Turkey - Knowledge

11468:, p. 18: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages." 9481:, p. 343: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries." 9475:, p. 437: ‘Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, “only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land....Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease” (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of “Muslim migration.”’ 5913: 2879: 11280:, pp. 778–779: "Thus the majority of traditional 'Greek' lands, including the coastal areas of Asia Minor, remained essentially Greek-speaking, despite the superimposition of Latin and the later Slavic incursions into the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. Even on the Anatolian plateau, where Hellenic culture had come only with Alexander's conquests, both the extremely heterogeneous indigenous populations and immigrant groups (including Celts, Goths, Jews, and Persians) had become heavily Hellenized, as the steady decline in epigraphic evidence for the native languages and the great mass of public and private inscriptions in Greek demonstrate. Though the disappearance of these languages from the written record did not entail their immediate abandonment as spoken languages,..." 4709: 2485: 3275: 25978: 5728: 4520: 11462:, p. 4: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The “Turks” intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11" 5659: 6748: 5686: 28851: 27326: 26886: 7234: 7923: 3055: 5705: 7603: 27176: 6075: 26856: 6409: 7947: 2890: 26766: 28121: 2606: 146: 8815: 7448: 7338: 1928: 5010: 7114: 3152: 5333: 1662: 25470: 8623: 9326:, p. 29: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval." ... "statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth." 28442: 28982: 6001: 4283: 2038: 3946: 7105: 7366:), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%. Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures. Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%. There are many private hospitals in the country. The government planned several hospital complexes, known as city hospitals, to be constructed since 2013. Turkey is one of the top 10 destinations for health tourism. 8327: 9511:, p. 17: "In total, many millions of Turks (or, more precisely, Muslim immigrants, including some from the Caucasus) were involved in this ‘repatriation’ – sometimes more than once in a lifetime – the last stage of which may have been the immigration of seven hundred thousand Turks from Bulgaria between 1940 and 1990. Most of these immigrants settled in urban north-western Anatolia. Today between a third and a quarter of the Republic’s population are descendants of these Muslim immigrants, known as Muhacir or Göçmen" 11522:"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role." 6791: 5567: 4073: 3925: 5632: 7214: 4878: 2281: 8632: 1641: 1611: 8147: 4446: 2476: 6758: 4375: 3898: 5191: 28794: 7893: 5593:

especially severe. Temperatures of −30 to −40 °C (−22 to −40 °F) do occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground for at least 120 days of the year, and during the entire year on the summits of the highest mountains. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below −20 °C (−4 °F) with the mountains being even colder. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian Plateau a

28809: 9260:, p. 1576: "Turkey’s diversity is derived from its central location near the world’s earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named." 6360: 5775: 28744: 28476: 28403: 27288: 26899: 8641: 629: 26283: 25643: 25103: 28759: 28714: 28699: 28684: 28518: 28286: 28225: 28212: 28173: 28160: 27302: 27260: 27232: 27218: 27190: 26840: 26814: 26801: 26788: 23876: 25127: 28896: 28416: 19917:"Mother tongue" education is mostly limited to Turkish teaching in Turkey. No other language can be taught as a mother tongue other than Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew, as agreed in the Lausanne Treaty Like Jews and Greeks, Armenians enjoy the privilege of an officially recognized minority status. No language other than Turkish can be taught at schools or at cultural centers. Only Armenian, Greek, and Hebrew are exceptions to this constitutional rule. 79: 28866: 6220: 6593: 26295: 25655: 25091: 28995: 28824: 28312: 28249: 28351: 28186: 27246: 2169: 29060: 28364: 28299: 28273: 28108: 26873: 23981: 29021: 29008: 28505: 25139: 8411: 2732: 8741: 29047: 28729: 28544: 28429: 28338: 27274: 26827: 2180: 28838: 28570: 28390: 28377: 28325: 2494: 28881: 28557: 28531: 28147: 27204: 29034: 28199: 9499:, p. 93: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans" 6801: 23898: 28134: 799: 751: 732: 699: 680: 25115: 28776: 9487:, pp. 5–6: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries..." 5831: 4634: 7776: 5073: 7584: 4360:. In the years of government by the Justice and Development Party and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both within and outside of Turkey, because of political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors and in their pursuit of public duty. 774: 9469:, p. 336: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former “suppressors”. The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons" 3859: 9372:, pp. 3–4: "So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek." 3120:, started to formalize the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. The Ankara Government engaged in armed and diplomatic struggle. In 1921–1923, the Armenian, Greek, French, and British armies had been expelled. The military advance and diplomatic success of the Ankara Government resulted in the signing of the 9311:, pp. 233, 713: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic" 9493:: "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey." ... "Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51" 6378:. People within the 15–64 and 0–14 age groups corresponded to 68.3% and 21.4% of the total population, respectively. Those aged 65 years or older made up 10.2%. Between 1950 and 2020, Turkey's population more than quadrupled from 20.9 million to 83.6 million; however, the population growth rate was 0.1% in 2023. In 2023, the 3449: 5589:

the highest precipitation in the country. The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters.

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have equal rights, which increased to 45% in 2020. Another survey in 2018 found that the proportion of people who would not want a homosexual neighbor decreased from 55% in 2018 to 47% in 2019. A 2015 poll found that 27% of the Turkish public was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage and 19% supported

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To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to

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influenced private houses. From 1950 to 1980, the second part includes urbanization, modernization, and internationalization. For residential housing, "reinforced concrete, slab-block, medium-rise apartments" became prevalent. Since 1980, the third part is defined by consumer habits and international

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results suggest improvements in education quality. There is still a gap with OECD countries. Significant challenges include differences in student outcomes from different schools, differences between rural and urban areas, pre-primary education access, and arrival of students who are Syrian refugees.

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are major manufacturers of consumer electronics. Arçelik is one of the largest producers of household goods in the world. In 2022, Turkey ranked second in the world in terms of the number of international contractors in the top 250 list. It is also the fifth largest in the world in terms of textile

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is appointed by the president. The president is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign

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in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with the US. Subsequently, Turkey benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance

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Following the revolution, Mustafa Kemal became an important figure in the military ranks of the Ottoman Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) as a protégé ... Although the sultanate had already been abolished in November 1922, the republic was founded in October 1923. ... ambitious reform

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also influenced Turkic patterns in the medieval period. The history of the designs, motifs and ornaments used in Turkish carpets and tapestries thus reflects the political and ethnic history of the Turks and the cultural diversity of Anatolia. However, scientific attempts were unsuccessful, as yet,

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In the past 20 years, Turkey has improved quality of education and has made significant progress in increasing education access. From 2011 to 2021, improvements in education access include "one of the largest increases in educational attainment for 25-34 year-olds at upper secondary non-tertiary or

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and serves a five-year term. The president cannot run for re-election after two terms of five-years, unless the parliament prematurely renews the presidential elections during the second term. Elections for the Parliament and presidential elections are held on the same day. The Constitutional Court

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The first military training institutions were the Imperial Army Engineering School (Mühendishane-i Berr-i Hümâyun, 1793) and the Imperial School of Military Sciences (Mekteb-i Ulûm-ı Harbiye-i Şahane, 1834). Both schools taught painting to enable cadets to produce topographic layouts and technical

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communities in all of the major cities in central and western Turkey. In Istanbul, there are an estimated three million Kurds, making it the city with the largest Kurdish population in the world. 19% of adult citizens identified as ethnic Kurds in a survey in 2021. Some people have multiple ethnic

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with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the most precipitation and is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of the Black Sea coast averages 2,200 millimetres (87 in) annually which is

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The percentage of non-Muslims in modern-day Turkey was 19.1% in 1914, but fell to 2.5% in 1927. Currently, non-Muslims constitute 0.2% of the population according to the World Factbook. In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.18% for people with non-Islam religions. Some of the non-Muslim communities are

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since 1951. However, LGBT people in Turkey face discrimination, harassment and even violence. The Turkish authorities have carried out many discriminatory practices. Despite these, LGBT acceptance in Turkey is growing. In a survey conducted in 2016, 33% of respondents said that LGBT people should

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Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter but usually melts in no more than a few days. However, snow is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Winters on the Anatolian plateau are

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Lipson, Mark; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Mallick, Swapan; Pósa, Annamária; Stégmár, Balázs; Keerl, Victoria; Rohland, Nadin; Stewardson, Kristin; Ferry, Matthew; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Harney, Eadaoin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Llamas, Bastien (November 2017).

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of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sèvres, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Turkish state as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. On 4 October 1923, the Allied occupation of Turkey ended with the withdrawal of the last Allied troops from

9505:, p. 213: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense." 10592:

Kılınç, Gülşah Merve; Omrak, Ayça; Özer, Füsun; Günther, Torsten; Büyükkarakaya, Ali Metin; Bıçakçı, Erhan; Baird, Douglas; Dönertaş, Handan Melike; Ghalichi, Ayshin; Yaka, Reyhan; Koptekin, Dilek; Açan, Sinan Can; Parvizi, Poorya; Krzewińska, Maja; Daskalaki, Evangelia A. (June 2016).

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According to the World Factbook, non-Kurdish ethnic minorities are 7–12% of the population. In 2006, KONDA estimated that non-Kurdish and non-Zaza ethnic minorities constituted 8.2% of the population; these were people that gave general descriptions such as Turkish citizen, people with

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was different from that of the nearby European Renaissance painting tradition, and the scene depicted often included different time periods and spaces in one picture. They followed closely the context of the book they were included in, more illustrations than standalone works of art.

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Before the Greek migrations that followed the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1200 BCE), probably the only Greek-speaking communities on the west coast of Anatolia were Mycenaean settlements at Iasus and Müskebi on the Halicarnassus peninsula and walled Mycenaean colonies at Miletus and

133: 7552:) weaving is a traditional Turkish art form with roots in pre-Islamic times. During its long history, the art and craft of weaving carpets and tapestries in Turkey has integrated numerous cultural traditions. Apart from the Turkic design patterns that are prevalent, traces of 131: 9272:, pp. 24–28: "Göbekli Tepe’s close proximity to several very early sites of grain cultivation helped lead Schmidt to the conclusion that it was the need to maintain the ritual center that first encouraged the beginnings of settled agriculture—the Neolithic Revolution" 114: 134: 129: 9160: 121: 116: 8125:

projects have become a trend. Resilience against natural disasters such as earthquakes is one of the main goals for urban renewal projects. Around one-third of Turkey's building stock, corresponding to 6.7 million units, were assessed risky and needing urban renewal.

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Turkey has four "major theatrical traditions": "folk theatre, popular theatre, court theater, and Western theater." Turkish folk theatre goes back thousands of years and has survived among rural communities. Popular theatre includes plays by live actors, puppet and

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3. Madde: Devletin Bütünlüğü, Resmi Dili, Bayrağı, Milli Marşı ve Başkenti: Türkiye Devleti, ülkesi ve milletiyle bölünmez bir bütündür. Dili Türkçedir. Bayrağı, şekli kanununda belirtilen, beyaz ay yıldızlı al bayraktır. Milli marşı "İstiklal Marşı" dır. Başkenti

127: 135: 7739:. Court theatre was the refined version of popular theatre. Beginning in the 19th century, Western theatre tradition started appearing in Turkey. Following the establishment of Turkish Republic, a state conservatory and the State Theatre Company were formed. 15995:"Council of the European Union: Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/1341 of 8 August 2019 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism" 5658: 17322: 11003:, p. 759: "Greek cities on the shores of Asia Minor and on the Aegean islands were the nexus of trade and cultural exchange in the early Greek world, so Archaic Greek civilization was to a great extent the product of the Greek cities of Asia Minor." 6451:

are the largest ethnic minority. Their exact numbers remain disputed, with estimates ranging from 12 to 20% of the population. According to a 1990 study, Kurds made up around 12% of the population. The Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of

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as anyone who is a citizen. It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey. Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is not available because census figures do not include statistics on ethnicity after the

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Turkish music can be described in a variety of ways, ranging from "globally marketed pop music with a little bit of local colour thrown in" to a custom that includes thousands of years of legacy of Anatolia's various civilizations.

6270:. Turkish patent office ranks 21st worldwide in overall patent applications, and 3rd in industrial design applications. Vast majority of applicants to the Turkish patent office are Turkish residents. In all patent offices globally, 8816: 7191:

In 2006, KONDA's estimate was 0.47% for those with no religion. According to KONDA, share of adult citizens who identified as unbeliever increased from 2% in 2011 to 6% in 2021. A 2020 Gezici Araştırma poll found that 28.5% of the

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in the late 1970s and 1980s. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a result of an opening economy and society. The resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop stars such as

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in December 2010, the choices made by the government for supporting certain political opposition groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbor Syria since the start of the

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in Turkey peaked at $ 22.05 billion in 2007 and dropped to $ 13.09 billion in 2022. Potential growth is weakened by long-lasting structural and macro obstacles, such as slow rates of productivity growth and high inflation.

4770:, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval of NATO. The Turkish Armed Forces have a relatively substantial military presence abroad, with 12447: 7699:. Since then, Turkish literature reflected the socioeconomic conditions in Turkey with increasing variety. "Village Novel" genre appeared in the mid-1950s, which talked about difficulties faced from poverty. An example is 23564: 5727: 18441: 16184: 6102:. When fully operational, it will supply about 30% of the natural gas needed domestically. Turkey aims to become a hub for regional energy transportation. Several oil and gas pipelines span the country, including the 4947:, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. With time the PKK modified its demands into equal rights for ethnic Kurds and provincial autonomy within Turkey. Since 1980, the Turkish parliament stripped its members of 14943:"Turkish incursions and air strikes on Iraqi territory have been a constant issue for the Iraqi foreign ministry since 2003, with no resolution in sight," Sajad Jiyad, a political analyst based in Baghdad, told MEE. 15709: 27973: 27071: 22030: 17314: 16244: 5612:

by 2053. Accomplishing climate goals would require large investments, but would also result in net economic benefits, broadly due to reduced imports of fuel and due to better health from lowering air pollution.

16995:, p. 46: "Anatolia: The part of Turkey in Asia equivalent to the peninsula of Asia Minor up to indefinite line on E from Gulf of Iskenderun to Black Sea comprising about three fifths of Turkey's provinces" 15747: 5048:(where the Gezi Park protests took place) have been denied government permission, citing security concerns, but hundreds of people have defied the ban each year. Critics have claimed that the bans were in fact 27076: 13004: 4962:

but soon growing into general anti-government dissent. On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution, including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish

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called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law; but the negotiations, effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2023.

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have sought refuge in Turkey. In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.

23019: 6335:, and Asfat are among the top 100 defense companies in the world. Turkish defense companies spend a significant portion of their budgets for research and development. Aselsan also invests in research in 5936:

definition. Unemployment in Turkey was 10.4% in 2022. In 2021, it was estimated that 47% of total disposable income was received by the top 20% of income earners, while the lowest 20% received only 6%.

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to the south. Turkey is bordered by Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east. To the south, it's bordered by Syria and Iraq. To the north, its Thracian area is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria.

13866: 7413:, with three main views: Turkism, Islamism and Westernism. In addition to Europe or Islam, Turkish culture was also influenced by Anatolia's native cultures. After the establishment of the republic, 2961:

islands, shifting the center of the Ottoman Empire to Anatolia. In addition to a small number of Jews, the refugees were overwhelmingly Muslim; they were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, such as

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Excluding Syrians under temporary protection, there were 1,570,543 foreign citizens in Turkey in 2023. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and the Kurdish areas of Iran during the

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patterns can also be detected. There are also similarities with the patterns used in Armenian, Caucasian and Kurdish carpet designs. The arrival of Islam in Central Asia and the development of

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is composed of 15 members. A member is elected for a term of 12 years and cannot be re-elected. The members of the Constitutional Court are obliged to retire when they are over the age of 65.

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declined from 20% to 7.6%. In 2023, 13.9% of the population was below the national at-risk-of-poverty rate. In 2021, 34% of the population were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, using

1798:, approximately between 1700 and 1200 BC. As the Hittite kingdom was disintegrating, further waves of Indo-European peoples migrated from southeastern Europe, which was followed by warfare. 20785: 18492: 17278: 5685: 15561: 29309: 27983: 27978: 22142: 15076: 12957: 6529:, and others. In 2021, 4% of adult citizens identified as non-ethnic Turk or non-ethnic Kurd in a survey. According to the Constitutional Court, there are only four officially recognized 20329: 11104: 3141: 111: 23838: 16521: 13764: 13723: 23502: 22324: 9551:

Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Since 1918, Turkish architecture can be divided into three parts. From 1918 to 1950, the first one includes the First National Architectural Movement period, which transitioned into

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goes back more than a thousand years. The Seljuk and Ottoman periods include numerous works of literature and poetry. Turkic tales and poetry from Central Asia were also kept alive.

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emphasized Turkish culture, attempted to make "Islam a matter of personal conviction", and pursued modernization. Currently, Turkey has various local cultures. Things such as music,

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Uygur, A. B.; Haktanir, O. O.; Yılmaz, F.; Işik, H. G.; Aşansü, Z. (2015). "Turkey's new Assembly, Integration and Test (AIT) center and its comparison with AIT centers in Europe".

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oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously held sporting competition in the world. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, oil wrestling champions such as

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Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia

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variety may be used to identify a local area. Turkey also has a national culture, such as "national movie stars, rock bands, fashion trends, and soccer and basketball leagues".

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may mean "strong, strength, ripe" or "flourishing, in full strength". It may also mean ripe as in for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person. As an

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party. By 2020, under the pretext of responding to a failed coup attempt in 2016, authorities had arrested or imprisoned more than 90,000 Turkish citizens. According to the

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are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit and public relations. After sweeping the

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Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn, support a number of regional musical styles. Despite this however, western music styles like

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in the 2010s and early 2020s resulted in the influx of millions of refugees and immigrants. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees in the world as of April 2020. The

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process in Anatolia; there were Turkic/Turkish migrations, intermarriages, and conversions into Islam. The shift took several centuries and happened gradually. Members of

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Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin (eds.), "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey",

16236: 6271: 2550:

exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as

15617: 15245: 7180:

are between 10% to 40% of the population. KONDA's estimate was 5% in 2006. 4% of adult citizens identified as Alevi in a survey in 2021, while 88% identified as Sunni.

25199: 18883: 15739: 15275: 14869: 5260:

happen frequently in Turkey. Almost the entire population lives in areas with varying seismic risk levels, with around 70% in highest or second-highest seismic areas.

4577:

in 2016, Turkey revised its stance regarding the solution of the conflict in Syria. In January 2018, the Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces, including the

23673: 13011: 10177:

The Map of Europe by Treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814, with numerous maps and notes

29249: 14446: 14079: 13626: 11970: 11319: 19378: 4134:

for political parties at national level is seven percent of the votes. Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with other parties.

2076:, the Greek city-states of the Anatolian Aegean coast regained independence, but most of the interior stayed part of the Achaemenid Empire. In northwestern Turkey, 27402: 18781: 17358: 15998: 14720: 992: 647: 16437: 5631: 29198: 27055: 26754: 24983: 23026: 20740: 15777: 11446:

nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe.

8505: 7508:) in 1793, mostly for technical purposes. In the late 19th century, human figure in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with 6281: 6214: 5949: 20704: 20289: 19055: 17567: 14351: 14316: 28591: 28097: 21050: 16145: 15181: 12414: 9078: 8504:

acquired international fame in Europe and North America by winning world heavyweight wrestling championship titles. International wrestling styles governed by

5352:

continents and the variety of the habitats across its geographical regions have produced considerable species diversity and a vibrant ecosystem. Out of the 36

16662: 6134: 20360: 16301: 15808: 14570: 2934: 1122: 22379: 22071: 13939: 10175:

Hertslet, Edward (1875). "General treaty between Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey, signed at Paris on 30th March 1856".

9647: 2375:

In the early Byzantine Empire period, the Anatolian coastal areas were Greek speaking. In addition to natives, interior Anatolia had diverse groups such as

27612: 25693: 19292: 19183: 16206: 15078:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Directorate for Movements of Persons, Migration and Consular Affairs – Asylum and Migration Division

14468: 13874: 9117: 5941: 3443:) and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic measurements, surveys and classifications; this does not refer to an administrative division. 14986: 14690: 14220: 10341: 9826:, p. 50: "Indonesia joins China, Türkiye, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Viet Nam as most impressive innovation climbers of the last decade" 1536:"represents and expresses the culture, civilization, and values of the Turkish nation in the best way". In May 2022, the Turkish government requested the 29294: 29269: 16464: 14839: 4512:

government, Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, also called

23796: 19169: 10185:"Protocols of conferences held at Paris relative to the general Treaty of Peace. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1856" 9697: 8254:

is used. Grains include wheat, maize, barley, oats, and millet. Beans, chickpeas, nuts, aubergines, and lamb are some of the commonly used ingredients.

5852:

Turkey has a diversified economy; main industries include automobiles, electronics, textiles, construction, steel, mining, and food processing. It is a

5115:, Turkey's European side, includes around 10% of the population and covers 3% of the surface area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the 4987:

using charges of "terrorism" and "anti-state activities". In 2020, the CPJ identified 18 jailed journalists in Turkey (including the editorial staff of

4574: 27963: 26391: 18049: 14540: 14297: 14244:

Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics)

8418: 6686: 6297: 6090:

Turkey has made security of its energy supply a top priority, given its heavy reliance on gas and oil imports. Turkey's main energy supply sources are

5778:

Turkey is expected to have fast economic growth due to demographics and rapid urbanization. The following table is from the OECD Long Term Projections.

5510:, now extinct, lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the latter half of the 20th century. Renowned domestic animals from Ankara include the 23177: 22612:

Bosma, Ulbe; Lucassen, Jan; Oostindie, Gert (2012). "Introduction. Postcolonial Migrations and Identity Politics: Towards a Comparative Perspective".

17518:. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. Standing Committee, 24th meeting, 29 November-3 December 2004, Strasbourg. 16591: 16561: 14779: 14742: 14600: 7252:

is responsible for pre-tertiary education. Compulsory education is free at public schools and lasts 12 years, divided into three parts. There are 208

4037:

The Parliament has 600 voting members, each representing a constituency for a five-year term. Parliamentary seats are distributed among the provinces

27870: 27360: 27146: 27141: 27050: 27035: 26386: 23131: 18192: 18065: 17822: 15436: 15384: 14956: 12102: 10493: 9915: 4248:, which had an initial composition of 268 seats for the Justice and Development Party, 169 seats for the Republican People's Party, 61 seats for the 20671: 18723: 18369: 16543: 15591: 13414: 12033: 9224: 27136: 27131: 27126: 27121: 27116: 19977: 17292: 16635: 14275: 8209:, Turkic people had been familiar with using skewers to cook meat. Turkish cuisine can be distinguished by its various kinds of kebabs. Similarly, 7961: 7280: 5444: 2941:

resulted in estimated 5 million deaths, with more than 3 million in Balkans; the casualties included Turks. Five to seven or seven to nine million

633: 23723: 22350: 20789: 18488: 17268: 16765: 15491: 7671:

Beginning in the 19th century, Ottoman literature was influenced by the West. New genres, such as novels and journalistic style, were introduced.

29244: 28037: 27045: 27000: 26366: 26361: 24109: 18837: 16825: 15553: 12946: 11897: 4940: 4439: 4390:

In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became

3357: 3244: 1115: 22153: 19531: 13899: 13558: 7369:

Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81 years. Turkey has high rates of

7341: 26690: 20959: 18581: 18105:

Taymaz, Erol; Yilmaz, Kamil (2008). "Integration with the Global Economy: The Case of Turkish Automobile and Consumer Electronics Industries".

17981: 17455: 9194: 8516:

are also popular, with many European, World and Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a national team.

7226: 4771: 4750:, with an estimated strength of 890,700 military personnel as of February 2022. Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the 20337: 15051: 12503:

Levene, Mark (Winter 1998). "Creating a Modern 'Zone of Genocide': The Impact of Nation- and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878–1923".

29304: 27040: 24646: 22445: 22225: 21949: 19272: 18991: 18220: 18142: 17944: 16786: 16511: 15332: 15077: 13746: 13705: 13170: 6192: 5861: 5025: 4229: 3145: 755: 23823: 22328: 21150: 20164: 17930: 14156: 9052: 8917: 7500:, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid 19th century. The first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the 29254: 28923: 28918: 28775: 28665: 27353: 24809: 24188: 22426: 20869: 16981:: "The Asian part of the country is known by a variety of names--Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey, the Anatolian Plateau, and Anatolia (Anadolu)" 16766:"Almost half of people in Turkey think that LGBT+ people should have equal rights, nine percent more than last year, according to a survey" 13520: 11569:

Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations

10305: 8213:

dishes were influenced by Turkish cuisine. Further information about cuisine during the Seljuk and Ottoman periods comes from the works of

7050: 6052: 5424: 5297: 4916: 4498: 3967: 3290: 2859: 1277: 810: 22116: 16807: 14622: 14102: 13836: 6517:

identities, such as both Turk and Kurd. In 2006, an estimated 2.7 million ethnic Turks and Kurds were related from interethnic marriages.

4783: 2784:

united Anatolia under Ottoman rule. Turkification continued as Ottomans mixed with various indigenous people in Anatolia and the Balkans.

26747: 26333: 25190: 21923: 20460: 20236: 19627: 15946: 13674: 13600: 12830: 12298: 12063: 9082: 8121:

trends, such as shopping malls and office towers. Luxury residences with "Turkish house style" have been in demand. In the 21st century,

7081: 6196: 6024: 4759: 2388: 20825: 18248: 17532: 16323: 16067: 13800: 13304:

Esen, Berk; Gumuscu, Sebnem (11 May 2020). "Why did Turkish democracy collapse? A political economy account of AKP's authoritarianism".

12320: 11148: 5912: 4338:

generally shows the influence of the Swiss, German and French legal systems. Islamic principles do not play a part in the legal system.

3309:. Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories were 1962:

to the west coast of Anatolia. These eastern Greek settlements played a vital role in shaping the Archaic Greek civilization; important

28030: 27943: 27858: 26993: 26356: 24782: 24183: 22089: 20461:"Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East" 19254: 17823:"Miles to Go: Emerging markets must balance overcoming the pandemic, returning to more normal policies, and rebuilding their economies" 15878: 11509: 10301: 8536:

Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations, several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable

8457: 8380: 7065: 6553:. In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to 4791: 4779: 984: 597: 26732: 17703:, p. 28: "The first prerequisite for reducing vulnerability and impacts of climate change is rapid, robust, and inclusive growth" 15830: 15298: 12233: 4547:. As of 2022, Turkey does not have an ambassador in either Syria or Egypt, but relations with both countries have started to improve. 26958: 26953: 26937: 26932: 22301: 20478: 16610: 16379: 15143: 13192: 12000: 8158: 8061:

mixed "traditional Anatolian Islamic architecture with local building materials and techniques". Following the conquest of Istanbul,

7261: 4892:

The human rights record of Turkey has been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1959 and 2011 the

4658: 4407: 4379: 4182: 3330: 3109: 2796: 1261: 703: 513: 19236: 16347: 15972: 15017: 14920: 5960:

report, Istanbul is the most visited city in the world, with more than 20.2 million foreign visitors in 2023. Antalya has surpassed

3124:

on 11 October 1922. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of

2014:

in 750–480 BC. The Greek cities along the Aegean prospered with trade, and saw remarkable scientific and scholarly accomplishments.

29259: 25686: 24580: 20096: 20060:

Fathers Across Cultures: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads: The Importance, Roles, and Diverse Practices of Dads

18337: 17963: 17669: 16266: 10436: 10363: 8545: 8434: 8376: 6199:. In 2024, Turkey, Iraq, UAE, and Qatar signed an agreement to link Iraqi port facilities to Turkey via road and rail connections. 4897: 4567: 4349: 2353: 17222: 15211: 14374: 13964: 13238: 12271:; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in 10965: 6656: 2878: 25987: 25602: 25479: 23969: 18013: 17092:

Sianko, Ilya; Ozdemir, Zuhal; Khoshkholghi, Soheil; Garcia, Reyes; Hajirasouliha, Iman; Yazgan, Ufuk; Pilakoutas, Kypros (2020).

14660: 14510: 13652: 12566: 8544:

Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in Turkey. The majority of the TV audiences are shared among public broadcaster

7249: 4830: 4755: 2218:

intervened in Anatolia in the second century BC. Without an heir, Pergamum's king left the kingdom to Rome, which was annexed as

1362:, the etymology is still unknown. In addition to usage in languages such as Chinese in the 6th century, the earliest mention of 26268:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

18164: 13436: 10237: 5570: 26920: 26740: 26411: 25072: 24214: 24161: 19891: 19102: 18595: 14416: 7308: 7300: 7257: 6737: 6727: 6722: 6712: 6679: 6195:

in the world. Turkey aims to become a transportation hub. It is part of various routes that connect Asia and Europe, including

5945: 4984: 4976: 4509: 4391: 4237: 4158: 4146: 4038: 3975: 3345: 1947: 1883:. These three cultures "can be considered a reassertion of the ancient, indigenous culture of the Hattian cities of Anatolia". 1320: 1182: 427: 22251: 17344: 15673: 14004: 11253: 3356:

lifted a rule that required each ballot to have an official stamp. The opposition parties claimed that as many as 2.5 million

2344:

was only coined following the empire's demise; its citizens referred to the polity as the "Roman Empire" and to themselves as

2115:

ruled large parts of Anatolia, while native Anatolian states emerged in the Marmara and Black Sea areas. In eastern Anatolia,

23785: 23764: 23713: 23692: 23658: 23631: 23610: 23560: 23539: 23491: 23470: 23420: 23401: 23353: 23326: 23299: 23272: 23245: 23203: 23166: 23117: 23096: 23075: 23054: 23008: 22981: 22933: 22912: 22802: 22748: 22713: 22694: 22673: 22652: 22602: 22575: 22548: 22521: 22500: 21401: 21376: 21366: 21345: 21311: 20688: 20148: 20068: 19903: 19741: 19662: 19635: 19606: 19579: 19481: 19419: 19086: 17494: 17401: 16178: 16139: 16100: 16061: 15940: 15872: 15650: 15613: 15534: 15400: 15233: 14255: 14192: 14073: 13758: 13717: 13594: 12928: 12824: 12786: 12747: 12693: 12683: 12602: 12539: 12480: 12393: 12357: 12096: 11964: 11930: 11611: 11528:"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples" 11313: 11060: 10295:"Marka Olarak 'Türkiye' İbaresinin Kullanımı (Presidential Circular No. 2021/24 on the Use of the Term "Türkiye" as a Brand)" 10278: 10035: 9845: 9535: 8098: 7936: 6239: 5995: 5857: 5818:

account for the majority of GDP, whereas industry accounts for more than 30%. Agriculture contributes about 7%. According to

4964: 4810: 4088: 2903: 16106: 16028: 15267: 15081: 14861: 13044: 12753: 12363: 10406: 10041: 8951: 5288:

earthquakes, North Anatolian Fault zone activity "is considered to be one of the most dangerous natural hazards in Turkey".

2709:

of the diverse people of Anatolia. In 13th century, there was a second significant wave of Turkic migration, as people fled

24092: 23947: 18200: 16713: 15459: 14037: 13498: 13472: 9220: 7265: 6111: 5040:

was inaugurated in 2003, Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country to hold a gay pride march. Since 2015, parades at

2662:

traditions played in art, culture, and political traditions in the empire, the Seljuk period is described as a mixture of "

2336:

in 1453. During most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the

1107: 20434: 14438: 13622: 13264: 13130: 11604:

Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries

2518: 28956: 27376: 26439: 25679: 24539: 24254: 24080: 21436: 19978:"For Centenary of the Lausanne Treaty: Re-Interpretation and Re-Implementation of Linguistic Minority Rights of Lausanne" 19385: 17514: 16168: 15362: 14897: 7319:

Programme. Turkey has become a hub for foreign students in recent years, with 795,962 foreign students in 2016. In 2021

7173: 6176: 4928: 4558:

in 2010 but were normalized following a deal in June 2016. These political rifts have left Turkey with few allies in the

4249: 4241: 4119: 1273: 1027: 23669: 15994: 10030:. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. 8465: 8438: 5016:

was organized in 2003 for the first time. Since 2015, parades in Istanbul have been denied permission by the government.

2510: 2123:

invaded central Anatolia and continued as a major ethnic group in the area for around 200 years. They were known as the

28468: 26171: 25030: 24570: 24560: 23224: 22631: 21199:"Spatial distribution of health risks associated with PM2.5 in Turkey and Iran using satellite and ground observations" 20546: 18384:"International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter" 16429: 14712: 10210: 8081:. Beginning in the 18th century, Ottoman architecture was influenced by European elements, resulting in development of 7497: 7434: 6747: 6309: 6168: 6056: 5799: 4708: 4674: 4423: 4265: 4213: 3979: 3369: 3337: 2081: 1225: 1174: 736: 526: 17: 18691: 17362: 16486: 15769: 9014: 5423:, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as 4422:

The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the

28656: 28053: 27802: 27016: 26371: 24575: 24522: 24460: 24148: 24131: 23580: 23449: 23380: 22954: 22885: 22856: 22829: 22775: 22479: 20539: 19047: 17575: 14343: 14320: 12647: 12626: 10943: 9607: 9341:, p. 1576: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region" 8921: 6672: 5289: 4872: 4690: 4345: 4115:

of both local and general elections are high compared to many other countries, which usually stands higher than 80%.

3999: 3904: 3353: 3198: 3117: 3049: 2831: 1772:, with Hittite being the "oldest attested Indo-European language". The origin of Indo-European languages is unknown. 1582: 463: 18705: 16129: 15173: 12406: 9869: 9756:

Turkey has 3 out of the 36 biodiversity hotspots on Earth: the Mediterranean, Caucasus, and Irano-Anatolian hotspots

8388: 7477:

were used to define the art of miniature painting in Ottoman Turkish. The studios the artists worked in were called

5608:

median is two out of ten. Inclusive and swift growth is needed for decreasing vulnerability. Turkey aims to achieve

4697:

for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location. Turkey does not recognize

26429: 25008: 24693: 24492: 24416: 24204: 19936:"Turkish Jews between 1923 and 1933 – What Did the Turkish Policy between 1923 and 1933 Mean for the Turkish Jews?" 18364: 18279: 18089: 14562: 12887: 12801:

programme aimed at the creation of a modern, secular state and the construction of a new identity for its citizens.

10270: 10230:"Treaty Between Great Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey. (Berlin). July 13, 1878" 7466: 7288: 6208: 5420: 5067: 4972: 4318:

of 1911. Although it underwent a number of changes in 2002, it retains much of the basis of the original Code. The

4092: 4023: 3306: 3302: 2843: 2325: 2010:, after the specific Greek groups that settled them. Further Greek colonization in Anatolia was led by Miletus and 20850: 20368: 18931: 18806: 16293: 15800: 10459: 5584:, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate 3274: 2815:

in 1839, aimed to modernize the Ottoman state in line with the progress that had been made in Western Europe. The

162: 26711: 26504: 26326: 26236: 25183: 24688: 24136: 13928: 10206:

The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes

9658: 8892: 8442: 8422: 8169:

Turkey has a diverse and rich cuisine, varying geographically. Turkish cuisine has been influenced by Anatolian,

7349: 7276:, YÖK). Since 2016, the president of Turkey directly appoints all rectors of all state and private universities. 6172: 4931:

by Turkey, the United States, and the European Union) was founded in 1978 by a group of Kurdish militants led by

4814: 4727: 3033: 3001: 2867: 2717:

in 1243 and disappeared by the beginning of the 14th century. It was replaced by various Turkish principalities.

2423: 19187: 17597:

Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (2018).

6386:. In a 2018 health survey, the ideal children number was 2.8 children per woman, rising to 3 per married woman. 5604:. This applies to nine out of ten climate vulnerability dimensions, such as "average annual risk to wellbeing". 4743: 4544: 2973:

has called the Balkan Wars an "unrecognized genocide", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators.

2484: 29239: 29229: 27782: 26926: 26376: 25582: 24830: 24527: 24482: 24396: 24374: 24287: 23730: 21797:, filo: "Although known to Europeans and N. Americans by a Greek name, the dough is clearly of Turkish origin." 19526: 15355:"Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV flies in formation with the Turkish Stars aerobatics team of the Turkish Air Force" 14809: 14216: 10331: 8955: 8062: 7911: 7716: 7708: 7253: 7169: 6438: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5619: 5327: 5321: 5128: 4893: 4485:

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural,

4186: 4084: 4042: 4015: 3436: 2116: 1229: 1150: 684: 442: 22000: 21685: 20934: 17462:. Ministry of Forest and Water – General Directorare of Nature Conservation and National Parks. Archived from 14831: 14682: 6374:, the country's population was 85,372,377 in 2023, excluding Syrians under temporary protection. 93% lived in 4920: 4434:, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. In 1948 both countries were included in the 3298: 3294: 3140:. The Turkish Republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital. The 2977: 2938: 1206: 1202: 1126: 145: 29279: 26974: 26855: 26771: 26381: 24919: 24636: 24357: 19344: 18256: 16907: 16592:"17th İstanbul LGBTI+ Pride Parade: Police Attack with Shields, Pepper Gas After Pride Parade Statement Read" 14532: 13554: 9683: 9125: 8856: 8357: 8330: 8036: 7501: 7296: 7237: 6700: 6313: 5906: 5869: 5842: 5822:

estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $ 42,064 in 2023, while its nominal GDP per capita is $ 12,849.

5257: 4912:. Turkey's human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to the country's membership of the EU. 4524: 4502: 3931: 2804: 2522: 1296: 1249: 879: 14301: 2258: 29299: 26084: 25586: 25131: 25003: 24698: 24329: 24309: 23195:

The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

22355: 17859: 16687: 14775: 14592: 8581: 8450: 8446: 8430: 8365: 8090: 8082: 7565:

to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic, regional, or even nomadic versus village tradition.

7185: 6328: 6289: 6036: 5733: 5710: 5601: 5247: 5222:

tectonic plates merge. The eastern Anatolian plateau and Armenian plateau definitions largely overlap. The

5156: 5152: 4968: 4702: 4642: 4586: 4403: 4357: 4178: 4077: 3858: 3326: 3190: 3066: 2993: 2816: 2670:

and Anatolia. At the time, Anatolia was a diverse and largely Greek-speaking region after previously being

1324: 1265: 1071: 18956: 16851: 16460: 16411: 12775:

Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi; Devin J. Stewart; Muhammad Qasim Zaman; Mahan Mirza (2012).

12086: 9895: 8186: 7649: 7184:

Armenians, Assyrians, Bulgarian Orthodox, Catholics, Chaldeans, Greeks, Jews, and Protestants. Turkey has

6040: 4519: 2768:. Ottomans started annexing the nearby Turkish beyliks (principalities) in Anatolia and expanded into the 28634: 26262:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

24958: 24585: 24565: 24487: 24411: 24156: 23962: 23127: 22895:

Filho, Walter Leal; Dinis, Maria Alzira Pimenta; Moggi, Sara; Price, Elizabeth; Hope, Alex, eds. (2023).

22869:

The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2, The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

18816: 17827: 16917: 15583: 13406: 13286: 12023: 10524: 9693: 9216: 9168: 9024: 8501: 8345: 7357: 7323:, a government-funded program, received 165,000 applications from prospective students in 178 countries. 6235: 6183:

is the largest subway network in the country with around 704 million annual ridership in 2019. There are

6044: 5819: 4924: 4551: 4399: 4369: 4353: 4063: 4019: 3952: 3098: 1567: 1170: 860: 855: 500: 23500: 20772: 20723:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici SÖZCÜ'ye açıkladı: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 19624:

Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey (Studies in Modernity and National Identity)

16639: 12723:

Political Islam and the Secular State in Turkey: Democracy, Reform and the Justice and Development Party

9808: 203: 42: 29284: 26762: 26319: 25176: 24681: 24656: 24534: 24384: 24221: 24209: 24075: 23734: 22179:"Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage in Households and by Individuals, 2022" 20409:"İçişleri Bakanı Yerlikaya, Türk vatandaşı olan Suriyelilerin sayısının 238 bine yaklaştığını açıkladı" 20118: 18025: 16808:"Of 23 Countries Surveyed, Majority (65%) in 20 Countries Support Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Unions" 11889: 11412: 11354: 11143: 11100: 10204: 8116:. Modernist and monumental buildings were preferred for public buildings, whereas "Turkish house" type 8058: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7557: 7525: 7046: 6184: 6048: 6032: 6016: 5981: 5428: 4747: 4253: 2839: 2751: 2089: 2023: 1194: 1083: 841: 25635:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

19571:

Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices

19336: 18312: 18045: 17885: 15907: 8469: 7614: 6441:'s estimation was 76% in 2006, with 78% of adult citizens self-identifying their ethnic background as 6292:, and to improve capabilities in space exploration, astronomy, and satellite communication. Under the 3748: 3404:). Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government, except for the mayors ( 29274: 24859: 24497: 24477: 24124: 22205: 21198: 19521: 18225: 17441: 13903: 10146: 7803: 7680: 7587: 6620: 6383: 6164: 6063:

in the energy system. As of 2017, while the government had invested in low carbon energy transition,

5957: 5823: 5714: 5436: 4822: 4602: 4341: 4315: 4307: 4277: 4245: 4154: 4067: 4011: 3887: 3341: 3086: 3062: 2858:, mostly settling in the provinces of present-day Turkey. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a 2575: 2273:

writes of "the church of Ephesus, founded by Paul, with John continuing with them until the times of

1959: 1499:

has been used in the texts of numerous international treaties to define the Ottoman Empire. With the

19471: 18982: 18577: 17989: 17463: 15424: 7687:, the first female Turkish novelist, wrote fiction. After the proclamation of the republic in 1923, 7233: 5440: 3678: 2800: 28601: 27853: 27747: 25057: 24723: 24421: 24350: 24119: 15055: 13867:"Turkey's institutions are failing to comply with good governance principles and combat corruption" 12562: 10057: 9599: 8714: 7674: 6732: 6717: 6259: 6251: 5991: 5968:

to become the fourth most visited city in the world, with more than 16.5 million foreign visitors.

5561: 5487: 5373: 5273: 4295: 3054: 3005: 2820: 2792: 2065: 1403: 1316: 1300: 1099: 412: 22540: 22229: 22120: 21953: 20075:

Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group (about 20%), and Armenians, Greeks, Sephardic Jews,...

18984: 18138: 15117: 14147:. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften. 13166: 12472:

The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, And the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians

8855:

The Turkish government considers that, for the purpose of the Treaty of Lausanne, the language of

7922: 6126: 5285: 5281: 3618: 3163: 3090: 3058: 2502: 1190: 28949: 25544: 25119: 24406: 24379: 24324: 24319: 24171: 23901: 23684:

From the Khan's Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin Deweese

23555: 22031:"2023 CEV Women's Champions League Super Final: VakifBank Istanbul – Ezcacibasi Dynavit Istanbul" 16938: 14139: 13547: 11527: 10970: 10151: 9048: 8925: 8189:, from the 11th century, documents "the ancient lineage of much of present-day Turkish cuisine". 8117: 8078: 7903: 7758: 7696: 7692: 7482: 7378: 7188:

among the Muslim-majority countries. Currently, there are 439 churches and synagogues in Turkey.

