:
2058:
1686:
495:
642:
545:
424:
47:
320:
826:
815:
804:
787:
770:
759:
748:
737:
726:
715:
704:
277:
2187:
837:
229:
1372:
215:
1861:
1557:
2389:. This time there was no help from abroad; in truth, many European nations supported the Russian war, as long as it did not get too close to Constantinople. Ten and a half months later when the war had ended, the age of Ottoman domination over the Balkans was over. In the Balkans, the Russian army, having crossed the Danube, captured the
2225:
One of these changes arose as
Europeans began to see commercial opportunity in the empire and the money entering via trade dramatically increased. The government also received a great deal of extra money from a uniform tax system with little corruption. The Sultan got a tighter grip on the provincial
1492:
and overthrew
Doroshenko, who was exiled to Russia. In 1677, the Ottoman army tried to retake Chigirin, but was defeated. In 1678, the Ottoman army was finally able to take Chigirin after a bloody assault, but here the Ottoman expansion to the northeast was stopped. In 1679–80, the Russians repelled
2492:
The
Russian extension in this century developed with the main theme of supporting independence of Ottomans' former provinces and then bringing all of the Slav peoples of the Balkans under Bulgaria or using Armenians in the east sets the stage. At the end of the century from Russian perspective;
2612:. This defeat was more due to the winter weather and bad planning, given the fact that Russians were actually preparing to evacuate Kars. With the loss of the eastern army, Ottoman defenses crumbled with further small battles and the Russian army succeeded in advancing as far west as
1595:
of Peter the Great ended very unsuccessfully for Russia. The
Russian army, led by the tsar, was surrounded by a superior Turkish-Tatar army and was forced to agree to unfavorable peace conditions, according to which it returned the previously captured Azov to the Ottoman Empire.
1967:
In 1787 the
Ottomans demanded that Russia vacate the Crimea. Russia declared war, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance, a fact that came to light only after events were already in motion. The Turks
2217:
The wars declined
Ottoman morale and turned it helpless, illustrating that modern technology and superior weaponry were the most important part of a modern army, and a part that the Ottoman Empire was sorely lacking. While fighting alongside the British, French, and even the
2473:
promised to be an "honest broker" in the treaty's revision. In the new treaty
Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled. The conference also again hurt Anglo-Ottoman relations by giving the British the island of
2401:. After that, the Russian army crossed the Balkan Mountains, defeated the remaining Turkish troops and reached the approaches to Constantinople. In the Caucasus, the Turkish army held back the Russian offensive, but after a defeat at the
2241:
2252:
The monetary and governmental collapse combined with a new threat from Russia began the final stages of the Empire's collapse. Russia had been forced by the
Crimean War to give up its ambitions of conquering the Ottoman capital of
2464:
was given almost complete autonomy. The hope of the Sultan was that the other great powers would oppose such a one-sided resolution and a conference would be held to revise it. His hope became reality and in 1878 the
2277:, started to enter the region, it became agitated and prone to revolution. When the government in Constantinople tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire, it touched off a
2603:
who pushed the
Ottoman Empire into World War I, needed a victory against the Russians to defend his position. He collected an army on the eastern border. The army was badly defeated under Enver's command at the
2174:
to Russia. Thus Greece became the first independent country created out of a section of the
Ottoman Empire. Russian Empire aspirations for a section of the empire and bases on Russia's southern flank provoked
5473:
3218:
In fact, this is the third armed conflict between Russians and Turks, but in the conflict of 1571-1572 there was no direct declaration of war, and Turkish units acted only as support for the Crimean army
2205:
concluded that armed intervention on the side of the Ottomans was the only way to halt a massive Russian expansion. Even though the Ottomans and Russians were on opposing sides, the roots of the ensuing
2234:, used much of this money on furnishing and creating great palaces to rival the ones in England and France, which he had visited. The empire was undergoing a revolution, and throughout Anatolia a new
2081:
Despite all these treatises and efforts at modernization, the Janissaries and their allies managed to derail Sultan Selim III's Western-style military, bureaucratic, and financial reforms through a
1258:
2509:
the Russian expansion was controlled through stopping the expansion of Bulgaria. The Russian public felt that at the end of Congress of Berlin thousands of Russian soldiers had died for nothing.
2323:. According to most sources, around 5,000 people were massacred in Batak alone. The total number of victims in the April uprising according to most estimates around 15,000, which is supported by
1875:, who was then transferred to the Ottoman theatre of operations, where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal
3453:Флоря Б. Н. Россия, Речь Посполитая и Правобережная Украина в последние годы гетманства П. Дорошенко (1673—1677 гг.) // Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. — 2016. — Т. 65, № 3. — С. 90.
2031:
was nervous to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his military rendered this hope unavailing. Turkey signed an assistance pact with
2142:
The Ottoman Empire had maintained military parity with Russia until the second half of the eighteenth century, but by the 1820s the Ottoman armies were unable to put down the
1960:. These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in
1607:(16th–19th centuries), had been heavily declining. Taking advantage of the situation, Russia and the Ottoman Empire conquered swaths of its territory comprising contemporary
5870:
5468:
4690:
Topal, Ali E. "The effects of German Military Commission and Balkan wars on the reorganization and modernization of the Ottoman Army" (Naval Postgraduate School 2013)
2631:
The collapse of the Russian army after the 1917 revolution left only thinly spread Armenian units to resist the inevitable Ottoman counter-attack. The newly declared
2354:
Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter. In Europe, papers were filled with reports of Ottoman soldiers killing thousands of Slavs. Even in Great Britain
1163:
4830:
162:
5522:
2331:, according to which at least 15,000 persons were killed during the April Uprising in addition to 36 villages in three districts being buried. According to
1433:. The peace treaty between the two sides cemented Russia's rule on the Volga, but allowed the Ottoman Empire to obtain a number of commercial benefits. The
5571:
5865:
3723:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
3662:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
2301:. Even though they were not up to Western European standards, the army fought effectively and brutally; during the war, the Ottomans carried out the
462:
1736:
Austria entered the war against Turkey in July 1737 but was defeated a number of times. In August, Russia, Austria and Turkey began negotiations in
5537:
4867:
3231:, is Ottoman victory. Some yet another historian contends it was a Russian victory. While some historians state the war was indecisive (stalemate).
1729:. The Lacy army (now 40,000 strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting some defeats on the army of the Crimean Khan and capturing
5656:
4594:
3160:
2457:
2445:
1392:
324:
3982:
the Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.
5734:
5401:
5093:
3577:
Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
1925:, but in reality it became dependent on Russia. Russia received 4.5 million rubles and two key seaports allowing the direct access to the
1834:
1452:
The next conflict between Russia and Turkey began 100 years later as part of the struggle for the territory of Ukraine. While Russia conquered
5830:
5510:
5751:
2817:
2235:
1156:
847:
247:
5463:
5458:
4718:
2176:
1740:, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian army had to leave Ochakov and
580:
384:
4166:
2489:
who forced many of the major concessions upon Russia. These close Germano-Ottoman relations would persist until both empires' very end.
5825:
5379:
4779:
1937:
1662:. The treaties had other diplomatically favourable aspects as they established a Russo-Iranian alliance against Turkey, as Persia was
5005:
4696:
4860:
4845:
1149:
5611:
5542:
4835:
4769:
2821:
1953:
1461:
2440:
and the Russian army. Looking at the prospect of a British entry into the war the Russians decided to settle the dispute. The
5139:
4667:
4638:
4540:
4512:
4139:
4108:
4081:
4054:
3956:
3918:
3891:
3864:
3837:
3810:
3731:
3670:
3617:
3585:
3558:
3531:
3504:
3474:
3438:
3411:
3264:
3170:
2417:
fleet had not recovered from the Crimean War. Despite this, the hostilities on the Black Sea in this war were not important.
1713:. In May 1736, the Russian army launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula and burned the capital of the Crimean Khanate,
1663:
5835:
5490:
5480:
4774:
3165:
2668:
2479:
1357:
5860:
5515:
4192:"Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities", published with the letters by Januarius MacGahan, London, 1876.
3372:
Howard, D. A. (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries".
