Hate crime - Knowledge

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future harm. Forensic risk assessments are designed to evaluate the likelihood of re-offending and to aid in risk management strategies. While not specifically designed for hate crime offenders, some of the most common risk assessment tools used to assess risk for hate-crime offenders include the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG; ), the Historical Clinical Risk Management 20 (HCR-20; ) and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; ). Research has shown that assessing and addressing risk posed by hate-crime offenders is especially complex, and while existing tools are useful, it is important to incorporate bias-oriented factors (Dunbar et al., 2005). That is, hate-crime offenders do tend to score high risk on tools including both static and dynamic factors, but severity has been found to not be solely related to these factors, illustrating a need to incorporate biases and ideological factors.

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and freedoms and general aggravating circumstances include attacking a so-called different group of people. Such a group of people can then, of course, be also defined by sexual orientation, age or health status. A certain disparity has thus been created between, on the one hand, those groups of people who are victimized by reason of their skin color, faith, nationality, ethnicity or political persuasion and enjoy increased protection, and, on the other hand, those groups that are victimized by reason of their sexual orientation, age or health status and are not granted increased protection. This gap in protection against attacks motivated by the victim's sexual orientation, age or health status cannot be successfully bridged by interpretation. Interpretation by analogy is inadmissible in criminal law, sanctionable motivations being exhaustively enumerated.

2709:'s Act of 25 February 2003 ("aimed at combating discrimination and modifying the Act of 15 February 1993 which establishes the Centre for Equal Opportunities and the Fight against Racism") establishes a penalty-enhancement for crimes involving discrimination on the basis of gender, supposed race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin, sexual orientation, civil status, birth, fortune, age, religious or philosophical beliefs, current or future state of health and handicap or physical features. The Act also "provides for a civil remedy to address discrimination." The Act, along with the Act of 20 January 2003 ("on strengthening legislation against racism"), requires the centre to collect and publish statistical data on racism and discriminatory crimes. Belgium is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol. 2559:

consistently pairing Islam with terrorism. Thus, the pairing of verbal stimuli in the media contributed to widespread prejudice towards all Arab individuals in a process that is known as semantic generalization, which refers to how a learned behavior can generalize across situations based on meaning or other abstract representations. These occurrences continue today with the social and political discourse that contribute to the context in which people learn, come to form beliefs, and engage in behavioural actions. Although not all individuals with prejudicial attitudes go on to engage in hate-motived crime, it has been suggested that hate-crime offenders come to learn their prejudices through social interaction, consumption of biased news media, political hate speech, and internal misrepresentations of cultures other than their own.

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hate crime protection thus make hate crimes co-terminus with generic criminal law. The authors also suggest that arguments which attempt to portray hate crimes as worse than normal crimes because they spread fear in a community are unsatisfactory, as normal criminal acts can also spread fear yet only hate crimes are singled out. Indeed, it has been argued that victims have varied reactions to hate crimes, so it is not necessarily true that hate crimes are regarded as more harmful than other crimes. Dan Kahan argues that the "greater harm" argument is conceptually flawed, as it is only because people value their group identities that attacks motivated by an animus against those identities are seen as worse, thus making it the victim and society's reaction to the crime rather than the crime itself.

2883:"There is no general provision in Georgian law for racist motivation to be considered an aggravating circumstance in prosecutions of ordinary offenses. Certain crimes involving racist motivation are, however, defined as specific offenses in the Georgian Criminal Code of 1999, including murder motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 109); infliction of serious injuries motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 117); and torture motivated by racial, religious, national or ethnic intolerance (article 126). ECRI reported no knowledge of cases in which this law has been enforced. There is no systematic monitoring or data collection on discrimination in Georgia." 3635: 2491:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes for excitement and drama. Often, there is no greater purpose behind the crimes, with victims being vulnerable because they have an ethnic, religious, sexual or gender background that differs from their attackers. While the actual animosity present in such a crime can be quite low, thrill-seeking crimes were determined to often be dangerous, with 70 percent of thrill-seeking hate crimes studied involving physical attacks. Typically, these attacks are perpetrated by groups of young teenagers or adults seeking excitement. 2509:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes out of ideological reasons. They consider themselves to be crusaders, often for a religious or racial cause. They may write complex explanations for their views and target symbolically important sites, trying to maximize damage. They believe that there is no other way to accomplish their goals, which they consider to be justification for excessive violence against innocents. This kind of hate crime often overlaps with terrorism, and is considered by the FBI to be both the rarest and deadliest form of hate crime. 2464:. In the United States, the Supreme Court has accepted the claim that hate crimes cause 'distinct emotional harm' to victims. People who have been victims of hate crimes avoid spaces where they feel unsafe which can make communities less functional when ties with police are strained by persistent group fears and feelings of insecurity. In the United States, hate crime has been shown to reduce educational attainment among affected groups—particularly among black, non-Hispanic victims. 4642:. Heidi Hurd argues that hate crimes criminalize certain dispositions yet do not show why hate is a morally worse disposition for a crime than one motivated by jealousy, greed, sadism or vengeance or why hatred and bias are uniquely responsive to criminal sanction compared to other motivations. Hurd argues that whether or not a disposition is worse than another is case sensitive and thus it is difficult to argue that some motivations are categorically worse than others. 14802: 12865: 10326: 12853: 10346: 4495: 2555:

that hate, a form of prejudice, was a conditioned emotional response. Later on, the work of Arthur Staats and Carolyn Staats illustrated that both hate and fear were learned behavioral responses. In their experiment, Staats and Staats paired positive and negative works with several different nationalities. The pairing of verbal stimuli was a form of conditioning, and it was found to influence attitude formation and attitude change.

64: 2533:: suggests that hate crimes are motivated by perceived economic and material inequality, which results in differential attitudes towards outsiders who may be viewed as “straining” already scarce resources. An example of this can be seen in the discourse surrounding some people's apprehension towards immigrants, who feel as though immigrants and/or refugees receive extra benefits from government and strain social systems. 2925:

which organise propaganda and activities aimed at racial discrimination; Section 2 punishes public expression of offensive ideas; Section 3 penalises the act of refusing, in the exercise of one's occupation, to sell a commodity or to supply a service on racial grounds." Public prosecutors may press charges even if the victim does not file a complaint. However, as of 2003, no convictions had been attained under the law.

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Some on the political left have been critical of hate crime laws for expanding the criminal justice system and dealing with violence against minority groups through punitive measures. Briana Alongi argues that hate crime legislation is inconsistent, redundant and arbitrarily applied, while also being partially motivated by political opportunism and media bias rather than purely by legal principle.

3327:, hosted by Chief Constable Stephen Kavanagh, which brought together 220 delegates from a range of partner organizations involved in the field. The theme of the conference was 'Report it to Sort it' and the emphasis was on encouraging people to tell police if they have been a victim of hate crime, whether it be based on race, religion, sexual orientation, transgender identity or disability. 3960:, and the humiliation of this ethnic group was also desired by many anti-black individuals. Other frequently reported bias motivations were bias against a religion, bias against a particular sexual orientation, and bias against a particular ethnicity/national origin. At times, these bias motivations overlapped, because violence can be both anti-gay and anti-black, for example. 3471: 3237:

to their religious beliefs, as well as direct or indirect restriction of rights or the establishment of direct or indirect privileges of citizens on the grounds of race, color, political, religious or other beliefs, sex, disability, ethnic or social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other grounds" (maximum criminal sentence of up to 8 years in prison).

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victimization can be reminder to victims of their marginalized status in society, and for immigrants or refugees, may also serve to make them relive the violence that drove them to seek refuge in another country. A 1999 U.S. study of lesbian and gay victims of violent hate crimes documented that they experienced higher levels of psychological distress, including symptoms of

3112:, "the Constitution of the State party prohibits any kind of discrimination on grounds of origin, sex, race, nationality, language, faith, political or religious convictions or any other personal or social trait or circumstance, and that the prohibition against racial discrimination is also included in other legislation, such as the Civil, Penal and Labour Codes." 2503:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes out of a desire for revenge. This can be in response to perceived personal slights, other hate crimes or terrorism. The "avengers" target members of a group whom they believe committed the original crime, even if the victims had nothing to do with it. These kinds of hate crimes are a common occurrence after terrorist attacks. 2518:

to be Middle Eastern and were motivated mainly by a desire for revenge. Levin and McDevitt also argued that while thrill crimes made up the majority of hate crimes in the 1990s, after September 11, 2001, hate crimes in the United States shifted from thrill offenses by young groups to more defensive oriented and more often perpetrated by older

2721:(enacted 2003) "contains provisions prohibiting discrimination by public officials on grounds, inter alia, of race, skin colour, national or ethnic background, religion and language and prohibiting the restriction by public officials of the language rights of the citizens in their relations with the authorities (Article 145/1 and 145/2)." 3354:

charged with the murder in the initial 1993 investigation, was found guilty of Stephen Lawrence's murder in January 2012 and sentenced to life imprisonment, as was David Norris, who had not been charged in 1993. A third suspect, Luke Knight, had been charged in 1993 but was not charged when the case came to court nearly 20 years later.

3301:(CSEW) reported in 2013 that there were an average of 278,000 hate crimes a year with 40 percent being reported according to a victims survey; police records only identified around 43,000 hate crimes a year. It was reported that police recorded a 57-percent increase in hate crime complaints in the four days following the UK's 3287:, Public Order 1987 (S.I. 1987/463 (N.I. 7)) serves the same purposes. A "racial group" is a group of persons defined by reference to race, colour, nationality (including citizenship) or ethnic or national origins. A "religious group" is a group of persons defined by reference to religious belief or lack of religious belief. 2783:– the court is obligated to take the hate motivation into account as a general aggravating circumstance and determines the amount of penalty to impose. Nevertheless, it is not possible to add together a general aggravating circumstance and a circumstance determining the imposition of a higher penalty. (see Annex for details) 3462:, which claimed the Scottish Government's 'non-binary equality action plan' would lead to children being "damaged by this cult" and commenting "Choosing to identify as 'non-binary' is as valid as choosing to identify as a cat. I'm not sure governments should be spending time on action plans for either." 3557:

The first time someone was charged for hate speech over the internet occurred on 27 March 1996. "A Winnipeg teenager was arrested by the police for sending an email to a local political activist that contained the message "Death to homosexuals...it's prescribed in the Bible! Better watch out next Gay

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introduced a penalty-enhancement provision in its Penal Code. If the victim's national, racial, religious or ethnic origin, sex, colour, descent, property, education, social status, political or other opinion, disability, sexual orientation or any other personal circumstance was a factor contributing

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Penal Code explicitly defines hate crime in article 89 as "any crime committed out of hatred for someone's race, skin color, sex, sexual orientation, language, religion, political or other belief, national or social background, asset, birth, education, social condition, age, health condition or other

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Additionally, psychological perspectives within the realm of behaviorism have also contributed to theoretical explanations for the motivations of hate crimes particularly as it relates to conditioning and social learning. For instance, the seminal work of John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner illustrated

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the September 11 attacks, thrill motivated hate crimes tended to decrease as the overall rate of violent crime decreased while defensive hate crimes increased substantially. Specifically, they found that 60% of all hate motivated assaults in 2001 were perpetrated against those the offenders perceived

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David Brax argues that critics of hate-crime laws are wrong in claiming that hate crimes punish thoughts or motives; he asserts they do not do this, but instead punish people for choosing these reasons to commit a criminal act. Similarly, Andrew Seidel writes, "Hate crime or bias intimidation crimes

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In 2012, the Anti-discrimination law amended the Criminal Code adding a new aggravating circumstance of criminal responsibility, as follows: "Committing or participating in a crime motivated by ideology, political opinion, religion or beliefs of the victim; nation, race, ethnic or social group; sex,

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Hate crimes are not specifically tracked by German police, but have been studied separately: a recently published EU "Report on Racism" finds that racially motivated attacks are frequent in Germany, identifying 18,142 incidences for 2006, of which 17,597 were motivated by right-wing ideologies, both

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is not taken into account while identifying the element of the offence. However, within the sentencing procedure the judge can define certain principles for determining punishment. In section 46 of the German Criminal Code it is stated that "the motives and aims of the perpetrator; the state of mind

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In 2003, France enacted penalty-enhancement hate crime laws for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's actual or perceived ethnicity, nation, race, religion, or sexual orientation. The penalties for murder were raised from 30 years (for non-hate crimes) to life imprisonment (for hate crimes),

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other through civil law. The current Czech criminal legislation has implications both for decisions about guilt (affecting the decision whether to find a defendant guilty or not guilty) and decisions concerning sentencing (affecting the extent of the punishment imposed). It has three levels, to wit:

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Hate Crime Statistics report for 2006, hate crimes increased nearly 8 percent nationwide, with a total of 7,722 incidents and 9,080 offences reported by participating law enforcement agencies. Of the 5,449 crimes against persons, 46 percent were classified as intimidation, and 32 percent as simple

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A vast majority (84 percent) of hate crime perpetrators were "male, with an average age of just under 30. Less than 10 of those accused had criminal records, and less than 5 percent had previous hate crime involvement". "Only 4 percent of hate crimes were linked to an organized or extremist group".