6505: 6320: 6285: 6275: 5807: 5691: 5490:

is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and southeastern regions of Turkey. The

5301: 5223: 5148: 5140: 4719: 4562:, where large natural gas fields have recently been discovered. There is a dispute over Turkey's 4430:

in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the

3738: 3613: 3573: 3232: 3178: 2714: 2663: 2407: 2239: 2111:

of the Anatolian interior, which met resistance in some places. Following Alexander's death, the

1769: 1625: 1482: 1391: 1312: 788: 661: 349: 35: 24166: 21842: 20621:"The politics of population in a nation-building process: Emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey" 20497:"Late Antique and Medieval Churches and Monasteries of Midyat and Surrounding Area (Tur 'Abdin)" 19314: 18861: 18745: 11401:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 11343:"Populations dynamics in Northern Eurasian forests: a long-term perspective from Northeast Asia" 10294: 9190: 8182: 8065:

emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The most important architect of the classical period is

7688: 7320: 6074: 5455:

extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to Eurasian wildlife such as the

5292:

were the deadliest in contemporary Turkish history. Turkey is sometimes unfavorably compared to

4323: 4209: 3174: 2308:

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the

1525: 1186: 403: 27742: 26449: 25757: 24914: 24854: 24842: 24735: 24592: 24085: 24008: 23955: 21489: 19758: 17145: 16811: 14113: 9838:

Turkish Drama Serials: The Importance and Influence of a Globally Popular Television Phenomenon

8404: 8400: 8396: 8008: 8000: 7876: 7602: 7345: 7135: 7069: 6348: 6160: 5944:

in the number of international tourist arrivals with 50.5 million foreign tourists. Turkey has

5472: 5464: 5452: 5234:, the largest lake in the country. Eastern Turkey is home to the sources of rivers such as the 5164: 4948: 4866: 4818: 4698: 4694: 4582: 4150: 4135: 4027: 4003: 3971: 3881: 3608: 3248: 3240: 3186: 3137: 3074: 3013: 2777: 2329: 2154: 2096: 1722: 1578: 1508: 1500: 1332: 1154: 1091: 1015: 711: 655: 615: 569: 24909: 23650: 23158: 21927: 20244: 20058: 19596: 19569: 19020: 18902: 18842: 18442:"30 Years of World Bank Group Partnership with Turkey: Achieving Development Results Together" 15930: 15640: 14182: 14063: 13584: 13441: 12920: 12914: 12814: 12470: 12290: 12055: 11954: 11920: 11303: 10804: 10184: 9074: 8674: 7946: 7734: 7606: 7521: 7360:

has run a universal public healthcare system since 2003. Known as Universal Health Insurance (

6790: 6469: 6274:. In 2023, Turkey ranked 39th in the world and 4th among its upper-middle income group in the 6247: 4939:

ideology. The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.

4605:

as the latter has criticised the strikes for violating its sovereignty and killing civilians.

3808: 3458: 100: 28649: 26721: 26240: 26103: 26074: 25576: 25062: 24847: 24837: 24804: 24544: 24367: 21627:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire | 2. Turkey; Balyan 21394:

Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien = Carpets of the Peasants and Nomads in Anatolia

20390: 20168: 19652: 17273: 16051: 15526: 13811: 12776: 12324: 10159: 8729:

countries in 2016. Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series.

8513: 8178: 8170: 8024: 7766: 7529: 7517: 7332: 7157: 7127: 7036: 6570: 6064: 5783: 5581: 5265: 5199: 5004: 4905: 4896:

made more than 2,400 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations on issues such as

3987: 3408:) who are elected by the constituents. Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies ( 3224: 3214: 3082: 3029: 2532: 2219: 2193: 1304: 1213: 555: 384: 27345: 23977: 23483:

Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor Volume I: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule

22899:. Implementing the UN Sustainable Development Goals – Regional Perspectives. Springer Cham. 22093: 21368:

Ottoman Painting: Reflections of Western Art from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic

21077:

Atun, Rifat (2015). "Transforming Turkey's Health System — Lessons for Universal Coverage".

17800: 17170: 8074: 7292: 6408: 5413: 3528: 3478: 3473: 29234: 28606: 28447: 27864: 27817: 27694: 25444: 24998: 24993: 24978: 24924: 24869: 24753: 24612: 24597: 24445: 24362: 24176: 23821: 23000: 22973: 22848: 22794: 22767: 22594: 21210: 20266: 20027: 19209:

Rossiter, Ash; Cannon, Brendon J. (2022). "Turkey's rise as a drone power: Trial by fire".

19133: 18625: 17727: 17715: 17700: 17610: 17105: 15861: 15047: 13196: 11473: 10664: 10653:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers" 10606: 10078: 9789: 8839: 8341: 8054: 7882: 7447: 7442: 7312: 7241: 7196: 6550: 6530: 6493: 6421: 6403: 6379: 6305: 6083: 6008: 5468: 5456: 5353: 5269: 5203: 5176: 4980: 4909: 4666: 4654: 4624: 4614: 4578: 4123: 3873: 3828: 3803: 3194: 3121: 3078: 2889: 2862:, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the 2827: 2635: 2605: 2431: 2246: 1927: 1813: 1773: 1702: 1292: 1023: 972: 968: 280: 28022: 26985: 22178: 21893: 20935:"Erasmus+ EU programme for education, training, youth and sport | Eligible countries" 17388:, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Springer International Publishing, pp. 603–632, 16170:

Violence and Restraint in Civil War: Civilian Targeting in the Shadow of International Law

15683:. European Union Institute for Security Studies. February 2007. p. 88. Archived from 11992: 10262: 8094: 6243: 5408:

is mostly found in Turkey and other east Mediterranean countries. Several wild species of

5194:

Tectonic map of Turkey. Straight lines and lines with triangles denote different types of

5009: 3743: 3653: 3468: 2899: 8: 27392: 26519: 26196: 26029: 25827: 25521: 24874: 24825: 24758: 24708: 24607: 24517: 24465: 24278: 24259: 24045: 22202: 20197: 19146: 19121: 18884:"Iraq, Turkey, Qatar, UAE sign preliminary deal to cooperate on Development Road project" 18066:"'In world ranking, we are 6th based on the number of pieces, and 13th based on tonnage'" 13935: 8721:'s television market over the past decade, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen 8509: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8113: 7641: 7491: 7452: 7404: 7304: 7217: 7208: 7153: 7123: 6757: 6574: 6562: 6554: 6538: 6477: 6430: 6395: 5985: 5594: 5531: 5396: 5357: 5332: 5261: 5096: 5061: 4854: 4686: 4682: 4662: 4620: 4454: 4415: 4162: 4161:

became the most popular political parties in Turkey, winning numerous elections. Turkish

4131: 4127: 4059: 4007: 3963: 3935: 3910: 3793: 3428: 3416: 3349: 3282: 3268: 3170: 3151: 3025: 3009: 2851: 2678: 2599: 2403: 2392: 2337: 2301: 2211: 2201: 1844: 1786:

rulers. The Hittite kingdom was a large kingdom in Central Anatolia, with its capital of

1765: 1559: 1308: 1284: 1237: 1047: 584: 397: 315: 26175: 21214: 21175: 20980: 19805: 19473:

The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives

19137: 18648: 18629: 18613: 18360:"Turkey's Travel & Tourism Sector to Grow at Twice the Rate of the National Economy" 17676: 17614: 17109: 15969:"U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Counterterrorism: Foreign Terrorist Organizations" 15968: 14170:– via edoc.hu-berlin.de Open access publication server of the Humboldt University. 12774: 11431: 11400: 11373: 11342: 10668: 10610: 10428: 7779: 7113: 3955:

is the final court for reviewing verdicts given by courts of criminal and civil justice.

3853: 3623: 3533: 3310: 3102: 3037: 2826:

As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the

78: 29264: 28942: 27619: 26095: 25671: 25500: 25045: 24988: 24968: 24881: 24770: 24713: 24509: 24431: 24097: 24018: 24013: 22384: 21708: 21585:, Architecture | VI. c. 1250–c. 1500 | B. Anatolia | 2. Ottomans to 1453 21234: 21004: 20640: 20005: 19867: 19855: 19786: 19733: 19452: 18811: 17863: 17631: 17598: 17407: 17214: 16912: 16739: 15831:"European Court of Human Rights: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959–2011" 15203: 13388: 13339: 13230: 12952: 12869: 12268: 12028: 11501: 10791:

Heggarty, Paul (2021). "Cognacy Databases and Phylogenetic Research on Indo-European".

10693: 10652: 10627: 10594: 10516: 9726:"The Effectiveness of Protected Areas in Biodiversity Conservation: The Case of Turkey" 9688: 9576: 9019: 8321: 8258:, originally from Turkey, is marinated lamb slices cooked vertically. Seafood includes 7928: 7762: 7748: 7637: 7574: 7418: 7337: 7094: 6640: 6566: 6534: 6453: 6434: 6336: 6068: 5679:

thanks to the high amounts of precipitation on the northern side of the mountain range.

5609: 5535: 5313: 5108: 4955: 4555: 4331: 4221: 4190: 4142: 4108: 3877: 3788: 3728: 3633: 3513: 3389: 3132: 3094: 2863: 2698: 2655: 2622: 2427: 2262: 2254: 2140: 2136: 2124: 2073: 2069: 2031: 1922: 1892: 1737: 1661: 1426: 1178: 1039: 540: 378: 310: 20741:"Gezici Araştırma Merkezi Başkanı Murat Gezici: Türkiye'nin kaderi Z kuşağının elinde" 17094:"A practical probabilistic earthquake hazard analysis tool: Case study Marmara region" 16951:: "Anatolia, the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey" 16897:, p. 125: "Anatolia, , Asiatic part of Turkey; its area covers 97% of all Turkey" 14652: 14502: 13648: 12558: 9596:

The Thirty-Year Genocide - Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

7976: 6461: 6163:

operates both conventional and high speed trains, with the government expanding both.

5348:

Turkey's position at the crossroads of the land, sea and air routes between the three

5045: 4932: 4233: 4225: 3838: 3628: 3388:

structure in terms of public administration, and the provinces are subordinate to the

3227:

became the country's second president following Atatürk's death in 1938. In 1939, the

2758:

in the early 14th century. According to Ottoman chroniclers, Osman descended from the

1706: 1455:). Turkestan, also meaning the "land of the Turks", was used for a historic region in 433: 29013: 26716: 26494: 26396: 26342: 26294: 25802: 25654: 25279: 25168: 25143: 25090: 25052: 25015: 24901: 24886: 24703: 24641: 24628: 24602: 24470: 24401: 24345: 24264: 24057: 24032: 23993: 23781: 23760: 23709: 23688: 23654: 23627: 23606: 23535: 23487: 23466: 23445: 23426: 23416: 23397: 23376: 23349: 23322: 23295: 23268: 23241: 23220: 23199: 23162: 23113: 23092: 23071: 23050: 23004: 22977: 22950: 22929: 22908: 22881: 22852: 22825: 22798: 22771: 22744: 22719: 22709: 22690: 22669: 22648: 22627: 22598: 22571: 22544: 22517: 22496: 22475: 21397: 21372: 21341: 21307: 21238: 21226: 21132: 21094: 20909: 20684: 20644: 20144: 20064: 20039: 20009: 19997: 19946: 19899: 19859: 19817: 19790: 19778: 19737: 19658: 19631: 19602: 19575: 19477: 19456: 19415: 19082: 18653: 18489:"The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe)" 18175: 17636: 17490: 17411: 17397: 16412:"Turkey sacks more than 18,000 personnel ahead of expected lifting of emergency rule" 16174: 16135: 16096: 16057: 15936: 15868: 15646: 15530: 15519: 15406: 15396: 14251: 14188: 14069: 13754: 13713: 13590: 13392: 13380: 13343: 13331: 12924: 12873: 12820: 12782: 12743: 12689: 12643: 12622: 12598: 12535: 12476: 12389: 12353: 12092: 11960: 11926: 11607: 11553: 11505: 11493: 11436: 11378: 11309: 11056: 10698: 10680: 10632: 10274: 10229: 10031: 9841: 9747: 9603: 9568: 9531: 8754: 8690: 8686: 8678: 8657: 8649: 8604: 8586: 8384: 8020: 7684: 7645: 7578: 7462: 7458: 7390: 6703:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024. 6636: 6628: 6604: 6150: 6099: 6000: 5953: 5929: 5769: 5763: 5555: 5539: 5476: 5251: 5160: 5120: 4767: 4670: 4646: 4628: 4395: 4327: 4282: 4261: 3718: 3673: 3493: 3375: 3252: 3017: 2997: 2930: 2834:; many Balkan Muslims migrated to the empire's heartland in Anatolia, along with the 2686: 2651: 2627: 2610: 2451: 2406:

of the early Church were held in cities located in present-day Turkey, including the

2231: 2085: 2061: 2042: 2037: 2015: 1918: 1682: 1563: 1553: 1418: 1288: 1269: 1221: 1166: 1158: 1075: 1035: 944: 920: 825: 471: 300: 295: 23508:(Report). OECD Education Policy Perspectives. Vol. 68. Paris: OECD Publishing. 23017: 22380:"Here's why Turkish soaps are a cultural force to reckon with! – The Economic Times" 21615:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire | 2. Turkey 20303: 19365: 14408: 9580: 8698: 8461: 8414: 8070: 7284: 4951:

from prosecution, including 44 deputies most of which from the pro-Kurdish parties.

4801:

Turkey has participated in international missions under the United Nations and NATO

3658: 3643: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3508: 3333:

in 2005. Customs Union had an important impact on the Turkish manufacturing sector.

2895: 2854:

in the territory of present-day Russia, the survivors of which sought refuge in the

1518: 28642: 28621: 28616: 28611: 26232: 25539: 24973: 24941: 24763: 24718: 24661: 24314: 24237: 24052: 23830: 23803: 23646: 23509: 23368: 23341: 23314: 23287: 23260: 23154: 23042: 22996: 22969: 22900: 22873: 22844: 22817: 22790: 22763: 22736: 22619: 22590: 22563: 22536: 22259: 22198: 21218: 21124: 21086: 20632: 20408: 19989: 19963:

Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court, 18 June 2013 (E. 2012/1746, K. 2013/952).

19851: 19770: 19444: 19218: 19141: 19074: 18961: 18906: 18643: 18633: 18287: 18118: 18110: 17626: 17618: 17389: 17336: 17113: 17070: 16487:"Turkey's crackdown propels number of journalists in jail worldwide to record high" 16092:

The PKK-Kurdistan Workers' Party's Regional Politics: During and After the Cold War

15684: 14148: 13996: 13929:"Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM" 13370: 13321: 13313: 12861: 12512: 11543: 11539: 11485: 11426: 11416: 11368: 11358: 11245: 10800: 10688: 10672: 10622: 10614: 10508: 10396: 10222: 9907: 9737: 9560: 8944: 8868: 8809: 8797: 8785: 8773: 8622: 8573: 8569: 8561: 8537: 8531: 8206: 8106: 8016: 7984: 7860: 7400: 7269: 7104: 7054: 7007: 6612: 6608: 6597: 6542: 6513: 6497: 6473: 6188: 6122: 6091: 6079: 6028: 5977: 5902: 5846: 5676: 5664: 5645: 5495: 5380: 5277: 5211: 5172: 5168: 5144: 4959: 4944: 4775: 4763: 4536: 4490: 4311: 3991: 3983: 3798: 3778: 3768: 3763: 3753: 3723: 3713: 3683: 3603: 3598: 3583: 3578: 3558: 3523: 3503: 3498: 3218: 2922: 2740: 2682: 2667: 2666:". In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into 2659: 2643: 2567: 2555: 2536: 2457: 2447: 2297: 2266: 2250: 2227: 2197: 2158: 2077: 1757: 1741: 1710: 1698: 1478: 1434: 1398: 1351: 1217: 1067: 1055: 1011: 912: 763: 305: 238: 65: 21128: 20330:"Number of Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey nears 140,000; humanitarian needs mount" 19222: 18638: 18313:"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) – Turkey | Data" 16903:: "About 97% of the country is in Asia Minor (Anatolia) and 3% in Europe (Thrace)" 13375: 13358: 10140: 8218: 7864: 7840: 7438: 7220:

was restructured in 1933, after being established as a theological school in 1453.

6154: 5180: 5103:. Another definition of Anatolia's eastern boundary is an imprecise line from the 4493:

heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into

4165:

parties are more likely to embrace the principles of political ideologies such as

3568: 3314: 1954:

Before 1200 BC, there were four Greek-speaking settlements in Anatolia, including

418: 29224: 29176: 28856: 28087: 28082: 28077: 28072: 28067: 27752: 27331: 27156: 27151: 26891: 26574: 26287: 26200: 26008: 25887: 25714: 25495: 25211: 25107: 25040: 25020: 24951: 24946: 24891: 24864: 24775: 24748: 24426: 24391: 23775: 23754: 23703: 23682: 23621: 23600: 23529: 23481: 23460: 23439: 23391: 23235: 23214: 23193: 23107: 23086: 23065: 22944: 22923: 22867: 22684: 22663: 22642: 22511: 22490: 22469: 21503: 21335: 21301: 21115:

Oguz, Ahmet Bunyan (2020). "Turkish Health Policies: Past, Present, and Future".

20678: 20540:"Turkey: Islam and Laicism Between the Interests of State, Politics, and Society" 20496: 20136: 19071:

2015 7th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST)

17599:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution" 17393: 16330: 16090: 16020: 15383: 15088: 14987:"Turkey's Domestic 5th Generation TF-X Fighter Jet Is On The Final Assembly Line" 14925: 13786: 13036: 12737: 12347: 11050: 10401: 10336: 10200: 10025: 9742: 9725: 8959: 8860: 8726: 8694: 8565: 8525: 8315: 8303: 8174: 8154: 8141: 8135: 7832: 7824: 7752: 7626: 7509: 7374: 7058: 6652: 6648: 6624: 6558: 6526: 6481: 6465: 6457: 6448: 6413: 5917: 5787: 5585: 5369: 5361: 5317: 5195: 5084: 5076: 5049: 4936: 4901: 4802: 4795: 4751: 4598: 4427: 4046: 3990:

and districts, in which the executive and legislative officials are elected by a

3833: 3818: 3813: 3773: 3703: 3698: 3648: 3593: 3563: 3538: 3488: 3463: 3453: 3000:. As a result, an estimated 600,000 to more than 1 million, or up to 1.5 million 2992:

and was ultimately defeated. During the war, the empire's Armenian subjects were

2954: 2587: 2551: 2223: 2112: 2100: 2057: 2007: 1791: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1600: 1328: 1142: 976: 343: 245: 23880: 20594: 20459:

Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023).

17315:"Profesör Mustafa Erdik: Türkiye'de imar barışı olmasaydı da çok şey değişmezdi" 15466: 15358: 14272:"Syria ratchets up tension with Turkey – warning it of dangers of rebel support" 13494: 13468: 9911: 8863:, even though the mother tongue of Turkish Jews was not Hebrew but historically 8493: 8375:

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. The

7836: 7487: 6485: 5566: 5184: 5083:

Turkey covers an area of 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles). With

3945: 3843: 3322: 3278: 2760: 1690: 1621: 1019: 448: 28842: 28799: 28486: 27822: 27111: 27106: 27101: 27096: 26706: 26644: 26469: 26401: 26265: 25962: 25777: 24963: 24743: 24666: 24299: 24067: 24028: 23794: 22049: 19277: 19007: 18709: 17118: 17093: 16516: 16384: 16352: 16334: 15207: 14382: 13969: 13260: 13141: 11885: 11096: 9896:"Mise en place for gastronomy geography through food: Flavor regions in Turkey" 9823: 8864: 8497: 8489: 8369: 8334: 8326: 8162: 8150: 7783: 7700: 7661: 7595: 7553: 7410: 7396: 7213: 7161: 7149: 7077: 6959: 6644: 6616: 6546: 6489: 6399: 6354: 6293: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6180: 6142: 6125:. Multiple bridges and tunnels connect Asian and European sides of Turkey; the 6060: 5737: 5577:

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas have a

5511: 5384: 5337: 5219: 5163:

becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. Mountain ranges include

5132: 5112: 5088: 5037: 5013: 4877: 4842: 4563: 4513: 4486: 4411: 4383: 4335: 4096: 4072: 3823: 3733: 3693: 3688: 3668: 3663: 3638: 3588: 3483: 3396:. In province centers the government is represented by the province governors ( 3379: 3256: 3021: 2989: 2966: 2855: 2736: 2726: 2617: 2547: 2357: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2289: 2235: 2215: 2146: 1840: 1537: 1488: 1462: 1437:, with its ruling elite of Turkic origin, was called the "State of the Turks" ( 1408: 1253: 1162: 1079: 960: 847: 484: 337: 290: 85: 23318: 22904: 22877: 22072:"Historical Kırkpınar oil wrestling festival kicks off in northwestern Turkey" 21303:

Figurative art in medieval Islam and the riddle of Bihzâd of Herât (1465–1535)

21222: 20803: 20636: 19993: 19806:"An Evaluation on Istanbul's Bulgarians as the "Invisible Minority" of Turkey" 19774: 19448: 19078: 18862:"Turkey as a Eurasian Transport Hub: Prospects for Inter-Regional Partnership" 18614:"Turkey's quest to become a regional energy hub: Challenges and opportunities" 15354: 15328: 14891: 13837:"European Parliament resolution of 14 April 2016 on the 2015 report on Turkey" 12865: 12234:"Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again" 11548: 10618: 9564: 8387:

is the most successful Turkish basketball club in international competitions.

8085:. European influence continued in the 19th century; examples include works of 7704: 6055:, fossil fuels still play a large role, accounting for 73%. A major reason of 3318: 2830:

in 1875 which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the

1507:

entered international documents for the first time. In the treaty signed with

1346:, meaning "the land of the Turks", had begun to be used in European texts for 29218: 28814: 27807: 27502: 26685: 26534: 26299: 26047: 26013: 25847: 25647: 25505: 25155: 25095: 25035: 24936: 24676: 24671: 24304: 24249: 24040: 23884: 23430: 22723: 22211: 21867: 21230: 20773:

OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023

20043: 20001: 19950: 19863: 19821: 19782: 15906:. European Parliament Human Rights committee. 26 October 2010. Archived from 15410: 14469:"Egyptian foreign minister to go to Turkey, Syria for first time in a decade" 14026: 13384: 13335: 13317: 13101:"Here's why Turkish opposition parties are contesting the referendum results" 12273: 11557: 11497: 11489: 10684: 9809:

OECD Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye 2023

9751: 9572: 8746: 8722: 8704: 8631: 8476: 8146: 8122: 8086: 7856: 7828: 7799: 7660:, was one of the most important writers of Anatolian Turkish poetry. Ottoman 7652:, from the 11th century, contains Turkish linguistic information and poetry. 7539: 7533: 7513: 7145: 6586: 6522: 6509: 6300:

was built. Turkey's first communication satellite manufactured domestically,

6266:

in terms of article output in scientific and technical journals, and 35th in

6095: 5965: 5637: 5515: 5507: 5491: 5215: 5136: 5041: 4445: 4435: 4319: 4217: 4112: 4031: 3783: 3758: 3708: 3518: 3385: 2958: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2671: 2639: 2563: 2465: 2443: 2396: 2108: 1975: 1756:

was a language indigenous to Anatolia, with no known modern-day connections.

1725:

around 9,000 years ago, eventually coming to dominate most of the continent.

1718: 1233: 1063: 1059: 1043: 872: 270: 218: 205: 177: 164: 31: 23284:

The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-state Ethnic Conflict

16933: 16207:"Turkish lecturer to be put on trial for posing exam question on PKK leader" 12532:

The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

11138: 8666: 7953: 6826: 6800: 6301: 5928:

Between 2007 and 2021, the share of population below the PPP-$ 6.85 per day

5745: 5190: 4374: 4103:

are also held occasionally. Every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 has the

2747: 29126: 28749: 28481: 28408: 27679: 27639: 27629: 27452: 27293: 26904: 26052: 26018: 25967: 25560: 25439: 25404: 25067: 25025: 24651: 24102: 21820: 21136: 21098: 21051:"Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura Şehir Hastanesi'nde 2 bin 68 sismik izolatör var" 20517: 19759:"Minority Policies in Bulgaria and Turkey: The Struggle to Define a Nation" 18683: 18657: 18411: 17640: 17622: 16267:"İşte TBMM'nin 'dokunulmazlık' tablosu: 1980'den bu yana 44 vekillik düştü" 15904:"Human rights in Turkey: still a long way to go to meet accession criteria" 14747: 12516: 11440: 11382: 10935: 10702: 10636: 10460:"Photo story: tombs, turquoise seas and trekking along Turkey's Lycian Way" 8682: 8580:

is the government body overseeing the broadcast media. By circulation, the

8557: 8275: 8269: 8201:

are some of the earliest recorded examples of Turkish cuisine. Even though

8040: 8032: 8004: 7770: 7630: 7193: 7073: 6501: 6267: 5881: 5523: 5460: 5401: 5341: 5227: 5092: 5030: 5021: 4882: 4881:

Women demonstrating and asking for non-interference with their clothing in

4834: 4806: 4787: 4594: 4494: 4462: 4166: 3994:

of citizens by district. The government comprises three branches: first is

3924: 3848: 3236: 3182: 3016:

were also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the

2981: 2925:(1912–1913). Ottomans managed to recover some territory in Europe, such as 2706: 2475: 2419: 2309: 2285: 2189: 2150: 2050: 1805: 1729: 1456: 1146: 1103: 1051: 821: 325: 285: 29091: 28664: 23372: 23345: 23291: 23046: 22740: 22567: 20550: 18221:"2023's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: Triumphs and Turmoil Uncovered" 18139:"Beko owner warns of 'very tough' 2024 for Europe's home appliance market" 17801:"Economic Outlook No 109 - February 2022 - Long-term baseline projections" 17048: 15241: 13359:"Social coexistence and violence during Turkey's authoritarian transition" 8610: 8023:

period, a distinct architecture emerged, which incorporated Byzantine and

7957: 7892: 6946: 6359: 6278:. It was one of the countries with a notable increase in the past decade. 5774: 5210:

Geographers have used the eastern Anatolian plateau, Iranian plateau, and

3448: 3155: 2280: 1670:

is a 760 kilometers (470 mi) long hiking path in Southwestern Turkey.

1640: 1610: 28596: 27812: 27527: 27417: 27181: 26629: 26569: 26130: 25947: 25882: 25659: 25389: 25329: 25324: 25219: 24931: 24242: 23702:

Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs; Robinson, Christopher T., eds. (2009).

23390:

Magnan-Park, Aaron Han Joon; Marchetti, Gina; Tan, See Kam, eds. (2018).

22492:

A History of Eastern Europe 1740-1918: Empires, Nations and Modernisation

21090: 18114: 17006: 16968: 16512:"Turkish Journalists Targeted by Prosecutions, Fines, Jail Terms: Report" 12891: 10074: 9861: 8718: 8710: 8670: 8255: 8066: 7899: 7844: 7808: 7724: 7712: 7618: 7591: 7561: 7165: 7018: 6308:

center, an electron accelerator called TARLA became operational in 2024.

6130: 6103: 5600:

Due to socioeconomic, climatic, and geographic factors, Turkey is highly

5527: 5519: 5480: 4723: 4712: 4678:

armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament.

4638: 4531: 4475: 4303: 4170: 4111:

for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1934. In Turkey,

3995: 3325:

became the first female prime minister of Turkey in 1993. Turkey entered

3228: 2985: 2970: 2962: 2847: 2835: 2765: 2591: 2571: 2543: 2461: 2324:. The eastern half of the Empire survived the conditions that caused the 2321: 2027: 2019: 1936: 908: 29121: 23807: 23513: 23309:

Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin, eds. (2019).

23264: 22814:

Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923: The Impact of the West

20705:"Türkiye'de Hristiyan ve Yahudilere ait 439 ibadethane ve 24 dernek var" 19871: 19839: 18910: 18291: 18081: 14623:"Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims" 12852:

Soner Çağaptay (2002). "Reconfiguring the Turkish nation in the 1930s".

12640:

The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a study in Greek-Turkish diplomacy

11421: 11363: 10676: 8829:

Even though they are not explicitly mentioned in the Treaty of Lausanne.

8592: 8417:

is one of the best women's volleyball team in the world, having won the

6970: 6437:, 70-75% of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks. Based on a survey, 5451:

which covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the

4919:

between far-left and far-right militant groups, which culminated in the

3116:, which had declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 2238:, while turning rest of Anatolian states into Roman satellites. Several 29156: 28764: 28719: 28704: 28689: 28523: 28291: 28230: 28217: 28178: 28165: 27689: 27659: 27587: 27577: 27547: 27537: 27492: 27442: 27432: 27307: 27265: 27237: 27223: 27195: 26845: 26819: 26806: 26793: 26599: 26564: 26544: 25917: 25877: 25857: 25837: 25742: 25449: 25424: 25339: 25319: 25269: 25239: 25229: 23834: 23413:

Greco-Roman Cities of Aegean Turkey: History, Archaeology, Architecture

21742: 21740: 21738: 21736: 21734: 21732: 21730: 21455: 20595:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Alevis" 20361:"Syrian Turkmens cross to Turkey, fleeing advances of pro-Assad forces" 18123: 15770:"Turkey trains Kurdish peshmerga forces in fight against Islamic State" 14957:"Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out" 14893:

Iraq accuses Turkey after air raids kill tourists | Al Jazeera Newsfeed

14743:"Turkey starts ground incursion into Kurdish-controlled Afrin in Syria" 14593:"Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere" 13326: 10520: 8893:"The Turkish Flag and The Turkish National Anthem (Independence March)" 8653: 8640: 8598: 8392: 8190: 7980: 7816: 7812: 7653: 6578: 6375: 6107: 5695: 5649: 5243: 5116: 4990: 4257: 4202: 4100: 3336:

In 2014, prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan won Turkey's first direct

3260: 2631: 2559: 2364:, modern historians continue to make a distinction between the earlier 2249:, early Christian Church had significant growth in Anatolia because of 1932: 1868: 1809: 1667: 1629: 1198: 959:

to the west. Turkey is home to over 85 million people; most are ethnic

948: 928: 22623: 22400:"Turkey world"s second highest TV series exporter after US – Business" 16562:"Russia, China and Turkey top yearly list of music freedom violations" 16324:

Turkish parliament moves to strip lawmakers' immunity from prosecution

14713:"How Russia and Turkey brokered peace in Syria – and sidelined the US" 13068:"Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt" 11273: 11271: 6592: 5889: 5668: 4268:. The next parliamentary election is scheduled to take place in 2028. 2594:. They mixed with Iranic-speaking groups in the area and converted to 2539:

were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became

1733: 991:

is its largest city and economic and financial center, as well as the

29186: 28965: 28901: 28871: 28421: 27512: 26539: 26259:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

26080: 25852: 25613: 25414: 25409: 25289: 23216:

Studies on Turkish Politics and Society: Selected Articles and Essays

19435:

Mutlu, Servet (1996). "Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study".

18578:"Turkey's TPAO begins gas production from Sakarya field in Black Sea" 17948: 17886:"Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$ ) – Turkey" 15392: 15177: 14476: 14247: 14103:"Turkey-EU-US Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity?" 13582: 10368: 10070: 8541: 8484: 8481: 8251: 8102: 8048: 8028: 7972: 7795: 7622: 7316: 6983: 6012: 6004: 5641: 5578: 5448: 5349: 5235: 5104: 5099:. Turkey's Asian side covers 97% of its surface, and is often called 4846: 4838: 4693:. Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to 4194: 3897: 2812: 2773: 2349: 1987: 1940: 1864: 1836: 1686: 1087: 916: 904: 26311: 22613: 21727: 19943:

Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Judaistische Forschung

19727: 17964:"Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV" 17945:"'A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant" 14801: 14217:"Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism" 12663:

Macfie, A. L. (1979). "The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)".

10966:"Anatolia – Greek colonies on the Anatolian coasts, c. 1180–547 bce" 10512: 8410: 8282:

dishes are vegetable stews. Turkey is one of the countries with the

6051:, will increase diversification of its energy mix. When it comes to 5024:. LGBT people have had the right to seek asylum in Turkey under the 2731: 2168: 1740:. The languages in Anatolia at that time included Hattian, Hurrian, 1291:

is temperate with harsher conditions in the interior. Home to three

29116: 29106: 29000: 28987: 28829: 28356: 28317: 28254: 28191: 27762: 27654: 27607: 27567: 27562: 27477: 27462: 27251: 26665: 26614: 26609: 26589: 26454: 26272: 26222: 26192: 26113: 26108: 25998: 25932: 25927: 25902: 25762: 25632:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

25490: 25429: 25384: 25364: 25359: 25354: 25254: 24787: 24114: 23869: 23797:

Global Innovation Index 2023: Innovation in the face of uncertainty

23503:

Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye

22821: 22427:"Türkiye marches toward $ 600 million in worldwide TV series sales" 22143:"The Political Economy of the Media in Turkey: A Sectoral Analysis" 22008: 21600:, Architecture | VII. c. 1500–c. 1900 | A. Ottoman Empire 19654:

Turkey: Facing a New Millenniium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts

19293:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2022" 18724:"Türkiye, Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılında hızlı tren ağlarıyla örülüyor" 18283: 16663:"Was Ahmet Yildiz the victim of Turkey's first gay honour killing?" 15642:

Mediating in Cyprus: The Cypriot Communities and the United Nations

14065:

Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953

11268: 10129:, Turkye, (Turkeye) Turkey; Book of the Duchess, The; Map 1; Map 3. 9118:"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2023" 8185:

cuisines. Turkish and Ottoman cuisine have also influenced others.

7988: 7932: 7610: 7414: 7042: 6770: 6752: 6363: 6332: 6284:

is one of the main agencies for funding and carrying out research.

6146: 6138: 5933: 5388: 5365: 5231: 5100: 4886: 4826: 4479: 4466: 4431: 4287: 4198: 4174: 4104: 3125: 2984:

took control of the Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire entered

2950: 2907: 2808: 2583: 2579: 2415: 2384: 2293: 2270: 1991: 1852: 1783: 1779: 1713:. Neolithic Anatolian farmers differed genetically from farmers in 1694: 1651: 1592: 1588: 1359: 1347: 1138: 1111: 1031: 988: 956: 900: 867: 829: 265: 197: 26167: 24797: 23363:

Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). "Turkey". In Leonard, Thomas M. (ed.).

20620: 19598:

Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey

16586: 16584: 16582: 15859: 15710:"Contribution of Turkish Armed Forces to Peace Support Operations" 14409:"Erdogan says he may meet Syria's Assad for 'peace' in the region" 14344:"Turkey to appoint ambassador to Egypt, ending nine-year standoff" 14152: 11139:"The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus: The Un-Greek Temple and Wonder" 8198: 7664:

poetry used "refined diction" and complex vocabulary. It included

7264:. All state and private universities are under the control of the 7225:

tertiary education", and quadrupling of pre-school institutions.

6994: 6839: 6795: 6219: 5834: 4935:, seeking the foundation of an independent Kurdish state based on 3435:), for a total of 973 districts. Turkey is also subdivided into 7 2803:

from Spain. From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the

2103:, the Achaemenid Empire collapsed and Anatolia became part of the 1983: 1843:, rather than Anatolian languages. Phrygians shared Anatolia with 996: 29171: 29166: 29096: 29065: 29026: 28510: 28369: 28304: 28278: 28113: 27669: 27644: 27634: 27597: 27582: 27552: 27472: 27437: 27427: 27422: 26878: 26639: 26594: 26554: 26514: 26509: 26499: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26459: 26444: 26434: 26424: 26419: 26217: 25957: 25907: 25867: 25822: 25817: 25807: 25792: 25787: 25782: 25767: 25752: 25747: 25737: 25732: 25727: 25722: 25454: 25369: 25349: 25234: 25224: 22228:. The Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK). Archived from 22210:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

21197:

Akyuz, Ezgi; Samavati, Mehrdad; Kaynak, Burcak (14 August 2020).

21151:"Türkiye ranks among top 10 health tourism destinations globally" 21025: 18985:"Intellectual property statistical country profile 2022: Türkiye" 17515:

Status, conservation and management of large carnivores in Turkey

17209: 17207: 17205: 17203: 16291: 15144:"Turkey's 'Drone Carrier' Amphibious Assault Ship Enters Service" 14533:"Greece, Egypt, Cyprus urge Turkey to quit gas search off island" 13965:"European Parliament votes to suspend Turkey's EU membership bid" 8681:

represent their period of Turkish cinema. Turkish directors like

8553: 8549: 8299: 8259: 8044: 7370: 7164:, Muslims constitute 99.8% of the population, most of them being 6898: 6887: 6445:. In 2021, 77% of adult citizens identified as such in a survey. 6324: 6262:

as a share of GDP has risen from 0.47% in 2000 to 1.40% in 2021.

5921: 5865: 5718: 5672: 5503: 5499: 4344:

is carried out by several agencies under the jurisdiction of the

2946: 2942: 2918: 2788: 2781: 2769: 2755: 2647: 2540: 2514: 2179: 2104: 2046: 1971: 1967: 1955: 1898: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1856: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1795: 1787: 1647: 1596: 1512: 1134: 1130: 1095: 1004: 924: 359: 21419: 21417: 21415: 21413: 20479:"Istanbul's giant mosque to be 'women-friendly,' architects say" 20028:"Süryanıce Anadılınde Eğıtım Hakki: Sorunlar Ve Çözüm Önerılerı" 17728:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

17716:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

17701:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

13675:"2023 seçimleri: TBMM'de yer alacak 600 milletvekili belli oldu" 13297: 10364:"UN to use 'Türkiye' instead of 'Turkey' after Ankara's request" 9790:

World Bank Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 2022

9161:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Türkiye)" 8577: 6615:

in the world. It is spoken by 85% to 90% of the population as a

6366:

is Turkey's largest city, and its economic and financial center.

5416:

with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.

4326:, was replaced in 2005 by a Code with principles similar to the 3101:(1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the 3093:, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the 1943:, the Greek goddess of beauty. In 2017, it was inscribed on the 1732:

from approximately around 2000 BC that were found in modern-day

1472: 1466: 1062:

began migrating into Anatolia in the 11th century, starting the

29290:

Countries and territories where Turkish is an official language

29151: 29086: 29081: 29039: 28549: 28343: 28204: 27757: 27684: 27542: 27532: 27507: 27497: 27457: 26680: 26670: 26660: 26624: 26604: 26584: 26579: 26559: 26529: 26489: 26464: 26125: 26003: 25977: 25942: 25922: 25912: 25897: 25892: 25872: 25842: 25812: 25797: 25772: 25706: 25510: 25399: 25334: 25314: 25304: 25264: 25249: 25244: 24792: 23980: 23237:

The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History

22533:

The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878

21508: 20619:İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). 20501: 18280:"Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age and sex" 17596: 17091: 16611:"The Ottoman empire's secular history undermines sharia claims" 16579: 16348:"Turkey Violated Pro-Kurdish MPs' Rights, European Court Rules" 14683:"Turkey and Russia agree on draft Syria ceasefire, report says" 13902:. Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs. Archived from 13005:"Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets" 12088:

Ottoman Refugees, 1878–1939: Migration in a Post-Imperial World

10649: 10332:"Turkey to register its new name Türkiye to UN in coming weeks" 8287: 8233: 8229: 8194: 8007:. Byzantine architectural style continued to develop after the 7907: 7728: 7665: 7131: 6922: 6874: 6815: 6781: 6762: 6582: 6118: 5940:

Tourism accounts for about 8% of Turkey's GDP. In 2022, Turkey

5893: 5877: 5741: 5698:

is well known for its unique rock homes and volcanic terrain.

5543: 5368:

hotspots. In the 21st century, threats to biodiversity include

5239: 4559: 4453:

since 1952, has its second largest army and is the host of the

4299: 3914: 3393: 3159: 3113: 2926: 2860:

rise in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples

2713:

expansion. Seljuk sultanate was defeated by the Mongols at the

2493: 2274: 2011: 1999: 1995: 1979: 1944: 1914: 1848: 980: 952: 275: 156: 23198:. Studies in Middle Eastern history. Oxford University Press. 20435:"Uncertain Futures: Ukrainian Refugees in Turkey, One Year On" 20391:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association" 17269:"Rising toll makes quake deadliest in Turkey's modern history" 17200: 15584:"Seeing shared threats, Turkey sets up military base in Qatar" 15018:"Unique Sensor Setup Emerges On Turkey's Stealthy New Fighter" 13350: 13167:"Ministry of Internal Affairs: Administrative Units in Turkey" 13002: 10595:"The Demographic Development of the First Farmers in Anatolia" 8433:

basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams,

7820: 7775: 7583: 7053:

manages the refugee crisis in Turkey. Before the start of the

5830: 5072: 4633: 4083:

Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government:

3267:

in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the

1998:

in the seventh century BCE. These settlements were grouped as

29181: 29161: 29131: 29111: 28575: 28463: 28395: 28382: 28330: 28139: 28126: 27715: 27699: 27649: 27624: 27592: 27557: 27487: 27482: 27447: 27375: 26675: 26619: 26549: 26524: 26227: 25937: 25862: 25832: 25618: 25459: 25419: 25394: 25374: 25309: 25284: 25274: 25259: 23942: 23930: 23926:

Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye

23670:

Energy pricing and non-market flows in Turkey's energy sector

23018:

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies (2019).

21410: 21168: 19122:"The status and road map of Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC)" 16929:: "the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia" 16544:"Turkey jails 16 Kurdish journalists over propaganda charges" 16458: 14832:"Turkey takes full control of Syria's Afrin: military source" 12384:

Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.)

8488:) since Ottoman times. Edirne Province has hosted the annual 8472:, have won numerous European championship titles and medals. 8295: 8279: 8263: 8247: 8225: 8210: 8202: 7852: 7548: 7422: 7177: 6935: 6911: 6863: 6850: 6805: 5961: 5873: 5409: 5293: 4540: 3427:) for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into 3251:

of the United Nations. In 1950 Turkey became a member of the

3210: 3206: 2595: 2506: 2411: 2380: 2376: 2361: 2120: 2003: 1963: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1860: 1817: 1761: 1678: 1617: 1412: 1000: 964: 940: 29201:, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. 28934: 27389:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

23911: 22686:

An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-thirteenth-century Turkish

21333: 19273:"ASELSAN'ın kuantum çalışmalarında ilk ürünler ortaya çıktı" 19237:"Türkiye's 4 defense firms included in world's top 100 list" 19162:"Yerli süper iletken elektron hızlandırıcısı devreye alındı" 18838:"Erdoğan reveals 2053 'Transport and Logistics Master Plan'" 18607: 18605: 15329:"Flight of the Baykar MIUS Kızılelma UCAV at Teknofest 2023" 14921:"Fear and anger greets Turkish air strikes in northern Iraq" 13521:"AK Party, MHP announce draft for Turkey's new election law" 13066:

Cunningham, Erin; Sly, Liz; Karatas, Zeynep (16 July 2016).