2219:
647:
594:
60:
2385:
had begun. Despite fighting better than they ever had before, the modernised Ottoman armies still were not equal to the
5729:
5561:
5448:
4927:
2807:
2664:
2278:
1530:
1380:
17:
5671:
5290:
5236:
5231:
5179:
5174:
5164:
5129:
5124:
5114:
5104:
5082:
5077:
5054:
5049:
5024:
5000:
4995:
4980:
4840:
4620:
2895:
2742:
2566:
2116:
2112:
1801:
1690:
1639:. For a few years, they bordered each other along a large territory in the Caucasus, which caused further frictions.
1624:
1398:
1316:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1173:
137:
2210:
lay in the rivalry between the British and the Russians. The war ended unfavorably for the Russians, with the Paris
1745:
1722:
708:
5273:
5209:
5034:
4947:
3180:
2335:
around 1,000 Muslims were killed by Christian Bulgarians and consequently 3,700 Christians were killed by Muslims.
1842:
1457:
174:
2905:
1918:
170:
5845:
5666:
5426:
5411:
5352:
4711:
3048:
2987:
2963:
2939:
2835:
2777:
2762:
2722:
2706:
2382:
2159:
1698:
1636:
1546:
1353:
5566:
5134:
5098:
3108:
2640:
2082:
1522:
1422:
661:
656:
5850:
5820:
5549:
5300:
5029:
4855:
4850:
4805:
2804:
to the Ottoman Empire and demolishes the fortresses of Taganrog, Kodak, Novobogoroditskaya, and Kamenny Zaton
2580:
1957:
1872:
1846:
1787:
1485:
1335:; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of
1332:
5875:
5840:
5626:
5596:
5591:
5532:
5421:
5416:
5384:
5325:
5246:
5204:
5087:
3300:
Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014.
3103:
2648:
2338:
2298:
1671:
1534:
5855:
5815:
5761:
5744:
5616:
5485:
5453:
5389:
5278:
5169:
5154:
4990:
3175:
3098:
2997:
2797:
2526:
2135:, which made it possible to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia, according to which Russia get
2124:
1247:
2878:: Russia gives up territorial claims to Ottoman Moldova and Bessarabia; Ottomans cede the demilitarized
2432:, intervened in the war. A large task force representing British naval supremacy entered the straits of
1421:
by sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569. The Turkish expedition ended in disaster for the
118:
Military campaigns largely resulted in Russian victories with the exception of Ottoman victories in the
5661:
5199:
5189:
5159:
5149:
4764:
4704:
3633:
2973:
2644:
2449:
2222:, the Ottomans could see how far they had fallen behind. Things began to change after the Crimean War.
1804:
on Russia on September 25, 1768. The Turks formed an alliance with the Polish opposition forces of the
1679:
990:
350:
178:
4382:
2428:
In response to the Russian proximity to the straits the British, against the wishes of the new Sultan
5500:
5394:
5194:
3094:
2632:
2143:
1969:
1941:
1895:
1850:
1666:
the Ottoman Empire. In the meantime Russia was also supporting the accession to the Polish throne of
415:
361:
5641:
5347:
4922:
4726:
4230:
2461:
2347:
2238:
was appearing. It seemed as though it might be possible for the empire to turn its decline around.
2039:
was signed with Russia on 9 January 1792, by which the Crimea and Ochakov were left to Russia, the
1809:
1361:
5554:
5283:
4902:
3496:
Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century
3038:
3001:
2676:
2355:
2270:
2024:, inflicted a series of defeats on the Turkish Fleet and seized the initiative in the Black Sea.
1642:
Russia managed to secure a favourable international situation by signing treaties with Persia in
1281:
1012:
1003:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
926:
911:
902:
893:
884:
868:
858:
778:
295:
52:
4630:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]
4160:
2875:
2533:, which was formerly under Ottoman suzerainty, and recognized Russian domination of present-day
1773:
166:
5756:
5431:
4952:
4887:
3228:
3140:
3022:
2732:
2294:
2290:
2211:
1929:. It also marked the first time that a foreign power directly interfered in the affairs of the
1667:
1498:
1311:
between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in
791:
337:
38:
5144:
4628:
4098:
3908:
3854:
3827:
3800:
3721:
3660:
3607:
3575:
3464:
3430:
The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
3428:
3401:
1327:, the conflicts ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a long period of
5686:
5646:
5406:
5335:
4784:
4334:
4131:
3881:
3521:
3494:
2883:
2859:
2542:
2441:
2390:
2386:
2343:
1813:
1706:
1584:
888:
763:
400:
368:
3773:
2073:
Gábor Ágoston attributes the decline of Ottoman power relative to Russia to the reactionary
5219:
4892:
4789:
4759:
3310:Ágoston, G. (2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800".
3145:
2605:
2375:
2202:
1945:
1891:
1753:
1604:
1592:
1320:
1202:
774:
564:
119:
68:
2437:
1988:. Ottoman generals were incompetent, and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of
1425:, which could not take Astrakhan and almost completely perished in the steppes, while the
8:
5794:
5724:
5581:
5109:
5044:
4815:
3030:
2758:
2660:
2363:
2315:
2180:
2094:
1769:
1549:
with the Ottoman Empire in 1700. Following the results of peace, Russia managed to annex
1542:
1016:
730:
589:
4691:
1933:, as the treaty gave Russia protector status over Turkey's Orthodox Christian subjects.
5784:
5766:
5719:
5701:
5681:
5320:
5072:
4970:
4942:
4825:
4810:
3335:
3190:
3185:
2917:
2831:
2782:
2625:
2570:
2506:
2494:
2466:
2306:
2155:
1765:
1526:
1514:
1477:
1465:
1328:
872:
841:
514:
428:
281:
132:
4600:Ágoston, Gábor "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800."
4479:
Price, M. P. (1918). War & Revolution in Asiatic Russia. United Kingdom: Macmillan
4378:
3933:
Gábor Ágoston, "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800."
2179:
fears over naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to the
5691:
5631:
5438:
5364:
5342:
5241:
5119:
4932:
4912:
4907:
4897:
4732:
4663:
4634:
4616:
4613:
Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921
4536:
4508:
4467:
4135:
4104:
4077:
4050:
3952:
3914:
3887:
3860:
3833:
3806:
3727:
3666:
3613:
3581:
3554:
3527:
3500:
3470:
3434:
3407:
3327:
3260:
3089:
2843:
2747:
2617:
2562:
2530:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2402:
2297:
also entered the war against the Turks. These revolts were the first test of the new
2171:
2151:
2108:
2099:
2001:
1805:
1741:
1702:
1675:
1580:
1518:
1453:
1442:
1410:
1402:
1384:
1312:
1242:
692:
686:
681:
441:
310:
268:
206:
201:
72:
3339:
2371:
1819:
5676:
5621:
5527:
5268:
5039:
5009:
4975:
4820:
3747:
3462:
3319:
2851:
2609:
2394:
2163:
2066:
2052:
2005:
1980:(1789); but in Moldavia Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev was successful and captured
1911:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1831:
1733:. Lacy and his soldiers had to leave the Crimea, however, due to lack of supplies.
1603:, which neighbored both empires and had been one of the greatest rivals for Turkey
1481:
1473:
1446:
1296:
1272:
994:
981:
830:
741:
233:
2413:. On the Black Sea, the Ottoman fleet had a colossal advantage, since the Russian
5696:
5443:
5295:
5263:
4937:
4917:
4558:
Lewitter, Lucjan Ryszard. "The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and Its Antecedents."
4504:
4125:
4071:
4044:
3548:
3155:
3120:
2953:
2949:
2925:
2793:
2621:
2584:
2575:
2517:
During the Greek uprising, the Russian Empire reached the Ottoman borders in the
2453:
2414:
2398:
2367:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2198:
2191:
2128:
2036:
2021:
2017:
2009:
1989:
1922:
1884:
1880:
1647:
1643:
1620:
1564:
1434:
1376:
1336:
808:
697:
632:
475:
64:
56:
3523:
The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792
2378:
on July 8, 1876, on partitioning the Balkan peninsula depending on the outcome.
5779:
5606:
5369:
5359:
4736:
4655:
4017:
4000:
2652:
2433:
2429:
2302:
2286:
2254:
2062:
1961:
1655:
1651:
1572:
1560:
1494:
1308:
1304:
972:
852:
825:
814:
803:
786:
769:
758:
752:
747:
736:
725:
714:
703:
601:
536:
458:
357:
276:
220:
95:
4605:
2043:
was made the frontier in Europe, and the Asiatic frontier remained unchanged.