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the courts can take any aggravating factor into account when sentencing someone found guilty of an offence. There is legislation dealing with the offences of incitement of racial hatred, racially aggravated harassment, and prejudice relating to religious beliefs, disability, sexual orientation, and

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Article 161: "Violations of equality of citizens depending on their race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds: Intentional acts aimed at incitement to ethnic, racial or religious hatred and violence, to demean the ethnic honor and dignity, or to repulse citizens' feelings due

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law does not include explicit hate crime provisions, "section 80(1) of the Criminal Code instructs courts to take into account the gravity of the offence and the offender's motive when meting out penalty, and therefore to attach importance to the racist motive of crimes in determining sentence." In

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These studies are of interest when considering modern forms of prejudice directed towards ethnic, religious, or racial groups. For instance, there was a significant increase in Islamophobia and hate crimes following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States. Simultaneously, the news media was

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is somewhat misleading since it assumes there is a hateful motivation which is not present in many occasions; in her view, laws to punish people who commit hate crimes may not be the best remedy for preventing them because the threat of future punishment does not usually deter such criminal acts.

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Section 233a of the Icelandic Penal Code states "Anyone who in a ridiculing, slanderous, insulting, threatening or any other manner publicly abuses a person or a group of people on the basis of their nationality, skin colour, race, religion or sexual orientation, shall be fined or jailed for up to

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Article Law 927/1979 "Section 1,1 penalises incitement to discrimination, hatred or violence towards individuals or groups because of their racial, national or religious origin, through public written or oral expressions; Section 1,2 prohibits the establishment of, and membership in, organisations

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Current criminal legislation does not provide for special penalties for acts that target another by reason of his sexual orientation, age or health status. Only the constituent elements of the criminal offence of Incitement to hatred towards a group of persons or to the curtailment of their rights

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The Czech legislation finds its constitutional basis in the principles of equality and non-discrimination contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms. From there, we can trace two basic lines of protection against hate-motivated incidents: one passes through criminal law, the

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has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, or religious hatred (Criminal Code Article 61). Murder and infliction of serious bodily injury motivated by racial, religious, national, or ethnic intolerance are distinct crimes (Article 111). Azerbaijan is a party to the

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has a penalty-enhancement statute for reasons like repeating a crime, being especially cruel, using others' helpless states, playing a leading role in a crime, or committing a crime with racist, xenophobic or especially reprehensible motivation (Penal Code section 33(5)). Austria is a party to the

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liberalism. Hurd also argues that increasing punishment for an offence because the perpetrator was motivated by hate compared to some other motivation means that the justice systems is treating the same crime differently, even though treating like cases alike is a cornerstone of criminal justice.

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and thus lead to an actual increase in crime. Jacobs and Potter also argued that hate crime legislation can end up only covering the victimization of some groups rather than all, which is a form of discrimination itself and that attempts to remedy this by making all identifiable groups covered by

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and Kimberly Potter criticize hate crime legislation for exacerbating conflicts between groups. They assert that by defining crimes as being committed by one group against another, rather than as being committed by individuals against their society, the labeling of crimes as "hate crimes" causes

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During the Nazi regime in Germany, antisemitism was a cause of hate-related violence in Canada. For example, on 16 August 1933, there was a baseball game in Toronto and one team was made up mostly of Jewish players. At the end of the game, a group of Nazi sympathizers unfolded a Swastika flag and

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Discriminatory acts constituting harassment or infringement of a person's dignity on the basis of origin, citizenship, race, religion, or gender (Penal Code Article 313). Courts have cited bias-based motivation in delivering sentences, but there is no explicit penalty enhancement provision in the

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Compared to other types of offending, there has been relatively little research directed towards the management of hate-crime offenders. However, risk management for hate-crime offenders is an important consideration for forensic psychology and public safety in order to decrease the potential for

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Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the United States experienced a spike in overall hate crimes against Muslim individuals. In the year before, only 28 events had been recorded of hate crimes against Muslims; in 2001, this number jumped to 481. While the number decreased in the

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and hate crimes to flare up but, in calmer times, they subside again, although to a relatively high level. Terrorists' most persuasive message is that of fear; a primary and strong emotion, fear increases risk estimates and has distortive effects on the perception of ordinary Muslims. Widespread

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Heidi Hurd argues that hate crime represents an effort by the state to encourage a certain moral character in its citizen and thus represents the view that the instillation of virtue and the elimination of vice are legitimate state goals, which she argues is a contradiction of the principles of

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concluded that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute. However, a change in the law a decade later allowed a suspect to be charged with a crime twice if new evidence emerged after the original charges were dropped or a "not guilty" verdict was delivered in court. Gary Dobson, who had been

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consequences, not only for their direct victims but for others of the group as well. Moreover, victims of hate crimes often experience a sense of victimization that goes beyond the initial crime, creating a heightened sense of vulnerability towards future victimization. In many ways, hate crime

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The Khalid Jabara-Heather Heyer National Opposition to Hate, Assault, and Threats to Equality Act (NO HATE), which was first introduced in 2017, was reintroduced in June 2019 to improve hate crime reporting and expand support for victims as a response to anti-LGBTQ, anti-Muslim and antisemitic

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of 6 June 2001, which entered into force on 1 September 2002, with amendments and supplements and as amended by the Law of 8 December 2011, "activities which publicly incite to hatred, violence or discrimination on the basis of nationality, race, colour, sex, language, origin, religion, sexual

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sympathizers who were given a summary trial at an informal court; sentences which were handed down included whipping, property seizure, coerced pledges of allegiance, and conscription into the military. Originally, the term referred to the extrajudicial organized but unauthorized punishment of

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to riot for the sake of stirring societal, racial, ethnic, and religious hatred as well as the promotion of the superiority of the same. Article 282 of the Criminal code further includes protections against incitement of hatred (including gender) via various means of communication, instilling

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amounted to viewpoint-based discrimination in conflict with rights of free speech, because it selectively criminalized bias-motivated speech or symbolic speech for disfavored topics while permitting such speech for other topics. Many critics further assert that it conflicts with an even more

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found that alleged hate crimes in which the victim was a police officer were significantly more likely to result in a successful prosecution. The investigation found that in several areas, crimes against police officers and staff constituted up to half of all hate crimes convictions, despite

2497:– perpetrators engage in hate crimes out of a belief they are protecting their communities. Often, these are triggered by a certain background event. Perpetrators believe society supports their actions but is too afraid to act and thus they believe they have communal assent in their actions. 2525:

The motivations of hate-crime offenders are complex. Therefore, there is no one theory that can completely account for hate-motived crimes. However, Mark Austin Walters previously attempted to synthesize three interdisciplinary theories to account for the behavior of hate-crime offenders:

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Hate Crime Statistics for 2007, the number of hate crimes decreased to 7,624 incidents reported by participating law enforcement agencies. These incidents included nine murders and two rapes (out of the almost 17,000 murders and 90,000 forcible rapes committed in the U.S. in 2007).

3533:(i) evidence that the offence was motivated by bias, prejudice or hate based on race, national or ethnic origin, language, colour, religion, sex, age, mental or physical disability, sexual orientation, or any other similar factor, ... shall be deemed to be aggravating circumstances. 2550:

Walters argues that a synthesis of these theories provides a more well-rounded scope of the motivations behind hate crimes, where he explains that social, cultural, and individual factors interact to elicit the violence behavior of individuals with low self-control.

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was stabbed to death in an attack by a gang of white youths. Two white teenagers were later charged with the murder, and at least three other suspects were mentioned in the national media, but the charges against them were dropped within three months after the

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was signed into law in 2009. It included sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, disably status, and military personnel and their family members. This is the first all-inclusive bill ever passed in the United States, taking 45 years to complete.

9361:, Accessed 26 July 2014, "...forensic psychologist, Karen Franklin's dual interests in psychology and the law brought her to question the roots of anti-gay hate crimes... badly needed empirical data on the nature and extent of negative reactions to gays..." 3838:, which was one of a handful of states without a such legislation. Led in great part by the Hate-Free Georgia Coalition, a group of 35 nonprofit groups organized by the Georgia state ADL, the legislation was adopted in June 2020, after 16 years of debate. 2840:) is criminalized and carries a fine or a prison sentence of not more than two years. The prosecution need not prove that an actual danger to an ethnic group is caused but only that malicious message is conveyed. A more aggravated hate crime, warmongering ( 4547:

Justifications for harsher punishments for hate crimes focus on the notion that hate crimes cause greater individual and societal harm. In a 2014 book, author Marian Duggan asserts that when the core of a person's identity is attacked, the degradation and

3782:, federal prosecution is possible for hate crimes committed on the basis of a person's race, religion, or nation origin when engaging in a federally protected activity." In 2009, capping a broad-based public campaign lasting more than a decade, President 2777:– hate motivation is included in the qualified constituent elements for some types of crimes (murder, bodily harm). If hate motivation is not proven, the penalty is imposed according to the scale specified for the basic constituent elements of the crime. 3963:

Analysts have compared groups in terms of the per capita rate of hate crimes committed against them to allow for differing populations. Overall, the total number of hate crimes committed since the first hate crime bill was passed in 1997 is 86,582.

2215:, hate crimes were committed by individuals as well as governments long before the term was commonly used. A major part of defining crimes as hate crimes is determining that they have been committed against members of historically oppressed groups. 2972:

community (an indigenous minority group), or sexual orientation. Frustration at the low number of prosecutions (18 by 2011) was attributed to a misconception that the law addressed hate crimes more generally as opposed to incitement in particular.

3456:'s transgender policy was logged as a "hate incident" after being told that his name appears in police records for expressing his view about the policy even though no crime was committed. Fraser had shared a column written by Susan Dalgety for 3240:

Article 300: "Importation, manufacture or distribution of literature and other media promoting a cult of violence and cruelty, racial, ethnic or religious intolerance and discrimination" (maximum criminal sentence of up to 5 years in prison).

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Article 29 of the Swedish Penal Code includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's race, color, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or "other similar circumstance" of the victim.

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Data published by the Gardaí showed a 29% increase in hate crimes and hate-related incidents from 448 in 2021 to 582 in 2022. The Gardaí recognise that "despite improvements, hate crime and hate related incidents are still under-reported".

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Criminal Code of Estonia of 6 June 2001, entered into force on 1 September 2002, with amendments and supplements and latest amendment by the Law of 8 December 2011, published in RT I, 29.12.2011, 1 and entered into force on 1 January 2012

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are not thoughtcrimes. Most crimes require two things: an act and an intent... If you simply hate someone based on race, sexuality, or creed, that thought is not punishable. Only the thought combined with an illegal action is criminal."

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about a 14% year-by-year increase. Relative to the size of the population, this represents an eightfold higher rate of hate crimes than reported in the US during the same period. Awareness of hate crimes in Germany remains low.

3692:'s Section 190.2, was passed in 1978 and provided penalty enhancements in cases when murders were motivated by prejudice against four "protected status" categories: race, religion, color, and national origin. Washington included 3011:

The Criminal Justice (Incitement to Violence or Hatred and Hate Offences) Bill known as the "Hate Crime Bill", prohibiting hate speech or incitement to hate crimes based on protected characteristics, is in its Third Stage at the

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According to a November 2016 report issued by the FBI, hate crimes are on the rise in the United States. The number of hate crimes increased from 5,850 in 2015, to 6,121 hate crime incidents in 2016, an increase of 4.6 percent.

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in addition to the criminal penalty for similar acts. Twenty-seven states and the District of Columbia have statutes requiring the state to collect hate crime statistics. In May 2020, the killing of African-American jogger

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According to a 2021 study, in the years between 1992 and 2014, white people were the offenders in 74.5 percent of anti-Asian hate crimes, 99 percent of anti-black hate crimes, and 81.1 percent of anti-Hispanic hate crimes.