9785: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9766: 9764: 7520:. Other important Turkish painters in the 19th century were 5888:. Togg is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey. 5230:, Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet), and 5020:

Homosexual activity has been decriminalized in Turkey since

4026:. Turkish politics have become increasingly associated with 1871:

attacked, Phrygia fell around 650 BC. They were replaced by

29310:

Members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture

29146: 29141: 29136: 29101: 28886: 28562: 28536: 28152: 28052: 27664: 27602: 27572: 27522: 27517: 27467: 27209: 27015: 26118: 25469: 25379: 25344: 25299: 25294: 25203: 23257:

Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience

23039:

The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation

21901: 20960:"Türkiye'deki yabancı öğrenci sayısı 795 bin 962'ye ulaştı" 17907: 15666: 15268:"Baykar's unmanned fighter aircraft completes first flight" 15113: 10027:

De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus

8291: 8283: 8243: 8214: 7848: 7782:

was a Turkish rock musician and one of the founders of the

7657: 6272:

Turkish residents rank 21st for overall patent applications

5897: 5885: 5838: 5791: 5721:. Mediterranean coastal beaches are popular among tourists. 5605: 5432: 4850: 4731: 4470: 4450: 4118:

The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of

3264: 3231:

voted in favor of joining Turkey with a referendum. Turkey

3008:

the events as genocide and states that Armenians were only

2787:

The Ottoman Empire was a global power during the reigns of

1801: 1714: 1257: 1241: 936: 932: 23931:

Official website of the Grand National Assembly of Türkiye

23925: 23551:"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans" 23149:

Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (2008).

23109:

Rome Victorious. The Irresistible Rise of the Roman Empire

21924:"Historic achievements of the Efes Pilsen Basketball Team" 21561:, Architecture | V. c. 900–c. 1250 | C. Anatolia 20237:"Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision" 17854: 17852: 17850: 14653:"Syria conflict: Turkey and Russia 'agree ceasefire plan'" 14563:"Egypt, Greece, Cyprus pledge to boost energy cooperation" 11398: 11340: 10302:

Resmî Gazete (Official Gazette of the Republic of Türkiye)

9302: 8221:. The latter describes "food-related guilds of Istanbul". 8097:. The last period of Ottoman architecture consists of the 7126:

in Istanbul was designed by two female architects. Right:

6082:

has an annual passenger capacity of 90 million and is the

6015:. In 2019, Turkey generated 29.2% of its electricity from 5868:), and annual industrial robot installation in the world. 4589:(which Turkey considers to be an offshoot of the outlawed 1252:. With a geopolitically significant location, Turkey is a 23906: 23643:

The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE)

19366:

Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies 2019

18602: 18165:"Turkish International Contracting Services: (1972-2022)" 15961: 15465:. Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005. Archived from 14773: 14439:"Leaders of Turkey, Syria could meet for peace – Erdogan" 13037:"Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins Turkish presidential election" 12439:"ECHR: Why Turkey won't talk about the Armenian genocide" 10054:

According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his

9776: 9761: 8460:

has won several medals. Women's volleyball clubs, namely

7409:

In the 19th century, Turkish identity was debated in the

5795: 4590: 3978:. In the Turkish unitary system, citizens are subject to 2222:. Roman influence grew in Anatolia afterwards. Following 2214:

requested assistance in its conflict with the Seleucids,

1245: 884: 29320:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

25701: 23795:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).

23701: 22665:

The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East

20768: 20766: 20683:. Vol. 118. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 361–452. 19551: 19549: 18983:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2023).

17063: 16900: 16430:"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey" 15234:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 15204:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 15174:"TCG Anadolu (L-400) at the Bosporus strait in Istanbul" 14503:"Israel and Turkey end rift over Gaza flotilla killings" 14375:"Türkiye may appoint ambassador to Egypt in near future" 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 8250:

is a drink made of yoghurt. In western parts of Turkey,

7709:

Turkey's first Nobel Prize in Literature nominee in 1973

7516:, among the contemporary trends, appeared later on with 7172:'s estimate for Muslims was 99.4% in 2006. According to 2414:) in 325 (which resulted in the first uniform Christian 2328:

in the 5th century AD, and continued to exist until the

2253:

efforts. Letters from St. Paul in Anatolia comprise the

1385: 1373: 23912:

Official website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism

23681:

Tasar, Eren; Frank, Allen J.; Eden, Jeff, eds. (2021).

23389: 22280: 20518:"International Constitutional Law: Turkey Constitution" 19255:"Turkish defense giants devote huge budgets to R&D" 19068: 17986:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

17931:"Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG" 17847: 15732: 15299:"Here Is How UAVs Will Be Recovered Aboard TCG Anadolu" 12816:

Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History

12778:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

11956:

The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

10267:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 41 (Tevekkül – Tüsterî)

9334: 9332: 9280: 9278: 6512:(20%). In addition, internal migration has resulted in 6215:

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey

5356:

in the world, Turkey includes 3 of them. These are the

1153:

in 1914, during which the Ottoman government committed

1010:

Turkey was first inhabited by modern humans during the

25198: 23308: 23091:(2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. 22661: 22611: 22587:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

22495:(2nd ed.). London New York: Bloomsbury Academic. 21476: 20870:"Turkish universities latest domino in Erdogan's path" 20618: 20259: 19103:"Production process of Türksat-6A completed: Minister" 17787: 17775: 17763: 17751: 17739: 17711: 17709: 17255: 17243: 16874: 16688:"İstanbul Valiliği: Onur yürüyüşüne izin verilmeyecek" 15987: 13437:"Turkish women celebrate 85th anniversary of suffrage" 13287:"Law on Constitutional Court | Anayasa Mahkemesi" 12906: 12595:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

12407:"Erdogan: Turkey will 'never accept' genocide charges" 10591: 9508: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9079:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

8003:

dates back to the 4th century AD. Its best example is

5506:

species which are found in the forests of Turkey. The

4915:

In the latter half of the 1970s, Turkey suffered from

2776:

completed Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire by

2234:, Rome emerged victorious. Around the 1st century BC, 1839:

spoke an Indo-European language, but it was closer to

23148: 22662:

Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Lusk, Jon (2006).

20763: 20056: 19890:

Yağmur, Kutlay (2001), Extra, G.; Gorter, D. (eds.),

19546: 19463: 17126: 16826:"Turkey's LGBT community draws hope from Harvey Milk" 15614:"Turkey to open its largest military base in Somalia" 15260: 15046: 14854: 13576: 11277: 9795: 7256:. Students are placed to universities based on their 6084:

world's largest terminal building under a single roof

5179:

contains some of the largest lakes in Turkey such as

4414:

in 2005. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the

4193:

parties are more likely to embrace the principles of

4177:. On the left side of the spectrum, parties like the 3201:

bestowed upon Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (

2935:

persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

2910:

between 1465 and 1856 and 1856 to 1922, respectively.

2739:

at its greatest European extent, in 1683, during the

1123:

persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

30:

This article is about the country. For the bird, see

23458: 23313:. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer Cham. 22894: 22706:

The Columbia Gazetteer of the World: Volume 1 A to G

21672: 21660: 19898:, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 407–427, 19042: 19040: 19038: 19008:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2023

18706:"Istanbul's $ 1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open" 18684:"Turkey opens record breaking 1915 Canakkale Bridge" 17675:. General Directorate of Meteorology. Archived from 17049:"Turkey: A Country Study | External Boundaries" 16992: 16880: 15740:"Turkey finalizes military training base in Somalia" 15492:"Mapping the Turkish Military's Expanding Footprint" 14862:"The YPG menace: Understanding PKK's Syria offshoot" 14808:. Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 13649:"Erdogan wins five more years as Turkey's president" 13131:"General Structure of Turkish Public Administration" 13065: 12947:"Turkish Military Leaders Held for Role in '97 Coup" 12553: 12551: 9900:

International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science

9824:

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 2023

9392: 9390: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9329: 9275: 8910: 8736: 8039:

often used stones and bricks, and produced numerous

6533:: the three non-Muslim minorities recognized in the 6047:

in the world. Turkey's first nuclear power station,

5214:

terms to refer to the mountainous area around where

4294:

With the founding of the Republic, Turkey adopted a

1764:. Hittite, Luwian, and Palaic languages were in the 1705:. Other important Anatolian Neolithic sites include 1450: 1444: 1438: 1209:

interrupted the transition to a multi-party system.