1764:. However, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a
5809:
5739:
5576:
5214:
4155:
3605:
3331:
3150:
2521:, which were located in the southwest of the region, as well as northeastern
2470:
1930:
1906:
rebelled against Ottoman rule, while the Russian fleet totally destroyed the
1903:
1824:
1616:
1502:
935:
920:
906:
877:
617:
4522:
Davies, Brian (2006). "Muscovy at war and peace". In Perrie, Maureen (ed.).
3550:
The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688-1714
2097:
in 1826, a century and a quarter after Peter the Great's liquidation of the
5495:
5019:
4985:
4740:
4581:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
4005:
A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya
3390:
Martin, Janet (1996). Medieval Russia:980-1584. Cambridge University Press.
3072:
2929:
2867:
2672:
2636:
2502:
2501:
and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria was achieved. That alarmed the
1949:
1907:
1899:
1730:
1714:
1600:
1476:(1665–1672). The latter's pro-Ottoman policy caused disapproval among many
1426:
954:
795:
128:
5256:
3323:
2231:
2035:
on 31 January 1790, but received no help during the war. Accordingly, the
5601:
5330:
5251:
5184:
5014:
4492:
3083:
3068:
3012:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2282:
2273:, as did the Russians. When new movements in Russia, such as that of the
2207:
2170:, Turkey recognized the independence of Greece and the transition of the
2120:
2074:
1838:
1798:
1576:
1430:
1324:
1232:
1007:
897:
819:
155:
123:
4563:
4073:
East Meets West - Banking, Commerce and Investment in the Ottoman Empire
3399:
2420:
1853:, after which the movement to the Black Sea continued troops of General
5636:
5586:
5505:
5374:
4678:
St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974
4409:
Black J. European Warfare, 1660-1815. Taylor & Francis, 1994. P. 25
4170:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 782.
4159:
3972:
Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453–1839".
2977:
2656:
2538:
2274:
2246:
2167:
2136:
1718:
1659:
1658:
and Northern Iran, and avoided war with the emerging leader of Persia,
1612:
1371:
963:
930:
719:
4181:
Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective
3463:
Sergei R. Grinevetsky; Igor S. Zonn; Sergei S. Zhiltsov (2014-09-30).
2537:, which had been conquered a year earlier (1828) by the Russians from
2127:. Despite this, in the decisive campaign of 1811, the Russian army of
2057:
1830:
In January 1769, a 70-thousand Turkish-Tatar army led by Crimean Khan
1685:
5224:
4367:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
4351:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
4331:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
3690:
The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire
3026:
2863:
2452:
their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory,
2258:
2090:
2028:
1926:
1627:; the Ottomans took the territory to the west, comprising modern day
1588:
1406:
1141:
945:
915:
500:
46:
3701:О устройстве новых укреплений по границам Екатеринославской губернии
1823:
Cannons and earthworks of the St. Elizabeth fortress in the city of
470:
5789:
5651:
2952:: Russia annexes Ozi, Ottomans recognize Russian annexation of the
2839:
2613:
2556:
2522:
2518:
2115:. The long six-year war for Russia took place in parallel with the
2086:
2085:, even killing the sultan himself. It was not until the 1830s that
2040:
1997:
1993:
1779:
1710:
1635:, as well as western Iran. The gains by both were confirmed in the
1632:
1608:
1489:
1414:
862:
487:
482:
141:
107:
103:
4649:
The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present
2186:
2000:
was taken by the Austrians, The Russian army under the command of
1650:. These returned all Iranian territories gained since 1722 in the
2921:
2913:
2866:(an Ottoman subject), and set the demarcation line to the rivers
2855:
2550:
2534:
2529:, the Ottoman Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over western
2406:
2262:
2032:
1973:
1956:, accompanied by representatives of foreign courts and her ally,
1940:. In the same year, Russia established its protectorate over the
1749:
1737:
1726:
1628:
549:
544:
423:
99:
4231:
Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 5 September 1876
1981:
1964:, and the British ambassador lent his support to the war party.
1761:
1717:. On June 19, the Russian Don army under the command of General
4728:
3906:
2871:
2847:
2624:. After the 1916 campaign, the front remained stable until the
2475:
2319:
wrote of the terrible happenings after his visit to Batak with
2132:
1985:
1860:
1757:
1538:
1469:
1438:
836:
531:
228:
3400:
Suraiya Faroqhi; Bruce McGowan; Sevket Pamuk (28 April 1997).
4533:
Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700
2909:
2675:
in 1920. The Soviet-Turkish border was established under the
2266:
2147:
2013:
1977:
1418:
2620:
in 1916, after which the Russian army captured the whole of
1894:
in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of
4418:
Ziegler C. E. The History of Russia. ABC-CLIO, 2009. P. 46.
2879:
2801:
2766:
2635:
took over Kars in April 1918. That same year in March, the
2546:
2410:
2230:
and increased the tribute they had to pay. However, Sultan
1550:
1501:
in 1681, which established the Russo-Turkish border on the
4349:"Treaty of Constantinople (1700)", Alexander Mikaberidze,
3606:
Charles W. Ingrao; Nikola Samardžić; Jovan Pesalj (2011).
3426:
2756:
Habsburg, Polish-Lithuanian, Russian, and Venetian victory
2197:
When in 1853 Russia destroyed the entire Ottoman fleet at
1529:) in 1686. During the war, the Russian army organized the
4503:]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow:
2616:. The Ottoman army suffered the next heavy defeat in the
2227:
2020:, created just a few years earlier, under the command of
1837:
the lands of central Ukraine. Crimean Tatars , Turks and
1537:. In the light of Russia's preparations for the war with
4265:
4263:
1768:
on August 21. This, coupled with the imminent threat of
3353:
Kafadar, C. (1999). "The Question of Ottoman Decline".
2016:
completed the series of Ottoman disasters. The Russian
1571:
After the Russians had defeated the Swedes and the pro-
1556:
1545:
with Turkey in 1699, the Russian government signed the
4524:
The Cambridge History of Russia From Early Rus to 1689
4299:
4287:
3303:
2659:. Defeat on other fronts caused the Ottoman Empire to
2269:, as were the Russians. They also mainly followed the
2261:. Instead it decided to focus on gaining power in the
2150:. The great powers of Europe intervened, and assisted
1701:
with the Ottoman Empire in 1736, prompted by raids on
5523:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4662:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640.
4602:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
4275:
4260:
3312:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
2806:
Russia agrees to stop meddling in the affairs of the
1286:
4248:
3852:
3825:
3403:
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire
4311:
4069:
3798:
3061:independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and
2769:and the fortresses of Taganrog, Pavlovsk, and Mius
2599:was a key military objective for the Ottoman army.
2358:published his account of Ottoman atrocities in his
1705:by Crimean Tatars and the military campaign of the
1591:to declare war on Russia on November 20, 1710. The
4042:
3546:
1303:) were a series of twelve wars fought between the
5871:Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
3879:
3719:
3658:
3393:
2545:. After the war of 1877-78, Russia also received
2362:. The uprisings raised a chance for Russia, and (
1849:. Their raid was repulsed by the garrison of the
5807:
5538:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
4868:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
4651:(1986 and other editions), passim and 1461–1464.
3907:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010-05-21).
3802:Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin
3065:independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire
3020:Ottoman, British, French and Piedmontese victory
2557:End of the Ottoman and Russian Empires (1914–23)
2046:
1917:On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the
1780:Gradual defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1768–1878)
571:
375:
154:Collapse and dissolution of both empires during
5657:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
5572:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
4365:"Treaty of Nis (1739)", Alexander Mikaberidze,
3573:
1417:tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower
3227:The result of the war, which was ended by the
2360:Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East
2162:, in which the Russian army first crossed the
1508:
1347:
5511:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
4712:
4161:"Bulgaria: History: The Revolt of 1876"
3710:Lord Kinross, 'The Ottoman Centuries', p. 397
3612:. Purdue University Press. pp. 136–138.
3371:
3250:
3004:, Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire
2265:. The population of much of the Balkans were
1921:, which formally granted independence to the
1797:Following a border incident at Balta, Sultan
1776:with Turkey on September 18, ending the war.
1682:. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726.
1157:
4392:
4390:
3519:
3492:
5464:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
5459:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
4595:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
4200:
4198:
4096:
3949:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged
3883:International Military Alliances, 1648-2008
3553:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113.
3427:Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčević (2013-06-20).
3406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 428.
3352:
3346:
3309:
3259:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Piter.