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Article 24: "There can be no privileges or restrictions on the grounds of race, color of the skin, political, religious or other beliefs, sex, ethnic or social origin, property status, place of residence, language or other

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Violent action, cruelty, and coercion by threat made on the basis of the victim's actual or perceived national, ethnic, religious status or membership in a particular social group are punishable under article 174/B of the

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The Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 created the offence of inciting hatred against a group of persons on account of their race, colour, nationality, religion, ethnic or national origins, membership of the

2358:, the violence against people of Chinese origin significantly increased on the background of accusation of spreading the virus. In May 2020, the Polish-based "NEVER AGAIN" Association published its report titled 2343:

criminals. It later evolved to describe executions which were committed outside "ordinary justice". It is highly associated with white suppression of African Americans in the South, and periods of weak or nonexistent

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found that about half of the cases were anti-LGBT hate crimes that had been miscategorized, and that the rest were motivated by hate towards Jews, blacks or women or that there was no element of a hate crime at all.

2547:: suggests that a person's upbringing determines their tolerance threshold towards others, here individuals with low self-esteem are often impulsive, have poor employment prospects, and have little academic success. 2831:

515/2003 (enacted 31 January 2003) makes "committing a crime against a person, because of his national, racial, ethnical or equivalent group" an aggravating circumstance in sentencing. In addition, ethnic agitation

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to the federal definition of a hate crime, and dropped the prerequisite that the victim be engaging in a federally protected activity. Led by Shepard's parents and a coalition of civil rights groups, with ADL (the

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Islamophobic prejudice seems to contribute to anti-Muslim hate crimes, but indirectly; terrorist attacks and intensified Islamophobic prejudice serve as a window of opportunity for extremist groups and networks.

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as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version:

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Under the Criminal Codex, crimes committed because of hatred are hate crimes and carry increased punishment in many articles of the criminal law. There are also separate articles on punishment for a hate crime.

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Article 299 of the Criminal Code defines incitement to national, racist, or religious hatred as a specific offense. This article has been used in political trials of suspected members of the banned organization

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Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund published a report in 2009 revealing that 33 percent of hate-crime offenders were under the age of 18, while 29 percent were between the ages of 18 and 24.

3529:(a) a sentence should be increased or reduced to account for any relevant aggravating or mitigating circumstances relating to the offence or the offender, and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, 2753:

attribute". On 1 January 2013, a new Penal Code was introduced with the recognition of a hate crime based on "race, skin color, religion, national or ethnic background, sexual orientation or gender identity".

3900:. This was the first time in U.S. history that an unresolved civil rights case was re-opened. De La Beckwith, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, was tried for the murder on two previous occasions, resulting in 9228: 3400:

working group examined the issue of hate crime and ways of combating crime motivated by social prejudice, reporting in 2004. Its main recommendations were not implemented, but in their manifestos for the

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includes a penalty-enhancement provision for crimes motivated by bias against the victim's ideology, beliefs, religion, ethnicity, race, nationality, gender, sexual orientation, illness or disability.

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orientation, political opinion, or financial or social status, if this results in danger to the life, health or property of a person, are punishable by a fine of up to 300 fine units or by detention".

2460:. They suffer from typical symptoms of trauma: lack of concentration, fear, unintentional rethinking of the incident and feeling vulnerable or unsafe. These symptoms may be severe enough to qualify as 3088:), contains a penalty-enhancement provision for all crimes motivated by racial, ethnic, national, or religious bias. Italy is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol. 7326: 6265:

Marc Coester (2008): Das Konzept der Hate Crimes aus den USA unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Rechtsextremismus in Deutschland. Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Berlin/Bern/Bruxelles/New York/Oxford/Wien

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also drafted model hate crimes legislation in the 1980s that serves as the template for the legislation that a majority of states have adopted. As of the fall of 2020, 46 of the 50 states and

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and their supporters fought hard for the right of African Americans to vote, as well as for equality in their everyday lives. African Americans have been the target of hate crimes since the

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Iganski, Paul, and Spiridoula Lagou. "Hate crimes hurt some more than others: Implications for the just sentencing of offenders." Journal of interpersonal violence 30.10 (2015): 1696-1718.

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Prosecutions of hate crimes have been difficult in the United States. Recently, state governments have attempted to re-investigate and re-try past hate crimes. One notable example was

2163:(FBI) defines a hate crime as a traditional offense like murder, arson, or vandalism with an added element of bias. Hate itself is not a hate crime but committing a crime motivated by 7622:"Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch Hosts the 63rd Annual Attorney General Awards Honoring Department Employees and Others For Their Service (U.S. Department of Justice News Release)" 7240: 3520:

In 1996, the federal government amended a section of the Criminal Code that pertains to sentencing. Specifically, section 718.2. The section states (with regard to the hate crime):

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Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types".

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which made it illegal to "by force or by threat of force, injure, intimidate, or interfere with anyone who is engaged in six specified protected activities, by reason of their

2484:'s 2002 study into the motives for hate crimes found four motives, and reported that "thrill-seeking" accounted for 66 percent of all hate crimes overall in the United States: 4295: 12796: 4835: 3812: 6553: 4443:

In addition, the Brazilian Constitution defines as a "fundamental goal of the Republic" (Article 3rd, clause IV) "to promote the well-being of all, with no prejudice as to

3224:

Article 11: "The State shall promote the development of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of all indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities of Ukraine".

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Some have argued hate crime laws bring the law into disrepute and further divide society, as groups apply to have their critics silenced. American forensic psychologist

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fundamental right: free thought. The claim is that hate-crime legislation effectively makes certain ideas or beliefs, including religious ones, illegal, in other words,

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As of 2004, Jewish people were the largest ethnic group targeted by hate crimes, followed by black people, Muslims, South Asians, and homosexuals (Silver et al., 2004).

8698: 7486: 4256:, the largest number of hate crimes are committed against African Americans. During the Civil Rights Movement, some of the most notorious hate crimes included the 1968 3735:

Until California state legislation included all crimes as possible hate crimes in 1987, criminal acts which could be considered hate crimes in various states included

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would be deluged by cases, diverting officers from tackling violent offenders and that the Act threatened to fuel claims of “institutional bias” against the force.

2366:, and discrimination that occurred in the wake of coronavirus pandemic, as well as cases of spreading hate speech and conspiracy theories about the epidemic by the 14291: 3302: 1490: 9225: 6659: 7115: 5106:"A hate crime or bias motivated crime occurs when the perpetrator of the crime intentionally selects the victim because of their membership in a certain group." 13352: 12324: 8923: 3323:

launched the 'Stop the Hate' initiative as part of a concerted effort to find new ways to tackle hate crime in Essex. The launch was marked by a conference in

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criminal penalties including fines and imprisonment. Although a former member of the Council of Europe, Russia is not a party to the Convention on Cybercrime.

531: 8184: 3305:; however, a press release from the National Police Chief's Council stated that "this should not be read as a national increase in hate crime of 57 percent". 12085: 4705: 2977: 5663:

Borell, Klas (2015). "When Is the Time to Hate? A Research Review on the Impact of Dramatic Events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic Hate Crimes in Europe".

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lasted 13 years, in large part because of opposition to including the term "sexual orientation" as one of the bases for deeming a crime to be a hate crime.

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Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective".

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Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults".

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defines separate offences, with increased sentences, for racially or religiously aggravated assaults, harassment, and a handful of public order offences.

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Labuda, P. (2011). "Racial Reconciliation in Mississippi: An Evaluation of the Proposal to Establish a Mississippi Truth and Reconciliation Commission".

2624: 2391:, than lesbian and gay victims of comparable crimes which were not motivated by antigay bias. A manual issued by the Attorney-General of the Province of 742: 8114: 11063: 7001: 2737: 6207: 14686: 14069: 12470: 10269: 9533: 7621: 4611: 4420:

establishes a harsher penalty, from a minimum of one year to a maximum of three years, for injuries motivated by "elements referring to race, color,

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In 2015, the Hate Crimes Statistics report identified 5,818 single-bias incidents involving 6,837 offenses, 7,121 victims, and 5,475 known offenders

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and the penalties for violent attacks leading to permanent disability were raised from 10 years (for non-hate crimes) to 15 years (for hate crimes).

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that evidently increases the risk that Finland is involved in a war or becomes a target for a military operation. The act in question may consist of

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Craig, Kellina M.; Waldo, Craig R. (1996). ""So, what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators".

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High-profile murders targeting victims based on their sexual orientation have prompted the passage of hate crimes legislation, notably the cases of

13506: 6675: 6500: 5160: 2033: 693: 9372: 6940: 7675:"Hate Crime Laws Don't Prevent Violence Against LGBT People: So why do many LGBT people, and others, feel so deeply about the need to have them?" 3421: 3063:

senator said that the existing legislation was "not effective" and outdated, adding that the Gardaí saw a rise of 30% in hate crime in Ireland."

2770:– hate motivation is included in the basic constituent elements. If hate motivation is not proven, a conviction for a hate crime is not possible. 12096: 5322: 4556:

of a group of people. Furthermore, it is asserted that the chances for retaliatory crimes are greater when a hate crime has been committed. The

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Criminal Code. This article was added to the Code in 1996. Hungary is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

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in the group to which the victim belongs, inspiring feelings of vulnerability among its other members, who could be the next hate crime victims.

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the court defined "fighting words" as "those which by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace."

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attacks. The bill would fund state hate-crime hotlines, and support expansion of reporting and training programs in law enforcement agencies.

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Eric Holder said recent killings showed the need for a tougher U.S. hate-crimes law to stop "violence masquerading as political activism."

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have no hate crime laws. Nonetheless, all of these except Turkey are parties to the Convention on Cybercrime and the Additional Protocol.

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Brax, David. "Motives, reasons, and responsibility in hate/bias crime legislation." Criminal Justice Ethics 35, no. 3 (2016): 230-248.

7727: 7648: 6788: 6358: 6120: 11928: 10239: 6605: 5116: 4830: 3409:, which now forms the Scottish Government. The Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Bill was introduced on 19 May 2008 by 9167: 8721: 8351:

Meyer, Doug (2010). "Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims".

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Loi n° 2003–88 du 3 février 2003 visant à aggraver les peines punissant les infractions à caractère raciste, antisémite ou xénophobe

13272: 13160: 12903: 12738: 12515: 9955: 9251:

Jacobs, James B. & Kimberly Potter. (1998). Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics. New York: Oxford University Press,

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individuals increased. In June 2020, after the death of several African Americans at the hands of police officers – in particular,

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is especially severe, and additional emotional and physiological problems are likely to result. Wider society can suffer from the

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In 2018, the Hate Crime Statistics report showed 59.5 percent were motivated by race bias and 16.9 percent by sexual orientation.

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have statutes criminalizing various types of hate crimes. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have statutes creating a

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CERD, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 9 of the Convention; Concluding Observations: Kyrgyzstan

6001: 4935: 4257: 3949: 2540:: suggests that some individuals fear groups other than their own and, as a result of this, seek to suppress different cultures. 9402:

The Negative Ramifications of Hate Crime Legislation: It's Time to Reevaluate Whether Hate Crime Laws Are Beneficial to Society.

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The crimes of racism and racial injury, although similar, are enforced slightly differently. Article 140, 3rd paragraph, of the

2984:, to introduce new hate crime legislation to combat the low prosecution rate for offences under the 1989 act – particularly for 14787: 13511: 13282: 13110: 13095: 13090: 12936: 12254: 12142: 12025: 10626: 10311: 8137: 6915: 3291: 2002: 698: 453: 281: 266: 261: 91: 7434: 6033: 2278:

in order to intimidate black activists or drive black families out of predominantly white neighborhoods both during and after

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during the 1980s, but it is often used retrospectively in order to describe events which occurred prior to that era. From the

14815: 13342: 13075: 12686: 12650: 9484: 9104: 9001: 8694: 7417: 7387: 7362: 6578: 6453: 5581: 5554: 4089: 3665:. The modern era of hate-crime legislation began in 1968 with the passage of federal statute, 18 U.S.C.A. § 249, part of the 2231: 521: 246: 13850: 13165: 12987: 12786: 12270: 8326: 4945: 4805: 4750: 3629: 2026: 1045: 336: 150: 9388:...in the real world, criminals don't calculate their moves based on the specific punishment they will suffer if caught... 8747: 6631: 2908:

reflected in the act and the willfulness involved in its commission" can be taken into consideration when determining the

14496: 14166: 14079: 13970: 13638: 13458: 13100: 13085: 12821: 12510: 12221: 12207: 11976: 11105: 9724: 9517: 9499: 7904: 7842: 5199:

Meyer, Doug (2014). "Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws".

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makes racial or religious hostility, or hostility related to disability, sexual orientation, or transgender identity an

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against one or more of the social groups listed above, or by bias against their derivatives constitutes a hate crime. A

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guidance issued on 21 August 2017 stated that online hate crimes should be treated as seriously as offences in person.