23579: 22585:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). 21196: 20219: 20217: 20215: 20190: 20157: 17820: 17706: 17293:"Şili ve Türkiye: Binalar yaşatır, binalar öldürür" 17194: 17030: 17028: 17026: 17024: 16292:Mullen, Jethro; Cullinane, Susannah (4 June 2013). 15114:"EBCO: European Bureau for Conscientious Objection" 12134: 12132: 9889: 9887: 9097: 5810:-adjusted GDP in the world. It is classified among 5272:zone and Bitlis–Zagros collision zone to the east; 4995:, Turkey's oldest newspaper still in circulation). 4398:in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the 2391:. Interior Anatolia had been "heavily Hellenized". 1517:("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the 1487:(written in 1369–1372) to refer to Anatolia or the 29315:Member states of the Organization of Turkic States 21391: 20167:. minorityrights.org. 19 June 2015. Archived from 19982:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 19384:. KONDA. July 2010. pp. 19–20. Archived from 18611: 18596:"Sakarya Gas Field Development, Black Sea, Turkey" 18050:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 17489:. University of California Press. pp. 73–75. 15518: 14131: 13583:Kate Fleet; Suraiya Faroqhi; Reşat Kasaba (2008). 13185: 13095: 13093: 12945: 12768: 12437: 11637: 11635: 10139: 9043: 9041: 8475:The traditional national sport of Turkey has been 7494:are among the most prominent artists of this era. 6298:Turkish Space Systems, Integration and Test Center 6035:tripling in the past decade. It produced 43.8% of 4570:and drilling rights in the eastern Mediterranean. 3281:, Turkey's first female prime minister, attends a 2535:originated in Central-East Asia. Initially, Proto- 2107:. This led to increasing cultural homogeneity and 28847: 27871:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 22513:Philosophic Classics Ancient Philosophy, Volume I 21894:"Basketball Capitals: Cities in Focus – Istanbul" 21396:. Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. pp. 34–39. 20180: 20178: 20026:Erdem, Fazıl Hüsnü; Öngüç, Bahar (30 June 2021). 19495: 19493: 19469: 19035: 17529:"Diyarbakır'da öldürülen leopar İran Parsı çıktı" 17448: 17383: 17046: 17004: 16966: 15510: 15385:The International Institute for Strategic Studies 15040: 15015: 14767: 14298:"Turkey, Egypt recall envoys in wake of violence" 12888:"Growth in United Nations membership (1945–2005)" 12548: 12285: 12283: 12048: 11985: 10475: 10473: 9648:"The Political Economy of Regional Power: Turkey" 9387: 9356: 8290:, dried fruit, or fruit are used for sweetening. 8278:is made by rolling edible leaf over the filling. 8027:architectures with architectural styles found in 6304:, will be launched in 2024. As part of a planned 6153:connects the northern and southern shores of the 5748:. Various springs provide water for the gardens. 5412:are native to Anatolia, and the flower was first 3162:was completed in 1953 to become the mausoleum of 2072:was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Following the 1572: 29250:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 29216: 23824:Türkiye - Country Climate and Development Report 22946:Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present 22668:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Rough Guides Ltd. 22185:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 26 August 2022. 21968: 20677:. In Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.). 20212: 20198:"Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor" 20089:"Turkey's ethnic make-up: A complex melting pot" 19295:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 February 2023 18903:"Gross domestic spending on R&D (indicator)" 18612:Novikau, Aliaksandr; Muhasilović, Jahja (2023). 18249:"Poverty and Living Conditions Statistics, 2023" 17021: 16740:"Ankara Valiliği'nden LGBT etkinliklerine yasak" 16021:"Who are Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) rebels?" 14055: 13589:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 357–358. 12129: 11878: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10874: 10720: 10718: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10138: 9884: 9819: 9817: 9640: 9593: 9550: 9544: 9424: 9422: 9319: 9317: 8897:Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7999:architectures, especially in the Aegean region. 7134:. From 1293 to 1932, it was the headquarters of 7082:refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5445:Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests 5119:to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the 4091:(local), district mayors (local), provincial or 4087:(national), parliamentary elections (national), 3348:, the parliamentary republic was replaced by an 2677:The Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the 2437: 1379: 1367: 28805: 23640: 22731:Comrie, Bernard (2018). Comrie, Bernard (ed.). 22286: 22090:"Kırkpınar Oiled Wrestling Tournament: History" 21437:"Turkey commemorates master author Yaşar Kemal" 21364: 20304:"UNHCR Turkey Operational Update November 2020" 20050: 19971: 19969: 19650: 18215: 18213: 18211: 17337:"Şili depremle mücadelede nasıl başarılı oldu?" 17132: 16954: 16340: 16294:"What's driving unrest and protests in Turkey?" 15521:Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty 14954: 14918: 14774:Aaron Stein; Michelle Foley (26 January 2016). 13989: 13894: 13892: 13123: 13090: 13003:Bartolomiej Kaminski; Francis Ng (1 May 2006). 11820: 11818: 11632: 11526:Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). 11036: 11024: 11012: 11000: 10898: 10865: 10853: 10829: 10778: 10766: 10751: 10739: 10287: 10179:. Vol. 2. Butterworth. pp. 1250–1265. 10017: 9350: 9308: 9296: 9284: 9038: 7683:, was the "first truly refined Turkish novel". 5387:. The most commonly found species of the genus 4754:policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, 3205:). Atatürk's reforms caused discontent in some 2658:, was taken by Seljuks in 1055. Given the role 2570:peoples. During the 9th and 10th centuries CE, 2348:. Due to the imperial seat's move from Rome to 2236:Rome expanded into parts of Pontus and Bithynia 1685:period and contains some of the world's oldest 596:783,562 km (302,535 sq mi) ( 28740: 25160: 23907:Go Türkiye – Türkiye's official tourism portal 23829:(Report). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. 23680: 23641:Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). 23598: 23586:(Report). ISMEP Guide Books. Vol. 4. 2014 23365:Encyclopedia of the Developing World, Volume 3 22841:Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names 22535:. The United States: Oxford University Press. 22467: 22322: 22092:. Kirkpinar.com. 21 April 2007. Archived from 21522: 21327: 20981:"Türkıye Scholarships – Türkıye for Education" 20587: 20577: 20575: 20573: 20571: 20175: 19929: 19927: 19925: 19885: 19883: 19881: 19833: 19831: 19490: 19208: 18957:"Nature Index | Country/Territory tables" 18799: 18480: 16380:"Turkey defends purge of government officials" 15516: 15457: 15427:Foreign Minister Wants US Nukes out of Germany 14219:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 13957: 13357:Borsuk, Imren; Levin, Paul T. (3 April 2021). 12851: 12468: 12280: 11884: 11860: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10470: 10102: 10011: 9999: 9975: 9936: 9719: 9717: 9715: 8701:won numerous international awards such as the 7373:, with 29.5% of its adult population having a 7061:varied from 1 million to more than 2 million. 6039:from such sources in 2019. Turkey is also the 5276:and Cyprus subduction zones to the south; and 3085:in the aftermath of World War I initiated the 2933:(1913). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 2846:. According to some estimates, 800,000 Muslim 2354:adoption of Christianity as the state religion 1827:had been established, with its two centers in 41:"Türkiye" redirects here. For other uses, see 28950: 28650: 28038: 27361: 27001: 26748: 26327: 25687: 25184: 23963: 23667: 23281: 22838: 22784: 22640: 22443: 22424: 21806: 21794: 21782: 21770: 21758: 21746: 21648: 21392:Brueggemann, Werner; Boehmer, Harald (1982). 21110: 21108: 20910:"2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities" 20867: 20515: 20021: 20019: 19721: 19719: 19717: 19684: 19657:. Manchester University Press. pp. 90–. 19644: 19555: 19516: 19514: 19512: 19510: 19508: 18976: 18866:PERCEPTIONS: Journal of International Affairs 18855: 18853: 18552: 18193:"Sectoral Roadmaps: Textile Sector in Turkey" 17961: 17560: 17051:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 17009:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16971:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 16049: 15762: 15632: 15517:Larrabee, F. Stephen; Lesser, Ian O. (2003). 15377: 15296: 15141: 14372: 14068:. Susquehanna University Press. p. 134. 12890:. United Nations. 3 July 2006. Archived from 12378: 11912: 10871: 10762: 10760: 10709: 10554: 10209:, vol. IV (1875–1891) (First ed.), 10114: 9963: 9814: 9419: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9314: 8445:after two consecutive Euroleague wins in the 8441:, and won by Galatasaray. Fenerbahçe won the 8267: 8237: 7732: 7672: 7361: 6680: 6033:electricity generation from renewable sources 5924:is the fourth most visited city in the world. 4988: 3146:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 2626:branch of the Oghuz Turks who resided in the 1540:and other international organizations to use 1417:) was used for defining two medieval states: 1350:by the end of the 12th century. As a word in 98: 57: 28924:Culture and Arts Capital of the Turkic World 28919:Korkut Ata Film Festival of the Turkic World 28755: 28710: 28695: 28680: 28666:International Organization of Turkic Culture 27891: 26053:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 23752: 23626:. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. 22943:Gibney, Matthew J.; Hansen, Randall (2005). 22942: 22047: 21818: 20669: 19966: 19437:International Journal of Middle East Studies 18780:(in Turkish). 6 January 2020. Archived from 18512: 18510: 18491:. Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News. 18208: 18104: 18046:"Ships built by country of building, annual" 16608: 15853: 15137: 15135: 14003:. U.S. Department of State. 12 August 2021. 13889: 12462: 12435: 12138: 11815: 11399:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 11341:Uchiyama, Junzo; et al. (21 May 2020). 11305:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila 11289: 11055:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 20–30. 10260: 9840:. University of Exeter Press. pp. 1–2. 9472: 8702: 8407:), becoming the European champions in 2017. 7051:Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency 6631:of the officially recognized minorities are 6384:below the replacement rate of 2.10 per woman 6319:Turkey is considered a significant power in 5425:Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park 4499:International Organization of Turkic Culture 4189:once enjoyed the largest electoral success. 2130: 1886: 1195:remained neutral during most of World War II 1189:initiated by the country's first president, 28892: 28862: 27846: 23943:Official website of the Ministry of Economy 23063: 22758:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan (2021). 22708:(2nd ed.). Columbia University Press. 22615:Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics 22135: 21993: 21706: 21423: 21293: 20657: 20568: 20287: 20229: 19922: 19878: 19828: 19574:. Cambridge University Press. p. 129. 18932:"Scientific and technical journal articles" 18564: 18340:. Turkish Statistical Institute. 6 May 2022 18338:"Income and Living Conditions Survey, 2021" 17982:"FAO in Türkiye | Türkiye at a glance" 17508: 17506: 16800: 16173:. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. 15860:The European Court of Human Rights (2015). 15052:"Turkish Armed Forces Defense Organization" 14341: 14314: 14300:. Bloomberg. 16 August 2013. Archived from 14184:Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era 13923: 13921: 13753:(2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 941. 13712:(2nd ed.). Edward Elgar. p. 940. 13356: 13303: 13217: 12990: 12978: 12742:. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. 12588: 12586: 12584: 12388:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. 11993:"Collapse of the Ottoman Empire, 1918–1920" 11959:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 11872: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11094: 10904: 10735: 10733: 10397:"Turkey changes its name in rebranding bid" 10273:, Centre for Islamic Studies. p. 567. 10081:), and is four days distant from Tourkia ." 10055: 9712: 9634: 9622: 9525: 9440: 9191:"Gini index (World Bank estimate) – Turkey" 9155: 9153: 9151: 9149: 9147: 8578:Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTÜK) 7983:, important architectural remnants include 6561:. Other unrecognized ethnic groups include 6117:As of 2023, Turkey has 3,726 kilometers of 4501:(TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the 4138:are not subject to an electoral threshold. 3412:) for decision-making on municipal issues. 3363: 2819:was the first among Muslim states, but was 2531:According to historians and linguists, the 29295:Kurdish-speaking countries and territories 29270:States and territories established in 1923 28957: 28943: 28820: 28657: 28643: 28045: 28031: 27859:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 27368: 27354: 27008: 26994: 26755: 26741: 26334: 26320: 25694: 25680: 25191: 25177: 23970: 23956: 23282:Kirişci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth M. (1997). 22866:Fierro, M. (2010). Fierro, Maribel (ed.). 22757: 22584: 22252:"Gazete Tirajları 02.05.2016 – 08.05.2016" 21926:. Anadolu Efes Spor Kulübü. Archived from 21624: 21612: 21597: 21582: 21570: 21558: 21546: 21353:drawings to illustrate landscapes ... 21337:10th International Congress of Turkish Art 21105: 20086: 20032:Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20025: 20016: 19837: 19797: 19714: 19626:. University of Washington Press. p. 19505: 19371: 19048:"EURAXESS | Country profile: Türkiye" 18850: 17955: 17937: 17922: 17007:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography" 16969:"Turkey: A Country Study | Geography" 16908:"Turkey (Turkiye) | Geography - note" 16050:Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali, eds. (2013). 15997:. Official Journal of the European Union. 15867:(Report). Registry of the European Court. 14274:. Euronews. 4 October 2013. Archived from 14141:Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans 12880: 12781:. Princeton University Press. p. 49. 12681: 12675: 12339: 12313: 12277:, Vol. 34, No. 1 (March 1975), pp. 186–187 10958: 10757: 10394: 9959: 9957: 9893: 9402: 8274:are made by stuffing vegetables or pasta. 8159:UNESCO-listed intangible cultural heritage 8057:emerged in northwest Anatolia and Thrace. 6687: 6673: 4597:. Turkey has also conducted airstrikes in 3867: 3169:Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first 2799:moved into Ottoman Empire following their 144: 26959:Turkic Speaking Countries Cooperation Day 26392:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 23534:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 23462:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary 23441:Encyclopedia of World Geography: Volume 1 23020:2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 22785:Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom, eds. (2014). 22541:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299058.001.0001 22446:"How Turkish TV is taking over the world" 22023: 21976:"Galatasaray Lift EuroLeague Women Title" 21860: 21835: 21593: 21591: 20267:"Syria Regional Refugee Response: Turkey" 19729:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law 19412:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law 19285: 19145: 18647: 18637: 18507: 18122: 17928: 17664: 17662: 17660: 17658: 17656: 17654: 17652: 17650: 17630: 17117: 16479: 16213:. Agence France-Presse. 2 February 2016. 15702: 15132: 14180: 14174: 13801:"European Commission: Turkey 2015 report" 13374: 13325: 13237:. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey. 12637: 12523: 12084: 11890:"An Ottoman warning for indebted America" 11606:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 21. 11547: 11430: 11420: 11372: 11362: 10805:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030507 10692: 10626: 9894:Yayla, Önder; Aktaş, Semra Günay (2021). 9741: 8842:is now so small that this disposition is 7568: 7262:Measuring, Selection and Placement Center 7064:In November 2020, there were 3.6 million 6389: 6372:Address-Based Population Recording System 6202: 6098:began in 2023 in the recently discovered 5950:84 World Heritage Sites in tentative list 4130:, or ban their existence altogether. The 3177:. The reforms aimed to transform the old 2945:migrated into modern-day Turkey from the 2582:steppes. Partly due to pressure from the 2521:(right) are among the finest examples of 2060:attacked eastern Anatolia in 547 BC, and 1728:Anatolia's historical records start with 1721:. These early Anatolian farmers began to 1677:Present-day Turkey has been inhabited by 1129:resulted in large-scale loss of life and 514:Government of the Grand National Assembly 27:Country in West Asia and Southeast Europe 28725: 26387:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 26275:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 23599:Sagona, Antonio; Zimansky, Paul (2015). 23479: 23410: 23151:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies 23025:(Report). Ankara, Turkey. Archived from 22949:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 22557: 22530: 21891: 21608: 21606: 21534: 20129: 19763:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19184:"Turkey plans its own Antarctic station" 18277: 18086:The International Federation of Robotics 17821:Duttagupta, Rupa; Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla. 17503: 17417: 17138: 15932:Turkey A Modern History, Revised Edition 15801:"Kadıköy'de "Kıyafetime Karışma" eylemi" 15638: 14241: 14214: 14137: 14019: 13918: 13363:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 13263:. Presidency Of The Republic Of Turkey. 12720: 12581: 12529: 12475:. Oxford University Press. p. 150. 12345: 12323:. University of Michigan. Archived from 12150: 12015: 11925:. Oxford University Press. p. 175. 11918: 11576: 11525: 11169: 10817: 10790: 10730: 10579: 10548: 10457: 10199: 10174: 9496: 9144: 9075:"Surface water and surface water change" 8409: 8325: 8145: 7774: 7601: 7582: 7465:tradition and is likewise influenced by 7451:Map of Istanbul by the miniature artist 7446: 7336: 7232: 7212: 6591: 6407: 6358: 6218: 6073: 5999: 5956:, third most in the world. According to 5911: 5829: 5773: 5565: 5331: 5189: 5071: 5008: 4876: 4829:, contributed military personnel to the 4790:. The country also maintains a force of 4707: 4632: 4518: 4444: 4373: 4281: 4071: 4053: 3301:, as well as by military memorandums in 3273: 3150: 3053: 3004:were killed. The Turkish government has 2730: 2604: 2279: 2095:Following the victories of Alexander in 2036: 1994:), the latter founded by colonists from 1926: 1169:subjects. Following Ottoman defeat, the 628: 28790: 28054:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 23651:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.001.0001 23548: 23527: 23362: 23159:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199252466.001.0001 23067:The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey 22921: 22843:(6 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22811: 22789:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22762:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press. 22682: 22644:Turkey: Modern Architectures in History 22274: 21334:Antoinette Harri; Allison Ohta (1999). 21072: 21070: 21068: 21066: 21064: 20458: 20135: 19975: 19892:"Turkish and other languages in Turkey" 19315:"Population Statistics And Projections" 18486: 17484: 16166: 16131:The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains 16053:Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question 15928: 15823: 14317:"On Relations between Turkey and Egypt" 14027:"Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations" 13859: 13829: 13793: 13010:. World Bank. p. 3. Archived from 12682:Heper, Metin; Criss, Nur Bilge (2009). 12496: 12164: 11749: 11701: 11689: 11653: 11465: 11048: 10501:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 10421: 10090: 10023: 9987: 9954: 9770: 9676: 9521: 9519: 9490: 9452: 9369: 9338: 9257: 8548:and the network-style channels such as 7342:Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital 6031:capacity increased significantly, with 4958:erupted, sparked by a plan to demolish 4831:International Security Assistance Force 4107:and stand as a candidate at elections. 3982:: national, provincial, and local. The 3239:but entered the war on the side of the 2664:Turkish, Persian and Islamic influences 1693:is close to 12,000 years old. Parts of 14: 29245:Member states of the Council of Europe 29217: 28877: 24900: 23773: 23437: 23212: 23191: 23084: 22865: 22730: 22488: 22194: 22192: 21686:"Turkish coffee culture and tradition" 21588: 21287: 20796: 20223: 19933: 19889: 19840:"The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey" 19756: 19594: 19567: 19428: 18487:Richter, Alexander (27 January 2020). 17647: 17547: 17347:from the original on 29 December 2023. 17034: 16960: 16901:Tockner, Uehlinger & Robinson 2009 16888: 16810:. Ipsos. 29 March 2015. Archived from 15884:from the original on 16 September 2020 15716:. Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from 15460:"NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe" 15054:. Turkish Armed Forces. Archived from 14061: 13744: 13703: 13469:"Euro court backs Turkey Islamist ban" 12812: 12729: 12662: 12502: 12231: 12219: 12207: 12195: 12181: 12175: 12021: 11848: 11836: 11809: 11797: 11785: 11773: 11761: 11737: 11725: 11713: 11677: 11665: 11641: 11471: 11217: 11181: 11125: 10921: 10886: 10841: 10724: 10567: 10491: 10479: 10435:. November–December 2008. p. 23. 9948: 9723: 9502: 9484: 9478: 9413: 9396: 9381: 9323: 9269: 9245: 8988: 7309:University of Health Sciences (Turkey) 7301:Academic Ranking of World Universities 7260:results and their preferences, by the 6135:longest suspension bridge in the world 5171:mountain ranges to the north, and the 4833:in Afghanistan, and remains active in 4744:second-largest standing military force 4334:is based on the French equivalent and 4238:Speaker of the Grand National Assembly 3043: 2685:. During this period, there were also 2574:were a Turkic group that lived in the 2080:existed in 5th century BC. Two of the 1544:officially in English; the UN agreed. 1528:called for expanded official usage of 1495:dates back to at least 1719. The name 1401:sources in the 10th century, the name 1301:is highly vulnerable to climate change 1121:In the 19th and early 20th centuries, 1026:, present-day Turkey was inhabited by 28938: 28638: 28026: 27349: 26989: 26736: 26341: 26315: 25675: 25172: 25159: 23951: 23722: 23668:Taranto, Yael; Saygın, Değer (2019). 23619: 23581:Retrofitting and Reconstruction Works 23567:from the original on 20 February 2024 23561:Leibniz Institute of European History 23393:The Palgrave Handbook of Asian Cinema 23233: 23105: 23036: 22963: 22760:The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture 22703: 22641:Bozdogan, Sibel; Akcan, Esra (2013). 22509: 22377: 22281:Magnan-Park, Marchetti & Tan 2018 21707:Çakır Morin, Arzu (5 December 2013). 21636: 21603: 21299: 20757: 20581: 20358: 20184: 20141:Languages of the World, Third Edition 19803: 19725: 19708: 19696: 19621: 19499: 19434: 19409: 19379:"Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek" 19126:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 19119: 18771:"Istanbul Metro Passenger Statistics" 18734:from the original on 3 November 2023. 17281:from the original on 28 October 2023. 17163: 16894: 16660: 16524:from the original on 11 November 2022 16392:from the original on 11 November 2022 16360:from the original on 11 November 2022 16127: 16088: 16001:from the original on 18 December 2020 15975:from the original on 16 December 2020 15811:from the original on 16 November 2022 15620:from the original on 9 September 2022 15439:from the original on 14 February 2012 15309:from the original on 23 November 2023 15016:Joseph Trevithick (10 January 2023). 14967:from the original on 17 February 2023 14782:from the original on 31 December 2022 14483:from the original on 27 February 2023 14389:from the original on 31 December 2022 14354:from the original on 31 December 2022 14187:. Universal-Publishers. p. 269. 14100: 14043:from the original on 28 December 2014 13945:from the original on 21 November 2006 13751:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 13710:Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 13140:. Ministry of Justice. Archived from 13047:from the original on 25 November 2022 12735: 12592: 12569:from the original on 12 November 2017 12250:from the original on 23 February 2024 12169: 12123: 12105:from the original on 29 December 2020 12003:from the original on 19 December 2015 11512:from the original on 14 February 2021 11229: 11205: 11193: 11082: 11052:Anaximander: And the Birth of Science 10329: 10117:, Turkestan, Central Asia, Kazakhstan 10024:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). 9526:Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). 9466: 9428: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8982: 8808: 8784: 8099:First National Architectural Movement 7952:With its traditional Turkish houses, 7937:first national architectural movement 5996:Water supply and sanitation in Turkey 4474:shifted towards its proximity to the 4286:Court of Justice building in Kartal, 3986:'s duties are commonly split between 3344:tried to oust the government. With a 3293:was interrupted by military coups in 2870:, which claimed up to 300,000 lives. 2778:capturing its capital, Constantinople 1390:) in Turkic languages comes from the 1240:. Turkey is a founding member of the 1131:mass migration into modern-day Turkey 1050:; Hellenization continued during the 29305:Developing 8 Countries member states 25126: 25114: 23415:. Istanbul, Türkiye: Ege Yayınları. 23254: 23064:Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (2012). 23001:10.1093/acref/9780198117650.001.0001 22990: 22974:10.1093/acref/9780198605683.001.0001 22966:The Oxford Companion to Architecture 22849:10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001 22795:10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001 22768:10.1093/acref/9780191918742.001.0001 22595:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001 22351:"Turkish Dramas Sweep Latin America" 22119:. Iat.uni-leipzig.de. Archived from 21477:Broughton, Ellingham & Lusk 2006 21460:Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 21275: 21263: 21251: 21114: 21076: 21061: 21055:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı 18900: 18859: 18495:from the original on 26 January 2021 18201:United Nations Development Programme 18141:. Financial Times. 31 October 2023. 18082:"World Robotics - Industrial Robots" 17788:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17776:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17764:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17752:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17740:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17303:from the original on 18 August 2023. 17256:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 17244:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16875:Kuzucuoğlu, Çiner & Kazancı 2019 16467:from the original on 3 February 2013 16463:. Committee to Protect Journalists. 16452: 16440:from the original on 31 October 2022 16304:from the original on 14 October 2017 16273:from the original on 23 October 2022 16247:from the original on 19 October 2017 16148:from the original on 17 January 2023 16109:from the original on 17 January 2023 16070:from the original on 17 January 2023 16031:from the original on 9 December 2020 15949:from the original on 13 January 2023 15841:from the original on 20 January 2016 15798: 15594:from the original on 8 February 2019 15564:from the original on 19 October 2017 15120:from the original on 10 January 2016 14997:from the original on 4 December 2022 14955:Gareth Jennings (24 November 2022). 14896:, Al Jazeera English, 21 July 2022, 14223:from the original on 12 January 2011 13977:from the original on 10 October 2019 13603:from the original on 17 January 2023 13495:"Turkey's Kurd party ban criticized" 12943: 12912: 12833:from the original on 17 January 2023 12450:from the original on 10 January 2022 12417:from the original on 7 February 2018 12366:from the original on 14 January 2023 12301:from the original on 1 November 2020 11952: 11900:from the original on 25 January 2014 11601: 11301: 11042: 10160:participating institution membership 10126: 10044:from the original on 20 January 2023 9835: 9594:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (2021). 9516: 9509:Bosma, Lucassen & Oostindie 2012 9221:United Nations Development Programme 9183: 9132:from the original on 6 February 2024 9055:from the original on 10 January 2021 7962:tentative UNESCO World Heritage site 7847:. Internationally acclaimed Turkish 7668:, romanticism, and formal elements. 7506:Imperial Military Engineering School 6240:Turkish Ministry of National Defense 6149:connect both sides of Istanbul. The 5675:. Lush forests are found around the 4363: 4310:, adopted in 1926, was based on the 2630:. In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the 2026:, thereby laying the foundations of 1855:. Urartu was often in conflict with 1380: 1368: 1106:. From 1789 onwards, the empire saw 1074:in 1243, when it disintegrated into 29255:Member states of the United Nations 27377:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 23817:from the original on 25 April 2024. 23676:from the original on 6 August 2020. 23338:The Turkic Peoples in World History 23335: 23240:. Berlin Wien: LIT Verlag Münster. 23175: 23126: 22444:Fatima Bhutto (13 September 2019). 22378:Irani, Delshad (22 February 2017). 22189: 21453: 20680:The American Jewish Year Book, 2018 20336:. 23 September 2014. Archived from 20087:al-Shamahi, Abubakr (8 June 2015). 19838:Toktaş, Şule; Araş, Bulent (2009). 19058:from the original on 19 April 2024. 18997:from the original on 28 March 2024. 18694:from the original on 27 March 2022. 18670: 18584:from the original on 10 March 2024. 18540: 18528: 18516: 18474: 18462: 18428: 17073:. Turkish Ministry of Tourism. 2005 15799:Uçar, Burcu Purtul (30 July 2017). 14872:from the original on 7 January 2023 14842:from the original on 7 January 2023 14603:from the original on 17 August 2020 14449:from the original on 6 January 2023 14419:from the original on 6 January 2023 14162:from the original on 14 August 2014 14007:from the original on 5 January 2023 13900:"Chronology of Turkey-EU relations" 13847:from the original on 17 August 2016 13312:(6). SAGE Publications: 1075–1091. 13173:from the original on 18 August 2014 12960:from the original on 1 January 2022 11824: 11626: 11589: 11474:"The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks" 11459: 11278:Jeffreys, Haldon & Cormack 2008 10485: 10458:Denisyuk, Yulia (29 October 2023). 10395:Wertheimer, Tiffany (2 June 2022). 9700:from the original on 28 August 2022 9209: 8519: 7174:Minority Rights Group International 5344:, which is common among the Angoras 4979:government has waged crackdowns on 4442:for rebuilding European economies. 4250:Party of Greens and the Left Future 3247:. Later that year, Turkey became a 2902:were the primary residences of the 2828:Ottoman economic crisis and default 2613:in Anatolia during the 14th century 2242:, with peace and wars alternating. 2196:'s death in 337. Bottom image: The 1325:UNESCO intangible cultural heritage 24: 28469:Commonwealth of Independent States 23459:Merriam-Webster, Inc, ed. (1997). 23311:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 22471:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 22325:"Turkey: Soap Operas and Politics" 22114: 21950:"Anadolu Efes S.K.: Our successes" 21504:"Odunpazari Historical Urban Site" 20547:Peace Research Institute Frankfurt 20359:Pamuk, Humeyra (29 January 2016). 19976:Akbulut, Olgun (19 October 2023). 19856:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00664.x 19595:Aktürk, Şener (12 November 2012). 19470:Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001). 17531:. 19 November 2013. Archived from 17487:Top 100 Birding Sites of the World 17386:Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey 17325:from the original on 6 April 2024. 17098:Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16638:. 11 November 2015. Archived from 16187:from the original on 28 March 2024 15780:from the original on 23 April 2022 15331:. Savunma Sanayii. 30 April 2023. 15214:from the original on 24 April 2023 15028:from the original on 14 March 2023 14933:from the original on 18 March 2024 14900:from the original on 18 March 2024 14812:from the original on 25 March 2023 14543:from the original on 12 March 2016 14373:Merve Aydoğan (28 November 2022). 14138:Mitrovic, Marija (24 March 2014). 14082:from the original on 28 March 2024 13810:. 10 November 2015. Archived from 13545: 13527:from the original on 21 March 2022 13449:from the original on 12 April 2022 13369:(2). Informa UK Limited: 175–187. 13111:from the original on 19 April 2017 12756:from the original on 28 March 2024 12702:from the original on 28 March 2024 12352:(1st ed.). Rosen Pub. Group. 12066:from the original on 16 March 2016 12022:Simons, Marlise (22 August 1993). 11973:from the original on 28 March 2024 11322:from the original on 28 March 2024 11256:from the original on 29 April 2021 11151:from the original on 28 March 2024 11107:from the original on 28 March 2024 10978:from the original on 21 March 2023 10933: 10439:from the original on 29 March 2012 10240:from the original on 26 March 2023 9085:from the original on 24 March 2021 8996: 8576:systems are widely available. The 8298:"of Turkish origin", used to make 7742: 7435:History of Modern Turkish painting 6611:, which is the most widely spoken 6065:fossil fuels were still subsidized 5597:with sharply contrasting seasons. 5573:of Turkey for the 1980–2016 period 5530:. The national dog breeds are the 4845:. As of 2016, Turkey has assisted 4689:are under the jurisdiction of the 4545:ousting of President Mohamed Morsi 3857: 3370:Administrative divisions of Turkey 2795:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, 2082:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 1782:rulers were gradually replaced by 25: 29331: 29199:partial international recognition 28973:Countries bordering the Black Sea 27803:Economic Cooperation Organization 27017:Economic Cooperation Organization 26722:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 23858: 23523:from the original on 21 May 2024. 23144:from the original on 11 May 2024. 22816:. The University of Texas Press. 22425:Betül Alakent (17 October 2022). 22327:. Pulitzer Center. Archived from 21709:"Türk kahvesi Unesco korumasında" 20868:Mustafa Akyol (7 November 2016). 20826:"Turkish Higher Education System" 19534:from the original on 7 March 2024 18092:from the original on 21 May 2024. 18014:"Total production of crude steel" 17962:Dan Mihalascu (4 November 2022). 17423: 16434:United States Department of State 16217:from the original on 10 June 2022 15750:from the original on 6 April 2017 15645:. Psychology Press. p. 260. 15154:from the original on 28 June 2023 14723:from the original on 1 April 2022 14693:from the original on 10 July 2022 14663:from the original on 15 June 2022 14633:from the original on 7 April 2022 14573:from the original on 27 June 2016 14315:Yaşar Yakış (29 September 2014). 14215:Taspinar, Omer (September 2008). 13767:from the original on 6 April 2023 13726:from the original on 6 April 2023 13564:from the original on 7 March 2022 13417:from the original on 7 March 2022 13241:from the original on 5 April 2019 13078:from the original on 18 July 2016 12916:Turkish Politics and the Military 12036:from the original on 12 July 2018 11472:Golden, Peter B. (25 July 2018). 9918:from the original on 2 March 2024 9872:from the original on 2 March 2024 9227:from the original on 10 June 2022 8922:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 8306:is a "delicate but gummy jelly". 7469:styles and techniques. The words 7057:in 2011, the estimated number of 6696:Largest cities or towns in Turkey 6057:Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions 6025:16th largest electricity producer 5971: 5159:. As a general trend, the inland 4141:On the right side of the Turkish 4000:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 3934:, residence and workplace of the 3400:) and in towns by the governors ( 3179:religion-based and multi-communal 3050:History of the Republic of Turkey 2720: 2598:. Oghuz Turks were also known as 2519:Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital 1790:. It co-existed in Anatolia with 1583:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe 899:, is a country mainly located in 29058: 29045: 29032: 29019: 29006: 28993: 28980: 28894: 28879: 28864: 28849: 28836: 28822: 28807: 28792: 28774: 28757: 28742: 28727: 28712: 28697: 28682: 28568: 28555: 28542: 28529: 28516: 28503: 28474: 28440: 28427: 28414: 28401: 28388: 28375: 28362: 28349: 28336: 28323: 28310: 28297: 28284: 28271: 28247: 28223: 28210: 28197: 28184: 28171: 28158: 28145: 28132: 28119: 28106: 27324: 27300: 27286: 27272: 27258: 27244: 27230: 27216: 27202: 27188: 27174: 26897: 26884: 26871: 26854: 26838: 26825: 26812: 26799: 26786: 26764: 26293: 26282: 26281: 25976: 25653: 25642: 25641: 25468: 25137: 25125: 25113: 25102: 25101: 25089: 24493:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 23979: 23896: 23874: 23623:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire 22928:. Oxford University Press, USA. 22437: 22418: 22392: 22371: 22343: 22323:Jenna Krajeski (30 March 2012). 22316: 22244: 22218: 22171: 22108: 22082: 22064: 22041: 21942: 21916: 21885: 21812: 21800: 21788: 21776: 21764: 21752: 21700: 21678: 21666: 21654: 21642: 21630: 21618: 21576: 21564: 21552: 21540: 21528: 21516: 21496: 21482: 21470: 21447: 21429: 21385: 21358: 21281: 21269: 21257: 21245: 21190: 21176:"WHO Mean Body Mass Index (BMI)" 21143: 21043: 21018: 20997: 20973: 20952: 20927: 20902: 20884:"World University Rankings 2024" 20876: 20861: 20843: 20818: 20778: 20751: 20733: 20715: 20697: 20663: 20651: 20612: 20532: 20509: 20489: 20471: 20452: 20427: 20401: 20383: 20352: 20322: 20296: 20290:"Turkey's demographic challenge" 20288:Luke Coffey (18 February 2016). 20281: 20243:. United Nations. Archived from 20111: 20080: 19957: 19750: 19702: 19690: 19678: 19615: 19588: 19561: 19403: 19359: 19329: 19307: 19265: 19247: 19229: 19202: 19176: 19154: 19113: 19095: 19062: 19013: 19001: 18949: 18924: 18894: 18876: 18830: 18763: 18738: 18716: 18698: 18676: 18664: 18588: 18570: 18558: 18546: 18534: 18522: 18468: 18456: 18434: 18422: 18404: 18376: 18365:World Travel and Tourism Council 18352: 18330: 18305: 18271: 18241: 18185: 18157: 18131: 18098: 18004: 17974: 17900: 17878: 17814: 17793: 17781: 17769: 17757: 17745: 17733: 17721: 17694: 17590: 17521: 17478: 17432: 17377: 17351: 17329: 17307: 17285: 17261: 17249: 17237: 17188: 17085: 17040: 16998: 16986: 16868: 16844: 16818: 16787:"Perceptions of Gender Equality" 16779: 16758: 16732: 16706: 16680: 16661:Birch, Nicholas (19 July 2008). 16654: 16628: 16602: 16554: 16536: 16504: 16422: 16404: 16372: 16316: 16285: 16259: 16229: 16199: 16160: 16121: 16082: 16043: 16013: 15922: 15896: 15792: 15616:. TRT World. 30 September 2017. 15606: 15576: 15546: 15484: 15451: 15417: 15365:from the original on 6 June 2023 15347: 15321: 15290: 15278:from the original on 9 July 2023 15248:from the original on 16 May 2023 15226: 15196: 15184:from the original on 17 May 2023 15166: 15106: 15070: 15009: 14979: 14948: 14919:Dana Taib Menmy (23 June 2020). 14912: 14884: 14824: 14794: 14755:from the original on 6 June 2020 14735: 14705: 14675: 14645: 14615: 14585: 14555: 14525: 14495: 14461: 14431: 14401: 14366: 14335: 14319:. Turkish Weekly. Archived from 14308: 14290: 14264: 14235: 14208: 14094: 13779: 13738: 13697: 13685:from the original on 30 May 2023 13667: 13655:from the original on 28 May 2023 13641: 13629:from the original on 28 May 2023 13623:"Erdogan wins Turkey's election" 13615: 13539: 13513: 13501:from the original on 7 July 2018 13487: 13475:from the original on 7 July 2018 13461: 13429: 13399: 13279: 13267:from the original on 15 May 2023 13253: 13223: 13211: 13159: 13059: 13029: 12996: 12984: 12972: 12937: 12845: 12813:Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017). 12806: 12714: 12656: 12631: 12611: 12436:Raziye Akkoç (15 October 2015). 12429: 12399: 12262: 12225: 12213: 12201: 12189: 12156: 12144: 12117: 12078: 11946: 11866: 11854: 11842: 11830: 11803: 11791: 11779: 11767: 11755: 11743: 11731: 11719: 11707: 11695: 11683: 11671: 11659: 11647: 11620: 11595: 11451: 11392: 11334: 11295: 11283: 11238: 11223: 11211: 11199: 11187: 11175: 10946:from the original on 6 July 2022 10466:. National Geographic Traveller. 10409:from the original on 2 June 2022 10376:from the original on 2 June 2022 10344:from the original on 6 June 2022 10330:Soylu, Ragip (17 January 2022). 10311:from the original on 17 May 2022 9197:from the original on 17 May 2019 8849: 8832: 8823: 8810:[ˈtyɾcijedʒumˈhuːɾijeti] 8739: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8568:have a very high penetration as 8458:women's national volleyball team 8381:women's national basketball team 8069:, whose major works include the 7991:. There are various examples of 7945: 7921: 7891: 7855:musicians and composers include 7731:. An example for shadow play is 7289:Middle East Technical University 7152:; the constitution provides for 7112: 7103: 7068:in Turkey; these included other 6799: 6789: 6756: 6746: 6290:national satellite launch system 6209:Science and technology in Turkey 5862:13th in motor vehicle production 5726: 5703: 5684: 5657: 5630: 5250:includes the northern plains of 5068:List of national parks of Turkey 4973:Committee to Protect Journalists 4183:Social Democratic Populist Party 4039:proportionally to the population 4024:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 3944: 3923: 3896: 3447: 3255:. After fighting as part of the 3181:Ottoman monarchy into a Turkish 2888: 2877: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2395:eventually became extinct after 2198:Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire 2178: 2167: 1660: 1639: 1609: 1230:11th-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP 1185:on 29 October 1923, modelled on 798: 797: 772: 750: 749: 731: 730: 698: 697: 679: 678: 627: 108: 77: 29260:Newly industrializing countries 28013:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 25138: 23844:from the original on 5 May 2024 23724:Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006 23549:Pekesen, Berna (7 March 2012). 22993:The Oxford Companion to Chaucer 22474:. Facts On File, Incorporated. 22468:Agoston, G; Masters, B (2009). 22294:"Berlinale 1964: Prize Winners" 21573:, Seljuk or Saljuk architecture 21079:New England Journal of Medicine 20672:"World Jewish Population, 2018" 19414:. Routledge. pp. 144–145. 19211:Defense & Security Analysis 18172:Turkish Contractors Association 18145:from the original on 9 May 2024 17835:from the original on 5 May 2024 17225:from the original on 3 May 2024 17047:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 17005:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16967:Helen Chapin Metz, ed. (1995). 16609:Tehmina Kazi (7 October 2011). 16461:"Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis" 16459:Turkey's Press Freedom Crisis. 16056:. Lexington Books. p. 90. 15554:"What is Turkey doing in Iraq?" 15335:from the original on 3 May 2023 15142:Emma Helfrich (11 April 2023). 14513:from the original on 5 May 2022 13586:The Cambridge History of Turkey 12854:Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 12685:Historical Dictionary of Turkey 12321:"Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide" 11163: 11131: 11119: 11088: 11076: 11030: 11018: 11006: 10994: 10934:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 10927: 10892: 10859: 10847: 10835: 10823: 10811: 10784: 10772: 10745: 10643: 10585: 10573: 10542: 10451: 10388: 10356: 10323: 10254: 10211:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 10166: 10132: 10120: 10108: 10096: 10084: 10073:, stretches west as far as the 10005: 9993: 9981: 9969: 9942: 9930: 9854: 9829: 9628: 9616: 9587: 9458: 9446: 9434: 9375: 9344: 9290: 9263: 9251: 9239: 9217:"Human Development Index (HDI)" 8918:"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" 8791: 8767: 8443:2023 FIBA Europe SuperCup Women 8224:Food staples in Turkey include 7870: 7344:in Istanbul. It contains 2,068 6508:(47%); and a large minority in 6342: 6094:, West Asia, and Central Asia. 6067:. By 2053, Turkey aims to have 5930:international poverty threshold 5800:18th-largest economy by nominal 5618:Examples from some of Turkey's 5307: 4860: 4641:is currently being produced by 4564:maritime boundaries with Greece 4505:(OTS) was established in 2009. 4461:The common threat posed by the 4350:General Directorate of Security 4099:(local). Apart from elections, 3034:partition of the Ottoman Empire 2917:Ottoman territories in Europe ( 2805:Ottoman Empire began to decline 2681:in 1071, and later established 2424:First Council of Constantinople 2240:conflicts with Parthians ensued 2119:appeared. In third century BC, 1859:, but fell with the attacks of 1812:is based on historical events. 1804:earliest layers go back to the 1736:. These tablets belonged to an 1287:, and various mountain ranges; 646:111/km (287.5/sq mi) ( 27783:Moro National Liberation Front 26921:Turkic Speaking States summits 25583:British Indian Ocean Territory 23777:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 23759:. Cambridge University Press. 23731:KONDA Research and Consultancy 23259:. Liverpool University Press. 22872:. Cambridge University Press. 22562:. Princeton University Press. 21203:Atmospheric Pollution Research 20057:Jaipaul L. Roopnarine (2015). 19732:. Cultural Diversity and Law. 19601:. Cambridge University Press. 19410:Bayir, Derya (22 April 2016). 