3161:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
2346:against Turkish troops was crucial for the
1725:army took by storm the Ottoman fortress of
1460:, the Ottoman Empire, in the course of the
1393:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
4780:Military history of the Russian Federation
4719:
4705:
4526:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
4245:, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 356.
4100:The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
3684:
3682:
3526:. Cambridge University Press. p. 36.
1488:in 1674. In 1676, Russian troops captured
1379:in about 1600. Note that the areas marked
1164:
1150:
638:
5866:Early modern history of Georgia (country)
5030:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
4683:Kagan, Frederick, and Robin Higham, eds.
4387:
4345:
4343:
4049:. Princeton University Press. p. 5.
3951:. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–5.
3601:
3599:
3597:
3488:
3486:
1366:
608:
4549:
4398:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
4305:
4208:, Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69
4195:
4154:
4123:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3971:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
2574:
2485:, the Sultan had nothing but praise for
2419:
2337:
2240:
2190:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in
2185:
2056:
1864:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in
1859:
1818:
1684:
1555:
1370:
555:
391:
301:
4991:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
4861:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
4626:
4569:
4491:
4293:
4254:
4046:Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876
3679:
3365:
2107:In 1806, the Ottoman Empire incited by
1744:due to a plague outbreak. In 1739, the
1587:managed to persuade the Ottoman Sultan
505:
14:
5808:
5612:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5543:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
5402:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
5380:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
5094:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
4770:Military history of the Russian Empire
4685:The Military History of Tsarist Russia
4654:
4647:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy.
4530:
4521:
4361:
4359:
4340:
4281:
4269:
3856:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797
3829:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797
3805:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 903.
3594:
3483:
3355:Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review
3282:
3278:
3276:
2583:of northwest Turkey and the Caucasus (
2424:Negotiations for San Stefano Agreement
1871:The Polish opposition was defeated by
1812:, which offered naval advisers to the
1792:
1441:, continued its expansion against the
1387:were claimed rather than administered.
1171:
5762:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
5140:Russian colonization of North America
4700:
4578:
4317:
3987:
3946:
3287:
3126:Return to the pre-war borders in 1918
2671:Republics ended up being part of the
1145:
5831:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
4775:Military history of the Soviet Union
4660:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
4429:The Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4219:The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered
4103:. Faber & Faber. pp. 159–.
3913:. Infobase Publishing. p. 298.
3166:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
2682:
1358:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire
5516:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
4356:
3853:Michael Hochedlinger (2015-12-22).
3826:Michael Hochedlinger (2015-12-22).
3273:
2647:, in turn conquered by the Ottoman
1553:and get access to the Sea of Azov.
24:
5562:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
4928:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
4611:Allen, William and Paul Muratoff.
4588:
4070:Monica Pohle Fraser (2016-12-05).
3910:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
3799:Mungo Melvin CB OBE (2017-05-18).
3318:(2). Slavica Publishers: 281–319.
1531:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689
25:
5887:
5826:Wars involving the Russian Empire
5427:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
4043:Roderic H. Davison (2015-12-08).
3886:. SAGE Publications. p. 99.
3171:List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts
3025:: mutual demilitarization of the
2567:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
2436:and anchored in view of both the
2154:with its independence. After the
2131:defeated the Ottoman army on the
1752:, defeated the Ottoman Empire at
1721:captured Azov. In July 1737, the
1541:and other countries' signing the
5481:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
5274:Russian conquest of Central Asia
5210:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
5006:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
4948:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
4550:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017).
3980:. Oxford University Press: 983.
3880:Douglas M. Gibler (2008-10-15).
3720:Spencer C. Tucker (2009-12-23).
3659:Spencer C. Tucker (2009-12-23).
3380:(1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 52–77.
3181:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2409:, after which the Russians took
1808:, while Russia was supported by
1011:
1002:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
934:
925:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
876:
867:
857:
846:
835:
824:
813:
802:
785:
768:
757:
746:
735:
724:
713:
702:
691:
680:
655:
640:
625:
610:
588:
573:
557:
550:Albanian regulars and volunteers
543:
530:
507:
493:
481:
469:
451:
435:
422:
408:
393:
377:
356:
344:
331:
318:
303:
288:
275:
261:
240:
227:
213:
200:
45:
5767:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
5412:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
5353:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
4473:
4460:
4447:
4434:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4372:
4323:
4235:
4224:
4211:
4186:
4174:
4148:
4117:
4090:
4063:
4036:
4010:
3965:
3940:
3927:
3900:
3873:
3846:
3819:
3792:
3766:
3740:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3652:
3626:
3567:
3540:
3513:
3456:
3447:
3420:
3251:Zayonchkovski, Аndrey (2002).
3221:
3212:
2643:. The commune later became the
2512:
2172:Black Sea coast of the Caucasus
1845:, took a significant number of
1756:, and occupied the fortress of
1637:Treaty of Constantinople (1724)
1354:Territorial evolution of Russia
5449:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
5099:War of the Austrian Succession
4457:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
3609:The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718
3574:Cathal J. Nolan (2008-07-30).
3384:
3244:
3203:
2876:Treaty of Niš (3 October 1739)
2808:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2663:and withdraw forces. Both the
2641:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1464:, spread its rule over all of
1462:Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)
135:in 1922 and 1923, respectively
13:
1:
5672:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
5550:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5301:Russian invasion of Manchuria
5291:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5237:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
5232:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
5175:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
5165:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
5130:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
5125:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
5115:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
5105:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
5083:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
5078:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
5055:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
5050:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
5025:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
5001:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4996:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4981:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
4856:List of wars involving Russia
4851:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4183:, Kurt Jonassohn, 1999, p.210
3974:The English Historical Review
3238:
2765:: Russia gains possession of
2397:, after a stubborn struggle,
2047:Conflicts in the 19th century
1958:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
1788:Decline of the Ottoman Empire
1625:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
1399:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
5627:Eritrean War of Independence
5597:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5592:East German uprising of 1953
5533:Eastern Front (World War II)
5422:Red Army invasion of Georgia
5417:Red Army invasion of Armenia
5385:Estonian War of Independence
5326:Russian occupation of Tabriz
5247:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
5205:War of the Seventh Coalition
5088:War of the Polish Succession
5035:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
4627:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014).
4552:The Russia Empire, 1450-1801
4206:The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922
4007:(Greenwood Publishing, 2006)
3257:The Eastern War of 1853-1856
3104:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
2649:Islamic Army of the Caucasus
1772:, forced Russia to sign the
1672:War of the Polish Succession
1458:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
51:Left to right from the top:
7:
5836:Military history of Ukraine
5667:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
5617:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5486:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
5454:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
5390:Latvian War of Independence
5279:Russian conquest of Bukhara
5170:War of the Fourth Coalition
5155:War of the Second Coalition
3547:Edward J. Phillips (1995).
3520:Jeremy Black (1996-03-28).
3493:Brian Davies (2011-06-16).
3134:
2998:Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
2842:, the southern part of the
2798:Treaty of Adrianople (1713)
2591:During the early months of
2160:Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)
2125:War of the Fourth Coalition
1938:annexed the Crimean Khanate
1513:Russia joined the European
1509:Peter the Great and further
1348:Conflict begins (1568–1739)
1339:in the early 18th century.
1287:
10:
5892:
5861:Modern history of Bulgaria
5662:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5200:War of the Sixth Coalition
5190:War of the Fifth Coalition
5160:War of the Third Coalition
4765:Military history of Russia
4727:Armed conflicts involving
4592:
4572:Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700
4554:. Oxford University Press.
4485:
4455:The Russo-Turkish War 1877
4442:The Crimean War: A History
4329:"Treaty of Bakhchisarai",
4097:Alan Palmer (2011-05-19).
3859:. Routledge. p. 385.
3832:. Routledge. p. 385.
3774:"Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca"
3634:"Nemirov Congress of 1737"
3466:The Black Sea Encyclopedia
3056:Russian and allied victory
2974:Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
2882:to Russia, as well as the
2822:Austro-Russian-Turkish War
2645:Centrocaspian Dictatorship
2560:
2342:The Russian and Bulgarian
2257:and taking control of the
2050:
2004:defeated the Turks in the
1785:
1599:By the late 17th century,
1575:Ukrainian Cossacks led by
1445:, but was defeated at the
1390:
1351:
1342:
161:Ottomans permanently lose
138:Normalization of relations
5775:
5710:
5501:Soviet invasion of Poland
5311:
5195:French invasion of Russia
5063:
4961:
4880:
4806:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
4798:
4755:
4748:
4427:John Frederick Baddeley,
4243:Medieval Russia: 980-1584
4024:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3780:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3754:. Encyclopædia Britannica
3726:. ABC-CLIO. p. 862.