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Since 1992, the Danish Civil Security Service (PET) has released statistics on crimes with apparent racist motivation.

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found that it does not appear that those provisions "have ever resulted in convictions before the courts in Bulgaria."

2410:; both reinforced by a specific hate crime's degree of violence, which is usually stronger than that of a common crime. 1257: 725: 12039: 6983: 6378: 13712: 13543: 13039: 13017: 12403: 12361: 10156: 10139: 9601: 9527:," Liberty Magazine, March/April 2008, review of recently proposed hate crime legislation and criminal intent issues. 9201: 9070: 8677: 8648: 8621: 6683: 5968: 5730: 5640: 5332: 5147: 4700: 4534: 3402: 3025: 2156: 899: 730: 202: 180: 6050: 14861: 14449: 14286: 14186: 13643: 13533: 12339: 12307: 12285: 11986: 11592: 10825: 10349: 10105: 10074: 9970: 9489: 9400: 5484: 4855: 3590: 2663:

has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes with ethnic, racial, or religious motives (Criminal Code Article 63).

2086: 2055: 1656: 1485: 1379: 830: 720: 9358: 7749: 7514:"El asesinato de un joven homosexual en Jalisco enciende de nuevo las alarmas sobre los delitos de odio en México" 6094: 5356: 2848:), carries a prison sentence of one to ten years. However, in case of warmongering, the prosecution must prove an 14039: 13550: 13312: 13115: 12733: 12711: 12665: 12638: 12480: 11997: 11971: 11100: 10999: 10807: 10382: 10057: 9495: 9418: 8330: 8007: 7959: 7862: 7839: 7816: 7539: 5776:"From Thrill to Defensive Motivation: The Role of Group Threat in the Changing Nature of Hate-Motivated Assaults" 3868:

The 2011 hate-crime statistics show 46.9 percent were motivated by race, and 20.8 percent by sexual orientation.

3670: 3634: 2160: 2019: 1232: 737: 491: 286: 8960:"LEY-20609 24-JUL-2012 MINISTERIO SECRETARÍA GENERAL DE GOBIERNO - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional" 6477: 4311: 3055:" by its criminalisation of possessing material prepared for circulation where circulation would incite hatred. 2430:

or on groups that identify themselves with the targeted group, especially when the referred hate is based on an

13175: 12706: 12465: 12370: 11966: 11855: 11125: 11056: 10759: 10737: 10229: 10086: 9312:

Kahan, Dan M. "Two liberal fallacies in the hate crimes debate." Law and Philosophy (2001): 175-193, pp.183-185

8927: 8780: 4930: 4516: 4407:, ethnicity, race or religion. Murder by death squads and genocide are legally classified as "hideous crimes" ( 3858: 3048: 2339: 346: 13317: 9168:"Straight talk about hate crimes bills: Anti-gay, anti-transgender bias stall federal hate crimes legislation" 9141: 8105: 7980: 5021:"Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet" 2698:

has a penalty-enhancement statute for crimes motivated by racial, national, and religious hatred and discord.

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Israel is the only country in the Middle East that has hate crime laws. Hate crime, as passed by the Israeli

4275:, and other places of worship of minority religions. Such acts began to take place more frequently after the 3181:

distributed a circular instructing on the interpretation of hate crime law. This new interpretation includes

3029: 2993: 1933: 1641: 326: 3517:"In Canada the legal definition of a hate crime can be found in sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code". 13997: 13945: 12926: 12896: 12773: 12743: 12569: 12490: 12167: 11816: 11706: 10930: 10706: 10299: 10161: 10151: 10144: 9948: 9453: 9120: 8464:

Violent hate crimes include: homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault and sexual assault/rape.

7005: 4955: 4780: 3925: 3005: 3001: 1190: 1140: 81: 9530: 3649:

Hate crime laws have a long history in the United States. The first hate crime laws were passed after the

14629: 14481: 13900: 13501: 13447: 12520: 12356: 12234: 12065: 11073: 11041: 11006: 10176: 9992: 9566: 8488: 8020: 8003: 7649:"1 year after Blaze Bernstein's killing, parents look to turn alleged hate crime into 'movement of hope'" 5717: 4870: 4616: 4512: 3566: 3277: 3266: 2066: 1844: 1688: 1095: 688: 626: 37: 8879: 7241:"Hate crime law: Glasgow LGBT+ sex shop designated official reporting centre for controversial new laws" 6672: 5749:

Levin, Jack; McDevitt, Jack (May 25, 2020). "Hate Crimes in Transition". In Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.).

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MSP, having been prepared with support from the Scottish Government, and was passed unanimously by the

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to the commission of the criminal offence, it shall be taken into account when determining the penalty.

14738: 13523: 13210: 12941: 12660: 11933: 11821: 11506: 11095: 10671: 9933: 9053:, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 8440: 8162: 8078: 7139: 6018: 4634: 3874:

In 2017, the FBI released new data showing a 17 percent increase in hate crimes between 2016 and 2017.

3657:, in order to combat the growing number of racially motivated crimes which were being committed by the 3643: 3582: 2652:

Criminal Code. The government does not track hate crime statistics, although they are relatively rare.

1953: 710: 381: 96: 5698: 3846:

assaults. Acts of vandalism or destruction comprised 81 percent of the 3,593 crimes against property.

14091: 13905: 13807: 13692: 13359: 13327: 12997: 12931: 12346: 12275: 12015: 11913: 11812: 11051: 10676: 10616: 10249: 10093: 9503: 9437: 6673:

Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2004 (Events of 2003)

4710: 4291: 4253: 4137: 3904:. A mixed-race jury found Beckwith guilty of murder, and he was sentenced to life in prison in 1994. 3350: 3330: 3309: 3100:, there are constitutional provisions prohibiting propaganda promoting racial or ethnic superiority. 1284: 1100: 994: 879: 538: 506: 160: 86: 9192: 6323: 6275: 6151:

ECRI, "Second Report on Denmark," adopted on 16 June 2000, and made public on 3 April 2001, para. 9.

2912:; under this statute, hate and bias have been taken into consideration in sentencing in past cases. 14351: 14239: 14086: 13855: 13792: 13620: 13575: 13437: 13322: 13304: 13240: 13170: 13054: 12643: 12495: 12132: 12112: 11898: 11221: 10691: 10437: 9866: 8379: 6525: 6072: 5234: 3666: 3654: 3178: 2828: 2801:

recent years judges have used this provision to increase sentences on the basis of racist motives.

2628: 2481: 1550: 1438: 1279: 1050: 979: 807: 762: 616: 501: 481: 411: 341: 217: 7795:"Georgia governor signs hate-crimes measure into law: 'Ahmaud Arbery's death will not be in vain'" 7199: 6301: 3188:

Although a member of the Council of Europe, Spain is not a party to the Convention on Cybercrime.

14805: 14634: 14614: 14476: 14466: 14424: 14054: 13895: 13757: 13727: 13722: 13665: 13600: 13585: 13518: 13491: 13476: 12889: 11846: 11211: 10792: 10339: 10259: 10064: 10004: 9982: 9709: 9047:(2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), 9022: 6418: 6169: 4795: 4715: 4505: 3406: 3375: 3206: 2947:

two years." Iceland is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

2606: 1849: 1829: 1683: 1673: 1631: 1247: 1090: 944: 914: 909: 852: 787: 772: 705: 678: 663: 47: 13702: 9524: 7181: 7159: 5259:

Boeckmann, Robert J.; Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2002). "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime".

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The United Kingdom is a party to the Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

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groups to feel persecuted by one another, and that this impression of persecution can incite a

4557: 4476:(Parliament), is defined as crime for reason of race, religion, gender and sexual orientation. 3953: 3818: 3808: 3441: 3129: 2718: 2594: 2328: 2251: 2219: 2192: 1948: 1921: 1911: 1369: 1349: 1212: 1085: 974: 924: 894: 874: 802: 782: 757: 752: 747: 658: 621: 594: 570: 565: 145: 135: 9465: 8857: 8665: 8609: 7319:"Scottish Government is fostering a cult of gender-identity ideology that is destroying lives" 6554:"Why are Elon Musk and Donald Trump jnr so concerned by Ireland's new hate crime legislation?" 6217:

will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the

6198: 6095:"Centar za LGBT ravnopravnost » Vlada prihvatila prijedloge Centra za LGBT ravnopravnost" 3778:

Defined in the 1999 National Crime Victim Survey, "A hate crime is a criminal offence. In the

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Criminal Law on Hate Crime, Incitement to Hatred and Hate Speech in OSCE Participating States

8942:"COD-PENAL 12-NOV-1874 MINISTERIO DE JUSTICIA - Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional" 8638: 7487:"Las feministas saludan la rectificación del fiscal Gertz sobre el tipo penal de feminicidio" 7293:"Murdo Fraser accuses police of 'unlawful' behaviour after tweet recorded as 'hate incident'" 6896: 6218: 6062:

ECRI, "Second Report on Bulgaria", adopted on 18 June 1999, and made public on 21 March 2000.

4890: 4860: 4755: 4690: 4603: 4585: 4577: 3929: 3897: 3685:." However, "The prosecution of such crimes must be certified by the U.S. attorney general." 3524:

A court that imposes a sentence shall also take into consideration the following principles:

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prohibits organizations "whose programmes or activities sanction racial or national hatred".

3060: 2271: 2259: 1916: 1876: 1809: 1698: 1646: 1565: 1314: 1080: 984: 959: 954: 939: 934: 929: 869: 817: 777: 683: 653: 548: 155: 8476: 8104: 6735: 14572: 14106: 13980: 13697: 13655: 13605: 13580: 13401: 13364: 13105: 12967: 12691: 12127: 12075: 11776: 11652: 11451: 11349: 10994: 10696: 10234: 10100: 9744: 9681: 9651: 9636: 9621: 7724: 7140:"How distinctive is Scotland's new approach to sentencing guidelines? – Sentencing Academy" 6795: 6710: 6127: 5178: 4905: 4885: 4740: 4655: 3885: 3835: 3569:, Canada saw a sudden rise in hate crimes based on race, religion, and sexual orientation. 3037: 2956: 2892: 2593:

laws requiring administrative agencies to collect hate crime statistics. Sometimes (as in

2457: 2444:

divisions and factionalism arising in response to hate crimes are particularly damaging to

1787: 1299: 1175: 884: 842: 792: 767: 580: 543: 276: 130: 8185:"Civil rights advocates, victims' families urge support for new hate crime reporting bill" 6878: 6696: 4576:

police officers are cited as support for this argument. The beating of white truck driver

2184: 8: 14856: 14836: 14748: 14609: 14244: 14146: 14126: 13915: 13823: 13782: 13762: 13732: 13625: 13420: 13235: 12626: 12239: 11741: 11256: 10962: 10606: 10589: 10533: 10508: 10399: 10375: 10254: 10009: 9888: 9641: 8526: 7700: 7046:"Reforms to hate crime laws to make them fairer, and to protect women for the first time" 6639: 6203: 6031:

Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, § 64 (1), para. 9 (translated from the Russian)

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several political parties included commitments to legislate in this area, including the

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public suggestion that a foreign country or Finland should engage in an aggressive act.

2279: 2255: 2227: 2110: 2090: 1728: 1723: 1713: 1661: 1651: 1626: 1560: 1518: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1324: 611: 9099:(2021 ed.). United States of America: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 338. 8901: 8830: 8812: 7858: 6765: 6348:

ECRI, "Second Report on Greece," adopted on 1999-12-10, and made public on 2000-06-27.

6324:"Interview with Racism Expert: 'Awareness of Ethnic Discrimination Is Low in Germany'" 4580:

by black rioters during the same riot is also an example that supports this argument.

2242:. During the past two centuries, typical examples of hate crimes in the U.S. include 14780: 14691: 14619: 14604: 14403: 14346: 14151: 14059: 13950: 13870: 13717: 13022: 12816: 12616: 12596: 12418: 12329: 12317: 12156: 12090: 12080: 11761: 11751: 11746: 11617: 11364: 10711: 10466: 9943: 9908: 9898: 9859: 9799: 9749: 9671: 9656: 9626: 9480: 9287: 9100: 9066: 8997: 8788: 8755: 8673: 8644: 8617: 8416: 8404: 8387: 8372: 8249: 8231: 7413: 7383: 7358: 6449: 5964: 5799: 5754: 5726: 5684: 5598: 5536: 5328: 5307: 5220: 5143: 5062: 5050: 4960: 4865: 4745: 4735: 4307: 4294:

in a speech on the floor of the U.S. Senate while he advocated such legislation. The

3933: 3613: 3570: 3033: 2632: 2584: 2453: 2384: 2355: 2267: 2263: 2247: 1995: 1906: 1834: 1819: 1602: 1545: 1344: 1252: 1145: 1065: 904: 185: 9299: 8079:"Latest Hate Crime Statistics Released - Annual Report Sheds Light on Serious Issue" 5434: 3554:

that pitted Jews and Italians against Anglo Canadians; the brawl went on for hours.