19147:10.1088/1742-6596/347/1/012008 17929:Jay Ramey (30 December 2019). 17438:E.S. Forster (trans. et ed.), 16746:(in Turkish). 19 November 2017 16714:"Onur Yürüyüşü'nde 20 gözaltı" 16596:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 15835:Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 14415:. Al Jazeera. 5 January 2023. 13873:. 7 April 2016. Archived from 13523:. Daily Sabah. 14 March 2022. 12944:Arsu, Sebsem (12 April 2012). 12819:. Princeton University Press. 12534:. Penguin Group. p. 180. 12505:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 12232:Mojzes, Paul (November 2013). 11308:. Cambridge University Press. 9067: 8974: 8956:Constitutional Court of Turkey 8885: 8395:in three consecutive seasons ( 8377:men's national basketball team 8232:. Some of bread varieties are 8063:classical Ottoman architecture 8013:Byzantine Revival architecture 7912:classical Ottoman architecture 7717:2006 Nobel Prize in Literature 7428: 7379:Air pollution is a major cause 7281:Times Higher Education ranking 7250:Ministry of National Education 7030: 6657:endangered languages in Turkey 6264:Turkey ranks 16th in the world 5946:21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 5812:newly industrialized countries 5328:Environmental issues in Turkey 5322:Flora and vegetation of Turkey 4998: 4985:journalists have been arrested 4894:European Court of Human Rights 4469:led to Turkey's membership of 4216:, is currently serving as the 3331:accession negotiations with EU 3110:Turkish Provisional Government 2066:expanded into western Anatolia 1851:. Urartu's capital was around 1774:They may be native to Anatolia 1573:Prehistory and ancient history 1102:, the Ottoman Empire became a 1082:united the principalities and 773: 13: 1: 28964: 26975:Supreme Order of Turkic World 26772:Organization of Turkic States 26382:Commissioner for Human Rights 26237:country of the United Kingdom 23176:Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. 23112:. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. 22560:The Five-Million-Year Odyssey 21340:. Fondation Max Van Berchem. 21129:10.1080/19371918.2020.1806167 20670:DellaPergola, Sergio (2018). 20119:"The Ethnic Groups Of Turkey" 19896:The Other Languages of Europe 19345:Turkish Statistical Institute 19223:10.1080/14751798.2022.2068562 18639:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21535 18257:Turkish Statistical Institute 16237:"Ever closer to independence" 15525:. Rand Corporation. pp. 13555:European Stability Initiative 13407:"Law on Constitutional Court" 13376:10.1080/14683857.2021.1909292 12913:Hale, William Mathew (1994). 12860:(2). Yale University: 67–82. 12597:. Overlook. p. lxxviii. 10063: 9126:Turkish Statistical Institute 8878: 8840:Bulgarian community in Turkey 8358:Turkey national football team 7598:at his personal writing space 7502:Istanbul Technical University 7297:Istanbul Technical University 7238:Istanbul Technical University 6635:recognized and protected for 6382:was 1.51 children per woman, 6376:province and district centers 6310:An Antarctic research station 5907:largest airlines in the world 5858:8th in crude steel production 5300:that is more successful with 5290:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes 4873:2016–present purges in Turkey 4585:aimed at ousting U.S.-backed 4525:Organization of Turkic States 4523:Members and observers of the 4503:Organization of Turkic States 4380:formal accession negotiations 4159:Justice and Development Party 3415:Turkey is subdivided into 81 3350:executive presidential system 3012:" from the eastern war zone. 2832:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 2693:. Seljuk arrival started the 2438:Seljuks and Anatolian beyliks 2265:took place in Ephesus, where 1305:a universal healthcare system 1250:Organization of Turkic States 995:. Other major cities include 907:, with a smaller part called 623:• December 2023 estimate 490: 24984:Intangible cultural heritage 24330:Southeastern Anatolia Region 24162:Proclamation of the republic 22964:Goode, Patrick, ed. (2009). 22839:Everett-Heath, John (2020). 22812:Davison, Roderic H. (1990). 22787:The Oxford Companion to Food 22704:Cohen, Saul B., ed. (2008). 22356:International Business Times 22001:"National Team's Activities" 21117:Social Work in Public Health 19168:. 8 May 2024. Archived from 18026:"2022 Production Statistics" 17860:"Turkey (Turkiye) - Economy" 17568:"Specific Animals of Turkey" 17394:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36 17361:. 6 May 2012. Archived from 16167:Stanton, Jessica A. (2016). 15971:. U.S. Department of State. 15935:. I.B. Tauris. p. 263. 15674:"Enter the EU Battle Groups" 15639:Richmond, Oliver P. (1998). 15297:Tayfun Özberk (1 May 2022). 14342:Ragıp Soylu (5 April 2022). 14242:Murinson, Alexander (2009). 13997:"U.S. Relations With Turkey" 13193:"CIA World Factbook: Turkey" 12721:Axiarlis, Evangelia (2014). 12638:Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). 12559:"The Treaty of Sèvres, 1920" 11478:The Medieval History Journal 10940:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 10793:Annual Review of Linguistics 10103:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 10079:Eastern Carpathian Mountains 10012:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 10000:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9976:Tasar, Frank & Eden 2021 9743:10.1590/01047760201925042644 9553:Journal of Genocide Research 8366:2003 FIFA Confederations Cup 8360:won the bronze medal at the 7377:(BMI) value of 30 or above. 7315:. Turkey is a member of the 7283:, the top universities were 7240:is the world's third-oldest 7202: 7186:the largest Jewish community 6329:Turkish Aerospace Industries 6236:Earth observation satellites 5870:Turkish automative companies 5734:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5602:vulnerable to climate change 5414:introduced to Western Europe 5248:Southeastern Anatolia Region 5055: 4857:with security and training. 4643:Turkish Aerospace Industries 4554:were also severed after the 4449:Turkey has been a member of 4404:European Union Customs Union 4346:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4078:2024 Turkish local elections 3289:The country's transition to 3185:that would be governed as a 2817:Ottoman constitution of 1876 2092:, were located in Anatolia. 1867:in seventh century BC. When 1624:were erected as far back as 1524:In December 2021, President 1386: 1374: 1338: 7: 24255:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 23879:Geographic data related to 23774:Wilson, Nigel, ed. (2006). 23753:van den Hout, Theo (2011). 23645:. Oxford University Press. 23438:McColl, R. W., ed. (2005). 23185:Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü 23153:. Oxford University Press. 23085:Howard, Douglas A. (2016). 22995:. Oxford University Press. 22991:Gray, Douglas, ed. (2003). 22968:. Oxford University Press. 22922:Findley, Carter V. (2005). 22897:SDGs in the European Region 22735:(3rd ed.). Routledge. 22733:The World's Major Languages 22689:. Oxford University Press. 22589:. Oxford University Press. 21178:. World Health Organization 20786:"World Oldest Universities" 19844:Political Science Quarterly 19736:. pp. 88–90, 203–204. 18817:Central Intelligence Agency 18018:The World Steel Association 17828:International Monetary Fund 17133:Steadman & McMahon 2011 16955:Steadman & McMahon 2011 16918:Central Intelligence Agency 14445:. Reuters. 6 January 2023. 13681:(in Turkish). 15 May 2023. 12739:A Concise History of Greece 12619:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 11405:Evolutionary Human Sciences 11347:Evolutionary Human Sciences 11037:Steadman & McMahon 2011 11025:Steadman & McMahon 2011 11013:Steadman & McMahon 2011 11001:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10899:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10866:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10854:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10830:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10779:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10767:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10752:Steadman & McMahon 2011 10740:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9912:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100384 9694:Central Intelligence Agency 9351:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9309:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9297:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9285:Steadman & McMahon 2011 9169:International Monetary Fund 9025:Central Intelligence Agency 8732: 7971:Turkey is home to numerous 7590:-laureate Turkish novelist 7088: 5854:major agricultural producer 5790:. A founding member of the 5296:, a country with a similar 5091:in between, Turkey bridges 4734:designed to operate on TCG 4683:Gendarmerie General Command 4608: 4370:Foreign relations of Turkey 4354:Gendarmerie General Command 4242:2023 parliamentary election 4064:Political parties in Turkey 4014:branch, which includes the 3099:Turkish War of Independence 2683:the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 2255:oldest Christian literature 2024:Ionian School of philosophy 1568:Ancient regions of Anatolia 1451: 1445: 1439: 1311:, and increasing levels of 1283:Turkey has coastal plains, 1171:Turkish War of Independence 1145:. Under the control of the 1114:, and centralization while 1046:following the conquests of 1042:transitioned into cultural 10: 29336: 29197:Disputed statehood — 27335:(as Turkish Cypriot State) 26707:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 26085:British Overseas Territory 25703:Countries and dependencies 25587:British Overseas Territory 25200:Countries and dependencies 25161:Articles related to Turkey 24086:Conquest of Constantinople 23528:Peacock, A. C. S. (2015). 23480:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 22925:The Turks in World History 22510:Baird, Forrest E. (2016). 22460: 21523:Sagona & Zimansky 2015 21306:. Flammarion. p. 27. 21005:"Türkiye Scholarships-FAQ" 20806:. World Education Services 19522:"If Turkey Had 100 People" 17119:10.1007/s10518-020-00793-4 16720:(in Turkish). 22 June 2019 16694:(in Turkish). 17 June 2016 14868:. TRT World. 25 May 2022. 14838:. Reuters. 24 March 2018. 13871:Transparency International 13749:. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). 13708:. In Smits, Jan M. (ed.). 12725:. I.B. Tauris. p. 11. 11861:Agoston & Masters 2009 11413:Cambridge University Press 11355:Cambridge University Press 11144:World History Encyclopedia 11101:World History Encyclopedia 10936:"New Inscribed Properties" 10429:"The World's First Temple" 10271:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 9937:Agoston & Masters 2009 8529: 8523: 8340:The most popular sport is 8319: 8313: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8059:Early Ottoman architecture 7880: 7874: 7859:(founder and president of 7756: 7746: 7689:Atatürk instituted reforms 7572: 7486:Sixteenth-century artists 7432: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7330: 7206: 7092: 7034: 6788: 6745: 6665: 6393: 6352: 6346: 6212: 6206: 6119:controlled-access highways 6029:Turkey's energy generation 5989: 5982:Renewable energy in Turkey 5975: 5843:Turkish automotive company 5767: 5761: 5757: 5648:has snow-white color from 5620:seven geographical regions 5559: 5553: 5549: 5433:Ancient Troy National Park 5429:Mount Nemrut National Park 5325: 5311: 5065: 5059: 5002: 4870: 4864: 4675:Chief of the General Staff 4618: 4612: 4550:Diplomatic relations with 4367: 4330:and German law generally. 4322:, originally based on the 4275: 4254:Nationalist Movement Party 4214:2023 presidential election 4057: 3980:three levels of government 3885: 3871: 3373: 3367: 3089:. Under the leadership of 3047: 2724: 2586:, the Oghuz migrated into 2455: 2441: 2356:, and the predominance of 2144: 2134: 2090:Mausoleum of Halicarnassus 1896: 1890: 1586: 1576: 1557: 1551: 1547: 1514:Devlet-i Âliyye-i Türkiyye 1413: 1333:fifth most visited country 1329:a rich and diverse cuisine 1197:, but was involved in the 1175:abolition of the sultanate 40: 29: 29195: 29074: 28972: 28911: 28783: 28772: 28673: 28584: 28495: 28456: 28263: 28239: 28096: 28060: 28009: 27956: 27884: 27839: 27791: 27771: 27731: 27724: 27708: 27410: 27401: 27384: 27316: 27165: 27089: 27064: 27031: 27024: 26967: 26946: 26913: 26863: 26852: 26778: 26699: 26653: 26410: 26349: 26254: 26210: 26185: 26160: 26147: 26094: 26070: 26063: 26040: 26027: 25985: 25974: 25713: 25627: 25600: 25569: 25553: 25532: 25519: 25477: 25466: 25210: 25166: 25085: 24818: 24734: 24627: 24593:The constitutional system 24553: 24508: 24453: 24444: 24338: 24286: 24277: 24230: 24197: 24147: 24125:Second Constitutional Era 24110:Decline and modernization 24066: 24027: 24001: 23992: 23902:Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey 23822:World Bank Group (2022). 23319:10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0 23213:Karpat, Kemal H. (2004). 23178:2023 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu 22905:10.1007/978-3-031-17461-2 22878:10.1017/chol9780521839570 22206:Federal Research Division 22117:"FILA Wrestling Database" 21868:"Historical Achievements" 21807:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21795:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21783:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21771:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21759:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21747:Davidson & Jaine 2014 21688:. UNESCO. 5 December 2013 21649:Bozdogan & Akcan 2013 21223:10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.011 20851:"Eurydice | Türkiye" 20637:10.1080/01419870701491937 20625:Ethnic and Racial Studies 20063:. ABC-CLIO. p. 328. 19994:10.1163/15718115-bja10134 19775:10.1080/14683850601016390 19685:Kirişci & Winrow 1997 19622:Watts, Nicole F. (2010). 19556:Kirişci & Winrow 1997 19449:10.1017/S0020743800063819 19079:10.1109/RAST.2015.7208318 18553:Taranto & Saygın 2019 18226:Euromonitor International 17485:Couzens, Dominic (2008). 17442:Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq 16993:Merriam-Webster, Inc 1997 16852:"UN Demographic Yearbook" 16636:"islam and homosexuality" 15929:Zürcher, Erik J. (2004). 15082:"Turkey/Military service" 14659:. BBC. 28 December 2016. 14101:Ziya Öniş, ŞuhnazYılmaz. 14062:Huston, James A. (1988). 13745:Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). 13704:Tarman, Z. Derya (2012). 13195:. Cia.gov. Archived from 12866:10.1080/13537110208428662 12642:. Pella. pp. 27–38. 12024:"Center of Ottoman Power" 11549:10.1163/22105018-12340089 11230:Grant, Robert M. (1997). 10619:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.057 10147:Oxford English Dictionary 9565:10.1080/14623520801950820 9528:The Magnitude of Genocide 8715:Turkish television dramas 8703: 8391:reached the final of the 8309: 7729:storytelling performances 7326: 6252:communications satellites 6121:and 29,373 kilometers of 5958:Euromonitor International 5942:ranked fifth in the world 5824:Foreign direct investment 4575:rapprochement with Russia 4348:. These agencies are the 4342:Law enforcement in Turkey 4316:Swiss Code of Obligations 4278:Judicial system of Turkey 4246:28th Parliament of Turkey 4179:Republican People's Party 4093:municipal council members 4068:Electoral cycle of Turkey 4032:competitive authoritarian 3888:Law enforcement in Turkey 3446: 3354:Supreme Electoral Council 3342:unsuccessful coup attempt 3087:Turkish National Movement 2654:'s capital and center of 2131:Rome and Byzantine Empire 2022:from Miletus founded the 1887:Early classical antiquity 1816:layers matches most with 1808:. It is not known if the 1078:. Beginning in 1299, the 1070:ruled Anatolia until the 878: 866: 854: 836: 817: 787: 762: 743: 724: 710: 691: 672: 654: 640: 621: 614: 604: 590: 583: 579: 566: 551: 536: 523: 510: 497: 481: 477: 470: 458: 454: 439: 424: 409: 394: 390: 377: 358: 324: 244: 234: 193: 152: 143: 92: 74: 52: 28602:SCO Interbank Consortium 27854:Abuja Declaration (1989) 27748:Central African Republic 24576:Ministry of the Interior 24561:Administrative divisions 24120:First Constitutional Era 23870:OECD Data | Türkiye 23802:(Report). Geneva: WIPO. 23411:Matthews, Henry (2014). 23219:. Leiden Boston: BRILL. 22683:Clauson, Gerard (1972). 22558:Bellwood, Peter (2022). 21549:, Byzantine architecture 21365:Wendy M.K. Shaw (2011). 19651:Amikam Nachmani (2003). 19568:Migdal, Joel S. (2004). 19476:. Multilingual Matters. 19337:"Birth Statistics, 2023" 17359:"Biodiversity in Turkey" 17195:ISMEP Guide Books 4 2014 16329:21 December 2016 at the 16095:. Springer. p. 96. 16027:. BBC. 4 November 2016. 14776:"The YPG-PKK connection" 13548:"Conservatism in Turkey" 13318:10.1177/1354068820923722 12563:Brigham Young University 12530:Ferguson, Niall (2007). 12139:Gibney & Hansen 2005 11919:Todorova, Maria (2009). 11490:10.1177/0971945818775373 10269:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 10058:De Administrando Imperio 9724:Birben, Üstüner (2019). 9600:Harvard University Press 9473:Gibney & Hansen 2005 8760: 8431:2013–14 EuroLeague Women 7609:is on the Asian side of 7176:, estimates of share of 6523:other Turkic backgrounds 6321:unmanned aerial vehicles 6260:research and development 6061:large proportion of coal 5992:Communications in Turkey 5952:. Turkey is home to 519 5562:Climate change in Turkey 5374:climate change in Turkey 5342:odd eyes (heterochromia) 5127:Turkey is divided into " 4967:and the main opposition 4925:Kurdistan Workers' Party 4691:Ministry of the Interior 4392:one of the early members 4298:legal system, replacing 4266:Workers' Party of Turkey 3364:Administrative divisions 3360:were accepted as valid. 3028:in 1918, the victorious 2793:Suleiman the Magnificent 2259:extrabiblical traditions 2204:, at its greatest extent 1960:Greeks started migrating 1632:by over seven millennia. 1511:in 1921, the expression 1321:21 UNESCO World Heritage 1264:, Turkey is part of the 1100:Suleiman the Magnificent 1034:were assimilated by the 983:is Turkey's capital and 43:Türkiye (disambiguation) 26717:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 26367:Parliamentary Assembly 26362:Committee of Ministers 26241:British-Irish Agreement 25545:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 24523:Parliamentary elections 24325:Eastern Anatolia Region 24320:Central Anatolia Region 24002:Ancient and Middle Ages 23756:The Elements of Hittite 23672:(Report). Metin Koşar. 23556:European History Online 23531:The Great Seljuk Empire 22531:Biondich, Mark (2011). 22489:Armour, Ian D. (2012). 21525:, pp. 44–46, 82–86 21490:"Award Winning Legends" 21424:Heper & Sayari 2012 21371:. Bloomsbury Academic. 21300:Barry, Michael (2004). 20658:Heper & Sayari 2012 19934:Zetler, Reyhan (2014). 18565:Heper & Sayari 2012 17908:"TOGG Official Website" 17440:The Turkish Letters of 16939:Encyclopedia Britannica 15087:. UNHCR. Archived from 14110:istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/ 13218:Heper & Sayari 2012 12991:Heper & Sayari 2012 12979:Heper & Sayari 2012 12736:Clogg, Richard (2002). 12469:Donald Bloxham (2005). 12346:Freedman, Jeri (2009). 12295:Encyclopædia Britannica 12091:. Bloomsbury Academic. 11873:Heper & Sayari 2012 11250:Encyclopædia Britannica 11234:. Routledge. p. 2. 10971:Encyclopedia Britannica 10492:Casson, Lionel (1977). 10234:sourcebooks.fordham.edu 10152:Oxford University Press 9635:Heper & Sayari 2012 9623:Heper & Sayari 2012 9441:Heper & Sayari 2012 8582:most popular newspapers 8419:FIVB World Championship 8118:vernacular architecture 8017:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 7759:Turkish classical music 7627:performing arts theater 7615:Atatürk Cultural Center 7481:. The understanding of 7197:identify as irreligious 7047:Turkey's migrant crisis 6596:Areas with speakers of 6276:Global Innovation Index 6193:top 10 busiest airports 6053:total final consumption 6041:fourth-largest producer 5786:-income country and an 5692:Central Anatolia Region 5302:earthquake preparedness 5278:Aegean extensional zone 5224:Eastern Anatolia Region 4941:A full-scale insurgency 4720:amphibious assault ship 4699:conscientious objection 4030:, being described as a 3905:Grand National Assembly 3868:Government and politics 3358:ballots without a stamp 3285:meeting in January 1994 3069:of the Turkish Republic 2705:, played a role in the 2408:First Council of Nicaea 1770:Indo-European languages 1513: 1484:The Book of the Duchess 1473: 1467: 1392:Second Turkic Khaganate 1256:and an early member of 1226:18th-largest by nominal 1177:and the signing of the 1094:. During the reigns of 1028:various ancient peoples 969:largest ethnic minority 464:Grand National Assembly 235:Official languages 36:Turkey (disambiguation) 27743:Bosnia and Herzegovina 27613:Pakistan-OIC relations 26927:Turkic Council summits 26450:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26077:(Sovereign Base Areas) 25758:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25603:Special administrative 25579:(Sovereign Base Areas) 24694:Science and technology 24528:Presidential elections 24009:Prehistory of Anatolia 23733:. 2006. Archived from 23444:. Facts On File, Inc. 23396:. Palgrave Macmillan. 23255:Kaya, Ibrahim (2004). 23137:(Report). Paris: IEA. 23106:Hoyos, Dexter (2019). 23041:. Palgrave Macmillan. 22199:Turkey country profile 22035:championsleague.cev.eu 21625:Bloom & Blair 2009 21613:Bloom & Blair 2009 21598:Bloom & Blair 2009 21583:Bloom & Blair 2009 21571:Curl & Wilson 2021 21559:Bloom & Blair 2009 21547:Curl & Wilson 2021 20888:Times Higher Education 19757:Köksal, Yonca (2006). 17623:10.1038/sdata.2018.214 13497:. BBC. 14 March 2003. 12919:. Routledge. pp. 12593:Mango, Andrew (2000). 12386:Dictionary of Genocide 11953:Mann, Michael (2005). 11302:Maas, Michael (2015). 11208:, pp. 62, 83, 115 10056: 9049:"Turkish Constitution" 8801: 8777: 8540:and a rapid growth of 8426: 8383:have been successful. 8337: 8268: 8238: 8166: 8157:. Turkish coffee is a 8114:modernist architecture 8021:Turkish principalities 8001:Byzantine architecture 7877:Architecture of Turkey 7787: 7733: 7673: 7634: 7625:is the city's largest 7621:on the European side. 7599: 7569:Literature and theatre 7455: 7363:Genel Sağlık Sigortası 7362: 7353: 7346:seismic base isolation 7279:According to the 2024 7273: 7266:Higher Education Board 7254:universities in Turkey 7245: 7221: 7136:Syriac Orthodox Church 7070:ethnic groups of Syria 6600: 6417: 6414:ethnic Kurds in Turkey 6390:Ethnicity and language 6367: 6349:Demographics of Turkey 6286:Turkey's space program 6255: 6203:Science and technology 6161:Turkish State Railways 6087: 6020: 5925: 5849: 5779: 5574: 5473:Caucasian black grouse 5465:eastern imperial eagle 5453:Caucasus mixed forests 5441:Polonezköy Nature Park 5345: 5207: 5080: 5017: 4989: 4929:terrorist organization 4889: 4867:Human rights in Turkey 4739: 4650: 4593:) from the enclave of 4527: 4458: 4408:accession negotiations 4387: 4291: 4271: 4230:Main Opposition Leader 4136:Independent candidates 4085:presidential elections 4080: 4028:democratic backsliding 3882:Constitution of Turkey 3862: 3340:. On 15 July 2016, an 3286: 3213:tribes leading to the 3187:parliamentary republic 3166: 3075:occupation of Istanbul 3070: 3006:refused to acknowledge 2811:reforms, initiated by 2743: 2687:Turkish principalities 2614: 2611:Turkish principalities 2511:Çifte Minareli Medrese 2330:fall of Constantinople 2305: 2155:Christianity in Turkey 2117:the kingdom of Armenia 2054: 1951: 1814:Troy's Late Bronze Age 1579:Prehistory of Anatolia 1501:Treaty of Alexandropol 1491:. The modern spelling 1285:a high central plateau 1116:its territory declined 1108:a major transformation 1076:Turkish principalities 1024:earliest farming areas 993:largest city in Europe 947:to the south; and the 735:$ 1.114 trillion ( 683:$ 3.832 trillion ( 99: 58: 34:. For other uses, see 29240:Member states of NATO 29230:Eastern Mediterranean 27056:Islamabad Declaration 26377:Court of Human Rights 26104:Bailiwick of Guernsey 26075:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 25577:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 24689:Free trade agreements 24571:Intelligence Services 24368:North Anatolian Fault 23373:10.4324/9780203943373 23346:10.4324/9781003256496 23336:Lee, Joo-Yup (2023). 23292:10.4324/9781315036649 23192:Karpat, K.H. (2001). 23088:The History of Turkey 23047:10.1057/9780230593602 22741:10.4324/9781315644936 22568:10.1515/9780691236339 22048:Burak Sansal (2006). 21819:Burak Sansal (2006). 20804:"Education in Turkey" 19804:Özlem, Kader (2019). 19726:Bayır, Derya (2013). 17274:Associated Press News 17071:"Geography of Turkey" 15744:hurriyetdailynews.com 15681:Chaillot Paper no. 97 15048:Turkish General Staff 14509:. BBC. 27 June 2016. 14304:on 28 September 2013. 13679:www.cumhuriyet.com.tr 13471:. BBC. 31 July 2001. 12561:. Harold B. Library, 12349:The Armenian genocide 11922:Imagining the Balkans 11704:, pp. 71–73, 225 10261:Cevdet Küçük (2012). 9836:Berg, Miriam (2023). 9353:, pp. 5, 16, 617 9051:. Anayasa Mahkemesi. 8514:Greco-Roman wrestling 8413: 8329: 8205:as a word comes from 8149: 8101:, including works of 8083:Ottoman baroque style 7975:settlements, such as 7778: 7767:Turkish music (style) 7644:is an example of the 7605: 7586: 7450: 7433:Further information: 7350:withstand earthquakes 7340: 7333:Health care in Turkey 7236: 7216: 7168:. Based on a survey, 7128:Mor Hananyo Monastery 7037:Immigration to Turkey 6655:. There are multiple 6595: 6504:; a near majority in 6411: 6362: 6258:Turkey's spending on 6222: 6127:Çanakkale 1915 Bridge 6078:The main terminal of 6077: 6003: 5915: 5833: 5777: 5582:Mediterranean climate 5569: 5354:biodiversity hotspots 5335: 5266:North Anatolian Fault 5200:North Anatolian Fault 5193: 5153:Southeastern Anatolia 5075: 5012: 5005:LGBT rights in Turkey 4921:military coup of 1980 4880: 4728:Baykar MIUS Kızılelma 4711: 4705:to military service. 4701:and does not offer a 4695:serve in the military 4636: 4603:Turkey-Iraq relations 4522: 4448: 4377: 4324:Italian Criminal Code 4285: 4187:Democratic Left Party 4075: 4054:Parties and elections 4006:branch, which is the 3988:municipal governments 3964:presidential republic 3861: 3374:Further information: 3338:presidential election 3291:multi-party democracy 3277: 3215:Sheikh Said rebellion 3164:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3154: 3059:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3057: 2939:in the Russian Empire 2734: 2609:A map of independent 2608: 2546:. Early and medieval 2533:Proto-Turkic language 2503:İnce Minareli Medrese 2456:Further information: 2283: 2194:Constantine the Great 2040: 1939:, a city named after 1930: 1760:was used in northern 1738:Assyrian trade colony 1703:origin of agriculture 1650:, the capital of the 1628:, predating those of 1519:Ottoman Empire's name 1295:, Turkey is prone to 1293:biodiversity hotspots 1191:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1149:, the Ottoman Empire 1127:in the Russian Empire 606:• Water (%) 385:presidential republic 253:Predominantly Turkish 29280:West Asian countries 28607:Eurasian Land Bridge 28448:United Arab Emirates 27865:OIC Resolution 10/11 27818:Non-Aligned Movement 27695:United Arab Emirates 25445:United Arab Emirates 25073:World heritage sites 24598:Turkish Armed Forces 24483:Constitutional Court 24397:Flora and vegetation 24375:Environmental issues 24363:East Anatolian Fault 24310:Mediterranean Region 23620:Somel, S.A. (2010). 23234:Kaser, Karl (2011). 22115:Gegner, Christiane. 22052:. allaboutturkey.com 21823:. allaboutturkey.com 21639:, Turkey, since 1918 21091:10.1056/NEJMp1410433 20292:. www.aljazeera.com. 20171:on 9 September 2015. 18860:Atlı, Altay (2018). 18115:10.2139/ssrn.1274804 17553:Üstay, A.H. (1990). 17277:. 14 February 2023. 16128:White, Paul (2015). 15776:. 22 November 2014. 15458:Hans M. Kristensen. 15389:The Military Balance 15274:. 15 December 2022. 14993:. 25 November 2022. 14778:. Atlantic Council. 14719:. 30 December 2016. 14689:. 28 December 2016. 14629:. 5 September 2020. 14479:. 26 February 2023. 14036:. 22 December 2022. 13651:. BBC. 28 May 2023. 13625:. CNN. 28 May 2023. 12517:10.1093/hgs/12.3.393 12060:dolmabahcepalace.com 11602:Wink, Andre (1990). 11049:Rovelli, C. (2023). 10433:Archaeology magazine 10213:, pp. 2759–2798 9773:, pp. 1575–1576 9637:, pp. 1, 55, 57 9193:. World Bank. 2019. 8342:association football 8187:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 8055:Ottoman architecture 8009:conquest of Istanbul 7935:, an example of the 7883:Ottoman architecture 7681:Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil 7650:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk 7642:Tales of Dede Korkut 7443:Turkish illumination 7321:Türkiye Scholarships 7313:Hacettepe University 7303:, the top ones were 7274:Yükseköğretim Kurulu 7242:technical university 6531:minorities in Turkey 6422:Turkish Constitution 6404:Minorities in Turkey 6380:total fertility rate 6306:particle accelerator 6242:, while state-owned 5864:, ship building (by 5804:11th-largest economy 5711:Mediterranean Region 5571:Köppen climate types 5469:lesser spotted eagle 5457:Eurasian sparrowhawk 5437:Ölüdeniz Nature Park 5270:East Anatolian Fault 5204:East Anatolian Fault 4803:since the Korean War 4703:civilian alternative 4655:Turkish Armed Forces 4625:Turkish Naval Forces 4615:Turkish Armed Forces 4601:which have strained 4579:Syrian National Army 4406:in 1995 and started 4402:in 1987, joined the 4264:and 4 seats for the 4210:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 4016:Constitutional Court 3972:current constitution 3932:Presidential Complex 3874:Government of Turkey 3329:in 1995 and started 3191:secular constitution 3122:Armistice of Mudanya 2638:and established the 2636:Battle of Dandanaqan 2620:originated from the 2432:Council of Chalcedon 2247:Acts of the Apostles 2088:in Ephesus, and the 1526:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1297:frequent earthquakes 1066:process. The Seljuk 1014:. Home to important 570:Current constitution 404:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 106:"Independence March" 29300:Countries in Europe 27944:Arab–Islamic (2023) 27393:Hissein Brahim Taha 27046:Secretaries-General 26197:unincorporated area 26126:Bailiwick of Jersey 25988:States with limited 25480:States with limited 24642:Banking and Finance 24260:History of Anatolia 24157:War of Independence 24149:Republic of Türkiye 24046:Battle of Manzikert 23808:10.34667/tind.48220 23740:on 15 February 2017 23514:10.1787/5ea7657e-en 23486:. Clarendon Press. 23465:. Merriam-Webster. 23265:10.2307/j.ctt5vjm76 22404:Hürriyet Daily News 22262:on 19 December 2015 22203:Library of Congress 21492:. 28 February 2018. 21456:"Theatre in Turkey" 21443:. 27 February 2021. 21441:Hürriyet Daily News 21215:2020AtmPR..11.2350A 21057:. 14 February 2023. 20890:. 25 September 2023 20857:. 27 November 2023. 20792:on 15 January 2008. 20516:Axel Tschentscher. 20485:. 14 November 2014. 20483:Hürriyet Daily News 20247:on 10 December 2015 19281:. 27 December 2023. 19261:. 10 November 2021. 19138:2012JPhCS.347a2008Y 19107:Hürriyet Daily News 18911:10.1787/d8b068b4-en 18843:Hürriyet Daily News 18746:"Yüksek Hızlı Tren" 18730:. 25 October 2023. 18712:. 19 December 2016. 18630:2023Heliy...921535N 18372:on 21 January 2024. 18292:10.2908/ILC_PEPS01N 18181:on 14 January 2024. 17992:on 20 December 2022 17670:"Climate of Turkey" 17615:2018NatSD...580214B 17466:on 17 December 2015 17460:milliparklar.gov.tr 17110:2020BuEE...18.2523S 16520:. 25 January 2022. 16388:. 12 October 2016. 16356:. 1 February 2022. 16089:Balci, Ali (2016). 15862:Annual report, 2014 15720:on 19 February 2015 15558:Hürriyet Daily News 15094:on 22 November 2006 15058:on 18 February 2009 14908:– via YouTube 14751:. 21 January 2018. 14569:. 8 November 2014. 14539:. 29 October 2014. 13938:. 15 October 2006. 13936:European Commission 13841:European Parliament 13808:European Commission 13445:. 5 December 2019. 13442:Hürriyet Daily News 13261:"Duties and Powers" 13231:"Duties and Powers" 13072:The Washington Post 12688:. Scarecrow Press. 12444:The Daily Telegraph 12291:"Armenian Genocide" 12056:"Dolmabahce Palace" 11422:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 11364:10.1017/ehs.2020.11 11027:, pp. 505, 753 10754:, pp. 233, 327 10677:10.1038/nature24476 10669:2017Natur.551..368L 10611:2016CBio...26.2659K 10464:National Geographic 10304:. 4 December 2021. 10150:(Online ed.). 10069:) "Patzinakia, the 9664:on 10 February 2014 9287:, pp. 3–11, 37 9128:. 6 February 2024. 8802:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 8510:freestyle wrestling 8421:four times and the 8362:2002 FIFA World Cup 8037:Seljuk architecture 7802:lost popularity to 7735:Karagöz and Hacivat 7607:Süreyya Opera House 7405:Festivals in Turkey 7305:Istanbul University 7218:Istanbul University 7209:Education in Turkey 7160:. According to the 7154:freedom of religion 6621:Caucasian languages 6555:Assyrians in Turkey 6431:1965 Turkish census 6396:Languages of Turkey 6288:plans to develop a 6197:the Middle Corridor 6112:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan 5986:Transport in Turkey 5916:Gulf of Antalya in 5845:which manufactures 5623: 5595:continental climate 5298:developmental level 5280:to the west. After 5268:zone to the north; 5129:seven major regions 5097:Southeastern Europe 5062:Geography of Turkey 4956:widespread protests 4927:(PKK, designated a 4855:Somali Armed Forces 4849:forces in northern 4746:in NATO, after the 4687:Coast Guard Command 4621:Turkish Land Forces 4455:Allied Land Command 4416:European Parliament 4378:Turkey has been in 4358:Coast Guard Command 4256:, 43 seats for the 4252:, 50 seats for the 4145:, parties like the 4132:electoral threshold 4089:municipality mayors 4060:Elections in Turkey 4041:. The president is 4010:; and third is the 4008:President of Turkey 3936:President of Turkey 3911:legislative chamber 3283:European Commission 3142:Lausanne Convention 3095:Battle of Gallipoli 3091:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 3044:Republic of Türkiye 3026:Armistice of Mudros 3014:Genocidal campaigns 2988:on the side of the 2921:) were lost in the 2852:Circassian genocide 2679:Battle of Manzikert 2523:Seljuk architecture 2404:ecumenical councils 2393:Anatolian languages 2338:Mediterranean world 2302:Justinian the Great 2296:) was built by the 2202:Justinian the Great 2068:. In the east, the 1948:World Heritage Site 1766:Anatolian sub-group 1723:migrate into Europe 1646:The Sphinx Gate of 1560:History of Anatolia 1309:access to education 1214:upper-middle-income 1151:entered World War I 1048:Alexander the Great 985:second-largest city 897:Republic of Türkiye 527:Sultanate abolished 501:War of Independence 215: / 174: / 59:Türkiye Cumhuriyeti 54:Republic of Türkiye 26712:Russia (1996–2022) 26096:Crown Dependencies 24699:Telecommunications 24488:Court of Cassation 24189:Multi-party period 24098:Ottoman Old Regime 24019:Byzantine Anatolia 24014:Classical Anatolia 23708:. Academic Press. 23037:Heper, M. (2007). 22647:. Reaktion Books. 22385:The Economic Times 22331:on 17 January 2013 21821:"Sports in Turkey" 21030:Turkey Scholarship 20939:The European Union 20855:The European Union 20709:Independent Türkçe 20556:on 28 October 2008 20439:pulitzercenter.org 20340:on 27 October 2023 20310:. 15 December 2020 20099:on 7 November 2017 19734:Ashgate Publishing 19558:, pp. 119–121 19391:on 22 January 2016 19190:on 1 November 2023 19120:Yavaş, Ö. (2012). 19073:. pp. 71–74. 19052:The European Union 18812:The World Factbook 18807:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 18598:. 1 February 2023. 18567:, pp. 234–235 18317:data.worldbank.org 18229:. 11 December 2023 17951:. 30 October 2022. 17864:CIA World Factbook 17535:on 23 October 2016 17512:Can, O.E. (2004). 17343:. 29 August 2023. 17319:Independent Türkçe 17215:"Türkiye Overview" 16913:The World Factbook 16718:gazeteduvar.com.tr 16642:on 25 October 2015 15746:. 3 October 2016. 15560:. 8 October 2016. 14599:. 17 August 2020. 14181:İdris Bal (2004). 13877:on 3 December 2019 13291:www.anayasa.gov.tr 13235:global.tbmm.gov.tr 13199:on 10 January 2021 13043:. 10 August 2014. 12953:The New York Times 12894:on 17 January 2016 12617:Robert H. Hewsen. 12269:Roderic H. Davison 12085:Isa Blumi (2013). 12029:The New York Times 11888:(2 January 2008). 11875:, pp. 19, 194 11812:, pp. 313–314 11800:, pp. 309–310 11788:, pp. 308–310 11039:, pp. 753–754 11015:, pp. 753–755 10856:, pp. 724–725 10115:Everett-Heath 2020 10067: 950 AD 9990:, pp. 542–543 9966:, Türkiye (Turkey) 9964:Everett-Heath 2020 9689:The World Factbook 9455:, pp. 115–116 9020:The World Factbook 9015:"Turkey (Turkiye)" 8952:"Mevzuat: Anayasa" 8867:(Ladino) or other 8786:[ˈtyɾcije] 8427: 8338: 8322:Football in Turkey 8286:tradition. Honey, 8167: 8075:Süleymaniye Mosque 7929:Tayyare Apartments 7867:and Kerem Görsev. 7788: 7763:Turkish folk music 7749:Turkish folk dance 7638:Turkish literature 7635: 7600: 7596:Turkish Angora cat 7575:Turkish literature 7522:Ferik İbrahim Paşa 7456: 7358:Ministry of Health 7354: 7293:Sabancı University 7246: 7222: 7095:Religion in Turkey 6601: 6535:Treaty of Lausanne 6435:the World Factbook 6420:Article 66 of the 6418: 6368: 6337:quantum technology 6256: 6167:lines include the 6145:tunnels under the 6088: 6069:net zero emissions 6021: 5926: 5850: 5780: 5616: 5610:net zero emissions 5575: 5536:Anatolian Shepherd 5346: 5314:Wildlife of Turkey 5208: 5175:to the south. The 5109:Gulf of Iskenderun 5081: 5018: 4917:political violence 4890: 4766:are hosted at the 4740: 4651: 4583:operation in Syria 4560:East Mediterranean 4556:Gaza flotilla raid 4528: 4459: 4388: 4332:Administrative law 4292: 4260:, 5 seats for the 4222:head of government 4143:political spectrum 4126:or having ties to 4109:Universal suffrage 4081: 4020:Court of Cassation 3968:multi-party system 3953:Court of Cassation 3878:Politics of Turkey 3863: 3390:central government 3346:referendum in 2017 3287: 3199:Turkish Parliament 3167: 3133:Treaty of Lausanne 3071: 2864:Hamidian massacres 2780:, on 29 May 1453. 2744: 2715:Battle of Köse Dağ 2615: 2428:Council of Ephesus 2306: 2269:was also present. 2263:Assumption of Mary 2141:Byzantine Anatolia 2137:Classical Anatolia 2074:Greco-Persian Wars 2055: 2032:Western philosophy 1958:. Around 1000 BC, 1952: 1923:Hellenistic period 1893:Classical Anatolia 1452:Dawlat-at-Turkiyya 1327:inscriptions, and 1315:. It is a leading 1179:Treaty of Lausanne 1040:Classical Anatolia 720:2024 estimate 668:2024 estimate 541:Treaty of Lausanne 326:Ethnic groups 18:Republic of Turkey 29285:Countries in Asia 29212: 29211: 29206: 29205: 28932: 28931: 28632: 28631: 28612:Working languages 28264:Dialogue partners 28020: 28019: 27952: 27951: 27880: 27879: 27835: 27834: 27831: 27830: 27343: 27342: 27085: 27084: 26983: 26982: 26730: 26729: 26397:Venice Commission 26357:Secretary General 26343:Council of Europe 26309: 26308: 26250: 26249: 26172:autonomous region 26143: 26142: 26139: 26138: 25669: 25668: 25596: 25595: 25153: 25152: 25081: 25080: 24623: 24622: 24566:Foreign relations 24540:Political parties 24440: 24439: 24273: 24272: 24265:History of Thrace 24167:Atatürk's reforms 24058:Anatolian beyliks 23787:978-0-415-97334-2 23766:978-0-521-13300-5 23715:978-0-08-091908-9 23694:978-90-04-47018-7 23660:978-0-19-537614-2 23633:978-1-4617-3176-4 23612:978-1-134-44027-6 23541:978-0-7486-3827-7 23493:978-0-19-815029-9 23472:978-0-87779-546-9 23422:978-605-4701-41-4 23403:978-1-349-95821-4 23355:978-1-000-90421-5 23328:978-3-030-03513-6 23301:978-0-7146-4304-5 23274:978-1-78138-845-7 23247:978-3-643-50190-5 23205:978-0-19-513618-0 23168:978-0-19-925246-6 23119:978-1-78076-274-6 23098:978-1-4408-3466-0 23077:978-1-138-11010-6 23056:978-0-230-59360-2 23010:978-0-19-811765-0 22983:978-0-19-860568-3 22935:978-0-19-517726-8 22914:978-3-031-17460-5 22804:978-0-19-967733-7 22750:978-0-19-506511-4 22715:978-0-231-14554-1 22696:978-0-19-864112-4 22675:978-1-84353-551-5 22654:978-1-86189-979-8 22604:978-0-19-530991-1 22577:978-0-691-19757-9 22550:978-0-19-929905-8 22523:978-1-315-51024-8 22502:978-1-84966-661-9 22406:. 27 October 2014 22359:. 9 February 2016 22050:"Oiled Wrestling" 22011:on 29 August 2014 21809:, Turkish delight 21673:Filho et al. 2023 21661:Filho et al. 2023 21403:978-3-921811-20-7 21378:978-1-84885-288-4 21347:978-2-05-101763-3 21313:978-2-08-030421-6 21209:(12): 2350–2360. 21085:(14): 1285–1289. 20690:978-3-030-03906-6 20520:. Servat.unibe.ch 20415:. 9 November 2023 20395:multeciler.org.tr 20200:. Milliyet.com.tr 20165:"Turkey Overview" 20150:978-0-415-25004-7 20070:978-1-4408-3232-1 19905:978-1-85359-510-3 19743:978-1-4094-7254-4 19664:978-0-7190-6370-1 19637:978-0-295-99050-7 19608:978-1-139-85169-5 19581:978-1-139-45236-6 19483:978-1-85359-509-7 19421:978-1-317-09579-8 19317:. Turkstat.gov.tr 19088:978-1-4673-7760-7 18690:. 22 March 2022. 18673:, pp. 12, 14 18580:. 21 April 2023. 18412:"Blue Flag sites" 18278:Eurostat (2022). 18259:. 30 January 2024 18052:. 8 November 2023 17555:Hunting in Turkey 17496:978-0-520-25932-4 17403:978-3-030-03515-0 16180:978-1-107-06910-7 16141:978-1-78360-040-3 16134:. Zed Books Ltd. 16102:978-3-319-42219-0 16063:978-0-7391-8403-5 15942:978-1-85043-399-6 15874:978-92-871-9919-5 15652:978-0-7146-4877-4 15590:. 28 April 2016. 15536:978-0-8330-3404-5 15472:on 1 January 2011 15435:. 30 March 2009. 15402:978-1-032-27900-8 15244:. 23 April 2023. 15210:. 23 April 2023. 15180:. 23 April 2023. 14348:middleeasteye.net 14323:on 5 October 2014 14257:978-0-415-77892-3 14194:978-1-58112-423-1 14075:978-0-941664-84-4 13973:. 13 March 2019. 13843:. 14 April 2016. 13817:on 18 August 2016 13760:978-1-84980-415-8 13719:978-1-84980-415-8 13596:978-0-521-62096-3 13107:. 16 April 2017. 12930:978-0-415-02455-6 12826:978-1-4008-8371-4 12788:978-1-4008-3855-4 12749:978-0-521-00479-4 12695:978-0-8108-6281-4 12604:978-1-58567-011-6 12541:978-0-14-311239-6 12482:978-0-19-927356-0 12394:978-0-313-34642-2 12359:978-1-4042-1825-3 12327:on 18 August 2010 12241:Cicero Foundation 12098:978-1-4725-1536-0 11966:978-0-521-53854-1 11932:978-0-19-972838-1 11613:978-90-04-09249-5 11315:978-1-107-02175-4 11290:van den Hout 2011 11232:Irenaeus of Lyons 11095:Mark Cartwright. 11062:978-0-593-54237-8 10663:(7680): 368–372. 10605:(19): 2659–2666. 10280:978-975-389-713-6 10158:(Subscription or 10037:978-0-88402-021-9 9847:978-1-80413-043-8 9537:978-1-4408-3161-4 8755:Outline of Turkey 8687:Nuri Bilge Ceylan 8650:Nuri Bilge Ceylan 8502:Kızılcıklı Mahmut 8429:The final of the 8423:CEV Champions Cup 8385:Anadolu Efes S.K. 8095:Dolmabahçe Palace 7989:2nd layer of Troy 7910:is an example of 7685:Fatma Aliye Topuz 7579:Theatre of Turkey 7463:Persian miniature 7461:is linked to the 7459:Ottoman miniature 7391:Culture of Turkey 7148:with no official 7027: 7026: 6629:linguistic rights 6605:official language 6370:According to the 6151:Osman Gazi Bridge 6100:Sakarya gas field 5954:Blue Flag beaches 5847:electric vehicles 5770:Tourism in Turkey 5764:Economy of Turkey 5755: 5754: 5556:Climate of Turkey 5488:Anatolian leopard 5477:red-fronted serin 5421:40 national parks 5381:forests of Turkey 5252:Upper Mesopotamia 5161:Anatolian Plateau 5121:Mediterranean Sea 5026:Geneva Convention 4768:Incirlik Air Base 4764:B61 nuclear bombs 4758:, Italy, and the 4730:is a jet-engined 4647:Turkish Air Force 4629:Turkish Air Force 4482:and the Balkans. 4396:Council of Europe 4364:Foreign relations 4328:German Penal Code 4262:New Welfare Party 4120:political parties 3998:branch, which is 3376:Regions of Turkey 3253:Council of Europe 3229:Republic of Hatay 3036:through the 1920 2998:Armenian genocide 2994:deported to Syria 2931:Second Balkan War 2900:Dolmabahçe Palace 2699:Islamic mysticism 2656:the Islamic world 2652:Abbasid Caliphate 2452:Anatolian beyliks 2105:Macedonian Empire 2086:Temple of Artemis 2070:Armenian province 2062:Achaemenid Empire 2049:was built by the 2043:Library of Celsus 1919:Achaemenid Empire 1564:History of Thrace 1554:History of Turkey 1036:Anatolian peoples 977:a Muslim-majority 945:Mediterranean Sea 915:. It borders the 895:, officially the 890: 889: 781:medium inequality 745:• Per capita 693:• Per capita 556:Republic declared 219:41.017°N 28.950°E 178:39.917°N 32.850°E 136: 16:(Redirected from 29327: 29275:Balkan countries 29064: 29062: 29061: 29051: 29049: 29048: 29038: 29036: 29035: 29025: 29023: 29022: 29012: 29010: 29009: 28999: 28997: 28996: 28986: 28984: 28983: 28959: 28952: 28945: 28936: 28935: 28904: 28900: 28898: 28897: 28889: 28885: 28883: 28882: 28874: 28870: 28868: 28867: 28859: 28855: 28853: 28852: 28841: 28840: 28839: 28832: 28828: 28826: 28825: 28817: 28813: 28811: 28810: 28802: 28798: 28796: 28795: 28778: 28767: 28763: 28761: 28760: 28752: 28748: 28746: 28745: 28737: 28733: 28731: 28730: 28722: 28718: 28716: 28715: 28707: 28703: 28701: 28700: 28692: 28688: 28686: 28685: 28659: 28652: 28645: 28636: 28635: 28574: 28572: 28571: 28561: 28559: 28558: 28548: 28546: 28545: 28535: 28533: 28532: 28522: 28520: 28519: 28509: 28507: 28506: 28480: 28478: 28477: 28446: 28444: 28443: 28433: 28431: 28430: 28420: 28418: 28417: 28407: 28405: 28404: 28394: 28392: 28391: 28381: 28379: 28378: 28368: 28366: 28365: 28355: 28353: 28352: 28342: 28340: 28339: 28329: 28327: 28326: 28316: 28314: 28313: 28303: 28301: 28300: 28290: 28288: 28287: 28277: 28275: 28274: 28253: 28251: 28250: 28229: 28227: 28226: 28216: 28214: 28213: 28203: 28201: 28200: 28190: 28188: 28187: 28177: 28175: 28174: 28164: 28162: 28161: 28151: 28149: 28148: 28138: 28136: 28135: 28125: 28123: 28122: 28112: 28110: 28109: 28047: 28040: 28033: 28024: 28023: 27889: 27888: 27844: 27843: 27729: 27728: 27408: 27407: 27370: 27363: 27356: 27347: 27346: 27336: 27330: 27328: 27327: 27306: 27304: 27303: 27292: 27290: 27289: 27278: 27276: 27275: 27264: 27262: 27261: 27250: 27248: 27247: 27236: 27234: 27233: 27222: 27220: 27219: 27208: 27206: 27205: 27194: 27192: 27191: 27180: 27178: 27177: 27029: 27028: 27010: 27003: 26996: 26987: 26986: 26933:2022 (Samarkand) 26903: 26901: 26900: 26890: 26888: 26887: 26877: 26875: 26874: 26858: 26844: 26842: 26841: 26831: 26829: 26828: 26818: 26816: 26815: 26805: 26803: 26802: 26792: 26790: 26789: 26770: 26768: 26767: 26757: 26750: 26743: 26734: 26733: 26336: 26329: 26322: 26313: 26312: 26297: 26285: 26284: 26271:Governed by the 26233:Northern Ireland 26176:Åland convention 26158: 26157: 26068: 26067: 26038: 26037: 25980: 25715:Sovereign states 25696: 25689: 25682: 25673: 25672: 25657: 25645: 25644: 25605:regions of China 25540:Christmas Island 25530: 25529: 25472: 25212:Sovereign states 25193: 25186: 25179: 25170: 25169: 25157: 25156: 25141: 25140: 25129: 25128: 25117: 25116: 25105: 25104: 25093: 24898: 24897: 24783:Cities and towns 24764:Turkish language 24719:Turkish Airlines 24535:Electoral system 24498:Council of State 24451: 24450: 24385:Waste management 24315:Black Sea Region 24293: 24284: 24283: 24238:Turkic migration 24184:One-party period 24053:Sultanate of Rum 23999: 23998: 23984: 23983: 23972: 23965: 23958: 23949: 23948: 23900: 23899: 23878: 23877: 23853: 23851: 23849: 23843: 23828: 23818: 23816: 23801: 23791: 23770: 23749: 23747: 23745: 23739: 23728: 23719: 23705:Rivers of Europe 23698: 23677: 23664: 23637: 23616: 23595: 23593: 23591: 23585: 23576: 23574: 23572: 23545: 23524: 23522: 23507: 23497: 23476: 23455: 23434: 23407: 23386: 23359: 23332: 23305: 23278: 23251: 23230: 23209: 23188: 23182: 23172: 23145: 23143: 23136: 23123: 23102: 23081: 23060: 23033: 23032:on 7 March 2022. 