3665:. ABC-CLIO. p. 734.
3580:. ABC-CLIO. p. 191.
3469:. Springer. p. 661.
3253:Восточная война 1853-1856
2940:Seventh Russo-Turkish War
2850:to the Ottomans, and the
2691:
2633:First Republic of Armenia
2608:January 2, 1915, against
2525:. Under the terms of the
2144:Greek War of Independence
2095:destroyed the Janissaries
1942:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
1851:Fortress of St. Elizabeth
1276:
1256:
1183:
1022:
673:
362:Bulgarian Volunteer Corps
190:
78:
44:
36:
31:
5642:South African Border War
5567:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
5469:Chechen uprising of 1932
5150:Russo-Persian War (1796)
4579:Stone, David R. (2006).
4570:Murphey, Rhoads (1999).
4431:(Routledge, 2013. ch 12)
4337:, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 180.
4076:. Taylor & Francis.
3947:Aksan, Virginia (2007).
3374:Journal of Asian History
3252:
3196:
3037:Ottoman suzerainty over
2964:Eighth Russo-Turkish War
2906:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
2778:Fourth Russo-Turkish War
2763:Treaty of Constantinople
2723:Second Russo-Turkish War
2694:
2348:independence of Bulgaria
2327:'s report, published in
2245:Russian troops entering
1970:drove back the Austrians
1919:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1890:Naval operations of the
1547:Treaty of Constantinople
1535:Azov campaigns (1695–96)
1468:with the support of its
5284:Khivan campaign of 1873
5135:Russo-Polish War (1792)
4583:. Greenwood Publishing.
4574:. Taylor & Francis.
4466:Also extended into the
4383:Encyclopædia Britannica
4167:Encyclopædia Britannica
4124:Crampton, R.J. (2007).
4022:Encyclopædia Britannica
3778:Encyclopædia Britannica
3752:Encyclopædia Britannica
3176:Russia–Turkey relations
3049:Tenth Russo-Turkish War
3039:Danubian Principalities
3002:Danubian Principalities
2988:Ninth Russo-Turkish War
2908:: Ottoman Empire cedes
2896:Sixth Russo-Turkish War
2818:Fifth Russo-Turkish War
2743:Third Russo-Turkish War
2707:First Russo-Turkish War
2677:Treaty of Moscow (1921)
2639:was established in the
2456:was given control over
2374:), who made the secret
2356:William Ewart Gladstone
2281:in 1875. The revolt in
2271:Eastern Orthodox Church
2089:could be started under
1288:Russko-turetskiye voyny
271:(1735–1739) (1787–1792)
5846:Bessarabia Governorate
5757:Western Libya campaign
5432:East Karelian uprising
4953:Wagner Group rebellion
4888:Uprising of Bolotnikov
4531:Davies, Brian (2007).
4130:. OUP Oxford. p.
3433:. BRILL. p. 146.
3229:Treaty of Bakhchisarai
3141:Ottoman wars in Europe
3023:Treaty of Paris (1856)
3000:: Russia occupies the
2733:Treaty of Bakhchisarai
2651:, then shortly by the
2588:
2480:British Prime Minister
2425:
2393:. The Turkish army of
2351:
2344:defence of Shipka Pass
2309:, a journalist of the
2249:
2194:
2070:
2067:Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria
1954:trip across the Crimea
1868:
1827:
1694:
1568:
1499:Treaty of Bakhchisarai
1388:
1367:Before Peter the Great
1300:
674:Commanders and leaders
39:Ottoman wars in Europe
5752:Intervention in Syria
5687:Tajikistani Civil War
5395:Lithuanian–Soviet War
5336:Battle of Robat Karim
4785:Post-Soviet conflicts
4604:12.2 (2011): 281-319
4396:Isabel De Madariaga,
4335:Alexander Mikaberidze
3324:10.1353/kri.2011.0018
2860:Treaty of Passarowitz
2834:: Habsburgs cede the
2578:
2543:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2442:Treaty of San Stefano
2423:
2399:surrendered to Plevna
2387:Imperial Russian Army
2383:new Russo-Turkish war
2381:The following year a
2341:
2279:revolt in Herzegovina
2244:
2189:
2069:, July–September 1828
2060:
1863:
1822:
1814:Imperial Russian Navy
1766:separate peace treaty
1688:
1680:Stanisław Leszczyński
1619:, which was taken by
1585:Charles XII of Sweden
1559:
1486:Hetman of all Ukraine
1413:. The Ottoman Sultan
1374:
1362:Ottoman ancien régime
1319:(which is disputed),
1301:Osmanlı-Rus savaşları
1277:Русско-турецкие войны
1023:Casualties and losses
86:1568–1918 (350 years)
5851:History of Wallachia
5821:Geopolitical rivalry
5735:Annexation of Crimea
5439:Central Asian Revolt
5348:Ukrainian–Soviet War
5220:Russo-Circassian War
4903:Pugachev's Rebellion
4846:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
4790:Russian Armed Forces
4760:Early modern warfare
3146:Battle of Sarikamish
2606:Battle of Sarikamish
2579:The area of Russian
2527:Treaty of Adrianople
2376:Reichstadt Agreement
1946:Treaty of Georgievsk
1892:Russian Baltic Fleet
1697:Russia entered into
1674:(1733–35), over the
1409:by the Russian tsar
1321:Pruth River Campaign
120:Pruth River Campaign
69:Battle of Sarikamish
5876:Invasions of Europe
5841:History of Moldavia
5795:Sphere of influence
5725:Russo-Ukrainian War
5582:First Indochina War
5555:Soviet–Japanese War
5491:Xinjiang War (1937)
5360:Kazakhstan Campaign
5145:Kościuszko Uprising
5045:Second Northern War
4923:Coup attempt (1991)
4816:Soviet-Finnish wars
4676:Jelavich, Barbara.
3937:12.2 (2011) p. 319.
3692:(Bloomsbury, 2016).
3638:The Free Dictionary
3031:Southern Bessarabia
2820:(also known as the
2759:Treaty of Karlowitz
2478:. While annoyed at
2299:Modern Ottoman Army
2236:Ottoman nationalism
2181:Indian Subcontinent
2087:fundamental reforms
1948:. In 1787, Empress
1793:Catherine the Great
1631:, parts of Eastern
1543:Treaty of Karlowitz
1493:the attacks of the
1429:was wrecked in the
1401:occurred after the
1017:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
61:Siege of Sevastopol
5856:Kingdom of Romania
5816:Russo-Turkish wars
5785:Russian Revolution
5720:Russo-Georgian War
5702:Second Chechen War
5682:Georgian Civil War
5321:Russo-Japanese War
5073:Great Northern War
4971:Russo-Crimean Wars
4943:Second Chechen War
4841:Russo-Turkish wars
4836:Russo-Swedish wars
4826:Russo-Persian Wars
4811:Russo-Crimean Wars
4501:For Rus' to Russia
4379:Russo-Turkish wars
4217:Millman, Richard.
4204:Quataert, Donald.