3013: 14743: 14728: 14656: 14577: 14547: 14378: 14214: 13920: 13486: 13481: 13332: 13230: 12633: 12601: 12591: 11794: 11726: 11632: 11303: 11268: 11261: 11046: 10867: 10840: 10835: 10573: 10548: 10459: 10454: 10037: 10014: 9997: 9987: 9965: 9928: 9918: 9903: 9893: 9812: 9807: 9784: 9774: 9279: 9058: 8989: 8573:"The Matthew Shepard And James Byrd, Jr., Hate Crimes Prevention Act Of 2009 | CRT" 8360: 8239: 8223: 6520: 6030: 5982: 5787: 5672: 5645: 5610: 5590: 5528: 5358:

BLOOD AND SOIL: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

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A review of European and American research indicates that terrorist bombings cause

2445: 2344: 1958: 1943: 1871: 1792: 1762: 1577: 1413: 1115: 673: 668: 511: 401: 9459: 8959: 8267: 7596: 7221: 7064: 6244: 5676: 5624: 5045: 5020: 4464:, age, affiliation, personal appearance or suffering from illness or disability." 4302:

Gender-based crimes may also be considered hate crimes. This view would designate

3638:

Shepard (center), Louvon Harris (left), Betty Bryd Boatner (right) with President

2955:

India does not have any specific laws governing hate crimes in general other than

2859:

systematic dissemination of false information on Finnish foreign policy or defense

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reviewed police reports for 58 cases of purported anti-heterosexual hate crimes.

4287: 4283: 4001: 3826: 3795: 3744: 3682: 3449: 3429: 2996:

and racist attacks in Ireland and were based on recommendations submitted by the

2900: 2427: 2180: 2106: 1973: 1881: 1777: 1718: 1570: 1555: 1535: 1500: 1207: 1120: 1055: 847: 797: 575: 426: 11290: 10767: 9432: 6820: 6379:"Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Concluding Observations/Comments – Hungary" 4322:

following years, the number of Muslim hate crimes remains higher than pre-2001.

3392: 14866: 14753: 14711: 14681: 14671: 14589: 14582: 14567: 14557: 14393: 14329: 14271: 14266: 14251: 14034: 14029: 14024: 13910: 13845: 13374: 13347: 13200: 12912: 12869: 12423: 12398: 12107: 11961: 11918: 11731: 11251: 11201: 11183: 10977: 10850: 10830: 10716: 10646: 10631: 10621: 10611: 10538: 10442: 10368: 10306: 9960: 9829: 9062: 8941: 8227: 6858: 6825: 6761:"La Fiscalía del Estado considera delito la incitación al odio hacia los nazis" 5532: 4760: 4667: 4549: 4433: 4159: 4133: 4067: 3721: 3586: 3410: 3361:

proposed that sex or gender be added to the list of protected characteristics.

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reports it is likely to become law in late 2023. It has drawn concern from the

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with the prohibition against discriminatory action limited to public officials.

2513:

In a later article, Levin and fellow sociologist Ashley Reichelmann found that

2212: 1968: 1926: 1896: 1886: 1804: 1797: 1782: 1772: 1592: 1528: 1470: 1465: 1450: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1105: 1040: 553: 526: 371: 55: 9502:

report on the prevalence of hate crimes in the United States. Required by the

8594: 7835: 5649: 5212: 4991: 14830: 14765: 14388: 14324: 14309: 14171: 14136: 14116: 13987: 13930: 13865: 13277: 13180: 12758: 12177: 12050: 11890: 11878: 11836: 11766: 11736: 11627: 11585: 11557: 11344: 11241: 11231: 11216: 11178: 11150: 11036: 10908: 10882: 10872: 10745: 10721: 10427: 10122: 9769: 9734: 9646: 9606: 9283: 9154: 8981: 8792: 8759: 8364: 8235: 6984:"Manchester police to record attacks on goths, emos and punks as hate crimes" 6864: 5791: 5594: 5460:"France's Asian community fights back against racist attacks during pandemic" 5054: 4790: 4639: 3932:

in the 1950s and 1960s. Violence and threats of violence were common against

3831: 3779: 3213:

Article 10: "In Ukraine, free development, use and protection of Russian and

2275: 2204: 2114: 2113:. Non-criminal actions that are motivated by these reasons are often called " 1980: 1587: 1523: 1508: 1364: 1329: 1309: 1182: 1125: 1060: 448: 351: 11461: 9165: 8993: 7812: 5986: 5272: 14599: 14486: 14314: 14281: 14261: 14191: 14181: 14161: 14141: 13777: 13675: 13670: 13406: 13381: 13245: 13185: 13150: 13120: 12857: 12748: 12716: 12655: 12500: 12172: 11696: 11637: 11570: 11438: 11384: 11206: 11140: 11135: 11120: 11088: 11016: 10877: 10651: 10583: 10563: 10553: 10543: 10513: 10289: 10134: 9291: 9044: 8610:"Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women" 8253: 5978: 5957:

Everyday Fears: A Survey of Violent Hate Crimes in Europe and North America

5775: 5602: 5540: 4940: 4820: 4695: 4607: 4573: 4569: 4364:

movement, hate crimes against the black trans community began to increase.

4357: 4349: 3945: 3937: 3889: 3783: 3760: 3729: 3725: 3662: 3639: 3458: 3445: 3320: 3052: 2468: 2314: 2235: 2133: 2065:

Examples of such groups can include, and are almost exclusively limited to

2059: 1814: 1693: 1513: 1480: 1460: 1384: 1374: 1354: 1334: 964: 862: 857: 585: 560: 416: 356: 321: 291: 11466: 11130: 9209: 7881: 6476:. Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality. 17 July 2013. Archived from 4395:, and other special bias-motivated crimes such as, for example, murder by 3620:. Between 2014 and May 2020, there have been 209 such murders registered. 3617: 3596:

Murders of LGBTQ individuals are not legally classified as hate crimes in

2183:

associated with conduct which is already criminal under other laws, while

14501: 14461: 14429: 14296: 14256: 14096: 14009: 13960: 13935: 13835: 13528: 13267: 13250: 13205: 13125: 12791: 12763: 12280: 12010: 12005: 11756: 11552: 11471: 11401: 11396: 11379: 11334: 11115: 11083: 11011: 10950: 10780: 10776: 10726: 10701: 10523: 10498: 10488: 10471: 10422: 10214: 10181: 9759: 9739: 9476: 9145: 8847:

Law 8072/1990 (aforementioned link), Article 1st, I and single paragraph.

8722:"Police Are Mislabeling Anti-LGBTQ and Other Crimes as Anti-Heterosexual" 7776:"Georgia governor signs hate crime law in wake of Ahmaud Arbery shooting" 7090: 7027: 5751:

Perspectives on Hate: How it Originates, Develops, Manifests, and Spreads

5033:

Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism

4915: 4845: 4815: 4685: 4599: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4444: 4440:

on the grounds of race, color, ethnicity, religion, or national origin".

4404: 4396: 4353: 4340:

did not find any cases of hate crimes spurred by anti-heterosexual bias.

4265: 3948:, as well as violence from individuals who were committed to maintaining 3941: 3881: 3768: 3424:

comes into force on 1 April 2024. Its introduction was criticised by the

3290:"Hate crime" legislation is distinct from "hate speech" legislation. See 3085: 3017: 2896: 2636: 2407: 2295: 2223: 2176: 2082: 1708: 1668: 1636: 1495: 1455: 1289: 1202: 1155: 1130: 1030: 715: 438: 421: 376: 296: 31: 9321:

Hurd, Heidi. "Why Liberals Should Hate'Hate Crime Legislation'." (2001).

6470:"Clarification on the Prohibition against Incitement to Hatred Act 1989" 5078:"Comparison of Hate Crime Rates Across Protected and Unprotected Groups" 3573:

reported there was a 72% increase in hate crimes between 2019 and 2021.

14775: 14770: 14651: 14646: 14542: 14526: 14383: 14276: 14234: 14196: 14004: 13965: 13955: 13875: 13294: 13289: 13260: 13195: 13044: 12721: 12452: 12122: 11787: 11701: 11602: 11575: 11547: 11511: 11496: 11486: 11428: 11193: 11078: 11031: 10987: 10967: 10925: 10681: 10503: 10493: 10110: 9764: 9691: 9376: 8297:"10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History" 6422: 6098: 5638:

Petach, Luke; Rumbaugh, Dustin (2024). "Hate Crime and Human Capital".

5299: 4970: 4810: 4519: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4429: 4417: 4327: 4229: 3803: 3705: 3689: 3605: 3497: 3336:

Perhaps the most high-profile hate crime in modern Britain occurred in

3324: 3145: 3109: 3097: 2909: 2904: 2733: 2683: 2598: 2379: 2363: 2311: 2307: 2141: 2129: 2074: 1990: 1985: 1866: 1861: 1757: 1733: 1582: 1475: 1433: 1389: 1197: 1160: 1150: 1070: 465: 460: 431: 366: 207: 2338:. Lynch, other militia officers, and justices of the peace rounded up 14676: 14624: 14341: 13940: 13070: 12681: 12060: 11938: 11716: 11491: 11391: 11339: 11329: 10982: 10812: 10274: 10209: 9714: 8781:"Black Trans Women Seek More Space in the Movement They Helped Start" 6359:

Executive Summary on Race Equality Directive, State of Play in Greece

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when sentencing a criminal for conduct which is not protected by the

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public influence on the public opinion towards a pro-war viewpoint or

2849: 2514: 2403: 2367: 2303: 2149: 2070: 1891: 1839: 1540: 1135: 241: 8065:

Devil's Sanctuary: An Eye-Witness History of Mississippi Hate Crimes

7673:

Bronski, Michael; Pellegrini, Ann; Amico, Michael (2 October 2013).

4494: 2856:

illegal violence directed against a foreign country or its citizens,

14641: 14471: 14398: 14049: 13975: 13880: 13840: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13140: 13135: 13080: 12701: 11781: 11406: 11021: 10568: 10417: 10244: 7559:

18 U.S.C.S. § 245(b) (Public Law 117-39, approved August 31, 2021).

7094: 6583: 5321:

Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014).

4800: 4730: 4425: 4400: 4207: 4181: 4111: 3772: 3693: 3678: 3609: 3389: 3258: 3158: 2729: 2640: 2602: 2590:

laws creating a distinct civil cause of action for hate crimes; and

2435: 2431: 2348: 2332: 2323: 2299: 2291: 2243: 2239: 2145: 2125: 2121: 2098: 2078: 1856: 1678: 1597: 1242: 1170: 1075: 1035: 396: 391: 386: 311: 306: 251: 9520:. Many parts of this article have been adapted from this document. 9336: 7460:"Canada sees surge in hate crimes during pandemic, new data shows" 6160:

Chahrokh, Klug, and Bilger, Migrants, Minorities, and Legislation.

4432:". On the other side, Law 7716/1989 covers "crimes resulting from 4310:, as well as non-interpersonal violence against women such as the 2992:

on racially-motivated crimes. The rapporteur's points came during

2195:

in the United States, distinct from laws that criminalize speech.

13145: 13049: 13029: 13002: 12977: 12881: 11622: 11612: 11481: 11354: 11163: 10945: 10772: 10768: 10518: 10204: 7882:"Attorney general urges new hate crimes law – Crime & courts" 4473: 4447:, race, sex, color, age, and any other forms of discrimination". 4269: 4203: 3740: 3489: 3479: 3250: 3218: 2935: 2825: 2813: 2797: 2749: 2706: 2695: 2671: 2660: 2392: 2388: 2283: 2054:) is crime where a perpetrator targets a victim because of their 316: 212: 192: 165: 140: 63: 8748:"Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History" 4602:

rights, because they do not punish an individual for exercising

4479: 3936:, and hundreds of people died due to such acts. Members of this 14101: 13130: 13034: 13012: 13007: 12957: 12558: 12117: 11841: 11721: 11597: 11516: 11374: 11173: 11168: 10636: 9582: 9448: 8746:

Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (2020-07-03).