23031: 23024: 23014: 22987: 22960: 22939: 22918: 22891: 22862: 22835: 22808: 22781: 22754: 22727: 22700: 22679: 22658: 22637: 22608: 22581: 22554: 22527: 22506: 22485: 22454: 22453: 22441: 22435: 22434: 22422: 22416: 22415: 22413: 22411: 22396: 22390: 22389: 22375: 22369: 22368: 22366: 22364: 22347: 22341: 22340: 22338: 22336: 22320: 22314: 22313: 22311: 22309: 22304:on 19 March 2015 22300:. Archived from 22290: 22284: 22278: 22272: 22271: 22269: 22267: 22258:. Archived from 22248: 22242: 22241: 22239: 22237: 22232:on 6 August 2020 22222: 22216: 22208:(January 2006). 22196: 22187: 22186: 22183:data.tuik.gov.tr 22175: 22169: 22168: 22166: 22164: 22158: 22152:. Archived from 22147: 22139: 22133: 22132: 22130: 22128: 22123:on 13 March 2009 22112: 22106: 22105: 22103: 22101: 22096:on 1 August 2008 22086: 22080: 22079: 22068: 22062: 22061: 22059: 22057: 22045: 22039: 22038: 22027: 22021: 22020: 22018: 22016: 22007:. Archived from 21997: 21991: 21990: 21988: 21986: 21972: 21966: 21965: 21963: 21961: 21956:on 24 March 2012 21952:. Archived from 21946: 21940: 21939: 21937: 21935: 21920: 21914: 21913: 21911: 21909: 21904:Sports Media Ltd 21889: 21883: 21882: 21880: 21878: 21864: 21858: 21857: 21855: 21853: 21843:"Galatasaray AŞ" 21839: 21833: 21832: 21830: 21828: 21816: 21810: 21804: 21798: 21792: 21786: 21780: 21774: 21768: 21762: 21756: 21750: 21744: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21720: 21704: 21698: 21697: 21695: 21693: 21682: 21676: 21670: 21664: 21658: 21652: 21646: 21640: 21634: 21628: 21622: 21616: 21610: 21601: 21595: 21586: 21580: 21574: 21568: 21562: 21556: 21550: 21544: 21538: 21532: 21526: 21520: 21514: 21513: 21512:. 13 April 2012. 21500: 21494: 21493: 21486: 21480: 21474: 21468: 21467: 21454:And, M. (1983). 21451: 21445: 21444: 21433: 21427: 21426:, pp. 76–85 21421: 21408: 21407: 21389: 21383: 21382: 21362: 21356: 21355: 21331: 21325: 21324: 21322: 21320: 21297: 21291: 21285: 21279: 21273: 21267: 21261: 21255: 21254:, pp. 57–59 21249: 21243: 21242: 21194: 21188: 21187: 21185: 21183: 21172: 21166: 21165: 21163: 21161: 21147: 21141: 21140: 21112: 21103: 21102: 21074: 21059: 21058: 21047: 21041: 21040: 21038: 21036: 21022: 21016: 21015: 21013: 21011: 21001: 20995: 20994: 20992: 20990: 20985: 20977: 20971: 20970: 20968: 20966: 20956: 20950: 20949: 20947: 20945: 20931: 20925: 20924: 20922: 20920: 20914:Shanghai Ranking 20906: 20900: 20899: 20897: 20895: 20880: 20874: 20873: 20865: 20859: 20858: 20847: 20841: 20840: 20838: 20836: 20830:Study in Türkiye 20822: 20816: 20815: 20813: 20811: 20800: 20794: 20793: 20788:. Archived from 20782: 20776: 20770: 20761: 20755: 20749: 20748: 20745:gercekgundem.com 20737: 20731: 20730: 20719: 20713: 20712: 20701: 20695: 20694: 20676: 20667: 20661: 20655: 20649: 20648: 20616: 20610: 20609: 20607: 20605: 20591: 20585: 20579: 20566: 20565: 20563: 20561: 20555: 20549:. Archived from 20544: 20536: 20530: 20529: 20527: 20525: 20513: 20507: 20506: 20505:. 15 April 2021. 20493: 20487: 20486: 20475: 20469: 20468: 20456: 20450: 20449: 20447: 20445: 20431: 20425: 20424: 20422: 20420: 20405: 20399: 20398: 20387: 20381: 20380: 20378: 20376: 20367:. Archived from 20356: 20350: 20349: 20347: 20345: 20326: 20320: 20319: 20317: 20315: 20300: 20294: 20293: 20285: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20274: 20263: 20257: 20256: 20254: 20252: 20233: 20227: 20221: 20210: 20209: 20207: 20205: 20194: 20188: 20182: 20173: 20172: 20161: 20155: 20154: 20137:Katzner, Kenneth 20133: 20127: 20126: 20115: 20109: 20108: 20106: 20104: 20095:. Archived from 20084: 20078: 20077: 20054: 20048: 20047: 20023: 20014: 20013: 19973: 19964: 19961: 19955: 19954: 19940: 19931: 19920: 19919: 19914: 19912: 19887: 19876: 19875: 19835: 19826: 19825: 19801: 19795: 19794: 19754: 19748: 19747: 19723: 19712: 19706: 19700: 19694: 19688: 19682: 19676: 19675: 19673: 19671: 19648: 19642: 19641: 19619: 19613: 19612: 19592: 19586: 19585: 19565: 19559: 19553: 19544: 19543: 19541: 19539: 19518: 19503: 19497: 19488: 19487: 19467: 19461: 19460: 19432: 19426: 19425: 19407: 19401: 19400: 19398: 19396: 19390: 19383: 19375: 19369: 19363: 19357: 19356: 19354: 19352: 19333: 19327: 19326: 19324: 19322: 19311: 19305: 19304: 19302: 19300: 19289: 19283: 19282: 19269: 19263: 19262: 19251: 19245: 19244: 19243:. 7 August 2023. 19233: 19227: 19226: 19206: 19200: 19199: 19197: 19195: 19186:. Archived from 19180: 19174: 19173: 19158: 19152: 19151: 19149: 19117: 19111: 19110: 19109:. 29 April 2024. 19099: 19093: 19092: 19066: 19060: 19059: 19044: 19033: 19032: 19030: 19028: 19017: 19011: 19005: 18999: 18998: 18996: 18989: 18980: 18974: 18973: 18971: 18969: 18953: 18947: 18946: 18944: 18942: 18928: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18917: 18898: 18892: 18891: 18890:. 22 April 2024. 18880: 18874: 18873: 18857: 18848: 18847: 18846:. 13 April 2022. 18834: 18828: 18827: 18825: 18823: 18803: 18797: 18796: 18794: 18792: 18786: 18775: 18767: 18761: 18760: 18758: 18756: 18750:TCDD Taşımacılık 18742: 18736: 18735: 18720: 18714: 18713: 18702: 18696: 18695: 18680: 18674: 18668: 18662: 18661: 18651: 18641: 18609: 18600: 18599: 18592: 18586: 18585: 18574: 18568: 18562: 18556: 18550: 18544: 18538: 18532: 18531:, pp. 18–19 18526: 18520: 18514: 18505: 18504: 18502: 18500: 18484: 18478: 18472: 18466: 18460: 18454: 18453: 18448:. Archived from 18438: 18432: 18426: 18420: 18419: 18408: 18402: 18401: 18399: 18397: 18388: 18380: 18374: 18373: 18368:. Archived from 18356: 18350: 18349: 18347: 18345: 18334: 18328: 18327: 18325: 18323: 18309: 18303: 18302: 18300: 18298: 18275: 18269: 18268: 18266: 18264: 18245: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18234: 18217: 18206: 18205: 18197: 18189: 18183: 18182: 18180: 18174:. Archived from 18169: 18161: 18155: 18154: 18152: 18150: 18135: 18129: 18128: 18126: 18102: 18096: 18093: 18077: 18075: 18073: 18061: 18059: 18057: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18021: 18020:. 22 March 2024. 18008: 18002: 18001: 17999: 17997: 17988:. Archived from 17978: 17972: 17971: 17959: 17953: 17952: 17941: 17935: 17934: 17926: 17920: 17919: 17917: 17915: 17904: 17898: 17897: 17895: 17893: 17888:. The World Bank 17882: 17876: 17875: 17873: 17871: 17856: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17840: 17818: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17807: 17797: 17791: 17785: 17779: 17773: 17767: 17761: 17755: 17749: 17743: 17737: 17731: 17730:, pp. 9, 51 17725: 17719: 17713: 17704: 17698: 17692: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17682:on 28 March 2014 17681: 17674: 17666: 17645: 17644: 17634: 17594: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17583: 17574:. Archived from 17572:gateofturkey.com 17564: 17558: 17557:. BBA, Istanbul. 17551: 17545: 17544: 17542: 17540: 17525: 17519: 17510: 17501: 17500: 17482: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17452: 17446: 17436: 17430: 17429: 17424:Blunt, Wilfrid. 17421: 17415: 17414: 17381: 17375: 17374: 17372: 17370: 17355: 17349: 17348: 17333: 17327: 17326: 17311: 17305: 17304: 17289: 17283: 17282: 17265: 17259: 17253: 17247: 17241: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17230: 17211: 17198: 17192: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17181: 17167: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17156: 17142: 17136: 17130: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17104:(6): 2523–2555. 17089: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17078: 17067: 17061: 17060: 17058: 17056: 17044: 17038: 17032: 17019: 17018: 17016: 17014: 17002: 16996: 16990: 16984: 16980: 16978: 16976: 16950: 16948: 16946: 16928: 16926: 16924: 16884: 16878: 16872: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16861: 16856: 16848: 16842: 16841: 16839: 16837: 16822: 16816: 16815: 16804: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16793: 16783: 16777: 16776: 16774: 16772: 16762: 16756: 16755: 16753: 16751: 16736: 16730: 16729: 16727: 16725: 16710: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16699: 16684: 16678: 16677: 16675: 16673: 16658: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16632: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16621: 16606: 16600: 16599: 16588: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16572: 16558: 16552: 16551: 16540: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16529: 16508: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16497: 16483: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16472: 16456: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445: 16426: 16420: 16419: 16408: 16402: 16401: 16399: 16397: 16376: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16344: 16338: 16320: 16314: 16313: 16311: 16309: 16289: 16283: 16282: 16280: 16278: 16263: 16257: 16256: 16254: 16252: 16233: 16227: 16226: 16224: 16222: 16203: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16192: 16164: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16153: 16125: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16114: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16047: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16017: 16011: 16010: 16008: 16006: 15991: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15965: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15926: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15900: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15889: 15883: 15866: 15857: 15851: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15827: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15816: 15796: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15785: 15766: 15760: 15759: 15757: 15755: 15736: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15725: 15706: 15700: 15699: 15697: 15695: 15689: 15678: 15670: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15659: 15636: 15630: 15629: 15627: 15625: 15610: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15599: 15580: 15574: 15573: 15571: 15569: 15550: 15544: 15543: 15524: 15514: 15508: 15507: 15505: 15503: 15488: 15482: 15481: 15479: 15477: 15471: 15464: 15455: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15429:(10 April 2009)" 15421: 15415: 15414: 15381: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15351: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15340: 15325: 15319: 15318: 15316: 15314: 15294: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15283: 15264: 15258: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15230: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15219: 15200: 15194: 15193: 15191: 15189: 15170: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15139: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15125: 15116:. Ebco-beoc.eu. 15110: 15104: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15093: 15086: 15074: 15068: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15044: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15033: 15013: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15002: 14991:overtdefense.com 14983: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14952: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14938: 14916: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14905: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14877: 14858: 14852: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14828: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14817: 14798: 14792: 14791: 14789: 14787: 14771: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14760: 14739: 14733: 14732: 14730: 14728: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14679: 14673: 14672: 14670: 14668: 14649: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14638: 14619: 14613: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14589: 14583: 14582: 14580: 14578: 14559: 14553: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14529: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14518: 14499: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14465: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14454: 14435: 14429: 14428: 14426: 14424: 14405: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14394: 14370: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14339: 14333: 14332: 14330: 14328: 14312: 14306: 14305: 14294: 14288: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14239: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14228: 14212: 14206: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14161: 14146: 14135: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14119:on 16 March 2014 14118: 14112:. Archived from 14107: 14098: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14059: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14042: 14031: 14023: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14012: 13993: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13961: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13944: 13933: 13925: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13896: 13887: 13886: 13884: 13882: 13863: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13852: 13833: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13816: 13805: 13797: 13791: 13790: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13671: 13665: 13664: 13662: 13660: 13645: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13634: 13619: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13563: 13552: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13532: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13491: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13465: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13378: 13354: 13348: 13347: 13329: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13283: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13272: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13227: 13221: 13215: 13209: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13178: 13163: 13157: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13147:on 21 March 2015 13146: 13135: 13127: 13121: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13097: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13033: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13022: 13016: 13009: 13000: 12994: 12988: 12982: 12981:, pp. 60–63 12976: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12965: 12949: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12910: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12849: 12843: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12810: 12804: 12803: 12797: 12795: 12772: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12718: 12712: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12660: 12654: 12653: 12635: 12629: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12590: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12555: 12546: 12545: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12441: 12433: 12427: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12403: 12397: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12343: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12287: 12278: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12249: 12238: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12187: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12127: 12121: 12115: 12114: 12112: 12110: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12052: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12019: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12008: 11997:nzhistory.net.nz 11989: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11864: 11858: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11839:, pp. 40–41 11834: 11828: 11822: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11764:, pp. 37–39 11759: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11717: 11716:, pp. 36–38 11711: 11705: 11699: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11668:, pp. 34–36 11663: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11630: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11574: 11571: 11566: 11564: 11551: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11434: 11424: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11376: 11366: 11338: 11332: 11331: 11329: 11327: 11299: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11275: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11196:, pp. 35–37 11191: 11185: 11179: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11097:"Celsus Library" 11092: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10985: 10983: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10844:, pp. 26–27 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10788: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10728: 10722: 10707: 10706: 10696: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10630: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10529: 10523:. Archived from 10498: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10468: 10467: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10310: 10299: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10225: 10223:Internet Archive 10220: 10218: 10201:Hertslet, Edward 10196: 10194: 10192: 10187:. Harrison. 1856 10180: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10155: 10143: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10068: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10021: 10015: 10014:, pp. 9, 16 10009: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9891: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9812: 9806: 9793: 9787: 9774: 9768: 9759: 9758: 9745: 9721: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9663: 9657:. Archived from 9652: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9625:, pp. 54–55 9620: 9614: 9613: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9523: 9514: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9443:, pp. 15–28 9438: 9432: 9426: 9417: 9411: 9400: 9399:, pp. 38–39 9394: 9385: 9384:, pp. 33–44 9379: 9373: 9367: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9327: 9321: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9157: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9114: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9011: 8994: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8958:. Archived from 8948: 8942: 8941: 8935: 8933: 8924:. Archived from 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8889: 8872: 8869:Jewish languages 8853: 8847: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8812: 8807: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8771: 8749: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8727:Central American 8708: 8707: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8570:satellite dishes 8532:Cinema of Turkey 8520:Media and cinema 8273: 8241: 8107:Mimar Kemaleddin 7949: 7925: 7895: 7861:Atlantic Records 7738: 7678: 7656:, influenced by 7530:Şeker Ahmet Paşa 7498:Turkish painting 7467:Chinese painting 7401:Turkish folklore 7381:of early death. 7365: 7116: 7107: 7055:Syrian civil war 6803: 6793: 6760: 6750: 6697: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6663: 6662: 6598:Turkic languages 6514:Kurdish diaspora 6314:Horseshoe Island 6189:Istanbul Airport 6123:divided highways 6080:Istanbul Airport 6045:geothermal power 6017:hydroelectricity 5978:Energy in Turkey 5903:Turkish Airlines 5730: 5715:Butterfly Valley 5707: 5688: 5677:Pontic Mountains 5665:Black Sea Region 5661: 5646:Denizli Province 5634: 5624: 5615: 5496:European wildcat 5383:are home to the 5212:Armenian plateau 5173:Taurus Mountains 5149:Eastern Anatolia 5141:Central Anatolia 5036:When the annual 4994: 4937:Marxist–Leninist 4823:coalition forces 4762:. A total of 90 4537:Syrian civil war 4314:of 1907 and the 4312:Swiss Civil Code 4244:resulted in the 4212:, winner of the 4155:Motherland Party 3984:local government 3948: 3927: 3900: 3451: 3410:belediye meclisi 3406:belediye başkanı 3327:EU Customs Union 3311:Süleyman Demirel 3263:, Turkey joined 3245:23 February 1945 3233:remained neutral 3219:Dersim rebellion 3217:in 1925 and the 3103:Treaty of Sèvres 3038:Treaty of Sèvres 3024:. Following the 2978:1913 coup d'état 2923:First Balkan War 2892: 2881: 2850:died during the 2840:Russian conquest 2741:Battle of Vienna 2701:orders, such as 2668:medieval Armenia 2644:Greater Khorasan 2496: 2487: 2478: 2458:Turkic migration 2448:Sultanate of Rum 2430:in 431, and the 2370:Byzantine Empire 2342:Byzantine Empire 2326:fall of the West 2228:Mithridatic Wars 2220:province of Asia 2182: 2171: 2159:Byzantine Empire 2078:Odrysian kingdom 1758:Hurrian language 1699:Fertile Crescent 1683:late Paleolithic 1664: 1643: 1613: 1516: 1479:Geoffrey Chaucer 1476: 1470: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1435:Mamluk Sultanate 1416: 1415: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1352:Turkic languages 1331:, Turkey is the 1266:EU Customs Union 1218:emerging country 1173:resulted in the 1092:Istanbul in 1453 1068:Sultanate of Rum 1022:and some of the 1012:Late Paleolithic 913:Southeast Europe 845: 808: 807: 801: 800: 794: 783: 782: 776: 775: 769: 753: 752: 734: 733: 717: 701: 700: 682: 681: 665: 632:85,372,377 ( 631: 630: 558: 543: 492: 466: 428:Assembly Speaker 246:Spoken languages 230: 229: 227: 226: 225: 220: 216: 213: 212: 211: 208: 189: 188: 186: 185: 184: 179: 175: 172: 171: 170: 167: 148: 138: 137: 104: 81: 69: 61: 50: 49: 21: 29335: 29334: 29330: 29329: 29328: 29326: 29325: 29324: 29215: 29214: 29213: 29208: 29207: 29202: 29191: 29070: 29059: 29057: 29046: 29044: 29033: 29031: 29020: 29018: 29007: 29005: 28994: 28992: 28981: 28979: 28968: 28963: 28933: 28928: 28907: 28895: 28893: 28880: 28878: 28865: 28863: 28857:Northern Cyprus 28850: 28848: 28837: 28835: 28823: 28821: 28808: 28806: 28793: 28791: 28779: 28770: 28758: 28756: 28743: 28741: 28728: 28726: 28713: 28711: 28698: 28696: 28683: 28681: 28669: 28663: 28633: 28628: 28580: 28569: 28567: 28556: 28554: 28543: 28541: 28530: 28528: 28517: 28515: 28504: 28502: 28491: 28475: 28473: 28452: 28441: 28439: 28428: 28426: 28415: 28413: 28402: 28400: 28389: 28387: 28376: 28374: 28363: 28361: 28350: 28348: 28337: 28335: 28324: 28322: 28311: 28309: 28298: 28296: 28285: 28283: 28272: 28270: 28259: 28248: 28246: 28240:Observer states 28235: 28224: 28222: 28211: 28209: 28198: 28196: 28185: 28183: 28172: 28170: 28159: 28157: 28146: 28144: 28133: 28131: 28120: 28118: 28107: 28105: 28092: 28056: 28051: 28021: 28016: 28005: 27948: 27876: 27827: 27796: 27794: 27787: 27776: 27774: 27767: 27753:Northern Cyprus 27736: 27735:and territories 27734: 27720: 27704: 27397: 27380: 27374: 27344: 27339: 27334: 27332:Northern Cyprus 27325: 27323: 27312: 27301: 27299: 27287: 27285: 27273: 27271: 27259: 27257: 27245: 27243: 27231: 27229: 27217: 27215: 27203: 27201: 27189: 27187: 27175: 27173: 27161: 27081: 27060: 27051:Treaty of Izmir 27020: 27014: 26984: 26979: 26963: 26942: 26909: 26898: 26896: 26892:Northern Cyprus 26885: 26883: 26872: 26870: 26859: 26850: 26839: 26837: 26826: 26824: 26813: 26811: 26800: 26798: 26787: 26785: 26774: 26765: 26763: 26761: 26731: 26726: 26695: 26649: 26575:North Macedonia 26406: 26345: 26340: 26310: 26305: 26278: 26266:Oceanic islands 26246: 26239:subject to the 26206: 26201:Svalbard Treaty 26199:subject to the 26181: 26174:subject to the 26154: 26152: 26150: 26135: 26090: 26059: 26034: 26031: 26023: 26009:Northern Cyprus 25992: 25989: 25981: 25972: 25888:North Macedonia 25709: 25700: 25670: 25665: 25638: 25623: 25607: 25604: 25592: 25565: 25549: 25526: 25523: 25515: 25496:Northern Cyprus 25484: 25481: 25473: 25464: 25206: 25197: 25162: 25154: 25149: 25077: 24896: 24892:Women in Turkey 24860:Law enforcement 24814: 24810:Life expectancy 24776:Islam in Turkey 24730: 24619: 24581:National Police 24549: 24504: 24436: 24427:Turkish Riviera 24334: 24291: 24290: 24269: 24226: 24193: 24172:Language reform 24143: 24062: 24023: 23988: 23978: 23976: 23897: 23875: 23861: 23856: 23847: 23845: 23841: 23826: 23814: 23799: 23788: 23767: 23743: 23741: 23737: 23726: 23716: 23695: 23661: 23634: 23613: 23589: 23587: 23583: 23570: 23568: 23542: 23520: 23505: 23494: 23473: 23452: 23423: 23404: 23383: 23356: 23329: 23302: 23275: 23248: 23227: 23206: 23180: 23169: 23141: 23134: 23120: 23099: 23078: 23057: 23029: 23022: 23011: 22984: 22957: 22936: 22915: 22888: 22859: 22832: 22805: 22778: 22751: 22716: 22697: 22676: 22655: 22634: 22605: 22578: 22551: 22524: 22503: 22482: 22463: 22458: 22457: 22442: 22438: 22423: 22419: 22409: 22407: 22398: 22397: 22393: 22376: 22372: 22362: 22360: 22349: 22348: 22344: 22334: 22332: 22321: 22317: 22307: 22305: 22292: 22291: 22287: 22279: 22275: 22265: 22263: 22256:Gazeteciler.com 22250: 22249: 22245: 22235: 22233: 22224: 22223: 22219: 22197: 22190: 22177: 22176: 22172: 22162: 22160: 22159:on 16 July 2012 22156: 22145: 22141: 22140: 22136: 22126: 22124: 22113: 22109: 22099: 22097: 22088: 22087: 22083: 22078:. 13 July 2018. 22070: 22069: 22065: 22055: 22053: 22046: 22042: 22029: 22028: 22024: 22014: 22012: 21999: 21998: 21994: 21984: 21982: 21974: 21973: 21969: 21959: 21957: 21948: 21947: 21943: 21933: 21931: 21922: 21921: 21917: 21907: 21905: 21890: 21886: 21876: 21874: 21866: 21865: 21861: 21851: 21849: 21841: 21840: 21836: 21826: 21824: 21817: 21813: 21805: 21801: 21793: 21789: 21781: 21777: 21769: 21765: 21757: 21753: 21745: 21728: 21718: 21716: 21705: 21701: 21691: 21689: 21684: 21683: 21679: 21671: 21667: 21659: 21655: 21647: 21643: 21635: 21631: 21623: 21619: 21611: 21604: 21596: 21589: 21581: 21577: 21569: 21565: 21557: 21553: 21545: 21541: 21537:, pp. 9–13 21533: 21529: 21521: 21517: 21502: 21501: 21497: 21488: 21487: 21483: 21475: 21471: 21452: 21448: 21435: 21434: 21430: 21422: 21411: 21404: 21390: 21386: 21379: 21363: 21359: 21348: 21332: 21328: 21318: 21316: 21314: 21298: 21294: 21286: 21282: 21274: 21270: 21262: 21258: 21250: 21246: 21195: 21191: 21181: 21179: 21174: 21173: 21169: 21159: 21157: 21149: 21148: 21144: 21113: 21106: 21075: 21062: 21049: 21048: 21044: 21034: 21032: 21024: 21023: 21019: 21009: 21007: 21003: 21002: 20998: 20988: 20986: 20983: 20979: 20978: 20974: 20964: 20962: 20958: 20957: 20953: 20943: 20941: 20933: 20932: 20928: 20918: 20916: 20908: 20907: 20903: 20893: 20891: 20882: 20881: 20877: 20866: 20862: 20849: 20848: 20844: 20834: 20832: 20824: 20823: 20819: 20809: 20807: 20802: 20801: 20797: 20784: 20783: 20779: 20771: 20764: 20756: 20752: 20747:. 11 June 2020. 20739: 20738: 20734: 20729:. 11 June 2020. 20721: 20720: 20716: 20703: 20702: 20698: 20691: 20674: 20668: 20664: 20656: 20652: 20617: 20613: 20603: 20601: 20593: 20592: 20588: 20580: 20569: 20559: 20557: 20553: 20542: 20538: 20537: 20533: 20523: 20521: 20514: 20510: 20495: 20494: 20490: 20477: 20476: 20472: 20457: 20453: 20443: 20441: 20433: 20432: 20428: 20418: 20416: 20407: 20406: 20402: 20389: 20388: 20384: 20374: 20372: 20371:on 15 July 2023 20357: 20353: 20343: 20341: 20328: 20327: 20323: 20313: 20311: 20302: 20301: 20297: 20286: 20282: 20272: 20270: 20265: 20264: 20260: 20250: 20248: 20235: 20234: 20230: 20222: 20213: 20203: 20201: 20196: 20195: 20191: 20183: 20176: 20163: 20162: 20158: 20151: 20134: 20130: 20125:. 18 July 2019. 20117: 20116: 20112: 20102: 20100: 20085: 20081: 20071: 20055: 20051: 20024: 20017: 19974: 19967: 19962: 19958: 19938: 19932: 19923: 19910: 19908: 19906: 19888: 19879: 19836: 19829: 19816:(43): 387–393. 19802: 19798: 19755: 19751: 19744: 19724: 19715: 19707: 19703: 19695: 19691: 19683: 19679: 19669: 19667: 19665: 19649: 19645: 19638: 19620: 19616: 19609: 19593: 19589: 19582: 19566: 19562: 19554: 19547: 19537: 19535: 19520: 19519: 19506: 19498: 19491: 19484: 19468: 19464: 19433: 19429: 19422: 19408: 19404: 19394: 19392: 19388: 19381: 19377: 19376: 19372: 19364: 19360: 19350: 19348: 19341:www.tuik.gov.tr 19335: 19334: 19330: 19320: 19318: 19313: 19312: 19308: 19298: 19296: 19291: 19290: 19286: 19271: 19270: 19266: 19253: 19252: 19248: 19235: 19234: 19230: 19207: 19203: 19193: 19191: 19182: 19181: 19177: 19172:on 11 May 2024. 19160: 19159: 19155: 19118: 19114: 19101: 19100: 19096: 19089: 19067: 19063: 19054:. 4 July 2023. 19046: 19045: 19036: 19026: 19024: 19019: 19018: 19014: 19006: 19002: 18994: 18987: 18981: 18977: 18967: 18965: 18955: 18954: 18950: 18940: 18938: 18930: 18929: 18925: 18915: 18913: 18899: 18895: 18882: 18881: 18877: 18858: 18851: 18836: 18835: 18831: 18821: 18819: 18805: 18804: 18800: 18790: 18788: 18787:on 27 July 2020 18784: 18773: 18769: 18768: 18764: 18754: 18752: 18744: 18743: 18739: 18722: 18721: 18717: 18704: 18703: 18699: 18682: 18681: 18677: 18669: 18665: 18610: 18603: 18594: 18593: 18589: 18576: 18575: 18571: 18563: 18559: 18551: 18547: 18539: 18535: 18527: 18523: 18515: 18508: 18498: 18496: 18485: 18481: 18473: 18469: 18461: 18457: 18440: 18439: 18435: 18427: 18423: 18410: 18409: 18405: 18395: 18393: 18386: 18382: 18381: 18377: 18358: 18357: 18353: 18343: 18341: 18336: 18335: 18331: 18321: 18319: 18311: 18310: 18306: 18296: 18294: 18276: 18272: 18262: 18260: 18253:www.tuik.gov.tr 18247: 18246: 18242: 18232: 18230: 18219: 18218: 18209: 18195: 18191: 18190: 18186: 18178: 18167: 18163: 18162: 18158: 18148: 18146: 18137: 18136: 18132: 18103: 18099: 18080: 18071: 18069: 18064: 18055: 18053: 18044: 18035: 18033: 18024: 18012: 18009: 18005: 17995: 17993: 17980: 17979: 17975: 17960: 17956: 17943: 17942: 17938: 17933:. autoweek.com. 17927: 17923: 17913: 17911: 17906: 17905: 17901: 17891: 17889: 17884: 17883: 17879: 17869: 17867: 17858: 17857: 17848: 17838: 17836: 17819: 17815: 17805: 17803: 17799: 17798: 17794: 17786: 17782: 17774: 17770: 17762: 17758: 17750: 17746: 17738: 17734: 17726: 17722: 17714: 17707: 17699: 17695: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17672: 17668: 17667: 17648: 17603:Scientific Data 17595: 17591: 17581: 17579: 17578:on 5 March 2016 17566: 17565: 17561: 17552: 17548: 17538: 17536: 17527: 17526: 17522: 17511: 17504: 17497: 17483: 17479: 17469: 17467: 17454: 17453: 17449: 17445:(Oxford, 1927). 17437: 17433: 17422: 17418: 17404: 17382: 17378: 17368: 17366: 17365:on 7 April 2016 17357: 17356: 17352: 17341:BBC News Türkçe 17335: 17334: 17330: 17313: 17312: 17308: 17291: 17290: 17286: 17267: 17266: 17262: 17254: 17250: 17242: 17238: 17228: 17226: 17213: 17212: 17201: 17193: 17189: 17179: 17177: 17169: 17168: 17164: 17154: 17152: 17144: 17143: 17139: 17131: 17127: 17090: 17086: 17076: 17074: 17069: 17068: 17064: 17054: 17052: 17045: 17041: 17033: 17022: 17012: 17010: 17003: 16999: 16991: 16987: 16974: 16972: 16944: 16942: 16932: 16922: 16920: 16906: 16885: 16881: 16873: 16869: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16850: 16849: 16845: 16835: 16833: 16824: 16823: 16819: 16814:on 3 June 2015. 16806: 16805: 16801: 16791: 16789: 16785: 16784: 16780: 16770: 16768: 16764: 16763: 16759: 16749: 16747: 16744:BBC News Türkçe 16738: 16737: 16733: 16723: 16721: 16712: 16711: 16707: 16697: 16695: 16692:BBC News Türkçe 16686: 16685: 16681: 16671: 16669: 16659: 16655: 16645: 16643: 16634: 16633: 16629: 16619: 16617: 16607: 16603: 16590: 16589: 16580: 16570: 16568: 16560: 16559: 16555: 16550:. 16 June 2022. 16542: 16541: 16537: 16527: 16525: 16510: 16509: 16505: 16495: 16493: 16485: 16484: 16480: 16470: 16468: 16457: 16453: 16443: 16441: 16428: 16427: 16423: 16410: 16409: 16405: 16395: 16393: 16378: 16377: 16373: 16363: 16361: 16346: 16345: 16341: 16331:Wayback Machine 16321: 16317: 16307: 16305: 16290: 16286: 16276: 16274: 16265: 16264: 16260: 16250: 16248: 16235: 16234: 16230: 16220: 16218: 16205: 16204: 16200: 16190: 16188: 16181: 16165: 16161: 16151: 16149: 16142: 16126: 16122: 16112: 16110: 16103: 16087: 16083: 16073: 16071: 16064: 16048: 16044: 16034: 16032: 16019: 16018: 16014: 16004: 16002: 15993: 15992: 15988: 15978: 15976: 15967: 15966: 15962: 15952: 15950: 15943: 15927: 15923: 15913: 15911: 15910:on 15 June 2011 15902: 15901: 15897: 15887: 15885: 15881: 15875: 15864: 15858: 15854: 15844: 15842: 15829: 15828: 15824: 15814: 15812: 15797: 15793: 15783: 15781: 15768: 15767: 15763: 15753: 15751: 15738: 15737: 15733: 15723: 15721: 15708: 15707: 15703: 15693: 15691: 15690:on 4 March 2016 15687: 15676: 15672: 15671: 15667: 15657: 15655: 15653: 15637: 15633: 15623: 15621: 15612: 15611: 15607: 15597: 15595: 15582: 15581: 15577: 15567: 15565: 15552: 15551: 15547: 15537: 15515: 15511: 15501: 15499: 15490: 15489: 15485: 15475: 15473: 15469: 15462: 15456: 15452: 15442: 15440: 15423: 15422: 15418: 15403: 15382: 15378: 15368: 15366: 15361:. 7 June 2023. 15353: 15352: 15348: 15338: 15336: 15327: 15326: 15322: 15312: 15310: 15295: 15291: 15281: 15279: 15266: 15265: 15261: 15251: 15249: 15232: 15231: 15227: 15217: 15215: 15202: 15201: 15197: 15187: 15185: 15172: 15171: 15167: 15157: 15155: 15140: 15133: 15123: 15121: 15112: 15111: 15107: 15097: 15095: 15091: 15084: 15075: 15071: 15061: 15059: 15045: 15041: 15031: 15029: 15014: 15010: 15000: 14998: 14985: 14984: 14980: 14970: 14968: 14953: 14949: 14936: 14934: 14926:Middle East Eye 14917: 14913: 14903: 14901: 14890: 14889: 14885: 14875: 14873: 14860: 14859: 14855: 14845: 14843: 14830: 14829: 14825: 14815: 14813: 14800: 14799: 14795: 14785: 14783: 14772: 14768: 14758: 14756: 14741: 14740: 14736: 14726: 14724: 14711: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14681: 14680: 14676: 14666: 14664: 14651: 14650: 14646: 14636: 14634: 14621: 14620: 14616: 14606: 14604: 14591: 14590: 14586: 14576: 14574: 14561: 14560: 14556: 14546: 14544: 14531: 14530: 14526: 14516: 14514: 14501: 14500: 14496: 14486: 14484: 14467: 14466: 14462: 14452: 14450: 14437: 14436: 14432: 14422: 14420: 14407: 14406: 14402: 14392: 14390: 14371: 14367: 14357: 14355: 14340: 14336: 14326: 14324: 14313: 14309: 14296: 14295: 14291: 14281: 14279: 14278:on 4 March 2016 14270: 14269: 14265: 14258: 14250:. p. 119. 14240: 14236: 14226: 14224: 14213: 14209: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14179: 14175: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14144: 14136: 14132: 14122: 14120: 14116: 14105: 14099: 14095: 14085: 14083: 14076: 14060: 14056: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14029: 14025: 14024: 14020: 14010: 14008: 13995: 13994: 13990: 13980: 13978: 13963: 13962: 13958: 13948: 13946: 13942: 13931: 13927: 13926: 13919: 13909: 13907: 13898: 13897: 13890: 13880: 13878: 13865: 13864: 13860: 13850: 13848: 13835: 13834: 13830: 13820: 13818: 13814: 13803: 13799: 13798: 13794: 13785: 13784: 13780: 13770: 13768: 13761: 13743: 13739: 13729: 13727: 13720: 13702: 13698: 13688: 13686: 13673: 13672: 13668: 13658: 13656: 13647: 13646: 13642: 13632: 13630: 13621: 13620: 13616: 13606: 13604: 13597: 13581: 13577: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13550: 13546:Yılmaz, Hakan. 13544: 13540: 13530: 13528: 13519: 13518: 13514: 13504: 13502: 13493: 13492: 13488: 13478: 13476: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13452: 13450: 13435: 13434: 13430: 13420: 13418: 13405: 13404: 13400: 13355: 13351: 13302: 13298: 13285: 13284: 13280: 13270: 13268: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13244: 13242: 13229: 13228: 13224: 13216: 13212: 13202: 13200: 13191: 13190: 13186: 13176: 13174: 13165: 13164: 13160: 13150: 13148: 13144: 13138:justice.gov.tr/ 13133: 13129: 13128: 13124: 13114: 13112: 13105:Washington Post 13099: 13098: 13091: 13081: 13079: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13035: 13034: 13030: 13020: 13018: 13017:on 14 June 2007 13014: 13007: 13001: 12997: 12989: 12985: 12977: 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11894:Financial Times 11883: 11879: 11871: 11867: 11859: 11855: 11847: 11843: 11835: 11831: 11823: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11796: 11792: 11784: 11780: 11772: 11768: 11760: 11756: 11748: 11744: 11736: 11732: 11724: 11720: 11712: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11676: 11672: 11664: 11660: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11633: 11625: 11621: 11614: 11600: 11596: 11588: 11577: 11562: 11560: 11515: 11513: 11456: 11452: 11397: 11393: 11339: 11335: 11325: 11323: 11316: 11300: 11296: 11288: 11284: 11276: 11269: 11259: 11257: 11244: 11243: 11239: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11204: 11200: 11192: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11168: 11164: 11154: 11152: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11124: 11120: 11110: 11108: 11093: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11047: 11043: 11035: 11031: 11023: 11019: 11011: 11007: 10999: 10995: 10981: 10979: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10947: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10905: 10897: 10893: 10885: 10872: 10864: 10860: 10852: 10848: 10840: 10836: 10828: 10824: 10816: 10812: 10789: 10785: 10777: 10773: 10765: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10738: 10731: 10723: 10710: 10648: 10644: 10599:Current Biology 10590: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10566: 10555: 10547: 10543: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10513:10.2307/3258667 10496: 10494:"The Thracians" 10490: 10486: 10478: 10471: 10456: 10452: 10442: 10440: 10427: 10426: 10422: 10412: 10410: 10402:BBC News Online 10393: 10389: 10379: 10377: 10372:. 2 June 2022. 10362: 10361: 10357: 10347: 10345: 10337:Middle East Eye 10328: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10297: 10293: 10292: 10288: 10281: 10259: 10255: 10243: 10241: 10228: 10216: 10214: 10190: 10188: 10183: 10171: 10167: 10157: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10066: 10047: 10045: 10038: 10022: 10018: 10010: 10006: 9998: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9974: 9970: 9962: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9921: 9919: 9892: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9848: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9796: 9788: 9777: 9769: 9762: 9722: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9682: 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9661: 9655:giga-hamburg.de 9650: 9646: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9592: 9588: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9524: 9517: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9431:, p. xcvii 9427: 9420: 9412: 9403: 9395: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9368: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9337: 9330: 9322: 9315: 9307: 9303: 9295: 9291: 9283: 9276: 9268: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9200: 9198: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9171:. 16 April 2024 9159: 9158: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9122:www.tuik.gov.tr 9116: 9115: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9013: 9012: 8997: 8979: 8975: 8965: 8963: 8962:on 21 June 2020 8950: 8949: 8945: 8931: 8929: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8875: 8854: 8850: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8796: 8792: 8781: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8745: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8695:Zeki Demirkubuz 8664: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8636: 8635: 8627: 8626: 8566:broadcast media 8538:national cinema 8534: 8528: 8526:Media in Turkey 8522: 8324: 8318: 8316:Sport in Turkey 8312: 8304:Turkish delight 8155:Turkish delight 8144: 8142:Ottoman cuisine 8138: 8136:Turkish cuisine 8132: 8079:Selimiye Mosque 7969: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7950: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7926: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7904:Selimiye Mosque 7896: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7773: 7755: 7753:Music of Turkey 7747:Main articles: 7745: 7743:Music and dance 7697:alphabet reform 7693:language reform 7581: 7573:Main articles: 7571: 7526:Osman Nuri Paşa 7510:Osman Hamdi Bey 7445: 7431: 7407: 7393: 7387: 7375:body mass index 7335: 7329: 7299:. According to 7211: 7205: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7109: 7108: 7097: 7091: 7078:Syrian Turkmens 7066:Syrian refugees 7059:Arabs in Turkey 7039: 7033: 7028: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6705: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6668: 6613:Turkic language 6559:Syriac language 6433:. According to 6406: 6392: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6169:Ankara-Istanbul 6165:High-speed rail 6037:its electricity 6009:Elazığ Province 5998: 5988: 5976:Main articles: 5974: 5918:Turkish Riviera 5856:. Turkey ranks 5835:Togg T10S sedan 5788:emerging market 5772: 5766: 5760: 5749: 5731: 5722: 5708: 5699: 5689: 5680: 5662: 5653: 5635: 5586:oceanic climate 5564: 5558: 5552: 5370:desertification 5362:Irano-Anatolian 5330: 5324: 5318:Fauna of Turkey 5312:Main articles: 5310: 5264:is bordered by 5262:Anatolian plate 5085:Turkish straits 5077:Topographic map 5070: 5064: 5058: 5046:İstiklal Avenue 5007: 5001: 4933:Abdullah Öcalan 4875: 4869: 4863: 4843:EU Battlegroups 4821:. It supported 4796:Northern Cyprus 4752:nuclear sharing 4742:Turkey has the 4657:consist of the 4631: 4617: 4611: 4599:Iraqi Kurdistan 4428:Truman Doctrine 4372: 4366: 4280: 4274: 4234:Numan Kurtulmuş 4076:Results of the 4070: 4058:Main articles: 4056: 3976:adopted in 1982 3960: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3908: 3901: 3890: 3884: 3872:Main articles: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3382: 3372: 3366: 3235:during most of 3173:and introduced 3067:first President 3052: 3046: 2996:as part of the 2915: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2904:Ottoman sultans 2893: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2754:was founded by 2729: 2723: 2628:Yabgu Khaganate 2537:Turkic speakers 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2454: 2442:Main articles: 2440: 2257:. According to 2224:Asiatic Vespers 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2192:at the time of 2188:Top image: The 2185: 2184: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2161: 2143: 2135:Main articles: 2133: 1925: 1895: 1889: 1831:and modern-day 1823:Around 750 BC, 1776:or non-native. 