3283:#List of conflicts
3209:44,427+ in battles
3191:Russo-Persian Wars
3186:Russo-Crimean Wars
2928:becomes a Russian
2832:Treaty of Belgrade
2783:Great Northern War
2626:Russian Revolution
2589:
2571:Russian Revolution
2507:Congress of Berlin
2467:Congress of Berlin
2426:
2352:
2307:Januarius MacGahan
2285:quickly spread to
2250:
2195:
2156:Battle of Navarino
2071:
1952:made a triumphant
1869:
1828:
1695:
1689:Europe before the
1569:
1480:, who would elect
1478:Ukrainian Cossacks
1466:Right-bank Ukraine
1389:
1293:Russo-Ottoman wars
1269:Russo-Turkish wars
1259:Turco-Mongol raids
1175:Russo-Turkish Wars
873:Kara Mustafa Pasha
842:Alexander Kerensky
282:Albanian Battalion
133:Republic of Turkey
32:Russo-Turkish wars
18:Russo-Turkish Wars
5803:
5802:
5692:First Chechen War
5647:Soviet–Afghan War
5632:Angolan Civil War
5407:Polish–Soviet War
5365:Finnish Civil War
5343:Russian Civil War
5242:November Uprising
5180:Anglo-Russian War
5120:Bar Confederation
4933:First Chechen War
4913:Russian Civil War
4908:Decembrist revolt
4898:Bulavin Rebellion
4893:Razin's Rebellion
4876:
4875:
4831:Russo-Polish Wars
4799:Lists by opponent
4669:978-0-300-08266-1
4640:978-1-59884-948-6
4542:978-0-203-96176-6
4514:978-5-17-153845-3
4468:Russian Civil War
4141:978-0-19-820514-2
4110:978-0-571-27908-1
4083:978-1-351-94219-5
4056:978-1-4008-7876-5
3958:978-0-582-30807-7
3920:978-1-4381-1025-7
3893:978-1-60426-684-9
3866:978-1-317-88793-5
3839:978-1-317-88793-5
3812:978-1-4728-2227-7
3748:"Battle of Çeşme"
3733:978-1-85109-672-5
3688:Brian L. Davies,
3672:978-1-85109-672-5
3619:978-1-55753-594-8
3587:978-0-313-35920-0
3560:978-0-313-29520-1
3533:978-0-521-47033-9
3506:978-1-4411-6238-0
3499:. A&C Black.
3476:978-3-642-55227-4
3440:978-90-04-25440-4
3413:978-0-521-57455-6
3266:978-5-89173-159-2
3132:
3131:
3090:Caucasus Campaign
2976:: Russia annexes
2858:), gained by the
2844:Banat of Temeswar
2836:Kingdom of Serbia
2748:Great Turkish War
2683:List of conflicts
2618:Battle of Erzurum
2587:) in summer 1916.
2563:Caucasus campaign
2487:Otto von Bismarck
2483:Benjamin Disraeli
2438:Dolmabahçe Palace
2403:Battle of Aladzha
2121:Russo-Swedish War
2117:Russo-Persian War
2109:Napoleonic France
2002:Alexander Suvorov
1944:according to the
1873:Alexander Suvorov
1806:Bar Confederation
1748:army crossed the
1691:Russo-Turkish War
1581:Battle of Poltava
1563:by the troops of
1454:Left-bank Ukraine
1443:Tsardom of Russia
1411:Ivan the Terrible
1403:conquest of Kazan
1315:. Except for the
1285:
1265:
1264:
1140:
1139:
1135:Total: 1,315,000+
687:Ivan the Terrible
296:Hellenic Republic
269:Habsburg Monarchy
207:Tsardom of Russia
186:
185:
127:Formation of the
73:Erzurum Offensive
16:(Redirected from
5883:
5677:Transnistria War
5622:War of Attrition
5528:Continuation War
5477:
5269:January Uprising
5110:Seven Years' War
5010:Time of Troubles
4976:Russo-Kazan Wars
4821:Russo-Kazan Wars
4753:
4752:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4673:
4644:
4584:
4575:
4555:
4546:
4527:
4518:
4497:От Руси к России
4480:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4458:
4451:
4445:
4438:
4432:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4347:
4338:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4309:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4202:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4008:
3998:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3944:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3603:
3592:
3591:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3248:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3109:Persian Campaign
3075:ceded to Russia
2852:Banat of Craiova
2714:Russian victory
2687:
2686:
2655:and finally the
2610:Nikolai Yudenich
2395:Osman Nuri Pasha
2364:Prince Gorchakov
2164:Balkan Mountains
2053:Eastern Question
2006:Battle of Rymnik
1976:and overran the
1936:In 1783, Russia
1912:Battle of Chesma
1877:Pyotr Rumyantsev
1866:Battle of Chesma
1770:Swedish invasion
1482:Ivan Samoilovich
1474:Petro Doroshenko
1447:Battle of Molodi
1317:war of 1676–1681
1313:European history
1290:
1280:
1278:
1178:
1176:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1117:
1015:
1006:
999:
991:Mehmed Ali Pasha
989:
982:Osman Nuri Pasha
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
938:
929:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
881:
880:
871:
861:
851:
850:
840:
839:
831:Nikolai Yudenich
829:
828:
818:
817:
807:
806:
790:
789:
773:
772:
762:
761:
751:
750:
742:Grigory Potemkin
740:
739:
729:
728:
718:
717:
709:Burkhard Münnich
707:
706:
696:
695:
685:
684:
660:
659:
650:
646:
644:
643:
631:
629:
628:
620:
616:
614:
613:
593:
592:
583:
579:
577:
576:
567:
563:
561:
560:
548:
547:
535:
534:
517:
513:
511:
510:
499:
497:
496:
486:
485:
474:
473:
457:
455:
454:
440:
439:
438:
427:
426:
414:
412:
411:
403:
399:
397:
396:
387:
383:
381:
380:
360:
349:
348:
347:
336:
335:
334:
323:
322:
321:
313:
309:
307:
306:
294:
292:
291:
280:
279:
267:
265:
264:
246:
244:
243:
234:Russian Republic
232:
231:
219:
217:
216:
205:
204:
80:
79:
53:Siege of Ochakov
49:
29:
28:
21:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5771:
5712:
5706:
5697:War of Dagestan
5471:
5444:August Uprising
5313:
5307:
5296:Boxer Rebellion
5264:Amur Annexation
5065:
5059:
4963:
4957:
4938:War of Dagestan
4918:August Uprising
4872:
4794:
4744:
4725:
4670:
4656:Hughes, Lindsey
4641:
4597:
4591:
4589:Further reading
4543:
4515:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4452:
4448:
4440:Orlando Figes,
4439:
4435:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4388:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4348:
4341:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4249:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4011:
3999:
3988:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3604:
3595:
3588:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3370:
3366:
3351:
3347:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3156:Crimean Khanate
3137:
3121:Treaty of Batum
3097:actions on the
3066:
3057:
3033:and recognizes
3029:, Russia cedes
3021:
2996:
2995:Russian victory
2972:
2971:Russian victory
2954:Crimean Khanate
2950:Treaty of Jassy
2948:
2947:Russian victory
2926:Crimean Khanate
2904:
2903:Russian victory
2874:
2805:
2800:: Russia cedes
2794:Treaty of Pruth
2792:
2791:Ottoman victory
2781:(subset of the
2780:
2757:
2746:(subset of the
2745:
2731:
2685:
2622:Western Armenia
2585:Western Armenia
2573:
2561:Main articles:
2559:
2515:
2469:was held where
2454:Austria-Hungary
2415:Black Sea Fleet
2405:, retreated to
2368:Austria-Hungary
2333:Donald Quataert
2325:Eugene Schuyler
2321:Eugene Schuyler
2313:and the London
2311:New York Herald
2192:Battle of Sinop
2148:southern Greece
2055:
2049:
2037:Treaty of Jassy
2022:Admiral Ushakov
2018:Black Sea Fleet
2010:captured Izmail
1923:Crimean Khanate
1795:
1790:
1782:
1565:Peter the Great
1561:Capture of Azov
1511:
1497:and signed the
1435:Crimean Khanate
1395:
1377:Crimean Khanate
1369:
1364:
1350:
1345:
1337:Peter the Great
1266:
1261:
1252:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1133:
1132:
1115:
1094:
1087:
1076:Total: 868,285+
1074:
1073:
1058:143,000–450,015
1010:
1001:
995:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
924:
909:
900:
891:
882:
866:
865:
845:
844:
834:
833:
823:
822:
812:
811:
809:Dmitry Milyutin
801:
800:
784:
783:
767:
766:
756:
755:
745:
744:
734:
733:
723:
722:
712:
711:
701:
700:
698:Peter the Great
690:
689:
679:
669:
654:
641:
639:
633:Austria-Hungary
626:
624:
611:
609:
587:
574:
572:
558:
556:
542:
529:
520:
508:
506:
494:
492:
480:
468:
452:
450:
447:
436:
434:
421:
409:
407:
394:
392:
378:
376:
345:
343:
332:
330:
319:
317:
304:
302:
289:
287:
274:
262:
260:
253:
241:
239:
226:
214:
212:
199:
149:
136:
126:
110:
65:Siege of Plevna
57:Siege of Izmail
50:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5889:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5780:Russian Winter
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5607:Vlora incident
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5503:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5372:
5370:Sochi conflict
5367:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4624:
4609:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4556:
4547:
4541:
4528:
4519:
4513:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4472:
4459:
4446:
4433:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4386:
4371:
4369:, Vol. I, 647.