6501:"UN official urges Ireland to introduce hate crime legislation" 6448:. Issues Papers. Roscrea: Equality Authority. §§5.2.14–5.2.21. 4850: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4315: 3791: 3756: 3717: 3597: 3501: 3493: 3470: 3341: 3337: 3182: 3141: 2895:

does not have hate crime legislation, instead, it criminalizes

2576:

Hate crime laws generally fall into one of several categories:

2335: 2188: 2137: 2094: 1294: 301: 197: 175: 170: 120: 8522: 8520: 8518: 7267:"Hate crime law 'will hamper fight against violent offenders'" 6941:

Cameron condemns xenophobic and racist abuse after Brexit vote

4296:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

3380:

representing a much smaller proportion of reported incidents.

3078:

criminal law, at Section 3 of Law No. 205/1993, the so-called

2732:

criminal law prohibits certain crimes motivated by racism and

2580:

laws defining specific bias-motivated acts as distinct crimes;

14111: 12962: 11642: 11456: 11446: 11423: 11418: 11413: 10788: 10784: 10391: 10219: 9542: 8062: 7065:"Misogyny: Women 'should be protected' under hate crime laws" 4836:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

3968:

Hate crimes in the US (2008–2012) by victim population group

3893: 3788:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

3764: 3697: 3674: 3465: 3254: 3075: 1304: 125: 8472: 8470: 8291: 8289: 7792: 6958:"Hate crime is unacceptable in any circumstances say police" 5839: 5837: 5503: 5501: 4260:, the 1964 murders of Charles Moore and Henry Dee, the 1963 2976:

In 2019, a UN rappourteur told Irish representatives at the

14723: 14552: 11807: 11501: 8515: 8138:"Hate Crimes Rose About 5 Percent In 2016, FBI Report Says" 7905:"Confronting the New Faces of Hate: Hate Crimes in America" 6854:"CRIMINAL CODEX OF UKRAINE ("КРИМІНАЛЬНИЙ КОДЕКС УКРАЇНИ")" 6821:""Constitution of Ukraine" ["КОНСТИТУЦІЯ УКРАЇНИ"]" 6442:

Responding to Racist Incidents And Racist Crimes in Ireland

6121:"Zpráva o násilí z nenávisti v České republice za rok 2011" 6073:"71 28.6.2006 Zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Kaznenog zakona" 4303: 4023: 3752: 2775:

circumstance determining the imposition of a higher penalty

2687:

Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

2675:

Convention on Cybercrime, but not the Additional Protocol.

2562: 2461: 2417: 2172: 2164: 1938: 1767: 6711:"The Criminal code Of The Russian Federation (in English)" 5709: 3028:

and from across the political spectrum (specifically from

11607: 11359: 10666: 9551: 9247: 9245: 9166:

Schwartz, Lara; Ulit, Ithti Toy; Morgan, Deborah (2006).

8975: 8973: 8537: 8535: 8509: 8467: 8286: 8210:

Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07).

8106:"U.S. Hate Crimes Surge 6%, Fueled by Attacks on Muslims" 7160:"Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Act 2009" 6861:

of Ukraine (official site government all laws in Ukraine)

6828:

of Ukraine (official site government all laws in Ukraine)

5834: 5631: 5498: 5258: 3850: 3842: 3701: 2406:

disturbances; repercussions on the victim's identity and

2287: 2102: 10360: 9531:"Hate Crime." Oxford Bibliographies Online: Criminology. 8695:"Data: Hate Crimes Against Muslims Increased after 9/11" 8505: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8497: 6579:"Hate Crime Bill should 'start the alarm bells ringing'" 5753:. American Psychological Association. pp. 179–201. 7116:"Chapter 3: Current hate crime legislation in Scotland" 6916:"Hate crime in England and Wales: how prevalent is it?" 5725:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 915–922. 5578: 5320: 3696:

in a statute which was passed in 1981. Alaska included

2635:– committed to punish as a crime racist and xenophobic 9269: 9242: 8970: 8532: 7672: 3185:

as a collective that can be protected under this law.

8494: 8446: 8434: 8422: 8410: 8398: 7196:"Offences (Aggravation by Prejudice) (Scotland) Bill" 6276:"EU Xenophobia Report: Racism On the Rise in Germany" 5435:"Covid 'hate crimes' against Asian Americans on rise" 4706:

Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century

4360:– triggered protests around the world as part of the 3040:), as well as internationally, from business magnate 2978:

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

7912:

Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Education Fund

7410:

Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies

7403: 7401: 7399: 7380:

Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies

7355:

Crime In Canadian Context: debates and controversies

7348: 7346: 7344: 6606:"Hate crime reports to gardaí rose by 29% last year" 3834:

reinvigorated efforts to adopt a hate-crimes law in

3589:

that all murders involving women be investigated as

2438:

that preaches simultaneously against several groups.

2234:, increasingly became the targets of bias-motivated 2203:

The term "hate crime" came into common usage in the

2171:

is a law intended to deter bias-motivated violence.

8779:Paz, Isabella Grullón; Astor, Maggie (2020-06-27). 8547:

The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights

7091:"Hate crimes on police 'more likely to be charged'" 5716:Levin, Jack; McDevitt, Jack (2008). "Hate Crimes". 5510: 5014: 5012: 3344:, on 24 April 1993, when 18-year-old black student 2625:

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

11538: 7936:. Lakeconews.com. 11 December 2012. Archived from 7089:Newman, Melanie; Watson, Richard (27 March 2021). 5954: 3312:began recording attacks on goths, punks and other 2768:circumstance determining whether an act is a crime 2738:European Commission against Racism and Intolerance 2378:Hate crimes can have significant and wide-ranging 14687:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 10804: 10270:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8988:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 59–90, 8982:"Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime" 7396: 7341: 6368:, section 5, 2003-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. 6259: 6189:EUMC, "Racism and xenophobia in the E.U.," p. 51. 5870:Diaz-Faes & Pereda, 2022; Dunbar et al., 2023 5572: 3452:with legal action following his criticism of the 3051:of People Before Profit said the bill created a " 1902:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 14828: 8745: 8720:Glickhouse, Rachel; Nasa, Rahima (15 May 2018). 8640:Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies 8385: 8209: 7793:Greg Bluestein; Maya T. Prabhu (June 28, 2020). 7028:"Hate crimes: Fresh guidance on online offences" 7004:. Stop the hate. 4 December 2013. Archived from 5818: 5816: 5773: 5516: 5019:Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022). 5018: 5009: 4408: 3716:. In the 1990s some state laws began to include 3602:Cohesión de Diversidades para la Sustentabilidad 14347:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 8858:"Racismo ou injúria racial? - Boletim Jurídico" 6474:Office for the Promotion of Migrant Integration 5719:Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict 5485:"The Virus of Hate: Brown Book of the Epidemic" 4647:Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics 4428:, origin, or the condition of being an aged or 3924:One of the largest waves of hate crimes in the 3919: 3593:. An average of 11 women are killed every day. 3422:Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Act 2021 1546:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 13829:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 12754:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 11316: 8719: 8386:Shepard, Mathew; Byrd, James Jr. (2011–2014). 6632:"Hate Crime and Hate Related Incidents - 2022" 6417:Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 ( 5744: 5742: 5637: 3478:, after being vandalized by a Kosovo Albanian 3426:Association of Scottish Police Superintendents 2959:which is covered under the Indian Penal Code. 1024:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 30:"Race hate" redirects here. For the song, see 12897: 12204: 12183:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States 10753: 10376: 9567: 9351: 7435:"Hate crimes surge in Canada during pandemic" 5813: 5748: 5715: 5520:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 5324:Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America 4951:Violence against Muslims in independent India 4633:The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously found the 4480:Support for and opposition to hate crime laws 2360:The Virus of Hate: The Brown Book of Epidemic 2027: 11827:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures 9364: 9237:Introduction to the Philosophy of Hate Crime 9139: 7088: 6897:"Public Order (Northern Ireland) Order 1987" 6697:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 4721:History of antisemitism in the United States 4290:. Kennedy's murder was mentioned by Senator 4252:Among the groups which are mentioned in the 3952:. At the time, civil rights leaders such as 3811:), in a lead role, the campaign to pass the 2899:under a number of different laws, including 2395:in Canada lists the following consequences: 14045:List of people killed for being transgender 12541:Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine 12056:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 9514:National Criminal Justice Reference Service 9202:"Hate Crime Laws Will Spawn Thought Police" 8636: 8482: 7902: 7773: 7407: 7377: 7352: 6421:). Enacted on 29 November 1989. Act of the 5739: 4564:, California, that followed the beating of 3435: 2362:, that documented numerous acts of racism, 1238:List of people killed for being transgender 12904: 12890: 12807:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 12046:Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany 10760: 10746: 10383: 10369: 9574: 9560: 9373:"the crime that's not necessarily a crime" 9172:Georgetown Journal of Gender & the Law 8979: 8489:Adult LGBT Population in the United States 5285: 3466:Eurasian countries with no hate crime laws 3209:guarantees protection against hate crime: 2998:Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission 2812:Under section 151 of the Criminal Code of 2175:crime laws are distinct from laws against 2034: 2020: 27:Usually violent, prejudice-motivated crime 12097:Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire 11929:History of Christianity and homosexuality 10900: 10240:Interminority racism in the United States 9460:Hate crimes information, by Gregory Herek 9226:"The Philosophy of Hate Crime Anthology." 8319: 8243: 8136:Mathias, Christopher (13 November 2017). 8102: 8067:. Chicago, Illinois: Lawrence Hill Books. 7934:"FBI releases 2011 hate crime statistics" 6686:," 23 June 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. 6002:"Full list - Treaty Office - www.coe.int" 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5774:Levin, Jack; Reichelmann, Ashley (2015). 5381: 5379: 5044: 4831:Mass racial violence in the United States 4598:hate crime statutes do not conflict with 4535:Learn how and when to remove this message 3608:in Mexico, particularly in the states of 2712: 2226:the world from the 16th century onwards, 13161:Social determinants of health in poverty 12739:Discrimination against non-binary people 8778: 8607: 8063:Alston, A. A.; Dickerson, J. L. (2009). 7412:. Oxford University Press. p. 162. 7382:. Oxford University Press. p. 163. 7357:. Oxford University Press. p. 161. 7264: 7198:. Scottish.parliament.uk. Archived from 6603: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5134: 5132: 5130: 4606:; rather, they allow courts to consider 4343: 4268:, and the burning of crosses, churches, 3633: 3469: 2563:Risk management for hate-crime offenders 2373: 2120:Incidents may involve physical assault, 332:Social determinants of health in poverty 11904:History of gay men in the United States 9182: 9152: 8701:from the original on September 13, 2016 8663: 8135: 8004:Hate Crime: 2018 Incidents and Offenses 7903:Rintels, Jonathan; Loge, Peter (2009). 7750:"Georgia Passes Hate Crime Legislation" 7646: 7316: 6245:"Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)" 6051:Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina 5354: 5075: 5069: 4936:Domestic terrorism in the United States 4635:St. Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance 4279:of many schools and public facilities. 4258:assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 14: 14829: 12255:List of LGBT rights articles by region 10627:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder 10312:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 9199: 9189:The Wall Street Journal Editorial Page 9094: 9043: 8614:Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech 8597:. Department of Justice. July 7, 2016. 8575:. Department of Justice. 6 August 2015 8043: 7485:Breña, Carmen Morán (14 August 2020). 7002:"Launch of 'Stop the Hate' initiative" 6913: 6758: 6576: 6498: 6438: 6019:§ 33 StGB Besondere Erschwerungsgründe 5662: 5387:"A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes" 5376: 5194: 5192: 3604:(Codise) notes that there is a lot of 3292:Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom 2347:, as in certain frontier areas of the 12885: 12557: 12451: 12203: 11876: 11289: 10899: 10803: 10741: 10364: 9555: 9370: 8350: 8212:"Hate Crimes against Asian Americans" 7981:"2017 Hate Crime Statistics Released" 7747: 7484: 7238: 7063:Scott, Jennifer (23 September 2020). 7062: 6834:from the original on 22 November 2018 6551: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6397:"Icelandic Penal Code (in Icelandic)" 5909: 5582:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5327:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 5198: 5127: 2058:or perceived membership of a certain 14811: 13851:Capital punishment for homosexuality 13166:Social determinants of mental health 12827:Unlawfully killed transgender people 12812:Acts of violence against LGBT people 12787:Capital punishment for homosexuality 12271:Capital punishment for homosexuality 10335: 9510:A Policymaker's Guide to Hate Crimes 9330: 8980:Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014), 8692: 8216:American Journal of Criminal Justice 8103:Licthblau, Eric (14 November 2016). 7718: 7511: 7432: 6740:Vsebina Uradnega lista | Uradni list 6075:. Narodne-novine.nn.hr. 28 June 2006 5665:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 4946:Violence against Christians in India 4806:Hate crime laws in the United States 4751:David Ray Hate Crimes Prevention Act 4517:adding citations to reliable sources 4488: 3790:. The Act added actual or perceived 3688:The first state hate-crime statute, 3630:Hate crime laws in the United States 3303:European Union membership referendum 2618: 2452:Hate crime victims can also develop 1046:Capital punishment for homosexuality 337:Social determinants of mental health 13971:Genital modification and mutilation 12822:Violence against transgender people 12222:LGBT rights by country or territory 9725:Discrimination based on nationality 8666:"Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review" 7859:FBI Crime in the United States 2007 7647:Shapiro, Emily (30 December 2018). 7317:Dalgety, Susan (18 November 2023). 7290: 6947:27 June 2016, accessed 29 June 2016 6914:Arnett, George (17 December 2013). 6662:, 1999. Retrieved on 2 August 2007. 6049:Office of the High Representative, 5364:. London, UK: Yale University Press 5189: 4771:Discrimination in the United States 1166:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 12911: 12352:Legal status of transgender people 11803:Legal status of transgender people 9185:"The Return of the Thought Police" 9183:Kaminer, Wendy (28 October 2007). 7738:, June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2007. 7222:"MSPs approve new hate crime laws" 6863:. 22 November 2018. Archived from 6604:Kelleher, Olivia (22 March 2023). 6540: 6499:Pollak, Sorcha (2 December 2019). 6097:. Ravnopravnost.hr. Archived from 6021:, StGB, accessed 15 February 2015. 5656: 5355:Kiernan, Ben (25 September 2007). 5179:"What We Investitgate-Hate Crimes" 4766:Discrimination based on skin color 4262:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3550:shouted "Heil Hitler." That event 3299:Crime Survey for England and Wales 3140:Article 29 of Constitution of the 2613: 2522:respond to a precipitating event. 2441:Effect on the community as a whole 2327:" is attributed to the actions of 2091:political views and/or affiliation 25: 14878: 11439:Third sex / Third gender 9412: 9331:Troy, Daniel E. (4 August 1999). 9272:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 9153:Evenson, Brad (8 February 2003). 6759:Torrús, Alejandro (22 May 2019). 6684:International Helsinki Federation 5641:Review of Black Political Economy 4701:Antisemitism in the United States 4352:took office, hate crimes against 4348:In 2017, shortly after President 3403:2007 Scottish Parliament election 3244: 3026:Irish Council for Civil Liberties 2994:a rise in anti-immigrant rhetoric 2756: 2423:Effect on other vulnerable groups 2157:criminal law of the United States 14810: 14801: 14800: 14450:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 14287:Law for Protection of the Nation 14187:White genocide conspiracy theory 12864: 12863: 12851: 12456:— Medicine, science and sexology 12286:Criminalization of homosexuality 11593:Attraction to transgender people 10344: 10334: 10325: 10324: 9447: 9393: 9324: 9315: 9306: 9263: 9254: 9218: 9127: 9113: 9088: 9079: 9037: 9015: 8952: 8934: 8916: 8894: 8872: 8850: 8841: 8823: 8805: 8772: 8739: 8713: 8686: 8657: 8637:Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (2013). 8630: 8601: 8587: 8565: 8477:In US, 77% Identify as Christian 8458: 8344: 8260: 8203: 8177: 8155: 8129: 8096: 8071: 8056: 8037: 8013: 7997: 7973: 7952: 7926: 7896: 7874: 7851: 7828: 7805: 7786: 7767: 7741: 7692: 7666: 7640: 7614: 7589: 7580: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7532: 7505: 7478: 7452: 7426: 7371: 7310: 7284: 7265:Boothman, John (28 March 2024). 6879:"Sentencing Act 2020 section 66" 4856:Racism against African Americans 4493: 4367: 3979:Hate crimes against (2008–2012) 3623: 3507: 2903:. In the German legal framework 2781:general aggravating circumstance 2230:in the colonized areas, such as 1657:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1486:Law for Protection of the Nation 1380:White genocide conspiracy theory 62: 14292:MSM blood donation restrictions 14040:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 12734:Discrimination against lesbians 12666:Transgender people and religion 12481:Disability and LGBTQ identities 12040:Institut für Sexualwissenschaft 10345: 8331:Federal Bureau of Investigation 8117:from the original on 2016-11-15 8046:Harvard Blackletter Law Journal 8008:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7985:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7863:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7840:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7817:Federal Bureau of Investigation 7698: 7258: 7239:Amery, Rachel (13 March 2024). 7232: 7214: 7188: 7170: 7152: 7132: 7108: 7082: 7056: 7038: 7020: 6994: 6976: 6962:National Police Chief's Council 6950: 6934: 6907: 6889: 6871: 6846: 6813: 6781: 6752: 6728: 6703: 6689: 6665: 6653: 6624: 6597: 6570: 6513: 6492: 6439:Taylor, Séamus (October 2011). 6432: 6411: 6389: 6371: 6351: 6342: 6316: 6294: 6268: 6237: 6224: 6192: 6183: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6113: 6087: 6065: 6056: 6043: 6024: 6012: 5994: 5900: 5891: 5882: 5873: 5864: 5855: 5846: 5825: 5767: 5691: 5617: 5547: 5477: 5452: 5427: 5403: 5348: 5314: 5279: 5252: 4504:needs additional citations for 3888:in 1990 for the 1963 murder of 3020:, as of June 2023 and the 3004:. Reforms are supported by the 2988:– and lack of training for the 2480:Sociologists Jack McDevitt and 2399:Impact on the individual victim 2209:Roman persecution of Christians 2161:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1491:MSM blood donation restrictions 1233:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 14305:(as religious or racial quota) 11856:Sexual practices between women 10230:Go back to where you came from 9200:Wolski, Chris (1 April 1999). 9095:Seidel, Andrew (14 May 2019). 8303:. 22 June 2015. Archived from 7577:Streissguth (2003), pp. 20–21. 7512:Mota, J. I. (13 August 2020). 6577:Wilson, James (16 June 2023). 6529:. Bill 105 of 2022. 2022-11-01 5227: 5171: 5153: 5109: 4984: 4931:Terrorism in the United States 4467: 3600:, although Luis Guzman of the 2191:. Hate speech is a factor for 2179:: hate crime laws enhance the 1504:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 14719:Second-generation gender bias 14435:Constitutional colorblindness 13156:Social determinants of health 12802:History of violence in the US 12797:History of violence in the UK 12281:Civil unions and partnerships 12151:Timeline of same-sex marriage 11852:Women who have sex with women 11832:Social construction of gender 10408:Adverse childhood experiences 9224:David Brax, Christian Munthe 9140:The Essayist (24 July 1998). 9050:A companion to applied ethics 8670:Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader 8612:. In Karen J. Maschke (ed.). 8608:Angelari, Marguerite (1997). 8327:"Hate Crime Statistics, 2010" 7960:"Hate Crime Statistics, 2015" 7774:Grace Hauck (June 26, 2020). 7748:Oster, Marcy (June 2, 2020). 7540:"Hate Crime Statistics, 2015" 7178:"Working Group on Hate Crime" 6221:. Retrieved 23 November 2007. 5780:American Behavioral Scientist 5677:10.1080/09596410.2015.1067063 5046:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137 5025:Critical Studies on Terrorism 4977: 4881:Radical right (United States) 4826:Lynching in the United States 4628: 3775:, and various "lesser" acts. 3103: 3091: 2838:kiihotus kansanryhmää vastaan 2678: 2475: 1934:Second-generation gender bias 1642:Constitutional colorblindness 327:Social determinants of health 12774:Violence against LGBT people 12675:Prejudice and discrimination 12491:Homosexuality and psychology 12168:Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014 12103:Florida orange juice boycott 11817:Sexual practices between men 11707:Erotic target location error 9438:Resources in other libraries 9405:Pace L. Rev. 37 (2016): 326. 