1675: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1614: 1603: 1601:Pala (Anatolia) 1585: 1577:Main articles: 1575: 1570: 1556: 1550: 1446:Dawlat al-Atrāk 1431:Eastern Tourkia 1423:Western Tourkia 1341: 1319:exporter. With 1262:An EU candidate 1224:is the world's 1181:. The Republic 1072:Mongol invasion 973:a secular state 963:, while ethnic 840: 805: 804: 803: 792: 780: 779: 778: 767: 746: 727: 715: 694: 675: 659: 643: 624: 607: 593: 575:9 November 1982 572: 562:29 October 1923 559: 554: 544: 539: 532:1 November 1922 529: 516: 503: 487: 462: 445: 434:Numan Kurtulmuş 430: 415: 400: 373: 354: 330: 320: 316:Other languages 262: 261: 256: 223: 221: 217: 214: 209: 206: 204: 202: 201: 200: 182: 180: 176: 173: 168: 165: 163: 161: 160: 159: 139: 109: 105: 97: 88: 83: 82: 70: 63: 55: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29333: 29323: 29322: 29317: 29312: 29307: 29302: 29297: 29292: 29287: 29282: 29277: 29272: 29267: 29262: 29257: 29252: 29247: 29242: 29237: 29232: 29227: 29210: 29209: 29204: 29203: 29196: 29193: 29192: 29190: 29189: 29184: 29179: 29174: 29169: 29164: 29159: 29154: 29149: 29144: 29139: 29134: 29129: 29124: 29119: 29114: 29109: 29104: 29099: 29094: 29089: 29084: 29078: 29076: 29072: 29071: 29069: 29068: 29055: 29042: 29029: 29016: 29003: 28990: 28976: 28974: 28970: 28969: 28962: 28961: 28954: 28947: 28939: 28930: 28929: 28927: 28926: 28921: 28915: 28913: 28909: 28908: 28906: 28905: 28890: 28875: 28860: 28845: 28833: 28818: 28803: 28787: 28785: 28781: 28780: 28773: 28771: 28769: 28768: 28753: 28738: 28723: 28708: 28693: 28677: 28675: 28671: 28670: 28662: 28661: 28654: 28647: 28639: 28630: 28629: 28627: 28626: 28625: 28624: 28619: 28609: 28604: 28599: 28594: 28588: 28586: 28582: 28581: 28579: 28578: 28565: 28552: 28539: 28526: 28513: 28499: 28497: 28493: 28492: 28490: 28489: 28487:United Nations 28484: 28471: 28466: 28460: 28458: 28454: 28453: 28451: 28450: 28437: 28424: 28411: 28398: 28385: 28372: 28359: 28346: 28333: 28320: 28307: 28294: 28281: 28267: 28265: 28261: 28260: 28258: 28257: 28243: 28241: 28237: 28236: 28234: 28233: 28220: 28207: 28194: 28181: 28168: 28155: 28142: 28129: 28116: 28102: 28100: 28094: 28093: 28091: 28090: 28085: 28083:Samarkand 2022 28080: 28075: 28070: 28064: 28062: 28058: 28057: 28050: 28049: 28042: 28035: 28027: 28018: 28017: 28015: 28014: 28010: 28007: 28006: 28004: 28003: 27998: 27996:Largest cities 27993: 27988: 27987: 27986: 27981: 27976: 27974:GDP per capita 27971: 27960: 27958: 27954: 27953: 27950: 27949: 27947: 27946: 27941: 27936: 27931: 27926: 27921: 27916: 27911: 27906: 27901: 27895: 27893: 27886: 27882: 27881: 27878: 27877: 27875: 27874: 27868: 27862: 27856: 27850: 27848: 27841: 27837: 27836: 27833: 27832: 27829: 27828: 27826: 27825: 27823:United Nations 27820: 27815: 27810: 27805: 27799: 27797: 27792: 27789: 27788: 27786: 27785: 27779: 27777: 27772: 27769: 27768: 27766: 27765: 27760: 27755: 27750: 27745: 27739: 27737: 27732: 27726: 27722: 27721: 27719: 27718: 27712: 27710: 27706: 27705: 27703: 27702: 27697: 27692: 27687: 27682: 27677: 27672: 27667: 27662: 27657: 27652: 27647: 27642: 27637: 27632: 27627: 27622: 27617: 27616: 27615: 27605: 27600: 27595: 27590: 27585: 27580: 27575: 27570: 27565: 27560: 27555: 27550: 27545: 27540: 27535: 27530: 27525: 27520: 27515: 27510: 27505: 27500: 27495: 27490: 27485: 27480: 27475: 27470: 27465: 27460: 27455: 27450: 27445: 27440: 27435: 27430: 27425: 27420: 27414: 27412: 27405: 27399: 27398: 27396: 27395: 27385: 27382: 27381: 27373: 27372: 27365: 27358: 27350: 27341: 27340: 27338: 27337: 27320: 27318: 27314: 27313: 27311: 27310: 27296: 27282: 27268: 27254: 27240: 27226: 27212: 27198: 27184: 27169: 27167: 27163: 27162: 27160: 27159: 27157:Islamabad 2017 27154: 27149: 27144: 27139: 27134: 27129: 27124: 27119: 27114: 27109: 27107:Islamabad 1995 27104: 27099: 27093: 27091: 27087: 27086: 27083: 27082: 27080: 27079: 27074: 27068: 27066: 27062: 27061: 27059: 27058: 27053: 27048: 27043: 27038: 27032: 27026: 27022: 27021: 27013: 27012: 27005: 26998: 26990: 26981: 26980: 26978: 26977: 26971: 26969: 26965: 26964: 26962: 26961: 26956: 26950: 26948: 26944: 26943: 26941: 26940: 26935: 26930: 26924: 26917: 26915: 26911: 26910: 26908: 26907: 26894: 26881: 26867: 26865: 26861: 26860: 26853: 26851: 26849: 26848: 26835: 26822: 26809: 26796: 26782: 26780: 26776: 26775: 26760: 26759: 26752: 26745: 26737: 26728: 26727: 26725: 26724: 26719: 26714: 26709: 26703: 26701: 26700:Former members 26697: 26696: 26694: 26693: 26688: 26683: 26678: 26673: 26668: 26663: 26657: 26655: 26651: 26650: 26648: 26647: 26645:United Kingdom 26642: 26637: 26632: 26627: 26622: 26617: 26612: 26607: 26602: 26597: 26592: 26587: 26582: 26577: 26572: 26567: 26562: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26542: 26537: 26532: 26527: 26522: 26517: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26497: 26492: 26487: 26482: 26477: 26472: 26470:Czech Republic 26467: 26462: 26457: 26452: 26447: 26442: 26437: 26432: 26427: 26422: 26416: 26414: 26408: 26407: 26405: 26404: 26402:Pompidou Group 26399: 26394: 26389: 26384: 26379: 26374: 26369: 26364: 26359: 26353: 26351: 26347: 26346: 26339: 26338: 26331: 26324: 26316: 26307: 26306: 26304: 26303: 26291: 26277: 26276: 26269: 26263: 26260: 26256: 26255: 26252: 26251: 26248: 26247: 26245: 26244: 26230: 26225: 26220: 26214: 26212: 26211:United Kingdom 26208: 26207: 26205: 26204: 26189: 26187: 26183: 26182: 26180: 26179: 26164: 26162: 26155: 26148: 26145: 26144: 26141: 26140: 26137: 26136: 26134: 26133: 26128: 26123: 26122: 26121: 26116: 26111: 26100: 26098: 26092: 26091: 26089: 26088: 26078: 26071: 26065: 26064:United Kingdom 26061: 26060: 26058: 26057: 26056: 26055: 26044: 26042: 26035: 26028: 26025: 26024: 26022: 26021: 26016: 26011: 26006: 26001: 25995: 25993: 25986: 25983: 25982: 25975: 25973: 25971: 25970: 25965: 25963:United Kingdom 25960: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25915: 25910: 25905: 25900: 25895: 25890: 25885: 25880: 25875: 25870: 25865: 25860: 25855: 25850: 25845: 25840: 25835: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 25790: 25785: 25780: 25778:Czech Republic 25775: 25770: 25765: 25760: 25755: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25719: 25717: 25711: 25710: 25699: 25698: 25691: 25684: 25676: 25667: 25666: 25664: 25663: 25651: 25637: 25636: 25633: 25629: 25628: 25625: 25624: 25622: 25621: 25616: 25610: 25608: 25601: 25598: 25597: 25594: 25593: 25591: 25590: 25580: 25573: 25571: 25570:United Kingdom 25567: 25566: 25564: 25563: 25557: 25555: 25551: 25550: 25548: 25547: 25542: 25536: 25534: 25527: 25520: 25517: 25516: 25514: 25513: 25508: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25487: 25485: 25478: 25475: 25474: 25467: 25465: 25463: 25462: 25457: 25452: 25447: 25442: 25437: 25432: 25427: 25422: 25417: 25412: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25387: 25382: 25377: 25372: 25367: 25362: 25357: 25352: 25347: 25342: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25312: 25307: 25302: 25297: 25292: 25287: 25282: 25277: 25272: 25267: 25262: 25257: 25252: 25247: 25242: 25237: 25232: 25227: 25222: 25216: 25214: 25208: 25207: 25196: 25195: 25188: 25181: 25173: 25167: 25164: 25163: 25151: 25150: 25148: 25147: 25135: 25123: 25111: 25099: 25086: 25083: 25082: 25079: 25078: 25076: 25075: 25070: 25065: 25060: 25055: 25050: 25049: 25048: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25012: 25011: 25009:Radio stations 25006: 25001: 24991: 24986: 24981: 24976: 24971: 24966: 24961: 24956: 24955: 24954: 24944: 24939: 24934: 24929: 24928: 24927: 24922: 24912: 24906: 24904: 24895: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24878: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24857: 24852: 24851: 24850: 24840: 24835: 24834: 24833: 24822: 24820: 24816: 24815: 24813: 24812: 24807: 24802: 24801: 24800: 24795: 24790: 24780: 24779: 24778: 24768: 24767: 24766: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24744:Turkish people 24740: 24738: 24732: 24731: 24729: 24728: 24727: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24709:Transportation 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24685: 24684: 24679: 24674: 24669: 24659: 24654: 24649: 24644: 24639: 24633: 24631: 24625: 24624: 24621: 24620: 24618: 24617: 24616: 24615: 24610: 24605: 24595: 24590: 24589: 24588: 24583: 24573: 24568: 24563: 24557: 24555: 24551: 24550: 24548: 24547: 24542: 24537: 24532: 24531: 24530: 24525: 24514: 24512: 24506: 24505: 24503: 24502: 24501: 24500: 24495: 24490: 24485: 24475: 24474: 24473: 24463: 24457: 24455: 24448: 24442: 24441: 24438: 24437: 24435: 24434: 24429: 24424: 24419: 24417:National parks 24414: 24409: 24404: 24399: 24394: 24389: 24388: 24387: 24382: 24372: 24371: 24370: 24365: 24355: 24354: 24353: 24351:Climate change 24342: 24340: 24336: 24335: 24333: 24332: 24327: 24322: 24317: 24312: 24307: 24302: 24300:Marmara Region 24296: 24294: 24292:(west to east) 24281: 24275: 24274: 24271: 24270: 24268: 24267: 24262: 24257: 24252: 24247: 24246: 24245: 24234: 24232: 24228: 24227: 24225: 24224: 24219: 24218: 24217: 24207: 24205:Constitutional 24201: 24199: 24195: 24194: 24192: 24191: 24186: 24181: 24180: 24179: 24174: 24164: 24159: 24153: 24151: 24145: 24144: 24142: 24141: 24140: 24139: 24129: 24128: 24127: 24122: 24117: 24107: 24106: 24105: 24095: 24093:Transformation 24090: 24089: 24088: 24078: 24072: 24070: 24068:Ottoman Empire 24064: 24063: 24061: 24060: 24055: 24050: 24049: 24048: 24037: 24035: 24025: 24024: 24022: 24021: 24016: 24011: 24005: 24003: 23996: 23990: 23989: 23975: 23974: 23967: 23960: 23952: 23946: 23945: 23934: 23933: 23928: 23917: 23916: 23914: 23909: 23904: 23888: 23887: 23872: 23860: 23859:External links 23857: 23855: 23854: 23819: 23792: 23786: 23771: 23765: 23750: 23720: 23714: 23699: 23693: 23678: 23665: 23659: 23638: 23632: 23617: 23611: 23602:Ancient Turkey 23596: 23577: 23546: 23540: 23525: 23498: 23492: 23477: 23471: 23456: 23450: 23435: 23421: 23408: 23402: 23387: 23381: 23360: 23354: 23333: 23327: 23306: 23300: 23279: 23273: 23252: 23246: 23231: 23226:978-9004133228 23225: 23210: 23204: 23189: 23173: 23167: 23146: 23124: 23118: 23103: 23097: 23082: 23076: 23061: 23055: 23034: 23015: 23009: 22988: 22982: 22961: 22955: 22940: 22934: 22919: 22913: 22892: 22886: 22863: 22857: 22836: 22830: 22822:10.7560/720640 22809: 22803: 22782: 22776: 22755: 22749: 22728: 22714: 22701: 22695: 22680: 22674: 22659: 22653: 22638: 22633:978-0857453273 22632: 22609: 22603: 22582: 22576: 22555: 22549: 22528: 22522: 22507: 22501: 22486: 22480: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22456: 22455: 22436: 22431:dailysabah.com 22417: 22391: 22370: 22342: 22315: 22285: 22273: 22243: 22217: 22188: 22170: 22134: 22107: 22081: 22063: 22040: 22037:. 20 May 2023. 22022: 21992: 21980:fibaeurope.com 21967: 21941: 21915: 21892:Ian Whittell. 21884: 21859: 21834: 21811: 21799: 21787: 21775: 21763: 21751: 21726: 21699: 21677: 21675:, p. 1465 21665: 21663:, p. 1469 21653: 21641: 21629: 21617: 21602: 21587: 21575: 21563: 21551: 21539: 21527: 21515: 21495: 21481: 21469: 21446: 21428: 21409: 21402: 21384: 21377: 21357: 21346: 21326: 21312: 21292: 21280: 21268: 21256: 21244: 21189: 21167: 21142: 21123:(6): 456–472. 21104: 21060: 21042: 21026:"Scholarships" 21017: 20996: 20972: 20951: 20926: 20901: 20875: 20860: 20842: 20817: 20795: 20777: 20762: 20760:, p. 1713 20750: 20732: 20714: 20696: 20689: 20662: 20650: 20631:(2): 358–389. 20611: 20586: 20567: 20531: 20508: 20488: 20470: 20465:al-monitor.com 20451: 20426: 20400: 20382: 20351: 20321: 20295: 20280: 20258: 20228: 20211: 20189: 20174: 20156: 20149: 20128: 20110: 20079: 20069: 20049: 20034:(in Turkish). 20015: 19965: 19956: 19921: 19904: 19877: 19850:(4): 697–720. 19827: 19796: 19769:(4): 501–521. 19749: 19742: 19713: 19701: 19689: 19677: 19663: 19643: 19636: 19614: 19607: 19587: 19580: 19560: 19545: 19504: 19489: 19482: 19462: 19443:(4): 517–541. 19427: 19420: 19402: 19370: 19358: 19328: 19306: 19284: 19278:Anadolu Agency 19264: 19259:Anadolu Ajansı 19246: 19241:Anadolu Ajansı 19228: 19217:(2): 210–229. 19201: 19175: 19153: 19112: 19094: 19087: 19061: 19034: 19012: 19000: 18975: 18948: 18936:The World Bank 18923: 18893: 18875: 18849: 18829: 18798: 18778:Istanbul Metro 18762: 18737: 18715: 18710:Anadolu Agency 18697: 18675: 18663: 18624:(11): e21535. 18601: 18587: 18569: 18557: 18545: 18533: 18521: 18506: 18479: 18467: 18455: 18452:on 8 May 2023. 18433: 18421: 18403: 18375: 18351: 18329: 18304: 18270: 18240: 18207: 18184: 18156: 18130: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18078: 18068:. 15 June 2022 18062: 18042: 18022: 18003: 17973: 17954: 17936: 17921: 17899: 17877: 17846: 17813: 17792: 17780: 17768: 17756: 17744: 17732: 17720: 17705: 17693: 17646: 17589: 17559: 17546: 17520: 17502: 17495: 17477: 17447: 17431: 17416: 17402: 17376: 17350: 17328: 17306: 17284: 17260: 17248: 17236: 17219:The World Bank 17199: 17187: 17175:britannica.com 17162: 17150:britannica.com 17146:"Mount Ararat" 17137: 17125: 17084: 17062: 17039: 17020: 16997: 16985: 16983: 16982: 16964: 16958: 16952: 16930: 16904: 16898: 16892: 16879: 16867: 16843: 16832:. 17 June 2016 16817: 16799: 16778: 16757: 16731: 16705: 16679: 16653: 16627: 16601: 16578: 16553: 16535: 16517:Balkan Insight 16503: 16478: 16451: 16421: 16418:. 8 July 2018. 16403: 16385:Deutsche Welle 16371: 16353:Balkan Insight 16339: 16337:. 20 May 2016. 16335:Deutsche Welle 16315: 16284: 16258: 16228: 16198: 16179: 16159: 16140: 16120: 16101: 16081: 16062: 16042: 16012: 15986: 15960: 15941: 15921: 15895: 15873: 15852: 15822: 15791: 15761: 15731: 15701: 15665: 15651: 15631: 15605: 15575: 15545: 15535: 15509: 15498:. 7 March 2019 15483: 15450: 15425:"Der Spiegel: 15416: 15401: 15376: 15346: 15320: 15305:. Naval News. 15289: 15272:baykartech.com 15259: 15225: 15208:Anadolu Agency 15195: 15165: 15131: 15105: 15069: 15039: 15008: 14978: 14947: 14911: 14883: 14853: 14823: 14793: 14766: 14734: 14704: 14674: 14644: 14627:Deutsche Welle 14614: 14584: 14554: 14524: 14494: 14460: 14430: 14400: 14383:Anadolu Agency 14365: 14334: 14307: 14289: 14263: 14256: 14234: 14207: 14193: 14173: 14130: 14093: 14074: 14054: 14018: 13988: 13970:Deutsche Welle 13956: 13917: 13906:on 15 May 2007 13888: 13858: 13828: 13792: 13778: 13759: 13737: 13718: 13696: 13666: 13640: 13614: 13595: 13575: 13538: 13512: 13486: 13460: 13428: 13411:anayasa.gov.tr 13398: 13349: 13306:Party Politics 13296: 13278: 13252: 13222: 13210: 13184: 13158: 13122: 13089: 13058: 13028: 12995: 12983: 12971: 12936: 12929: 12905: 12879: 12844: 12825: 12805: 12787: 12767: 12748: 12728: 12713: 12694: 12674: 12665:Balkan Studies 12655: 12648: 12630: 12610: 12603: 12580: 12547: 12540: 12522: 12511:(3): 393–433. 12495: 12481: 12461: 12428: 12411:Deutsche Welle 12398: 12377: 12358: 12338: 12312: 12279: 12261: 12224: 12212: 12200: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12184:, pp. 5–6 12179: 12173: 12167: 12155: 12143: 12128: 12116: 12097: 12077: 12047: 12014: 11984: 11965: 11945: 11931: 11911: 11886:Niall Ferguson 11877: 11865: 11853: 11841: 11829: 11814: 11802: 11790: 11778: 11766: 11754: 11742: 11730: 11718: 11706: 11694: 11692:, p. 1576 11682: 11670: 11658: 11646: 11631: 11619: 11612: 11594: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11523: 11484:(2): 291–327. 11469: 11463: 11450: 11391: 11333: 11314: 11294: 11282: 11267: 11246:"Hagia Sophia" 11237: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11172:, pp. 3–4 11162: 11130: 11118: 11087: 11075: 11061: 11041: 11029: 11017: 11005: 10993: 10957: 10926: 10903: 10891: 10870: 10858: 10846: 10834: 10822: 10810: 10783: 10771: 10756: 10744: 10729: 10708: 10642: 10584: 10572: 10553: 10541: 10484: 10469: 10450: 10420: 10387: 10355: 10322: 10286: 10279: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10226: 10197: 10181: 10165: 10131: 10119: 10107: 10105:, pp. 2–3 10095: 10083: 10071:Pecheneg realm 10036: 10016: 10004: 10002:, pp. 6–7 9992: 9980: 9968: 9953: 9941: 9929: 9883: 9853: 9846: 9828: 9813: 9794: 9775: 9760: 9736:(4): 424–438. 9711: 9675: 9639: 9627: 9615: 9608: 9586: 9543: 9536: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9457: 9445: 9433: 9418: 9401: 9386: 9374: 9355: 9343: 9328: 9313: 9301: 9289: 9274: 9262: 9250: 9238: 9208: 9182: 9143: 9096: 9066: 9037: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8986: 8973: 8954:(in Turkish). 8943: 8928:on 2 July 2020 8920:(in Turkish). 8909: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8865:Judaeo-Spanish 8848: 8831: 8822: 8790: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8734: 8731: 8699:Ferzan Özpetek 8675:Hülya Koçyiğit 8656:(middle), and 8648: 8647: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8628: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8524:Main article: 8521: 8518: 8498:Nurullah Hasan 8462:VakıfBank S.K. 8415:VakıfBank S.K. 8370:UEFA Euro 2008 8354:UEFA Super Cup 8335:UEFA Euro 2016 8314:Main article: 8311: 8308: 8266:varieties and 8151:Turkish coffee 8134:Main article: 8131: 8128: 8071:Şehzade Mosque 7951: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7927: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7897: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7875:Main article: 7872: 7869: 7784:Anatolian rock 7744: 7741: 7701:Memed, My Hawk 7666:Sufi mysticism 7646:oral narrative 7570: 7567: 7546:and tapestry ( 7492:Matrakçı Nasuh 7453:Matrakçı Nasuh 7430: 7427: 7411:Ottoman Empire 7397:Arts in Turkey 7389:Main article: 7386: 7383: 7331:Main article: 7328: 7325: 7285:Koç University 7207:Main article: 7204: 7201: 7162:World Factbook 7150:state religion 7124:Çamlıca Mosque 7121: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7093:Main article: 7090: 7087: 7035:Main article: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7024: 7021: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6973: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6944: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6768: 6765: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6669: 6666: 6661: 6617:first language 6412:Percentage of 6400:Turkish people 6391: 6388: 6355:Turkish people 6347:Main article: 6344: 6341: 6312:is planned on 6248:Türksat series 6207:Main article: 6204: 6201: 6191:is one of the 6181:Istanbul Metro 6133:strait is the 6096:Gas production 6027:in the world. 6023:Turkey is the 5973: 5972:Infrastructure 5970: 5905:is one of the 5762:Main article: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5738:Hevsel Gardens 5732: 5725: 5723: 5709: 5702: 5700: 5690: 5683: 5681: 5663: 5656: 5654: 5636: 5629: 5554:Main article: 5551: 5548: 5402:Turkish pine ( 5338:Turkish Angora 5309: 5306: 5113:Eastern Thrace 5089:Sea of Marmara 5060:Main article: 5057: 5054: 5038:Istanbul Pride 5014:Istanbul Pride 5003:Main article: 5000: 4997: 4902:women's rights 4898:Kurdish rights 4865:Main article: 4862: 4859: 4827:First Gulf War 4819:Horn of Africa 4772:military bases 4613:Main article: 4610: 4607: 4530:Following the 4514:Neo-Ottomanism 4412:European Union 4384:European Union 4368:Main article: 4365: 4362: 4336:procedural law 4276:Main article: 4273: 4270: 4147:Democrat Party 4122:that it deems 4055: 4052: 3992:plurality vote 3950: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3929: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3902: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3869: 3866: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3574:Afyonkarahisar 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3445: 3380:NUTS of Turkey 3368:Main article: 3365: 3362: 3259:forces in the 3249:charter member 3128:Ottoman rule. 3081:(1919) by the 3048:Main article: 3045: 3042: 2990:Central Powers 2976:Following the 2967:Crimean Tatars 2896:Topkapı Palace 2894: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2856:Ottoman Empire 2797:Sephardic Jews 2752:Ottoman Beylik 2737:Ottoman Empire 2727:Ottoman Empire 2725:Main article: 2722: 2721:Ottoman Empire 2719: 2501: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2439: 2436: 2368:and the later 2334:Ottoman Empire 2318:Late Antiquity 2314:Constantinople 2290:Constantinople 2226:massacre, and 2187: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2147:Roman Republic 2132: 2129: 1891:Main article: 1888: 1885: 1666: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1615: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1574: 1571: 1552:Main article: 1549: 1546: 1538:United Nations 1532:, saying that 1489:Ottoman Empire 1463:Middle English 1440:Dawlat at-Turk 1340: 1337: 1335:in the world. 1313:innovativeness 1254:regional power 1183:was proclaimed 919:to the north; 888: 887: 882: 876: 875: 870: 864: 863: 858: 852: 851: 838: 834: 833: 819: 815: 814: 795: 785: 784: 770: 760: 759: 754:$ 12,765 ( 747: 744: 741: 740: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 708: 707: 702:$ 43,921 ( 695: 692: 689: 688: 676: 673: 670: 669: 666: 652: 651: 644: 642:• Density 641: 638: 637: 625: 622: 619: 618: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 601: 594: 591: 588: 587: 581: 580: 577: 576: 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 552: 549: 548: 545: 537: 534: 533: 530: 524: 521: 520: 517: 511: 508: 507: 504: 498: 495: 494: 488: 485:Ottoman Empire 482: 479: 478: 475: 474: 468: 467: 460: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 440: 437: 436: 431: 425: 422: 421: 416: 413:Vice President 410: 407: 406: 401: 395: 392: 391: 388: 387: 381: 375: 374: 372: 371: 368: 364: 362: 356: 355: 353: 352: 346: 340: 333: 331: 328: 322: 321: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 259: 258: 257: 255: 254: 250: 248: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 224:41.017; 28.950 195: 191: 190: 183:39.917; 32.850 154: 150: 149: 141: 140: 107: 101:İstiklal Marşı 90: 89: 84: 76: 75: 72: 71: 56: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29332: 29321: 29318: 29316: 29313: 29311: 29308: 29306: 29303: 29301: 29298: 29296: 29293: 29291: 29288: 29286: 29283: 29281: 29278: 29276: 29273: 29271: 29268: 29266: 29263: 29261: 29258: 29256: 29253: 29251: 29248: 29246: 29243: 29241: 29238: 29236: 29233: 29231: 29228: 29226: 29223: 29222: 29220: 29200: 29194: 29188: 29185: 29183: 29180: 29178: 29175: 29173: 29170: 29168: 29165: 29163: 29160: 29158: 29155: 29153: 29150: 29148: 29145: 29143: 29140: 29138: 29135: 29133: 29130: 29128: 29125: 29123: 29120: 29118: 29115: 29113: 29110: 29108: 29105: 29103: 29100: 29098: 29095: 29093: 29090: 29088: 29085: 29083: 29080: 29079: 29077: 29073: 29067: 29056: 29054: 29043: 29041: 29030: 29028: 29017: 29015: 29004: 29002: 28991: 28989: 28978: 28977: 28975: 28971: 28967: 28960: 28955: 28953: 28948: 28946: 28941: 28940: 28937: 28925: 28922: 28920: 28917: 28916: 28914: 28910: 28903: 28891: 28888: 28876: 28873: 28861: 28858: 28846: 28844: 28834: 28831: 28819: 28816: 28815:Bashkortostan 28804: 28801: 28789: 28788: 28786: 28782: 28777: 28766: 28754: 28751: 28739: 28736: 28724: 28721: 28709: 28706: 28694: 28691: 28679: 28678: 28676: 28672: 28667: 28660: 28655: 28653: 28648: 28646: 28641: 28640: 28637: 28623: 28620: 28618: 28615: 28614: 28613: 28610: 28608: 28605: 28603: 28600: 28598: 28595: 28593: 28592:Member states 28590: 28589: 28587: 28583: 28577: 28566: 28564: 28553: 28551: 28540: 28538: 28527: 28525: 28514: 28512: 28501: 28500: 28498: 28494: 28488: 28485: 28483: 28472: 28470: 28467: 28465: 28462: 28461: 28459: 28455: 28449: 28438: 28436: 28425: 28423: 28412: 28410: 28399: 28397: 28386: 28384: 28373: 28371: 28360: 28358: 28347: 28345: 28334: 28332: 28321: 28319: 28308: 28306: 28295: 28293: 28282: 28280: 28269: 28268: 28266: 28262: 28256: 28245: 28244: 28242: 28238: 28232: 28221: 28219: 28208: 28206: 28195: 28193: 28182: 28180: 28169: 28167: 28156: 28154: 28143: 28141: 28130: 28128: 28117: 28115: 28104: 28103: 28101: 28099: 28098:Member states 28095: 28089: 28086: 28084: 28081: 28079: 28076: 28074: 28073:Dushanbe 2014 28071: 28069: 28066: 28065: 28063: 28059: 28055: 28048: 28043: 28041: 28036: 28034: 28029: 28028: 28025: 28012: 28011: 28008: 28002: 27999: 27997: 27994: 27992: 27989: 27985: 27982: 27980: 27977: 27975: 27972: 27970: 27967: 27966: 27965: 27962: 27961: 27959: 27955: 27945: 27942: 27940: 27937: 27935: 27932: 27930: 27927: 27925: 27922: 27920: 27917: 27915: 27912: 27910: 27907: 27905: 27902: 27900: 27897: 27896: 27894: 27892:Extraordinary 27890: 27887: 27883: 27872: 27869: 27866: 27863: 27860: 27857: 27855: 27852: 27851: 27849: 27845: 27842: 27838: 27824: 27821: 27819: 27816: 27814: 27811: 27809: 27808:African Union 27806: 27804: 27801: 27800: 27798: 27795:organizations 27793:International 27790: 27784: 27781: 27780: 27778: 27770: 27764: 27761: 27759: 27756: 27754: 27751: 27749: 27746: 27744: 27741: 27740: 27738: 27730: 27727: 27723: 27717: 27714: 27713: 27711: 27707: 27701: 27698: 27696: 27693: 27691: 27688: 27686: 27683: 27681: 27678: 27676: 27673: 27671: 27668: 27666: 27663: 27661: 27658: 27656: 27653: 27651: 27648: 27646: 27643: 27641: 27638: 27636: 27633: 27631: 27628: 27626: 27623: 27621: 27618: 27614: 27611: 27610: 27609: 27606: 27604: 27601: 27599: 27596: 27594: 27591: 27589: 27586: 27584: 27581: 27579: 27576: 27574: 27571: 27569: 27566: 27564: 27561: 27559: 27556: 27554: 27551: 27549: 27546: 27544: 27541: 27539: 27536: 27534: 27531: 27529: 27526: 27524: 27521: 27519: 27516: 27514: 27511: 27509: 27506: 27504: 27503:Guinea-Bissau 27501: 27499: 27496: 27494: 27491: 27489: 27486: 27484: 27481: 27479: 27476: 27474: 27471: 27469: 27466: 27464: 27461: 27459: 27456: 27454: 27451: 27449: 27446: 27444: 27441: 27439: 27436: 27434: 27431: 27429: 27426: 27424: 27421: 27419: 27416: 27415: 27413: 27409: 27406: 27404: 27403:Member states 27400: 27394: 27390: 27387: 27386: 27383: 27378: 27371: 27366: 27364: 27359: 27357: 27352: 27351: 27348: 27333: 27322: 27321: 27319: 27315: 27309: 27297: 27295: 27283: 27281: 27269: 27267: 27255: 27253: 27241: 27239: 27227: 27225: 27213: 27211: 27199: 27197: 27185: 27183: 27171: 27170: 27168: 27164: 27158: 27155: 27153: 27150: 27148: 27147:Istanbul 2010 27145: 27143: 27140: 27138: 27135: 27133: 27132:Dushanbe 2004 27130: 27128: 27127:Istanbul 2002 27125: 27123: 27120: 27118: 27115: 27113: 27112:Ashgabat 1996 27110: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27102:Istanbul 1993 27100: 27098: 27095: 27094: 27092: 27088: 27078: 27075: 27073: 27070: 27069: 27067: 27063: 27057: 27054: 27052: 27049: 27047: 27044: 27042: 27039: 27037: 27034: 27033: 27030: 27027: 27023: 27018: 27011: 27006: 27004: 26999: 26997: 26992: 26991: 26988: 26976: 26973: 26972: 26970: 26966: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26951: 26949: 26945: 26939: 26938:2023 (Astana) 26936: 26934: 26931: 26928: 26925: 26922: 26919: 26918: 26916: 26912: 26906: 26895: 26893: 26882: 26880: 26869: 26868: 26866: 26862: 26857: 26847: 26836: 26834: 26823: 26821: 26810: 26808: 26797: 26795: 26784: 26783: 26781: 26777: 26773: 26758: 26753: 26751: 26746: 26744: 26739: 26738: 26735: 26723: 26720: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26704: 26702: 26698: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26686:United States 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26674: 26672: 26669: 26667: 26664: 26662: 26659: 26658: 26656: 26652: 26646: 26643: 26641: 26638: 26636: 26633: 26631: 26628: 26626: 26623: 26621: 26618: 26616: 26613: 26611: 26608: 26606: 26603: 26601: 26598: 26596: 26593: 26591: 26588: 26586: 26583: 26581: 26578: 26576: 26573: 26571: 26568: 26566: 26563: 26561: 26558: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26543: 26541: 26538: 26536: 26535:Liechtenstein 26533: 26531: 26528: 26526: 26523: 26521: 26518: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26496: 26493: 26491: 26488: 26486: 26483: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26471: 26468: 26466: 26463: 26461: 26458: 26456: 26453: 26451: 26448: 26446: 26443: 26441: 26438: 26436: 26433: 26431: 26428: 26426: 26423: 26421: 26418: 26417: 26415: 26413: 26409: 26403: 26400: 26398: 26395: 26393: 26390: 26388: 26385: 26383: 26380: 26378: 26375: 26373: 26370: 26368: 26365: 26363: 26360: 26358: 26355: 26354: 26352: 26348: 26344: 26337: 26332: 26330: 26325: 26323: 26318: 26317: 26314: 26302: 26301: 26300:Europe portal 26296: 26292: 26290: 26289: 26280: 26279: 26274: 26270: 26267: 26264: 26261: 26258: 26257: 26253: 26242: 26238: 26234: 26231: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26215: 26213: 26209: 26202: 26198: 26194: 26191: 26190: 26188: 26184: 26177: 26173: 26169: 26166: 26165: 26163: 26159: 26156: 26149:Special areas 26146: 26132: 26129: 26127: 26124: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26110: 26107: 26106: 26105: 26102: 26101: 26099: 26097: 26093: 26086: 26082: 26079: 26076: 26073: 26072: 26069: 26066: 26062: 26054: 26051: 26050: 26049: 26048:Faroe Islands 26046: 26045: 26043: 26039: 26036: 26033: 26026: 26020: 26017: 26015: 26014:South Ossetia 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25984: 25979: 25969: 25966: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25899: 25896: 25894: 25891: 25889: 25886: 25884: 25881: 25879: 25876: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25864: 25861: 25859: 25856: 25854: 25851: 25849: 25848:Liechtenstein 25846: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25836: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25779: 25776: 25774: 25771: 25769: 25766: 25764: 25761: 25759: 25756: 25754: 25751: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25720: 25718: 25716: 25712: 25708: 25704: 25697: 25692: 25690: 25685: 25683: 25678: 25677: 25674: 25662: 25661: 25656: 25652: 25650: 25649: 25640: 25639: 25634: 25631: 25630: 25626: 25620: 25617: 25615: 25612: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25599: 25588: 25584: 25581: 25578: 25575: 25574: 25572: 25568: 25562: 25559: 25558: 25556: 25552: 25546: 25543: 25541: 25538: 25537: 25535: 25531: 25528: 25525: 25518: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25506:South Ossetia 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25488: 25486: 25483: 25476: 25471: 25461: 25458: 25456: 25453: 25451: 25448: 25446: 25443: 25441: 25438: 25436: 25433: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25418: 25416: 25413: 25411: 25408: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25366: 25363: 25361: 25358: 25356: 25353: 25351: 25348: 25346: 25343: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25328: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25311: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25266: 25263: 25261: 25258: 25256: 25253: 25251: 25248: 25246: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25231: 25228: 25226: 25223: 25221: 25218: 25217: 25215: 25213: 25209: 25205: 25201: 25194: 25189: 25187: 25182: 25180: 25175: 25174: 25171: 25165: 25158: 25146: 25145: 25136: 25134: 25133: 25124: 25122: 25121: 25112: 25110: 25109: 25100: 25098: 25097: 25092: 25088: 25087: 25084: 25074: 25071: 25069: 25066: 25064: 25061: 25059: 25056: 25054: 25051: 25047: 25044: 25043: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25014: 25010: 25007: 25005: 25002: 25000: 24997: 24996: 24995: 24992: 24990: 24987: 24985: 24982: 24980: 24977: 24975: 24972: 24970: 24967: 24965: 24962: 24960: 24957: 24953: 24950: 24949: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24917: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24907: 24905: 24903: 24899: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24862: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24853: 24849: 24846: 24845: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24832: 24829: 24828: 24827: 24824: 24823: 24821: 24817: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24791: 24789: 24786: 24785: 24784: 24781: 24777: 24774: 24773: 24772: 24769: 24765: 24762: 24761: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24741: 24739: 24737: 24733: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24711: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24683: 24680: 24678: 24675: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24664: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24653: 24650: 24648: 24645: 24643: 24640: 24638: 24635: 24634: 24632: 24630: 24626: 24614: 24611: 24609: 24606: 24604: 24601: 24600: 24599: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24587: 24584: 24582: 24579: 24578: 24577: 24574: 24572: 24569: 24567: 24564: 24562: 24559: 24558: 24556: 24552: 24546: 24543: 24541: 24538: 24536: 24533: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24520: 24519: 24516: 24515: 24513: 24511: 24507: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24491: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24481: 24480: 24479: 24476: 24472: 24469: 24468: 24467: 24464: 24462: 24459: 24458: 24456: 24452: 24449: 24447: 24443: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24425: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24386: 24383: 24381: 24380:Air pollution 24378: 24377: 24376: 24373: 24369: 24366: 24364: 24361: 24360: 24359: 24356: 24352: 24349: 24348: 24347: 24344: 24343: 24341: 24337: 24331: 24328: 24326: 24323: 24321: 24318: 24316: 24313: 24311: 24308: 24306: 24305:Aegean Region 24303: 24301: 24298: 24297: 24295: 24289: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24276: 24266: 24263: 24261: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24250:Turkification 24248: 24244: 24241: 24240: 24239: 24236: 24235: 24233: 24229: 24223: 24220: 24216: 24213: 24212: 24211: 24208: 24206: 24203: 24202: 24200: 24196: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24178: 24175: 24173: 24170: 24169: 24168: 24165: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24154: 24152: 24150: 24146: 24138: 24135: 24134: 24133: 24130: 24126: 24123: 24121: 24118: 24116: 24113: 24112: 24111: 24108: 24104: 24101: 24100: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24091: 24087: 24084: 24083: 24082: 24081:Classical Age 24079: 24077: 24074: 24073: 24071: 24069: 24065: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24047: 24044: 24043: 24042: 24041:Seljuk Empire 24039: 24038: 24036: 24034: 24030: 24026: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24006: 24004: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23991: 23987: 23982: 23973: 23968: 23966: 23961: 23959: 23954: 23953: 23950: 23944: 23941: 23940: 23939: 23938: 23932: 23929: 23927: 23924: 23923: 23922: 23921: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23895: 23894: 23893: 23892: 23886: 23885:OpenStreetMap 23882: 23873: 23871: 23868: 23867: 23866: 23865: 23840: 23836: 23832: 23825: 23820: 23813: 23809: 23805: 23798: 23793: 23789: 23783: 23780:. Routledge. 23779: 23778: 23772: 23768: 23762: 23758: 23757: 23751: 23736: 23732: 23725: 23721: 23717: 23711: 23707: 23706: 23700: 23696: 23690: 23686: 23685: 23679: 23675: 23671: 23666: 23662: 23656: 23652: 23648: 23644: 23639: 23635: 23629: 23625: 23624: 23618: 23614: 23608: 23605:. Routledge. 23604: 23603: 23597: 23582: 23578: 23566: 23562: 23558: 23557: 23552: 23547: 23543: 23537: 23533: 23532: 23526: 23519: 23515: 23511: 23504: 23501:OECD (2023). 23499: 23495: 23489: 23485: 23484: 23478: 23474: 23468: 23464: 23463: 23457: 23453: 23451:9780816057863 23447: 23443: 23442: 23436: 23432: 23428: 23424: 23418: 23414: 23409: 23405: 23399: 23395: 23394: 23388: 23384: 23382:9781579583880 23378: 23374: 23370: 23367:. Routledge. 23366: 23361: 23357: 23351: 23347: 23343: 23340:. Routledge. 23339: 23334: 23330: 23324: 23320: 23316: 23312: 23307: 23303: 23297: 23293: 23289: 23286:. Routledge. 23285: 23280: 23276: 23270: 23266: 23262: 23258: 23253: 23249: 23243: 23239: 23238: 23232: 23228: 23222: 23218: 23217: 23211: 23207: 23201: 23197: 23196: 23190: 23186: 23179: 23174: 23170: 23164: 23160: 23156: 23152: 23147: 23140: 23133: 23129: 23125: 23121: 23115: 23111: 23110: 23104: 23100: 23094: 23090: 23089: 23083: 23079: 23073: 23070:. Routledge. 23069: 23068: 23062: 23058: 23052: 23048: 23044: 23040: 23035: 23028: 23021: 23016: 23012: 23006: 23002: 22998: 22994: 22989: 22985: 22979: 22975: 22971: 22967: 22962: 22958: 22956:9781576077962 22952: 22948: 22947: 22941: 22937: 22931: 22927: 22926: 22920: 22916: 22910: 22906: 22902: 22898: 22893: 22889: 22887:9781139056151 22883: 22879: 22875: 22871: 22870: 22864: 22860: 22858:9780191905636 22854: 22850: 22846: 22842: 22837: 22833: 22831:9780292720640 22827: 22823: 22819: 22815: 22810: 22806: 22800: 22796: 22792: 22788: 22783: 22779: 22777:9780191918742 22773: 22769: 22765: 22761: 22756: 22752: 22746: 22742: 22738: 22734: 22729: 22725: 22721: 22717: 22711: 22707: 22702: 22698: 22692: 22688: 22687: 22681: 22677: 22671: 22667: 22666: 22660: 22656: 22650: 22646: 22645: 22639: 22635: 22629: 22625: 22621: 22617: 22616: 22610: 22606: 22600: 22596: 22592: 22588: 22583: 22579: 22573: 22569: 22565: 22561: 22556: 22552: 22546: 22542: 22538: 22534: 22529: 22525: 22519: 22516:. Routledge. 22515: 22514: 22508: 22504: 22498: 22494: 22493: 22487: 22483: 22481:9780816062591 22477: 22473: 22472: 22466: 22465: 22451: 22447: 22440: 22432: 22428: 22421: 22405: 22401: 22395: 22387: 22386: 22381: 22374: 22358: 22357: 22352: 22346: 22330: 22326: 22319: 22303: 22299: 22295: 22289: 22283:, p. 156 22282: 22277: 22261: 22257: 22253: 22247: 22231: 22227: 22221: 22215: 22213: 22212:public domain 22207: 22204: 22200: 22195: 22193: 22184: 22180: 22174: 22155: 22151: 22144: 22138: 22122: 22118: 22111: 22095: 22091: 22085: 22077: 22073: 22067: 22051: 22044: 22036: 22032: 22026: 22010: 22006: 22002: 21996: 21981: 21977: 21971: 21955: 21951: 21945: 21930:on 3 May 2008 21929: 21925: 21919: 21903: 21899: 21895: 21888: 21873: 21869: 21863: 21848: 21844: 21838: 21822: 21815: 21808: 21803: 21796: 21791: 21784: 21779: 21772: 21767: 21761:, doner kebab 21760: 21755: 21748: 21743: 21741: 21739: 21737: 21735: 21733: 21731: 21714: 21710: 21703: 21687: 21681: 21674: 21669: 21662: 21657: 21651:, p. 284 21650: 21645: 21638: 21633: 21626: 21621: 21614: 21609: 21607: 21599: 21594: 21592: 21584: 21579: 21572: 21567: 21560: 21555: 21548: 21543: 21536: 21535:Matthews 2014 21531: 21524: 21519: 21511: 21510: 21505: 21499: 21491: 21485: 21479:, p. 596 21478: 21473: 21465: 21461: 21457: 21450: 21442: 21438: 21432: 21425: 21420: 21418: 21416: 21414: 21405: 21399: 21395: 21388: 21380: 21374: 21370: 21369: 21361: 21354: 21349: 21343: 21339: 21338: 21330: 21315: 21309: 21305: 21304: 21296: 21289: 21284: 21277: 21272: 21265: 21260: 21253: 21248: 21240: 21236: 21232: 21228: 21224: 21220: 21216: 21212: 21208: 21204: 21200: 21193: 21177: 21171: 21156: 21152: 21146: 21138: 21134: 21130: 21126: 21122: 21118: 21111: 21109: 21100: 21096: 21092: 21088: 21084: 21080: 21073: 21071: 21069: 21067: 21065: 21056: 21052: 21046: 21031: 21027: 21021: 21006: 21000: 20982: 20976: 20961: 20955: 20940: 20936: 20930: 20915: 20911: 20905: 20889: 20885: 20879: 20872:. Al-Monitor. 20871: 20864: 20856: 20852: 20846: 20831: 20827: 20821: 20805: 20799: 20791: 20787: 20781: 20774: 20769: 20767: 20759: 20754: 20746: 20742: 20736: 20728: 20724: 20718: 20710: 20706: 20700: 20692: 20686: 20682: 20681: 20673: 20666: 20660:, p. 290 20659: 20654: 20646: 20642: 20638: 20634: 20630: 20626: 20622: 20615: 20600: 20596: 20590: 20583: 20578: 20576: 20574: 20572: 20552: 20548: 20541: 20535: 20519: 20512: 20504: 20503: 20498: 20492: 20484: 20480: 20474: 20466: 20462: 20455: 20440: 20436: 20430: 20414: 20410: 20404: 20396: 20392: 20386: 20370: 20366: 20362: 20355: 20339: 20335: 20331: 20325: 20309: 20305: 20299: 20291: 20284: 20268: 20262: 20246: 20242: 20238: 20232: 20226:, p. 537 20225: 20220: 20218: 20216: 20199: 20193: 20186: 20181: 20179: 20170: 20166: 20160: 20152: 20146: 20143:. Routledge. 20142: 20138: 20132: 20124: 20120: 20114: 20098: 20094: 20090: 20083: 20076: 20072: 20066: 20062: 20061: 20053: 20045: 20041: 20037: 20033: 20029: 20022: 20020: 20011: 20007: 20003: 19999: 19995: 19991: 19988:(aop): 1–24. 19987: 19983: 19979: 19972: 19970: 19960: 19952: 19948: 19944: 19937: 19930: 19928: 19926: 19918: 19907: 19901: 19897: 19893: 19886: 19884: 19882: 19873: 19869: 19865: 19861: 19857: 19853: 19849: 19845: 19841: 19834: 19832: 19823: 19819: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19800: 19792: 19788: 19784: 19780: 19776: 19772: 19768: 19764: 19760: 19753: 19745: 19739: 19735: 19731: 19730: 19722: 19720: 19718: 19710: 19705: 19698: 19693: 19686: 19681: 19666: 19660: 19656: 19655: 19647: 19639: 19633: 19629: 19625: 19618: 19610: 19604: 19600: 19599: 19591: 19583: 19577: 19573: 19572: 19564: 19557: 19552: 19550: 19533: 19529: 19528: 19523: 19517: 19515: 19513: 19511: 19509: 19501: 19496: 19494: 19485: 19479: 19475: 19474: 19466: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19442: 19438: 19431: 19423: 19417: 19413: 19406: 19387: 19380: 19374: 19367: 19362: 19347:. 15 May 2024 19346: 19342: 19338: 19332: 19316: 19310: 19294: 19288: 19280: 19279: 19274: 19268: 19260: 19256: 19250: 19242: 19238: 19232: 19224: 19220: 19216: 19212: 19205: 19189: 19185: 19179: 19171: 19167: 19163: 19157: 19148: 19143: 19139: 19135: 19132:(1): 012008. 19131: 19127: 19123: 19116: 19108: 19104: 19098: 19090: 19084: 19080: 19076: 19072: 19065: 19057: 19053: 19049: 19043: 19041: 19039: 19022: 19016: 19009: 19004: 18993: 18986: 18979: 18964: 18963: 18958: 18952: 18937: 18933: 18927: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18901:OECD (2024). 18897: 18889: 18885: 18879: 18872:(2): 117–134. 18871: 18867: 18863: 18856: 18854: 18845: 18844: 18839: 18833: 18818: 18814: 18813: 18808: 18802: 18783: 18779: 18772: 18766: 18751: 18747: 18741: 18733: 18729: 18725: 18719: 18711: 18707: 18701: 18693: 18689: 18688:BBC Newsround 18685: 18679: 18672: 18667: 18659: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18631: 18627: 18623: 18619: 18615: 18608: 18606: 18597: 18591: 18583: 18579: 18573: 18566: 18561: 18554: 18549: 18543:, p. 172 18542: 18537: 18530: 18525: 18518: 18513: 18511: 18494: 18490: 18483: 18476: 18471: 18464: 18459: 18451: 18447: 18443: 18437: 18431:, p. 187 18430: 18425: 18417: 18413: 18407: 18392: 18385: 18379: 18371: 18367: 18366: 18361: 18355: 18339: 18333: 18318: 18314: 18308: 18293: 18289: 18285: 18281: 18274: 18258: 18254: 18250: 18244: 18228: 18227: 18222: 18216: 18214: 18212: 18203: 18202: 18194: 18188: 18177: 18173: 18166: 18160: 18144: 18140: 18134: 18125: 18120: 18116: 18112: 18108: 18101: 18091: 18087: 18083: 18079: 18067: 18063: 18051: 18047: 18043: 18031: 18027: 18023: 18019: 18015: 18011: 18010: 18007: 17991: 17987: 17983: 17977: 17969: 17968:insideevs.com 17965: 17958: 17950: 17946: 17940: 17932: 17925: 17910:. togg.com.tr 17909: 17903: 17887: 17881: 17865: 17861: 17855: 17853: 17851: 17834: 17830: 17829: 17824: 17817: 17802: 17796: 17790:, p. 138 17789: 17784: 17778:, p. 238 17777: 17772: 17766:, p. 535 17765: 17760: 17753: 17748: 17742:, p. 219 17741: 17736: 17729: 17724: 17717: 17712: 17710: 17702: 17697: 17678: 17671: 17665: 17663: 17661: 17659: 17657: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17642: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17612: 17608: 17604: 17600: 17593: 17577: 17573: 17569: 17563: 17556: 17550: 17534: 17530: 17524: 17517: 17516: 17509: 17507: 17498: 17492: 17488: 17481: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17451: 17444: 17443: 17435: 17427: 17420: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17399: 17395: 17391: 17387: 17380: 17364: 17360: 17354: 17346: 17342: 17338: 17332: 17324: 17320: 17316: 17310: 17302: 17298: 17294: 17288: 17280: 17276: 17275: 17270: 17264: 17257: 17252: 17245: 17240: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17210: 17208: 17206: 17204: 17196: 17191: 17176: 17172: 17166: 17151: 17147: 17141: 17135:, p. 466 17134: 17129: 17120: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17088: 17072: 17066: 17050: 17043: 17037:, p. 922 17036: 17031: 17029: 17027: 17025: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16989: 16970: 16965: 16962: 16959: 16957:, p. 466 16956: 16953: 16941: 16940: 16935: 16931: 16919: 16915: 16914: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16899: 16896: 16893: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16883: 16876: 16871: 16853: 16847: 16831: 16827: 16821: 16813: 16809: 16803: 16788: 16782: 16767: 16761: 16745: 16741: 16735: 16719: 16715: 16709: 16693: 16689: 16683: 16668: 16664: 16657: 16641: 16637: 16631: 16616: 16612: 16605: 16597: 16593: 16587: 16585: 16583: 16567: 16563: 16557: 16549: 16545: 16539: 16523: 16519: 16518: 16513: 16507: 16492: 16488: 16482: 16466: 16462: 16455: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16425: 16417: 16413: 16407: 16391: 16387: 16386: 16381: 16375: 16359: 16355: 16354: 16349: 16343: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16325: 16319: 16303: 16299: 16295: 16288: 16272: 16268: 16262: 16246: 16242: 16241:The Economist 16238: 16232: 16216: 16212: 16208: 16202: 16186: 16182: 16176: 16172: 16171: 16163: 16147: 16143: 16137: 16133: 16132: 16124: 16108: 16104: 16098: 16094: 16093: 16085: 16069: 16065: 16059: 16055: 16054: 16046: 16030: 16026: 16022: 16016: 16000: 15996: 15990: 15974: 15970: 15964: 15948: 15944: 15938: 15934: 15933: 15925: 15909: 15905: 15899: 15880: 15876: 15870: 15863: 15856: 15840: 15836: 15832: 15826: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15795: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15765: 15749: 15745: 15741: 15735: 15719: 15715: 15711: 15705: 15686: 15682: 15675: 15669: 15654: 15648: 15644: 15643: 15635: 15619: 15615: 15609: 15593: 15589: 15585: 15579: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15542: 15538: 15532: 15528: 15523: 15522: 15513: 15497: 15493: 15487: 15468: 15461: 15454: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15428: 15420: 15412: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15380: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15350: 15334: 15330: 15324: 15308: 15304: 15303:navalnews.com 15300: 15293: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15263: 15247: 15243: 15239: 15238:haberturk.com 15235: 15229: 15213: 15209: 15205: 15199: 15183: 15179: 15175: 15169: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15138: 15136: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15090: 15083: 15080:(July 2001). 