4355:
4353:, Vol. I, 250.
4339:
4333:, Vol. I, ed.
4322:
4310:
4298:
4296:, p. 462.
4286:
4284:, p. 172.
4274:
4272:, p. 512.
4259:
4247:
4241:Janet Martin,
4234:
4223:
4210:
4194:
4185:
4173:
4158:, ed. (1911).
4156:Chisholm, Hugh
4147:
4140:
4116:
4109:
4089:
4082:
4062:
4055:
4035:
4009:
4001:David R. Stone
3986:
3964:
3957:
3939:
3926:
3919:
3899:
3892:
3872:
3865:
3845:
3838:
3818:
3811:
3791:
3765:
3739:
3732:
3712:
3703:
3694:
3678:
3671:
3651:
3625:
3618:
3593:
3586:
3566:
3559:
3539:
3532:
3512:
3505:
3482:
3475:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3419:
3412:
3392:
3383:
3364:
3345:
3302:
3286:
3272:
3265:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3092:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2828:
2825:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2789:
2786:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2754:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2653:Triple Entente
2558:
2555:
2514:
2511:
2430:Abdul Hamid II
2372:Count Andrássy
2329:The Daily News
2316:The Daily News
2303:Batak massacre
2255:Constantinople
2201:, Britain and
2105:
2104:
2063:siege of Varna
2048:
2045:
2012:. The fall of
1962:Constantinople
1794:
1791:
1786:Main article:
1781:
1778:
1656:South Caucasus
1573:Swedish Empire
1510:
1507:
1495:Crimean Tatars
1368:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1309:Ottoman Empire
1305:Russian Empire
1263:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1019:
973:Abdul Hamid II
855:
853:Vladimir Lenin
753:Fyodor Ushakov
676:
675:
671:
670:
668:
667:
666:
665:
652:
636:
622:
606:
602:Central Powers
598:
585:
581:United Kingdom
569:
553:
540:
537:Swedish Empire
524:
519:
518:
503:
490:
478:
465:
459:Ottoman Empire
448:
446:
445:
432:
419:
405:
389:
385:United Kingdom
373:
369:Entente Powers
365:
354:
341:
328:
315:
299:
285:
272:
257:
252:
251:
237:
224:
221:Russian Empire
210:
196:
193:
192:
188:
187:
184:
183:
182:
181:
173:, most of the
151:
145:
144:
116:
112:
111:
96:Eastern Europe
94:
92:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
42:
41:
34:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5888:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5745:2022 invasion
5743:
5741:
5740:War in Donbas
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Ili Rebellion
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:Caucasian War
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4621:0-89839-296-9
4618:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4562:(1964): 5-29
4561:
4560:Polish Review
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4535:. Routledge.
4534:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4320:, p. 41.
4319:
4314:
4308:, p. 14.
4307:
4306:Kollmann 2017
4302:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4227:
4221:. pp. 218–231
4220:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4023:
4019:
4018:"Crimean War"
4013:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3930:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3795:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3640:. Farlex, Inc
3639:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Caucasian War
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:Eastern Front
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:Territory of
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:and northern
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2212:peace of 1856
2209:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:Sublime Porte
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1896:Aleksei Orlov
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1825:Kropyvnytskyi
1821:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:Great Britain
1807:
1803:
1800:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1774:Treaty of Niš
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:Northern Iran
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:for centuries
1602:
1597:
1594:
1593:Prut campaign
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1503:Dnieper River
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:, an Ottoman
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Ottoman fleet
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1128:
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1119:
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1111:
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965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
943:
937:
932:
928:
922:
917:
913:
908:
907:Abdul Hamid I
904:
899:
895:
890:
886:
879:
874:
870:
864:
860:
856:
854:
849:
843:
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710:
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699:
694:
688:
683:
678:
677:
672:
663:
658:
653:
649:
637:
634:
623:
619:
607:
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603:
599:
596:
591:
586:
582:
570:
566:
554:
551:
546:
541:
538:
533:
528:
527:
526:
525:
523:
522:Supported by:
516:
504:
502:
491:
489:
484:
479:
477:
472:
467:
466:
464:
463:vassal states
460:
449:
443:
433:
430:
425:
420:
417:
406:
402:
390:
386:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
359:
355:
352:
342:
339:
329:
326:
316:
312:
300:
297:
286:
283:
278:
273:
270:
259:
258:
256:
255:Supported by:
249:
238:
235:
230:
225:
222:
211:
208:
203:
198:
197:
195:
194:
189:
180:
176:
172:
168:
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158:
157:
152:
147:
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143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
48:
43:
40:
35:
30:
27:
19:
5496:World War II
5020:Smolensk War
4986:Livonian War
4684:
4677:
4659:
4648:
4633:. ABC-CLIO.
4629:
4612:
4601:
4580:
4571:
4559:
4551:
4532:
4523:
4500:
4496:
4493:Gumilev, Lev
4475:
4462:
4454:
4449:
4441:
4436:
4428:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4397:
4374:
4366:
4350:
4330:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4294:Gumilev 2023
4289:
4277:
4257:, p. 9.
4255:Murphey 1999
4250:
4242:
4237:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4205:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4165:
4150:
4126:
4119:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4065:
4045:
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
4021:
4012:
4004:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3948:
3942:
3934:
3929:
3909:
3902:
3882:
3875:
3855:
3848:
3828:
3821:
3801:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3751:
3742:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3697:
3689:
3661:
3654:
3642:. Retrieved
3637:
3628:
3608:
3576:
3569:
3549:
3542:
3522:
3515:
3495:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3429:
3422:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3256:
3246:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3119:
3073:Batum Oblast
3062:
3058:
3034:
2930:client state
2920:and part of
2862:in 1718, to
2830:
2673:Soviet Union
2637:Baku Commune
2630:
2590:
2541:through the
2516:
2513:The Caucasus
2505:. After the
2503:Great Powers
2491:
2427:
2380:
2359:
2353:
2328:
2314:
2251:
2224:
2216:
2196:
2141:
2106:
2098:
2072:
2026:
1966:
1950:Catherine II
1935:
1916:
1908:Ottoman Navy
1889:
1870:
1829:
1802:declared war
1796:
1783:
1735:
1715:Bakhchysarai
1707:Crimean khan
1696:
1693:of 1768–1774
1668:Augustus III
1641:
1601:Safavid Iran
1598:
1570:
1512:
1451:
1423:Ottoman army
1396:
1292:
1268:
1267:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
996:
955:Abdulmejid I
796:
792:Alexander II
779:
731:Catherine II
600:
521:
367:
254:
248:Russian SFSR
191:Belligerents
153:
129:Soviet Union
26:
5602:Vietnam War
5472: [
5331:World War I
5252:Crimean War
5185:Finnish War
5101:(1740–1748)
5090:(1733–1738)
5015:Ingrian War
4731:(including
4453:Ian Drury,
4282:Davies 2007
4270:Davies 2006
3118:Indecisive
3084:World War I
3069:Kars Oblast
3013:Crimean War
2924:to Russia;
2669:Azerbaijani
2601:Enver Pasha
2593:World War I
2391:Shipka Pass
2283:Herzegovina
2275:Slavophiles
2220:Piedmontese
2208:Crimean War
2075:Janissaries
1898:. In 1771,
1832:Qırım Giray
1799:Mustafa III
1731:Karasubazar
1699:another war
1678:-nominated
1664:at war with
1577:Ivan Mazepa
1515:Holy League
1431:Sea of Azov
1325:Crimean War
1008:Enver Pasha
898:Mustafa III
889:Yahya Pasha
820:Nicholas II
764:Alexander I
651:(1915–1918)
635:(1914–1918)
621:(1914–1918)
605:(1914–1918)
597:(1855–1856)
584:(1854–1856)
568:(1854–1856)
552:(1768–1878)
539:(1710–1711)
444:(1917–1918)
431:(1916–1918)
404:(1914–1918)
388:(1914–1918)
372:(1914–1918)
364:(1877-1878)
353:(1877–1878)
340:(1877–1878)
327:(1877–1878)
314:(1853–1854)
298:(1828–1829)
284:(1775–1859)
250:(1917–1918)
223:(1721–1917)
209:(1568–1721)
156:World War I
148:Territorial
124:Crimean War
5810:Categories
5637:Ogaden War
5587:Korean War
5506:Winter War
5375:Heimosodat
4962:Tsardom of
4593:See also:
4318:Stone 2006
3239:References
3115:1914–1918
3053:1877–1878
3017:1853–1856
2992:1828–1829
2978:Bessarabia
2968:1806–1812
2944:1787–1792
2900:1768–1774
2884:Zaporozhye
2827:1735–1739
2788:1710–1711
2753:1686–1700
2727:1676–1681
2711:1568–1570
2657:Bolsheviks
2581:occupation
2539:Qajar Iran
2450:Montenegro
2247:Adrianople
2168:Adrianople
2137:Bessarabia
2111:started a
2051:See also:
1855:Rumyantsev
1843:New Serbia
1754:Stavuchany
1719:Peter Lacy
1660:Nader Shah
1613:Azerbaijan
1456:after the
1397:The first
1391:See also:
1352:See also:
1329:stagnation
1129:: 300,000+
1110:1853–1856:
1104:1787–1792:
1098:1735–1739:
1056:1853–1856:
1050:1787–1792:
1044:1735–1739:
964:Omar Pasha
931:Mustafa IV
775:Nicholas I
720:Peter Lacy
662:Azerbaijan
351:Montenegro
179:Bessarabia
140:until the
122:, and the
5257:Åland War
5225:Murid War
5064:18th–19th
4495:(2023) .
3332:1538-5000
3027:Black Sea
2864:Wallachia
2661:surrender
2305:in 1876.
2289:and then
2259:Bosphorus
2232:Abdülaziz
2166:and took
2100:strel'tsy
2091:Mahmud II
2029:Selim III
1927:Black Sea
1589:Ahmed III
1583:in 1709,
1449:in 1572.
1407:Astrakhan
1282:romanized
1248:1916–1917
1243:1914–1918
1198:1686–1700
1127:1914–1918
1123:: 520,000
1121:1877–1878
1084:1676–1681
1070:: 100,000
1068:1914–1918
1064:: 111,166
1062:1877–1878
1032:1676–1681
946:Mahmud II
916:Selim III
501:Wallachia
5790:Cold War
5652:Gulf War
5008:and the
4881:Internal
4737:Imperial
4658:(2000).
4127:Bulgaria
3340:19755686
3135:See also
3095:XV Corps
3063:de facto
2918:Kabardia
2840:Belgrade
2730:Disputed
2665:Armenian
2614:Erzincan
2523:Anatolia
2519:Caucasus
2462:Bulgaria
2291:Bulgaria
2158:and the
2123:and the
2061:Russian
2041:Dniester
1998:Belgrade
1996:failed,
1994:Akkerman
1841:ravaged
1711:Caucasus
1633:Anatolia
1609:Dagestan
1533:and the
1490:Chigirin
1484:as sole
1415:Selim II
1323:and the
1307:and the
1086:: 20,000
863:Selim II
648:Bulgaria
595:Sardinia
488:Moldavia
175:Caucasus
142:Cold War
131:and the
108:Anatolia
104:Caucasus
91:Location
37:Part of
5730:Outline
5713:century
5314:century
5066:century
4749:Related
4733:Tsarist
4615:(2011)
4486:Sources
3935:Kritika
3059:De jure
3035:de jure
2922:Yedisan
2914:Enikale
2886:region
2856:Oltenia
2698:Result
2551:Ardahan
2535:Armenia
2531:Georgia
2495:Romania
2471:Germany
2446:Romania
2434:Marmara
2407:Erzurum
2293:. Soon
2263:Balkans
2177:British
2129:Kutuzov
2113:new war
2033:Prussia
2027:Sultan
1974:Mehadia
1910:at the
1835:invaded
1750:Dnieper
1746:Münnich
1742:Kinburn
1738:Nemirov
1727:Ochakov
1723:Münnich
1709:in the
1703:Ukraine
1670:in the
1629:Armenia
1623:in the
1621:Peter I
1579:in the
1567:in 1696
1519:Austria
1385:Muscovy
1343:History
1333:decline
1297:Turkish
1284::
1273:Russian
1238:1877–78
1233:1853–56
1228:1828–29
1223:1806–12
1218:1787–92
1213:1768–74
1208:1735–39
1203:1710–11
1193:1676–81
1188:1568–70
1112:165,363
1106:130,000
1100:Unknown
1093:Unknown
1046:100,000
1034:: 8,720
997:†
618:Germany
429:Romania
416:Armenia
325:Romania
171:Ukraine
150:changes
100:Balkans
5040:Deluge
4964:Russia
4743:times)
4741:Soviet
4729:Russia
4692:online
4687:(2008)
4680:(1974)
4666:
4637:
4619:
4606:online
4564:online
4539:
4511:
4444:(2010)
4400:(1981)
4138:
4107:
4080:
4053:
4028:28 May
3955:
3917:
3890:
3863:
3836:
3809:
3784:28 May
3758:28 May
3730:
3669:
3644:27 May
3616:
3584:
3557:
3530:
3503:
3473:
3437:
3410:
3361:(1–2).
3338:
3330:
3263:
2872:Danube
2848:Bosnia
2569:, and
2499:Serbia
2476:Cyprus
2460:, and
2458:Bosnia
2366:) and
2295:Serbia
2287:Bosnia
2203:France
2152:Greece
2133:Danube
2119:, the
2093:, who
1990:Bender
1986:Khotyn
1847:slaves
1839:Nogais
1758:Khotin
1676:French
1615:, and
1539:Sweden
1527:Venice
1523:Poland
1470:vassal
1439:vassal
1381:Poland
1360:, and
1116:
1052:72,000
1040:27,285
993:
933:
918:
875:
794:
777:
664:(1918)
645:
630:
615:
578:
565:France
562:
512:
498:
476:Crimea
456:
442:Greece
418:(1918)
413:
401:France
398:
382:
338:Serbia
311:Greece
308:
293:
266:
245:
236:(1917)
218:
163:Crimea
115:Result
5476:]
4499:[
3336:S2CID
3255:[
3197:Notes
2910:Kerch
2838:with
2695:Date
2692:Name
2444:gave
2267:Slavs
2199:Sinop
2014:Anapa
1978:Banat
1972:from
1904:Syria
1900:Egypt
1885:Kagul
1881:Larga
1652:North
1419:Volga
1291:) or
1091:1711:
1038:1711:
515:Egypt
5711:21st
5312:20th
4739:and
4664:ISBN
4635:ISBN
4617:ISBN
4537:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4136:ISBN
4105:ISBN
4078:ISBN
4051:ISBN
4030:2018
3953:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3888:ISBN
3861:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3786:2018
3760:2018
3728:ISBN
3667:ISBN
3646:2018
3614:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3328:ISSN
3261:ISBN
3071:and
2880:Azov
2870:and
2868:Sava
2802:Azov
2796:and
2767:Azov
2761:and
2667:and
2597:Kars
2549:and
2547:Kars
2448:and
2411:Kars
2228:beys
2083:coup
2008:and
1992:and
1984:and
1982:Iaşi
1902:and
1883:and
1762:Iaşi
1760:and
1654:and
1648:1735
1646:and
1644:1732
1551:Azov
1405:and
1383:and
1375:The
1331:and
461:and
177:and
167:Azov
83:Date
4505:AST
4381://
3978:123
3320:doi
3080:12
3045:11
3009:10
2146:in
2065:in
1879:at
5812::
5474:ru
4735:,
4507:.
4389:^
4358:^
4342:^
4262:^
4197:^
4164:.
4134:.
4132:92
4020:.
4003:,
3989:^
3976:.
3776:.
3750:.
3681:^
3636:.
3596:^
3485:^
3378:22
3376:.
3357:.
3334:.
3326:.
3316:12
3314:.
3289:^
3275:^
3086::
2984:9
2960:8
2936:7
2916:,
2912:,
2892:6
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2814:5
2785:)
2774:4
2750:)
2739:3
2719:2
2703:1
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2628:.
2595:,
2565:,
2553:.
2497:,
2214:.
2183:.
2139:.
2077::
1914:.
1887:.
1857:.
1816:.
1611:,
1525:,
1521:,
1505:.
1472:,
1356:,
1299::
1279:,
1275::
169:,
165:,
106:,
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71:,
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4706:v
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4643:.
4623:,
4608:.
4566:.
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4470:.
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3648:.
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1517:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