15079: 15073: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15043: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15012: 14996: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14951: 14944: 14932: 14928: 14927: 14922: 14915: 14899: 14895: 14894: 14887: 14871: 14867: 14863: 14857: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14827: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14797: 14781: 14777: 14770: 14754: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14738: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14708: 14692: 14688: 14684: 14678: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14648: 14632: 14628: 14624: 14618: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14558: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14528: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14498: 14482: 14478: 14474: 14470: 14464: 14448: 14444: 14440: 14434: 14418: 14414: 14413:aljazeera.com 14410: 14404: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14369: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14338: 14322: 14318: 14311: 14303: 14299: 14293: 14277: 14273: 14267: 14259: 14253: 14249: 14245: 14238: 14222: 14218: 14211: 14196: 14190: 14186: 14185: 14177: 14158: 14154: 14153:10.18452/3090 14150: 14143: 14142: 14134: 14115: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14081: 14077: 14071: 14067: 14066: 14058: 14039: 14035: 14028: 14022: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13992: 13976: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13960: 13941: 13937: 13930: 13924: 13922: 13905: 13901: 13895: 13893: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13862: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13832: 13813: 13809: 13802: 13796: 13788: 13782: 13766: 13762: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13741: 13725: 13721: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13684: 13680: 13676: 13670: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13628: 13624: 13618: 13602: 13598: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13579: 13560: 13556: 13549: 13542: 13526: 13522: 13516: 13500: 13496: 13490: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13448: 13444: 13443: 13438: 13432: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13402: 13394: 13390: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13368: 13364: 13360: 13353: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13292: 13288: 13282: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13220:, p. 194 13219: 13214: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13172: 13168: 13162: 13143: 13139: 13132: 13126: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13096: 13094: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13032: 13013: 13006: 12999: 12993:, p. 360 12992: 12987: 12980: 12975: 12959: 12955: 12954: 12948: 12940: 12932: 12926: 12922: 12921:161, 215, 246 12918: 12917: 12909: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12875: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12848: 12832: 12828: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12809: 12802: 12790: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12771: 12755: 12751: 12745: 12741: 12740: 12732: 12724: 12717: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12678: 12670: 12666: 12659: 12651: 12649:0-918618-79-7 12645: 12641: 12634: 12628: 12627:0-226-33228-4 12624: 12620: 12614: 12606: 12600: 12596: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12554: 12552: 12543: 12537: 12533: 12526: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12499: 12484: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12465: 12449: 12445: 12440: 12432: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12381: 12365: 12361: 12355: 12351: 12350: 12342: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12284: 12276: 12275: 12274:Slavic Review 12270: 12265: 12246: 12242: 12235: 12228: 12222:, p. 213 12221: 12216: 12210:, p. 343 12209: 12204: 12197: 12192: 12183: 12180: 12178:, p. 343 12177: 12174: 12172:, p. 336 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12152: 12151:Biondich 2011 12147: 12141:, p. 437 12140: 12135: 12133: 12126:, p. 336 12125: 12120: 12104: 12100: 12094: 12090: 12089: 12081: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12035: 12031: 12030: 12025: 12018: 12002: 11998: 11994: 11988: 11972: 11968: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11949: 11934: 11928: 11924: 11923: 11915: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11881: 11874: 11869: 11863:, p. 302 11862: 11857: 11850: 11845: 11838: 11833: 11826: 11821: 11819: 11811: 11806: 11799: 11794: 11787: 11782: 11775: 11770: 11763: 11758: 11751: 11746: 11740:, p. 303 11739: 11734: 11727: 11722: 11715: 11710: 11703: 11698: 11691: 11686: 11679: 11674: 11667: 11662: 11655: 11650: 11643: 11638: 11636: 11628: 11623: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11598: 11591: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11570: 11559: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11470: 11467: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11447: 11442: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11337: 11321: 11317: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11298: 11291: 11286: 11279: 11274: 11272: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11241: 11233: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11207: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11183: 11178: 11171: 11170:Mitchell 1995 11166: 11150: 11146: 11145: 11140: 11134: 11128:, p. 702 11127: 11122: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11079: 11064: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11045: 11038: 11033: 11026: 11021: 11014: 11009: 11002: 10997: 10990: 10977: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10961: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10901:, p. 738 10900: 10895: 10888: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10868:, pp. 17 10867: 10862: 10855: 10850: 10843: 10838: 10832:, p. 713 10831: 10826: 10820:, p. 242 10819: 10818:Bellwood 2022 10814: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10775: 10769:, p. 522 10768: 10763: 10761: 10753: 10748: 10742:, p. 233 10741: 10736: 10734: 10726: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10704: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10646: 10638: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10588: 10582:, p. 229 10581: 10580:Bellwood 2022 10576: 10569: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10551:, p. 224 10550: 10549:Bellwood 2022 10545: 10530:on 3 May 2019 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10476: 10474: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10408: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10391: 10375: 10371: 10370: 10365: 10359: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10333: 10326: 10307: 10303: 10296: 10290: 10282: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10198: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10148: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10092: 10087: 10080: 10077:(or even the 10076: 10072: 10060: 10059: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10020: 10013: 10008: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9984: 9977: 9972: 9965: 9960: 9958: 9950: 9945: 9939:, p. 574 9938: 9933: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9888: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9849: 9843: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9772: 9767: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9679: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9643: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9611: 9609:9780674251434 9605: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9539: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9520: 9510: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9497:Biondich 2011 9495: 9492: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9454: 9449: 9442: 9437: 9430: 9425: 9423: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9398: 9393: 9391: 9383: 9378: 9371: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9352: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9333: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9310: 9305: 9299:, p. 327 9298: 9293: 9286: 9281: 9279: 9271: 9266: 9259: 9254: 9247: 9242: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9042: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8991:, p. 537 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8845: 8841: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8747:Turkey portal 8737: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8642: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8613: 8612: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8527: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8356:in 2000. The 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8272: 8271: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8219:Evliya Çelebi 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8179:Central Asian 8176: 8172: 8171:Mediterranean 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8137: 8127: 8124: 8123:urban renewal 8119: 8115: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8087:Balyan family 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8041:caravanserais 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7997:Ancient Roman 7994: 7993:Ancient Greek 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7884: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7865:Nükhet Ruacan 7862: 7858: 7857:Ahmet Ertegun 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7841:Levent Yüksel 7838: 7834: 7830: 7829:Sertab Erener 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7679:, written by 7677: 7676: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7537: 7535: 7534:Hoca Ali Riza 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7514:Impressionism 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7439:İznik pottery 7436: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7364: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7219: 7215: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7146:secular state 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7106: 7096: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6702: 6690: 6685: 6683: 6678: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6246:operates the 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6155:Gulf of İzmit 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5782:Turkey is an 5776: 5771: 5765: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5638:Aegean Region 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516:Angora rabbit 5513: 5509: 5508:Caspian tiger 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492:Eurasian lynx 5489: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358:Mediterranean 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5181:Lake Beyşehir 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5157:Mediterranean 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5042:Taksim Square 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4981:media freedom 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910:media freedom 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792:36,000 troops 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4748:United States 4745: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4659:General Staff 4656: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457:headquarters. 4456: 4452: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4436:Marshall Plan 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424:United States 4420: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4320:Criminal Code 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218:head of state 4215: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:Justice Party 4148: 4144: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4113:turnout rates 4110: 4106: 4105:right to vote 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3954: 3947: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384:Turkey has a 3381: 3377: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315:Bülent Ecevit 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3269:Mediterranean 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3197:of 1934, the 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3144:stipulated a 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118:23 April 1920 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Allied Powers 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2959:Mediterranean 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764:tribe of the 2763: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746:Based around 2742: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:Mevlevi Order 2700: 2696: 2695:Turkification 2692: 2691:Danishmendids 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640:Seljuk Empire 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:Turkic groups 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2520: 2517:(center) and 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2467: 2466:Turkification 2463: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444:Seljuk Empire 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2418:, called the 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2399:of Anatolia. 2398: 2397:Hellenization 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2298:Eastern Roman 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245:According to 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2200:in 555 under 2199: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2170: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Hellenization 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Halicarnassus 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719:Jordan Valley 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:modern humans 1669: 1663: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1580: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1376: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303:. Turkey has 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236:presidential 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1212:Turkey is an 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:Turkification 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Hellenization 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 975:, Turkey has 974: 971:. Officially 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 935:to the east; 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 886: 883: 881: 877: 874: 871: 869: 868:ISO 3166 code 865: 862: 859: 857: 853: 849: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820: 816: 812: 796: 790: 786: 771: 765: 761: 757: 748: 742: 738: 729: 723: 719: 713: 709: 705: 696: 690: 686: 677: 671: 667: 663: 657: 653: 649: 645: 639: 635: 626: 620: 617: 613: 609: 603: 599: 595: 589: 586: 582: 578: 574: 571: 565: 561: 557: 550: 546: 542: 535: 531: 528: 522: 519:23 April 1920 518: 515: 509: 505: 502: 496: 489: 486: 480: 476: 473: 472:Establishment 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450: 447: 444: 443:Chief Justice 438: 435: 432: 429: 423: 420: 419:Cevdet Yılmaz 417: 414: 408: 405: 402: 399: 393: 389: 386: 382: 380: 376: 369: 366: 365: 363: 361: 357: 351: 347: 345: 341: 339: 335: 334: 332: 327: 323: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 252: 251: 249: 247: 243: 240: 237: 233: 228: 199: 196: 192: 187: 158: 155: 151: 147: 142: 103: 102: 95: 91: 87: 80: 73: 67: 60: 51: 48: 44: 37: 33: 32:Turkey (bird) 19: 29127:Novorossiysk 29052: 28750:Turkmenistan 28734: 28482:Turkmenistan 28434: 28409:Saudi Arabia 28068:Beijing 2012 27957:Demographics 27847:Declarations 27680:Turkmenistan 27674: 27640:Sierra Leone 27630:Saudi Arabia 27453:Burkina Faso 27294:Turkmenistan 27279: 26905:Turkmenistan 26832: 26691:EU relations 26634: 26350:Institutions 26298: 26286: 26019:Transnistria 25968:Vatican City 25952: 25658: 25646: 25561:Kastellorizo 25440:Turkmenistan 25434: 25405:Saudi Arabia 25142: 25130: 25118: 25106: 25094: 24979:Illumination 24915:Architecture 24843:Human rights 24831:Universities 24749:Ethnic Kurds 24736:Demographics 24647:Construction 23985: 23936: 23935: 23919: 23918: 23890: 23889: 23863: 23862: 23846:. 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Retrieved 8896: 8887: 8857:Turkish Jews 8851: 8846:not applied. 8843: 8834: 8825: 8793: 8769: 8691:Yılmaz Güney 8683:Metin Erksan 8679:Türkan Şoray 8665: 8658:Türkan Şoray 8609: 8603: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8535: 8480: 8474: 8455: 8428: 8374: 8339: 8262:and others. 8223: 8168: 8111: 8053: 8033:Central Asia 8005:Hagia Sophia 7970: 7956:district in 7871:Architecture 7837:Kenan Doğulu 7793: 7789: 7771:Turkish Five 7721: 7707:, which was 7691:such as the 7670: 7636: 7631:concert hall 7617:is the main 7547: 7541: 7538: 7505: 7496: 7488:Nakkaş Osman 7478: 7474: 7470: 7457: 7408: 7368: 7355: 7278: 7247: 7223: 7194:Generation Z 7190: 7182: 7144:Turkey is a 7143: 7074:Syrian Kurds 7063: 7040: 6632: 6602: 6519: 6447: 6442: 6425: 6419: 6371: 6369: 6343:Demographics 6318: 6280: 6268:Nature Index 6257: 6187:as of 2024. 6185:115 airports 6177:Ankara-Sivas 6173:Ankara-Konya 6159: 6116: 6089: 6022: 5939: 5927: 5851: 5837:produced by 5798:, it is the 5784:upper-middle 5781: 5617: 5599: 5591: 5576: 5524:Van Province 5485: 5461:golden eagle 5418: 5404:Pinus brutia 5403: 5395: 5389: 5378: 5347: 5308:Biodiversity 5256: 5228:Mount Ararat 5209: 5185:Lake Eğirdir 5177:Lakes Region 5126: 5093:Western Asia 5082: 5035: 5031:civil unions 5019: 4953: 4914: 4891: 4861:Human rights 4835:Kosovo Force 4809:missions in 4807:peacekeeping 4805:, including 4800: 4798:since 1974. 4741: 4735: 4714: 4680: 4667:Naval Forces 4652: 4572: 4549: 4529: 4507: 4495:Central Asia 4484: 4463:Soviet Union 4460: 4421: 4389: 4340: 4293: 4207: 4167:conservatism 4140: 4124:anti-secular 4117: 4095:(local) and 4082: 4036: 4002:; second is 3962:Turkey is a 3961: 3440: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3383: 3335: 3323:Tansu Çiller 3288: 3279:Tansu Çiller 3237:World War II 3223: 3202: 3183:nation state 3175:many reforms 3168: 3130: 3107: 3072: 2982:Three Pashas 2975: 2916: 2838:fleeing the 2825: 2786: 2759: 2745: 2707:Islamization 2676: 2621: 2616: 2544:pastoralists 2530: 2426:in 381, the 2420:Nicene Creed 2401: 2374: 2369: 2366:Roman Empire 2365: 2345: 2341: 2312:centered in 2310:Roman Empire 2307: 2286:Hagia Sophia 2267:Apostle John 2244: 2209: 2190:Roman Empire 2151:Roman Empire 2094: 2056: 1953: 1845:Neo-Hittites 1822: 1806:Chalcolithic 1800: 1778: 1730:clay tablets 1727: 1697:include the 1691:Göbekli Tepe 1676: 1622:Göbekli Tepe 1541: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1477:is found in 1461: 1457:Central Asia 1430: 1422: 1402: 1396: 1363: 1355: 1343: 1342: 1282: 1211: 1157:against its 1147:Three Pashas 1120: 1104:global power 1060:Seljuk Turks 1020:Göbekli Tepe 1009: 979:population. 896: 892: 891: 880:Internet TLD 856:Calling code 822:Turkish lira 726:• Total 674:• Total 592:• Total 547:24 July 1923 449:Kadir Özkaya 194:Largest city 93: 47: 29235:G20 members 28597:Three Evils 28088:Astana 2024 28078:Astana 2017 27813:Arab League 27775:communities 27528:Ivory Coast 27418:Afghanistan 27182:Afghanistan 27142:Tehran 2009 27122:Tehran 2000 27117:Almaty 1998 27097:Tehran 1992 27041:Secretariat 26929:(2011-2021) 26923:(1992-2010) 26630:Switzerland 26570:Netherlands 26153:sovereignty 26151:of internal 26131:Isle of Man 26032:territories 25990:recognition 25948:Switzerland 25883:Netherlands 25660:Asia portal 25524:territories 25482:recognition 25390:Philippines 25330:South Korea 25325:North Korea 25220:Afghanistan 25132:WikiProject 25063:Video games 24855:Individuals 24848:LGBT rights 24838:Health care 24805:Immigration 24586:Gendarmerie 24545:Referendums 24461:Legislative 24358:Earthquakes 24243:Oghuz Turks 24132:Dissolution 23835:10986/37521 23744:21 February 23571:20 February 23132:Turkey 2021 22308:20 February 22163:18 February 22076:Daily Sabah 22056:13 December 21908:22 December 21827:13 December 21466:(2): 20–31. 21319:11 February 21290:, p. 6 21288:Howard 2016 20775:, p. 3 20269:. unhcr.org 20224:Comrie 2018 19687:, p. 3 18555:, p. 7 18499:19 February 18465:, p. 3 18124:10986/28034 17806:11 February 17718:, p. 6 17426:Tulipomania 17197:, p. 8 17180:18 February 17155:18 February 17077:13 December 17035:McColl 2005 16963:, p. 7 16961:Howard 2016 16945:29 February 16889:McColl 2005 16877:, p. 7 16667:Independent 16528:11 November 16444:11 November 16396:11 November 16364:11 November 15888:29 December 15845:29 December 15694:18 February 15433:Der Spiegel 15282:17 December 15124:4 September 15098:27 December 15062:15 December 14836:reuters.com 14816:31 December 14786:31 December 14727:30 December 14697:30 December 14577:19 November 14547:19 November 14487:27 February 14443:reuters.com 14393:31 December 14358:31 December 14327:19 November 13949:17 December 13505:14 December 13479:14 December 13327:11693/75894 13051:25 November 13021:27 December 12254:23 February 12220:Armour 2012 12208:Karpat 2001 12196:Howard 2016 12182:Karpat 2004 12176:Karpat 2001 11977:28 February 11904:5 September 11849:Howard 2016 11837:Howard 2016 11810:Fierro 2010 11798:Fierro 2010 11786:Fierro 2010 11774:Howard 2016 11762:Howard 2016 11752:, p. 4 11738:Fierro 2010 11726:Howard 2016 11714:Howard 2016 11678:Howard 2016 11666:Howard 2016 11656:, p. 9 11642:Howard 2016 11542:: 197–239. 11292:, p. 1 11218:Howard 2016 11182:Howard 2016 11155:17 February 11126:Wilson 2006 11085:, p. 8 10922:Howard 2016 10887:Howard 2016 10842:Howard 2016 10799:: 371–394. 10781:, p. 8 10725:Howard 2016 10568:Howard 2016 10480:Howard 2016 10075:Siret River 9949:Howard 2016 9792:, p. 7 9704:29 February 9668:18 February 9559:(1): 7–14. 9503:Armour 2012 9485:Karpat 2004 9479:Karpat 2001 9414:Howard 2016 9397:Howard 2016 9382:Howard 2016 9324:Howard 2016 9270:Howard 2016 9246:Howard 2016 9201:15 November 9165:www.imf.org 8989:Comrie 2018 8939:Ankara'dır. 8719:Middle East 8711:Golden Bear 8671:Fatma Girik 8477:yağlı güreş 8435:Galatasaray 8346:Galatasaray 8256:Doner kebab 8242:(a type of 8091:neo-Baroque 8067:Mimar Sinan 7985:Alaca Höyük 7979:. From the 7900:Mimar Sinan 7845:Hande Yener 7809:Ajda Pekkan 7780:Barış Manço 7727:plays, and 7713:Orhan Pamuk 7705:Yaşar Kemal 7675:Aşk-ı Memnu 7648:tradition. 7619:opera house 7592:Orhan Pamuk 7562:Islamic art 7518:Halil Pasha 7483:perspective 7429:Visual arts 7031:Immigration 6571:Circassians 6131:Dardanelles 6114:pipelines. 6104:Blue Stream 5740:around the 5522:; and from 5520:Angora goat 5481:wallcreeper 5258:Earthquakes 5050:ideological 4999:LGBT rights 4906:LGBT rights 4760:Netherlands 4724:Golden Horn 4663:Land Forces 4639:TAI TF Kaan 4581:, began an 4532:Arab Spring 4476:Middle East 4465:during the 4386:since 2005. 4304:Ottoman law 4171:nationalism 4101:referendums 4047:direct vote 3996:legislative 3319:Turgut Özal 3225:İsmet İnönü 3203:Father Turk 3195:Surname Law 3193:. With the 3126:monarchical 3077:(1918) and 3032:sought the 2986:World War I 2971:Paul Mojzes 2963:Circassians 2848:Circassians 2836:Circassians 2821:short-lived 2766:Oghuz Turks 2618:The Seljuks 2592:Transoxiana 2462:Oghuz Turks 2360:instead of 2340:. The term 2322:Middle Ages 2304:in 532–537. 2064:eventually 2053:in 114–117. 2028:rationalism 2020:Anaximander 1937:Aphrodisias 1711:Alaca Höyük 1509:Afghanistan 1503:, the name 1289:its climate 1222:its economy 1187:the reforms 1018:sites like 909:East Thrace 802: 0.855 506:19 May 1919 459:Legislature 222: / 181: / 29219:Categories 29157:Sevastopol 28765:Uzbekistan 28720:Kyrgyzstan 28705:Kazakhstan 28690:Azerbaijan 28524:Bangladesh 28496:Applicants 28292:Azerbaijan 28231:Uzbekistan 28218:Tajikistan 28179:Kyrgyzstan 28166:Kazakhstan 27991:Population 27690:Uzbekistan 27660:Tajikistan 27588:Mozambique 27578:Mauritania 27548:Kyrgyzstan 27538:Kazakhstan 27443:Bangladesh 27433:Azerbaijan 27308:Uzbekistan 27266:Tajikistan 27238:Kyrgyzstan 27224:Kazakhstan 27196:Azerbaijan 26846:Uzbekistan 26820:Kyrgyzstan 26807:Kazakhstan 26794:Azerbaijan 26600:San Marino 26565:Montenegro 26545:Luxembourg 26440:Azerbaijan 25918:San Marino 25878:Montenegro 25858:Luxembourg 25838:Kazakhstan 25743:Azerbaijan 25450:Uzbekistan 25425:Tajikistan 25340:Kyrgyzstan 25320:Kazakhstan 25270:East Timor 25240:Bangladesh 25230:Azerbaijan 25004:Newspapers 24989:Literature 24969:Folk dance 24870:Corruption 24754:Minorities 24682:Renewables 24637:Automotive 24446:Government 24177:Secularism 23920:Government 23729:(Report). 22624:1887/31832 22410:14 October 22335:15 January 22127:1 November 22100:1 November 22005:tvf.org.tr 21934:9 February 21898:espn.co.uk 21637:Goode 2009 21182:5 February 20758:Cohen 2008 20582:KONDA 2006 20560:19 October 20524:1 November 20241:esa.un.org 20204:4 November 20185:KONDA 2006 20123:WorldAtlas 20103:3 November 19945:(23): 26. 19709:KONDA 2006 19697:Heper 2007 19500:KONDA 2006 18791:16 January 18446:World Bank 17866:. May 2024 17686:24 January 17171:"Lake Van" 16934:"Anatolia" 16895:Cohen 2008 16860:1 November 16836:27 January 16830:Al Monitor 16646:2 November 16571:15 October 16496:17 January 16471:9 February 16277:19 October 16113:31 October 16074:31 October 15914:9 February 15658:9 February 15476:1 November 15443:1 November 15313:4 December 15032:12 January 15001:4 December 14971:4 December 14806:mfa.gov.tr 14282:18 October 13981:10 October 13910:30 October 12898:30 October 12760:9 February 12706:13 October 12621:, p. 237. 12488:9 February 12421:7 February 12170:Kaser 2011 12124:Kaser 2011 11532:Inner Asia 11260:2 February 11206:Hoyos 2019 11194:Hoyos 2019 11111:2 February 11083:Baird 2016 10982:2 February 10507:(1): 2–6. 10162:required.) 9467:Kaser 2011 9429:Somel 2010 9136:6 February 9089:11 October 8983:KONDA 2006 8879:References 8705:Palme d'Or 8667:Filiz Akın 8654:Beren Saat 8530:See also: 8494:Koca Yusuf 8470:Eczacıbaşı 8466:Fenerbahçe 8439:Fenerbahçe 8425:six times. 8393:EuroLeague 8389:Fenerbahçe 8320:See also: 8183:East Asian 8140:See also: 8049:mausoleums 8011:, such as 7981:Bronze Age 7977:Çatalhöyük 7954:Odunpazarı 7881:See also: 7817:Erol Evgin 7813:Sezen Aksu 7757:See also: 7654:Yunus Emre 7504:(then the 7479:nakkaşhane 7419:folk dance 7395:See also: 7158:conscience 7072:, such as 7023:1,127,612 6999:1,161,702 6975:1,167,059 6951:1,273,519 6927:1,377,546 6903:1,445,683 6879:1,475,716 6855:1,544,640 6831:1,818,133 6827:Diyarbakır 6786:1,938,389 6775:15,655,924 6551:Bulgarians 6549:) and the 6470:Diyarbakır 6424:defines a 6394:See also: 6353:See also: 6302:Türksat 6A 6213:See also: 6108:TurkStream 5990:See also: 5768:See also: 5746:Diyarbakır 5696:Cappadocia 5650:travertine 5560:See also: 5512:Angora cat 5502:are other 5419:There are 5397:orientalis 5385:Turkey oak 5326:See also: 5286:1999 Düzce 5282:1999 İzmit 5198:, such as 5117:Aegean Sea 5066:See also: 4991:Cumhuriyet 4871:See also: 4815:Yugoslavia 4619:See also: 4573:After the 4543:after the 4508:Under the 4491:linguistic 4308:Civil Code 4258:Good Party 4226:Özgür Özel 4208:President 4203:secularism 4163:right-wing 3886:See also: 3809:Diyarbakır 3459:Kırklareli 3261:Korean War 3010:"relocated 2672:Hellenized 2632:Ghaznavids 2145:See also: 1933:Sebasteion 1897:See also: 1869:Cimmerians 1820:'s story. 1810:Trojan war 1707:Çatalhöyük 1681:since the 1668:Lycian Way 1630:Stonehenge 1587:See also: 1558:See also: 1323:sites, 30 1317:TV content 1307:, growing 1232:. It is a 1199:Korean War 1090:conquered 1058:eras. The 949:Aegean Sea 943:, and the 929:Azerbaijan 777: 41.9 616:Population 379:Government 360:Demonym(s) 281:Circassian 29265:Republics 29187:Zonguldak 29092:Constanța 28966:Black Sea 28902:Khakassia 28872:Tatarstan 28784:Observers 28668:(TÜRKSOY) 28422:Sri Lanka 28001:Education 27733:Countries 27725:Observers 27709:Suspended 27620:Palestine 27513:Indonesia 27317:Observers 27152:Baku 2012 27137:Baku 2006 26864:Observers 26654:Observers 26540:Lithuania 26081:Gibraltar 26030:Dependent 25853:Lithuania 25614:Hong Kong 25533:Australia 25522:Dependent 25501:Palestine 25415:Sri Lanka 25410:Singapore 25290:Indonesia 25058:TV series 25016:Miniature 24959:Festivals 24875:Terrorism 24826:Education 24759:Languages 24603:Air Force 24518:Elections 24466:Executive 24412:Mountains 24279:Geography 24198:Overviews 24137:Partition 24103:Tulip era 23687:. BRILL. 23431:885231214 23187:(Report). 22724:212893637 22363:1 October 22015:10 August 21985:10 August 21877:10 August 21852:10 August 21719:18 August 21692:18 August 21276:Kaya 2004 21264:Kaya 2004 21252:Kaya 2004 21239:225477420 21231:1309-1042 21155:TRT World 21035:7 January 21010:30 August 20989:30 August 20965:5 January 20645:143541451 20251:14 August 20044:1300-2929 20010:264412993 20002:1385-4879 19951:865002828 19911:6 October 19864:0032-3195 19822:1308-8041 19810:Turan-Sam 19791:153761516 19783:1468-3857 19457:154212694 19166:TRT Haber 19023:. TÜBİTAK 18728:TRT Haber 18416:Blue Flag 18396:25 August 18344:6 January 18233:2 January 17949:TRT World 17892:10 August 17412:134498356 16620:23 August 15496:Bloomberg 15411:0459-7222 15393:Routledge 15242:Habertürk 15178:TRT Haber 14961:janes.com 14876:7 January 14846:7 January 14759:7 January 14477:France 24 14453:6 January 14423:6 January 14379:aa.com.tr 14248:Routledge 14047:6 January 14011:6 January 14001:state.gov 13393:233594832 13385:1468-3857 13344:219458590 13336:1354-0688 13203:29 August 13151:14 August 12964:11 August 12874:143855822 12794:14 August 12305:4 January 11558:2210-5018 11506:166026934 11498:0971-9458 11326:16 August 10989:Colophon. 10685:0028-0836 10369:TRT World 10263:"Türkiye" 10127:Gray 2003 10048:28 August 9862:"Türkiye" 9752:0104-7760 9573:1462-3528 8611:Habertürk 8542:broadband 8490:Kırkpınar 8485:wrestling 8453:seasons. 8405:2017–2018 8401:2016–2017 8397:2015–2016 8252:olive oil 8103:Vedat Tek 8029:West Asia 8015:. During 7973:Neolithic 7958:Eskişehir 7898:Built by 7804:arabesque 7796:pop music 7623:Zorlu PSM 7558:Byzantine 7348:units to 7203:Education 7045:in 1991. 7012:2,102,907 6988:2,164,134 6984:Gaziantep 6964:2,213,964 6960:Şanlıurfa 6947:Balıkesir 6940:2,270,298 6916:2,320,241 6892:2,696,249 6868:3,214,571 6844:4,479,525 6820:5,803,482 6641:Bulgarian 6575:Georgians 6563:Albanians 6539:Armenians 6506:Şanlıurfa 6416:by region 6296:Program, 6232:Göktürk-3 6228:Göktürk-2 6224:Göktürk-1 6013:Euphrates 6005:Keban Dam 5901:exports. 5652:buildup. 5642:Pamukkale 5579:temperate 5449:ecoregion 5350:Old World 5340:cat with 5236:Euphrates 5226:contains 5145:Black Sea 5105:Black Sea 5079:of Turkey 5056:Geography 5033:instead. 4960:Gezi Park 4954:In 2013, 4847:Peshmerga 4839:Eurocorps 4671:Air Force 4410:with the 4382:with the 4302:-derived 4296:civil law 4195:socialism 4191:Left-wing 4128:terrorism 4004:executive 3966:within a 3749:Gümüşhane 3739:Şanlıurfa 3729:Gaziantep 3634:Kastamonu 3614:Kırıkkale 3529:Eskişehir 3514:Zonguldak 3479:Balıkesir 3474:Çanakkale 3429:districts 3417:provinces 3221:in 1937. 3171:president 3156:Anıtkabir 3018:Assyrians 3002:Armenians 2929:, in the 2868:Armenians 2813:Mahmud II 2801:expulsion 2774:Mehmed II 2660:Khurasani 2572:the Oghuz 2568:Yeniseian 2560:Tocharian 2350:Byzantium 2251:St Paul's 2125:Galatians 2113:Seleucids 1988:Byzantium 1966:included 1941:Aphrodite 1865:Scythians 1837:Phrygians 1687:Neolithic 1465:usage of 1399:Byzantine 1387:türk/tẄrk 1339:Etymology 1193:. Turkey 1155:genocides 1133:from the 1088:Mehmed II 1056:Byzantine 1016:Neolithic 917:Black Sea 905:West Asia 837:Time zone 806:very high 716:(nominal) 398:President 311:Bulgarian 29122:Năvodari 29117:Mangalia 29107:Istanbul 29001:Bulgaria 28988:Abkhazia 28830:Găgăuzia 28585:See also 28357:Maldives 28318:Cambodia 28255:Mongolia 28192:Pakistan 27885:Sessions 27763:Thailand 27655:Suriname 27608:Pakistan 27568:Maldives 27563:Malaysia 27478:Djibouti 27463:Cameroon 27252:Pakistan 27025:Politics 26666:Holy See 26615:Slovenia 26610:Slovakia 26590:Portugal 26455:Bulgaria 26372:Congress 26288:Category 26273:Holy See 26223:Scotland 26193:Svalbard 26178:of 1921) 26114:Guernsey 26109:Alderney 25999:Abkhazia 25933:Slovenia 25928:Slovakia 25903:Portugal 25763:Bulgaria 25648:Category 25491:Abkhazia 25430:Thailand 25385:Pakistan 25365:Mongolia 25360:Maldives 25355:Malaysia 25255:Cambodia 25108:Category 25046:Football 25031:Painting 24974:Folklore 24882:Marriage 24788:Istanbul 24771:Religion 24724:Railways 24714:Aviation 24652:Currency 24510:Politics 24478:Judicial 24454:Branches 24432:Wildlife 24222:Military 24210:Economic 24115:Tanzimat 23839:Archived 23812:Archived 23674:Archived 23590:23 April 23565:Archived 23518:Archived 23139:Archived 23130:(2021). 22266:1 August 22236:18 April 21960:9 August 21847:uefa.com 21749:, Turkey 21713:Hürriyet 21137:32811368 21099:26422719 20604:22 April 20419:10 March 20375:10 March 20344:10 March 20314:10 March 20273:21 April 20139:(2002). 19872:25655744 19532:Archived 19056:Archived 18992:Archived 18732:Archived 18692:Archived 18671:KGM 2023 18658:38027852 18649:10660518 18582:Archived 18541:IEA 2021 18529:IEA 2021 18517:IEA 2021 18493:Archived 18475:IEA 2021 18463:IEA 2021 18429:IEA 2021 18322:14 April 18284:Eurostat 18143:Archived 18090:Archived 18036:18 April 18030:oica.net 17833:Archived 17641:30375988 17369:9 August 17345:Archived 17323:Archived 17301:Archived 17279:Archived 17223:Archived 16522:Archived 16465:Archived 16438:Archived 16390:Archived 16358:Archived 16327:Archived 16302:Archived 16271:Archived 16269:. 2000. 16245:Archived 16215:Archived 16185:Archived 16146:Archived 16107:Archived 16068:Archived 16029:Archived 16005:18 April 15999:Archived 15979:18 April 15973:Archived 15953:23 April 15947:Archived 15879:Archived 15839:Archived 15809:Archived 15805:Hürriyet 15778:Archived 15748:Archived 15724:3 August 15618:Archived 15592:Archived 15562:Archived 15541:albania. 15502:17 March 15437:Archived 15387:(2022). 15363:Archived 15333:Archived 15307:Archived 15276:Archived 15246:Archived 15212:Archived 15182:Archived 15158:12 April 15152:Archived 15118:Archived 15050:(2006). 15026:Archived 14995:Archived 14965:Archived 14937:18 March 14931:Archived 14904:18 March 14898:archived 14870:Archived 14840:Archived 14810:Archived 14780:Archived 14753:Archived 14721:Archived 14691:Archived 14661:Archived 14657:BBC News 14631:Archived 14601:Archived 14571:Archived 14541:Archived 14511:Archived 14507:BBC News 14481:Archived 14447:Archived 14417:Archived 14387:Archived 14352:Archived 14221:Archived 14166:9 August 14157:Archived 14123:4 August 14080:Archived 14038:Archived 14005:Archived 13975:Archived 13940:Archived 13845:Archived 13771:20 March 13765:Archived 13747:"Turkey" 13730:20 March 13724:Archived 13706:"Turkey" 13683:Archived 13653:Archived 13627:Archived 13601:Archived 13568:12 April 13559:Archived 13531:22 March 13525:Archived 13499:Archived 13473:Archived 13453:12 April 13447:Archived 13421:12 April 13415:Archived 13271:11 April 13265:Archived 13245:12 April 13239:Archived 13177:17 April 13171:Archived 13115:17 April 13109:Archived 13076:Archived 13045:Archived 13041:BBC News 12958:Archived 12837:23 April 12831:Archived 12754:Archived 12700:Archived 12573:18 April 12567:Archived 12448:Archived 12415:Archived 12364:Archived 12299:Archived 12245:Archived 12109:23 April 12103:Archived 12070:4 August 12064:Archived 12034:Archived 12007:9 August 12001:Archived 11971:Archived 11898:Archived 11825:Lee 2023 11627:Lee 2023 11590:Lee 2023 11516:12 March 11510:Archived 11460:Lee 2023 11441:37588381 11432:10427466 11383:37588381 11374:10427466 11320:Archived 11254:Archived 11149:Archived 11105:Archived 10976:Archived 10944:Archived 10703:29144465 10637:27498567 10437:Archived 10407:Archived 10374:Archived 10348:11 April 10342:Archived 10315:11 April 10306:Archived 10238:Archived 10141:"Turkey" 10042:Archived 9916:Archived 9870:Archived 9698:Archived 9684:"Turkey" 9581:71515470 9231:18 March 9225:Archived 9195:Archived 9175:16 April 9130:Archived 9083:Archived 9081:(OECD). 9059:12 April 9053:Archived 8902:4 August 8844:de facto 8806:Turkish: 8782:Turkish: 8733:See also 8652:(left), 8593:Hürriyet 8508:such as 8350:UEFA Cup 8348:won the 8246:bread). 8089:such as 8045:madrasas 8025:Armenian 7987:and the 7933:Istanbul 7715:won the 7611:Istanbul 7594:and his 7540:Carpet ( 7415:Kemalism 7317:Erasmus+ 7089:Religion 7043:Gulf War 6971:Tekirdağ 6771:Istanbul 6753:Istanbul 6637:Armenian 6567:Bosniaks 6557:and the 6364:Istanbul 6333:Roketsan 6234:are the 6179:routes. 6147:Bosporus 6139:Marmaray 5966:New York 5934:Eurostat 5872:include 5816:Services 5802:and the 5498:and the 5390:Platanus 5366:Caucasus 5336:A white 5274:Hellenic 5232:Lake Van 5220:Eurasian 5155:and the 5101:Anatolia 4949:immunity 4887:Istanbul 4853:and the 4817:and the 4685:and the 4669:and the 4645:for the 4609:Military 4487:historic 4480:Caucasus 4467:Cold War 4438:and the 4432:Cold War 4356:and the 4288:Istanbul 4199:Kemalism 4175:Islamism 4034:system. 4012:judicial 3744:Adıyaman 3719:Erzincan 3679:K. Maraş 3674:Osmaniye 3654:Nevşehir 3609:Kırşehir 3494:Istanbul 3469:Tekirdağ 3402:kaymakam 3189:under a 3138:Istanbul 3105:(1920). 3065:and the 2951:Caucasus 2943:refugees 2908:Istanbul 2844:Caucasus 2809:Tanzimat 2689:such as 2600:Turkoman 2584:Kipchaks 2556:Mongolic 2509:(left), 2434:in 451. 2416:doctrine 2402:Several 2385:Persians 2320:and the 2300:emperor 2294:Istanbul 2271:Irenaeus 2212:Pergamon 1992:Istanbul 1853:Lake Van 1792:Palaians 1695:Anatolia 1652:Hittites 1593:Hittites 1589:Hattians 1427:Khazaria 1381:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚 1369:𐱅𐰇𐰺𐰜 1360:ethnonym 1348:Anatolia 1238:republic 1201:. Coups 1167:Assyrian 1159:Armenian 1139:Caucasus 1084:expanded 1080:Ottomans 1032:Hattians 989:Istanbul 987:, while 967:are the 957:Bulgaria 901:Anatolia 818:Currency 383:Unitary 301:Albanian 296:Armenian 198:Istanbul 29172:Trabzon 29167:Sukhumi 29097:Giresun 29066:Ukraine 29027:Romania 29014:Georgia 28912:Related 28674:Members 28622:Russian 28617:Chinese 28511:Algeria 28370:Myanmar 28305:Bahrain 28279:Armenia 28114:Belarus 28061:Summits 27984:Imports 27979:Exports 27964:Economy 27929:Seventh 27840:History 27670:Tunisia 27645:Somalia 27635:Senegal 27598:Nigeria 27583:Morocco 27553:Lebanon 27473:Comoros 27438:Bahrain 27428:Algeria 27423:Albania 27411:Members 27090:Summits 27065:Symbols 26947:Symbols 26914:Summits 26879:Hungary 26779:Members 26640:Ukraine 26595:Romania 26555:Moldova 26520:Ireland 26515:Iceland 26510:Hungary 26500:Germany 26495:Georgia 26485:Finland 26480:Estonia 26475:Denmark 26460:Croatia 26445:Belgium 26435:Austria 26430:Armenia 26425:Andorra 26420:Albania 26412:Members 26218:England 26161:Finland 26041:Denmark 25958:Ukraine 25908:Romania 25868:Moldova 25828:Ireland 25823:Iceland 25818:Hungary 25808:Germany 25803:Georgia 25793:Finland 25788:Estonia 25783:Denmark 25768:Croatia 25753:Belgium 25748:Belarus 25738:Austria 25733:Armenia 25728:Andorra 25723:Albania 25455:Vietnam 25370:Myanmar 25350:Lebanon 25280:Georgia 25235:Bahrain 25225:Armenia 25144:Outline 25120:Commons 25053:Theater 25036:Pottery 24952:Ottoman 24947:Cuisine 24925:Ottoman 24902:Culture 24887:Poverty 24819:Society 24704:Tourism 24657:Defense 24629:Economy 24471:Cabinet 24402:Geology 24346:Climate 24288:Regions 24215:Ottoman 24033:Beyliks 24029:Seljuks 23994:History 23937:Economy 23891:Tourism 23864:General 22461:Sources 21872:tff.org 21785:, mezze 21773:, dolma 21211:Bibcode 20810:12 June 20365:Reuters 20093:alaraby 19538:7 March 19395:11 June 19321:24 July 19134:Bibcode 18888:Reuters 18626:Bibcode 18618:Heliyon 18204:. 2020. 17914:3 April 17632:6207062 17611:Bibcode 17582:12 June 17539:21 July 17470:12 June 17106:Bibcode 16566:cpj.org 16548:Reuters 16491:cpj.org 16416:Reuters 16251:24 July 16221:24 July 16191:24 July 16152:24 July 16035:19 June 16025:bbc.com 15815:23 June 15784:5 April 15774:Reuters 15754:5 April 15624:21 June 15588:Reuters 15568:5 April 14667:21 June 14597:Reuters 14567:Reuters 14537:Reuters 14517:27 June 14200:15 June 14086:3 April 14034:fas.org 13607:13 June 13082:17 July 12370:3 April 12331:15 July 11938:15 June 11563:20 June 11415:: e16. 11357:: e16. 10694:5973800 10665:Bibcode 10628:5069350 10607:Bibcode 10534:3 April 10521:3258667 10443:25 July 9922:2 March 9876:2 March 8798:Turkish 8778:Türkiye 8774:Turkish 8660:(right) 8562:Star TV 8554:Show TV 8550:Kanal D 8451:2023–24 8447:2022–23 8300:baklava 8260:anchovy 8207:Persian 8175:Iranian 8130:Cuisine 7554:Persian 7385:Culture 7371:obesity 7270:Turkish 7008:Kocaeli 6899:Kayseri 6888:Antalya 6633:de jure 6609:Turkish 6498:Tunceli 6474:Hakkari 6325:Aselsan 6294:Göktürk 6282:TÜBİTAK 6244:Türksat 6238:of the 6143:Eurasia 6129:on the 6059:is the 6011:on the 5922:Antalya 5890:Arçelik 5866:tonnage 5758:Economy 5719:Fethiye 5673:Trabzon 5669:Uzungöl 5550:Climate 5540:Malaklı 5528:Van cat 5500:caracal 5394:is the 5392:(plane) 5216:Arabian 5165:Köroğlu 5133:Marmara 4983:. Many 4945:in 1984 4883:Kadıköy 4825:in the 4811:Somalia 4788:Somalia 4776:Albania 4756:Germany 4736:Anadolu 4722:at the 4717:(L-400) 4715:Anadolu 4394:of the 4236:is the 4228:is the 4097:muhtars 4043:elected 4018:, the 3854:Hakkâri 3799:Tunceli 3779:Ardahan 3769:Erzurum 3764:Bayburt 3754:Trabzon 3724:Malatya 3714:Giresun 3684:Kayseri 3624:Karabük 3619:Çankırı 3604:Aksaray 3599:Karaman 3584:Antalya 3579:Isparta 3559:Denizli 3534:Kütahya 3524:Bilecik 3504:Sakarya 3499:Kocaeli 3437:regions 3425:vilayet 3386:unitary 3207:Kurdish 3063:founder 2947:Balkans 2919:Rumelia 2842:of the 2789:Selim I 2782:Selim I 2770:Balkans 2756:Osman I 2648:Baghdad 2634:at the 2576:Caspian 2541:nomadic 2515:Erzurum 2422:), the 2332:to the 2316:during 2047:Ephesus 1972:Ephesus 1968:Miletus 1956:Miletus 1899:Phrygia 1881:Lydians 1877:Lycians 1873:Carians 1857:Assyria 1833:Kayseri 1829:Gordium 1825:Phrygia 1796:Luwians 1788:Hattusa 1784:Hittite 1780:Hattian 1754:Hattian 1742:Hittite 1734:Kültepe 1689:sites. 1648:Hattusa 1626:9600 BC 1597:Luwians 1548:History 1542:Türkiye 1534:Türkiye 1530:Türkiye 1505:Türkiye 1474:Turkeye 1433:). The 1425:); and 1419:Hungary 1414:Τουρκία 1404:Tourkia 1375:türü̲k̲ 1344:Turchia 1278:TURKSOY 1234:unitary 1203:in 1960 1135:Balkans 1112:reforms 1096:Selim I 1005:Antalya 925:Armenia 921:Georgia 809: ( 568:• 553:• 538:• 525:• 512:• 499:• 483:• 441:• 426:• 411:• 396:• 367:Turkish 336:70–75% 306:Bosnian 266:Kurdish 239:Turkish 210:28°57′E 169:32°51′E 166:39°55′N 153:Capital 94:Anthem: 66:Turkish 29225:Turkey 29152:Samsun 29087:Burgas 29082:Batumi 29075:Cities 29063: 29053:Turkey 29050: 29040:Russia 29037: 29024: 29011: 28998: 28985: 28899: 28884: 28869: 28854: 28827: 28812: 28797: 28762: 28747: 28735:Turkey 28732: 28717: 28702: 28687: 28573: 28560: 28550:Israel 28547: 28534: 28521: 28508: 28479: 28457:Guests 28445: 28435:Turkey 28432: 28419: 28406: 28393: 28380: 28367: 28354: 28344:Kuwait 28341: 28328: 28315: 28302: 28289: 28276: 28252: 28228: 28215: 28205:Russia 28202: 28189: 28176: 28163: 28150: 28137: 28124: 28111: 27934:Eighth 27914:Fourth 27904:Second 27873:(2010) 27867:(2008) 27861:(1990) 27773:Muslim 27758:Russia 27685:Uganda 27675:Turkey 27543:Kuwait 27533:Jordan 27508:Guyana 27498:Guinea 27493:Gambia 27458:Brunei 27329: 27305: 27298: 27291: 27284: 27280:Turkey 27277: 27270: 27263: 27256: 27249: 27242: 27235: 27228: 27221: 27214: 27207: 27200: 27193: 27186: 27179: 27172: 27166:Member 27072:Emblem 26902: 26889: 26876: 26843: 26833:Turkey 26830: 26817: 26804: 26791: 26769: 26681:Mexico 26671:Israel 26661:Canada 26635:Turkey 26625:Sweden 26605:Serbia 26585:Poland 26580:Norway 26560:Monaco 26530:Latvia 26505:Greece 26490:France 26465:Cyprus 26186:Norway 26004:Kosovo 25953:Turkey 25943:Sweden 25923:Serbia 25913:Russia 25898:Poland 25893:Norway 25873:Monaco 25843:Latvia 25813:Greece 25798:France 25773:Cyprus 25707:Europe 25554:Greece 25511:Taiwan 25435:Turkey 25400:Russia 25335:Kuwait 25315:Jordan 25305:Israel 25265:Cyprus 25250:Brunei 25245:Bhutan 25096:Portal 25041:Sports 24942:Cinema 24937:Carpet 24920:Seljuk 24910:Anthem 24793:Ankara 24662:Energy 24554:Topics 24422:Rivers 24339:Topics 24231:Topics 23986:Turkey 23881:Turkey 23784: 23763: 23712: 23691: 23657: 23630: 23609: 23538: 23490: 23469: 23448: 23429: 23419: 23400: 23379: 23352: 23325: 23298: 23271: 23244: 23223: 23202: 23165: 23116: 23095: 23074: 23053: 23007: 22980: 22953: 22932: 22911: 22884: 22855: 22828: 22801: 22774: 22747: 22722: 22712: 22693: 22672: 22651: 22630: 22601: 22574: 22547: 22520: 22499: 22478: 21509:UNESCO 21400: 21375: 21344: 21310: 21237: 21229: 21160:22 May 21135: 21097: 20944:22 May 20919:22 May 20894:22 May 20835:21 May 20687: 20643: 20502:UNESCO 20444:11 May 20147: 20067: 20042: 20008: 20000: 19949: 19902: 19870: 19862: 19820: 19789: 19781: 19740: 19661: 19634: 19605: 19578: 19480: 19455: 19418: 19351:19 May 19299:22 May 19085: 19027:15 May 18968:15 May 18962:Nature 18941:15 May 18916:16 May 18822:14 May 18755:14 May 18656: 18646: 18149:10 May 18032:. 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The 8364:, the 8331:Turkey 8310:Sports 8288:pekmez 8234:lavash 8230:yogurt 8197:, and 8195:Bulgur 8181:, and 8093:style 8077:, and 7908:Edirne 7833:Teoman 7825:Tarkan 7786:genre. 7769:, and 7725:shadow 7532:, and 7471:tasvir 7441:, and 7403:, and 7327:Health 7311:, and 7295:, and 7132:Mardin 7122:Left: 6923:Samsun 6875:Manisa 6816:Ankara 6782:Mersin 6763:Ankara 6667: 6653:Syriac 6651:, and 6649:Hebrew 6627:. The 6625:Gagauz 6623:, and 6585:, and 6583:Pomaks 6545:, and 6543:Greeks 6494:Şırnak 6482:Mardin 6466:Bitlis 6462:Bingöl 6458:Batman 6402:, and 6175:, and 6110:, and 6092:Russia 6049:Akkuyu 5984:, and 5896:, and 5894:Vestel 5878:Otokar 5860:, and 5742:Tigris 5532:Kangal 5494:, the 5479:, and 5447:is an 5443:. The 5400:. The 5364:, and 5320:, and 5246:. The 5240:Tigris 5196:faults 5169:Pontic 5137:Aegean 4975:, the 4943:began 4923:. The 4908:, and 4786:, and 4673:. The 4665:, the 4661:, the 4627:, and 4568:Cyprus 4552:Israel 4539:, and 4497:. The 4478:, the 4426:. 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27488:Gabon 27483:Egypt 27448:Benin 27379:(OIC) 27036:ECOTA 27019:(ECO) 26968:Award 26676:Japan 26620:Spain 26550:Malta 26525:Italy 26228:Wales 26168:Åland 25938:Spain 25863:Malta 25833:Italy 25619:Macau 25460:Yemen 25420:Syria 25395:Qatar 25375:Nepal 25310:Japan 25285:India 25275:Egypt 25260:China 25026:Names 25021:Music 24994:Media 24865:Crime 24798:İzmir 24407:Lakes 24392:Fauna 23848:5 May 23842:(PDF) 23827:(PDF) 23815:(PDF) 23800:(PDF) 23738:(PDF) 23727:(PDF) 23584:(PDF) 23521:(PDF) 23506:(PDF) 23181:(PDF) 23142:(PDF) 23135:(PDF) 23030:(PDF) 23023:(PDF) 22157:(PDF) 22146:(PDF) 21235:S2CID 20984:(PDF) 20675:(PDF) 20641:S2CID 20554:(PDF) 20543:(PDF) 20334:UNHCR 20308:UNHCR 20006:S2CID 19939:(PDF) 19868:JSTOR 19787:S2CID 19670:5 May 19527:KONDA 19453:S2CID 19389:(PDF) 19382:(PDF) 19194:3 May 18995:(PDF) 18988:(PDF) 18785:(PDF) 18774:(PDF) 18391:UNWTO 18387:(PDF) 18297:5 May 18263:5 May 18196:(PDF) 18179:(PDF) 18168:(PDF) 18072:9 May 18056:9 May 17870:9 May 17839:5 May 17680:(PDF) 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7130:near 6995:Aydın 6936:Adana 6912:Konya 6864:Bursa 6851:Hatay 6840:İzmir 6806:Bursa 6796:İzmir 6645:Greek 6527:Arabs 6490:Siirt 6478:Iğdır 6449:Kurds 6439:KONDA 5962:Paris 5874:TEMSA 5544:Akbaş 5504:felid 5410:tulip 5372:from 5294:Chile 4784:Qatar 4595:Afrin 4541:Egypt 3824:Siirt 3794:Iğdır 3734:Kilis 3694:Tokat 3689:Sivas 3669:Hatay 3664:Adana 3659:Niğde 3644:Çorum 3639:Sinop 3589:Konya 3554:Muğla 3549:Aydın 3544:İzmir 3509:Düzce 3484:Bursa 3441:bölge 3079:İzmir 2748:Söğüt 2623:Kınık 2596:Islam 2507:Konya 2412:Iznik 2381:Celts 2377:Goths 2362:Latin 2358:Greek 2292:(now 2230:with 2210:When 2121:Celts 2058:Cyrus 2008:Doris 2004:Ionia 1990:(now 1984:İzmir 1982:(now 1950:list. 1911:Caria 1907:Lycia 1903:Lydia 1861:Medes 1841:Greek 1818:Iliad 1762:Syria 1701:, an 1616:Some 1449:, or 1443:, or 1409:Greek 1378:; or 1163:Greek 1052:Roman 1001:Bursa 997:İzmir 965:Kurds 961:Turks 941:Syria 585:Area 344:Kurds 338:Turks 291:Greek 29147:Rize 29142:Poti 29137:Ordu 29102:Hopa 28887:Tuva 28563:Laos 28537:Iraq 28153:Iran 27665:Togo 27603:Oman 27573:Mali 27523:Iraq 27518:Iran 27468:Chad 27210:Iran 27077:Flag 26954:Flag 26119:Sark 25380:Oman 25345:Laos 25300:Iraq 25295:Iran 25204:Asia 25068:Wine 24964:Flag 24667:Coal 24613:Navy 24608:Land 24076:Rise 24031:and 23850:2024 23782:ISBN 23761:ISBN 23746:2015 23710:ISBN 23689:ISBN 23655:ISBN 23628:ISBN 23607:ISBN 23592:2024 23573:2024 23536:ISBN 23488:ISBN 23467:ISBN 23446:ISBN 23427:OCLC 23417:ISBN 23398:ISBN 23377:ISBN 23350:ISBN 23323:ISBN 23296:ISBN 23269:ISBN 23242:ISBN 23221:ISBN 23200:ISBN 23163:ISBN 23114:ISBN 23093:ISBN 23072:ISBN 23051:ISBN 23005:ISBN 22978:ISBN 22951:ISBN 22930:ISBN 22909:ISBN 22882:ISBN 22853:ISBN 22826:ISBN 22799:ISBN 22772:ISBN 22745:ISBN 22720:OCLC 22710:ISBN 22691:ISBN 22670:ISBN 22649:ISBN 22628:ISBN 22599:ISBN 22572:ISBN 22545:ISBN 22518:ISBN 22497:ISBN 22476:ISBN 22412:2017 22365:2016 22337:2013 22310:2010 22268:2016 22238:2020 22165:2015 22129:2010 22102:2010 22058:2006 22017:2014 21987:2014 21962:2014 21936:2013 21910:2022 21902:ESPN 21879:2014 21854:2014 21829:2006 21721:2014 21694:2014 21398:ISBN 21373:ISBN 21342:ISBN 21321:2017 21308:ISBN 21227:ISSN 21184:2019 21162:2024 21133:PMID 21095:PMID 21037:2019 21012:2013 20991:2013 20967:2022 20946:2024 20921:2024 20896:2024 20837:2024 20812:2013 20685:ISBN 20606:2015 20562:2008 20526:2010 20446:2023 20421:2024 20377:2024 20346:2024 20316:2024 20275:2020 20253:2014 20206:2012 20145:ISBN 20105:2017 20065:ISBN 20040:ISSN 19998:ISSN 19947:OCLC 19913:2023 19900:ISBN 19860:ISSN 19818:ISSN 19779:ISSN 19738:ISBN 19672:2013 19659:ISBN 19632:ISBN 19603:ISBN 19576:ISBN 19540:2024 19478:ISBN 19416:ISBN 19397:2013 19353:2024 19323:2023 19301:2023 19196:2022 19083:ISBN 19029:2024 18970:2024 18943:2024 18918:2024 18824:2024 18793:2020 18757:2024 18654:PMID 18501:2021 18398:2023 18346:2023 18324:2021 18299:2024 18265:2024 18235:2024 18151:2024 18107:SSRN 18074:2024 18058:2024 18038:2023 17998:2024 17916:2020 17894:2021 17872:2024 17841:2024 17808:2022 17688:2014 17637:PMID 17584:2014 17541:2015 17491:ISBN 17472:2014 17398:ISBN 17371:2014 17231:2024 17182:2015 17157:2015 17079:2006 17057:2024 17015:2024 16977:2024 16947:2024 16925:2024 16862:2010 16838:2022 16794:2010 16773:2010 16752:2021 16726:2021 16700:2021 16674:2021 16648:2015 16622:2015 16573:2022 16530:2022 16498:2017 16473:2013 16446:2022 16398:2022 16366:2022 16310:2013 16279:2022 16253:2017 16223:2017 16193:2017 16175:ISBN 16154:2017 16136:ISBN 16115:2018 16097:ISBN 16076:2018 16058:ISBN 16037:2021 16007:2020 15981:2020 15955:2020 15937:ISBN 15916:2013 15890:2015 15869:ISBN 15847:2015 15817:2024 15786:2017 15756:2017 15726:2014 15696:2012 15660:2013 15647:ISBN 15626:2018 15600:2017 15570:2017 15531:ISBN 15504:2022 15478:2010 15445:2010 15407:ISSN 15397:ISBN 15371:2023 15341:2023 15315:2022 15284:2022 15254:2023 15220:2023 15190:2023 15160:2023 15126:2010 15100:2006 15064:2006 15034:2023 15003:2022 14973:2022 14939:2024 14906:2024 14878:2023 14848:2023 14818:2022 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