9121:R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul 8986:Administrating Victimization 8163:"2016 Hate Crime Statistics" 7799:Atlanta Journal-Constitution 7291:Bol, David (25 March 2024). 6302:"2006 Hate Crime in the U.S" 4956:Violence against LGBT people 4781:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 4312:École Polytechnique massacre 3982:Violent hate crimes against 3926:history of the United States 3920:Victims in the United States 3892:, a prominent figure in the 3006:Irish Network Against Racism 2413:Effect on the targeted group 7: 14630:Medical model of disability 14482:Hate speech laws by country 12536:Sexual orientation identity 12357:Transgender rights movement 11877: 11727:Gender and sexual diversity 11096:Queerplatonic relationships 9371:Quinn, Dan (10 June 1997). 7836:Hate Crime Statistics, 2007 7813:Hate Crime Statistics, 2006 5955:Michael McClintock (2005). 5703:Southern Poverty Law Center 5142:(Library in a Book), p. 3. 4871:Racism in the United States 4678: 4617:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire 4387:, hate crime laws focus on 3966: 3383: 3278:Crime and Disorder Act 1998 3152: 3002:civil society organisations 2736:, but a 1999 report by the 2724: 1845:Medical model of disability 1689:Hate speech laws by country 38:Hate crime (disambiguation) 10: 14883: 14739:Social model of disability 13211:Discrimination against men 12712:Grooming conspiracy theory 12661:Homosexuality and religion 11934:History of same-sex unions 9581: 9518:U.S. Department of Justice 9500:U.S. Department of Justice 9333:"AEI – Short Publications" 9063:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11 8668:. In Barbara Perry (ed.). 8228:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9 7586:Streissguth (2003), p. 21. 7568:Streissguth (2003), p. 20. 6552:Keena, Colm (5 May 2023). 6206:. The Government proposal 5533:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945 5161:"Home Office | Hate crime" 4484: 4371: 4254:Hate Crimes Statistics Act 3996:Rate (per 100,000 people) 3990:Rate (per 100,000 people) 3849:However, according to the 3644:Hate Crimes Prevention Act 3627: 3583:Attorney General of Mexico 3200: 2962: 2941: 2928: 2886: 2878: 2820: 2807: 2791: 2743: 2701: 2690: 2666: 2655: 2646: 2310:responses to a variety of 2198: 2187:criminalize a category of 2136:(which includes slurs) or 1954:Social model of disability 382:Discrimination against men 29: 14796: 14535: 14412: 14205: 14092:Opposition to immigration 13816: 13456: 13303: 13063: 13013:Race / Ethnicity 12950: 12919: 12845: 12772: 12674: 12582: 12578: 12553: 12461: 12447: 12384: 12276:Censorship of LGBT issues 12263: 12220: 12216: 12199: 12141: 12024: 12016:First homosexual movement 11995: 11954: 11889: 11885: 11872: 11813:Men who have sex with men 11684: 11566: 11529: 11437: 11325: 11312: 11285: 11192: 11149: 10921: 10917: 10895: 10821: 10799: 10617:Abusive power and control 10599: 10398: 10390: 10320: 10197: 10030: 9798: 9700: 9589: 9504:Hate Crime Statistics Act 9433:Resources in your library 9335:. Aei.org. Archived from 8664:McPhail, Beverly (2003). 7433:Jain S (August 5, 2022). 7408:O'Grady, William (2011). 7378:O'Grady, William (2011). 7353:O'Grady, William (2011). 6180:, accessed 27 August 2017 5843:Staats & Staats, 1958 5831:Watson & Rayner, 1920 5650:10.1177/00346446241230696 5507:Iganski & Lagou, 2015 5213:10.1007/s10612-013-9228-x 5138:Streissguth, Tom (2003). 5076:Stotzer, R. (June 2007). 4711:Geography of antisemitism 4378: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3576: 3512: 3351:Crown Prosecution Service 3331:Crown Prosecution Service 3310:Greater Manchester Police 3191: 3135: 3123: 2919: 2869: 1285:Opposition to immigration 176:Race / Ethnicity 14087:Occupational segregation 13856:Compulsory sterilization 12644:Suicide among LGBT youth 12496:Homosexuality in the DSM 12133:Bar Abanicos police raid 12113:Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS 12086:Festival of Light action 12066:Compton's Cafeteria riot 11899:History of homosexuality 11365:Non-binary / genderqueer 11222:Gay flag of South Africa 10826:LGBT topics in education 10692:Psychological projection 10554:Referee and umpire abuse 9284:10.1177/0886260517746131 8860:. Boletimjuridico.com.br 8616:. Taylor & Francis. 8365:10.1177/0038038510375737 8301:americansperspective.com 8272:Equal Justice Initiative 8268:"Segregation in America" 8021:"Incidents and Offenses" 7884:. NBC News. 16 June 2009 6736:"Vsebina Uradnega lista" 6526:Houses of the Oireachtas 5792:10.1177/0002764215588812 5595:10.1177/1745691612455204 5261:Journal of Social Issues 4572:motorist, by a group of 4450: 3655:Civil Rights Act of 1871 3585:, recommended in August 3581:Alejandro Gertz Manero, 3436:Non-crime hate incidents 3396:transgender identity. A 3367:A 2021 investigation by 3217:of ethnic minorities of 3179:Spanish Attorney General 3165: 3070: 2950: 2631:– mostly members of the 2585:penalty-enhancement laws 2298:people; the painting of 1280:Occupational segregation 1051:Compulsory sterilization 18:Racially motivated crime 14862:Harassment and bullying 14615:Internalized oppression 14477:Fighting Discrimination 14467:Fat acceptance movement 14425:Anti-discrimination law 14065:Native American mascots 12651:Monuments and memorials 12639:Suicides of LGBT people 12376:Commonwealth of Nations 12208:Rights and legal issues 11847:Transgender health care 10260:Psychometrics of racism 9710:Anti-miscegenation laws 9512:, a publication by the 9023:"Wisconsin v. Mitchell" 8994:10.1057/9781137409270_4 8924:"Constitui o-Compilado" 8543:"Reports and Curricula" 8529:, Retrieved 17 May 2014 8512:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8479:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8455:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8443:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8431:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8419:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 8407:. Retrieved 17 May 2014 7597:"Michael Lieberman '81" 6990:. London. 3 April 2013. 5879:Harris & Lang, 2013 5699:"Hate Crimes Explained" 5492:NEVER AGAIN Association 5273:10.1111/1540-4560.00257 4796:Fighting Discrimination 4716:History of antisemitism 4594:unanimously found that 3642:in 2009 to promote the 3407:Scottish National Party 3376:The Law Society Gazette 3357:In September 2020, the 3316:groups as hate crimes. 3273:for crimes in general. 3207:constitution of Ukraine 3044:and political activist 2607:crimes against humanity 2571: 2538:Doing Difference Theory 2446:multicultural societies 1830:Internalized oppression 1684:Fighting Discrimination 1674:Fat acceptance movement 1632:Anti-discrimination law 1258:Native American mascots 14734:Social identity threat 14707:Reverse discrimination 14697:Racial color blindness 14177:Violence against women 14157:Sex-selective abortion 12622:LGBT rights opposition 12531:Split attraction model 12034:Dance of the Forty-One 11945:Category:LGBTQ history 11914:LGBTQ history timeline 11822:Sex–gender distinction 11772:Human female sexuality 11111:Same-sex relationships 10225:Ethnic plastic surgery 9720:Biological determinism 9124:, 505 U.S. 377 (1992). 8693:Kuek Ser, Kuang Keng. 7736:Anti-Defamation League 7601:Duke Law News Releases 7164:www.legislation.gov.uk 6901:www.legislation.gov.uk 6176:27 August 2017 at the 5288:Law and Human Behavior 4876:Radical right (Europe) 4409: 3954:Martin Luther King Jr. 3928:took place during the 3809:Anti-Defamation League 3646: 3540: 3486: 3442:Scottish Conservatives 3130:Constitution of Poland 2845: 2837: 2719:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2713:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2627:, most signatories to 2595:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2213:Nazi slaughter of Jews 2193:sentencing enhancement 2124:, damage to property, 1949:Social identity threat 1922:Reverse discrimination 1912:Racial color blindness 1370:Violence against women 1350:Sex-selective abortion 36:. For other uses, see 14702:Religious intolerance 14662:Political correctness 14492:Intersex human rights 14440:Cultural assimilation 14122:Religious persecution 13886:Disability hate crime 13671:Jewish / Antisemitism 12409:LGBT rights activists 12386:LGBT rights movements 12366:Yogyakarta Principles 12325:Assisted reproduction 12303:Intersex human rights 12163:Russian anti-LGBT law 11909:History of lesbianism 11370:Queer heterosexuality 10662:Just-world hypothesis 10413:Anti-social behaviour 10145:In Jewish communities 10123:Hispanic & Latino 9491:Hate Crime Statistics 9464:Alexander Verkhovsky 8392:Human Rights Campaign 8189:Religion News Service 7725:State Hate Crime Laws 6425:. Retrieved from 6219:Parliament of Finland 6213:11 March 2011 at the 5861:McDevitt et al., 2002 5555:"Crown Policy Manual" 4891:Religious intolerance 4861:Racism against Asians 4756:Disability hate crime 4691:Anti-Romani sentiment 4604:freedom of expression 4586:Wisconsin v. Mitchell 4372:Further information: 4344:Anti-trans hate crime 4264:, the 1955 murder of 3976:Estimated population 3930:civil rights movement 3898:civil rights movement 3884:'s decision to retry 3827:civil cause of action 3653:, beginning with the 3637: 3522: 3484:2004 unrest in Kosovo 3476:Bathing of the Christ 3473: 3170:Article 22(4) of the 2717:The Criminal Code of 2623:Since 2006, with the 2597:), the laws focus on 2374:Psychological effects 1917:Religious intolerance 1877:Political correctness 1699:Intersex human rights 1647:Cultural assimilation 1315:Religious persecution 1081:Disability hate crime 858:Jewish / Antisemitism 14847:LGBT rights by issue 14107:Political repression 13116:Anti-left handedness 13106:Anti-intellectualism 12692:Anti-gender movement 12128:Tasty nightclub raid 12076:Gay Liberation Front 11777:Human male sexuality 11653:Romantic orientation 11452:Balkan sworn virgins 11350:Gender nonconformity 10697:Psychological trauma 10235:Herrenvolk democracy 9545:Hate Crime Reporting 9479:, 2016 – 136 pages. 9456:at Wikimedia Commons 9142:"Hate Crime Premise" 8672:. Psychology Press. 8491:Retrieved March 2019 8453:FBI Hate Crimes 2012 8441:FBI Hate Crimes 2011 8429:FBI Hate Crimes 2010 8417:FBI Hate Crimes 2009 8405:FBI Hate Crimes 2008 7822:17 July 2015 at the 7730:14 June 2007 at the 7052:. 23 September 2020. 6867:on 22 November 2018. 6830:. 22 November 2018. 6789:"Swedish Penal Code" 6199:Penal Code (39/1889) 5888:Douglas et al., 2014 5201:Critical Criminology 5167:on 26 November 2005. 5037:Taylor & Francis 4906:Right-wing terrorism 4886:Religious fanaticism 4741:Bashing (pejorative) 4513:improve this article 3940:faced violence from 3896:and a leader of the 3886:Byron De La Beckwith 3786:signed into law the 3728:, and membership in 3724:, membership in the 3552:erupted into a brawl 3319:On 4 December 2013, 3177:On 14 May 2019, the 3038:People Before Profit 2893:German Criminal Code 2458:psychological trauma 1300:Political repression 287:Anti-left handedness 277:Anti-intellectualism 14610:Historical eugenics 14147:Segregation academy 14127:Religious terrorism 13916:Enemy of the people 13824:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 13343:Jehovah's Witnesses 13236:Perpetual foreigner 12627:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 11742:Gender essentialism 11540:Sexual orientations 10607:Abusive supervision 10534:Psychological abuse 10509:Institutional abuse 10255:Perpetual foreigner 9525:Thought & Crime 9206:Capitalism Magazine 9195:on 28 October 2007. 9148:on 22 October 1999. 8948:. 12 November 1874. 8835:www.planalto.gov.br 8817:www.planalto.gov.br 8527:"Nones" on the Rise 8510:U.S. Census website 8142:The Huffington Post 7845:9 July 2014 at the 7329:on 17 November 2023 6364:13 May 2005 at the 6357:Sitaropoulos, N.: " 6133:on 11 February 2014 5906:Dunbar et al., 2005 4926:Terrorism in Europe 4896:Religious terrorism 4841:Nativism (politics) 4670:said that the term 4596:penalty-enhancement 3969: 3813:Matthew Shepard Act 3704:in 1982, and later 3454:Scottish Government 3314:alternative culture 3263:Sentencing Act 2020 3000:and numerous other 2846:sotaan yllyttäminen 2545:Self-Control Theory 2426:ominous effects on 2262:, and lynchings of 2087:physical appearance 2056:physical appearance 1825:Historical eugenics 1340:Segregation academy 1320:Religious terrorism 1111:Enemy of the people 1019:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 522:Jehovah's Witnesses 407:Perpetual foreigner 14522:Social integration 14517:Self-determination 14507:Racial integration 14455:Diversity training 14445:Cultural pluralism 14420:Affirmative action 14320:Racial segregation 14230:Crime of apartheid 14132:Religious violence 13635:Indigenous people 13040:Sexual orientation 12727:Liberal homophobia 12584:Societal attitudes 12562:Societal attitudes 12526:Conversion therapy 12454:Sexual orientation 12414:Rainbow capitalism 12404:LGBT rights groups 12313:Same-sex parenting 12264:LGBT rights topics 11977:pre-Columbian Peru 11658:Same gender loving 11304:Sexual diversities 10958:Bisexual community 10687:Playing the victim 10579:Surveillance abuse 10529:Professional abuse 10450:Cruelty to animals 10285:Racial integration 10265:Race and sexuality 10070:Japanese Americans 9790:Racial segregation 9780:Racial nationalism 9536:2010-10-31 at the 9523:Peabody, Michael " 9471:2017-02-02 at the 9231:2016-05-10 at the 8880:"DEL2848compilado" 8785:The New York Times 8752:The New York Times 8553:on 2 December 2016 8307:on 2 December 2016 7868:4 May 2015 at the 7184:on 7 January 2009. 6883:legislation.gov.uk 6678:2011-07-26 at the 6480:on 8 November 2017 6427:Irish Statute Book 6036:2011-09-07 at the 5961:Human Rights First 5300:10.1007/BF01499350 5096:on 19 October 2013 5086:Williams Institute 4911:Sectarian violence 4901:Religious violence 4592:U.S. Supreme Court 4458:sexual orientation 4403:on the grounds of 4362:Black Lives Matter 4318:, as hate crimes. 4277:racial integration 3967: 3800:sexual orientation 3737:aggravated assault 3710:sexual orientation 3659:Reconstruction era 3651:American Civil War 3647: 3487: 3474:The famous fresco 3398:Scottish Executive 3172:Spanish Penal Code 3142:Russian Federation 3128:Article 13 of the 2986:online hate speech 2402:psychological and 2331:, an 18th-century 2228:indigenous peoples 2111:sexual orientation 1729:Social integration 1724:Self-determination 1714:Racial integration 1662:Diversity training 1652:Cultural pluralism 1627:Affirmative action 1519:Racial segregation 1429:Crime of apartheid 1325:Religious violence 822:Indigenous people 203:Sexual orientation 14824: 14823: 14692:Racism by country 14620:Intersectionality 14605:Heteronormativity 14404:Voter suppression 14152:Sexual harassment 13951:Forced conversion 13871:Cultural genocide 13534:African Americans 13353:post–Cold War era 13338:Eastern Orthodoxy 13101:Anti-drug addicts 13096:Anti-homelessness 13023:Scientific racism 12879: 12878: 12841: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12817:Stop Murder Music 12617:Gay panic defense 12597:Heteronormativity 12549: 12548: 12516:Prenatal hormones 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12330:Same-sex marriage 12291:decriminalization 12195: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12157:Lawrence v. Texas 12091:White Night riots 12081:Handkerchief code 11868: 11867: 11864: 11863: 11762:Gender transition 11752:Gender neutrality 11747:Gender expression 11732:Gender assignment 11680: 11679: 11531:Sexual identities 11525: 11524: 11299:Sexual identities 11294:Gender identities 11281: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11000:Awareness periods 10973:Community centers 10891: 10890: 10735: 10734: 10712:Traumatic bonding 10358: 10357: 10106:African Americans 10053:Chinese Americans 9750:Ethnic stereotype 9485:978-5-98418-039-9 9452:Media related to 9419:Library resources 9212:on 18 April 2003. 9155:"The Guilty Mind" 9106:978-1-4549-4391-4 9097:The Founding Myth 9003:978-1-349-48857-5 8904:. Planalto.gov.br 8882:. Planalto.gov.br 8595:"Hate Crime Laws" 8388:"Hate Crimes Law" 7857:Statistics, 2007 7834:Statistics, 2007 7811:Statistics, 2006 7628:. 21 October 2015 7419:978-0-19-543378-4 7389:978-0-19-543378-4 7364:978-0-19-543378-4 7202:on 25 August 2011 7166:. UK Legislation. 7050:www.lawcom.gov.uk 7034:. 21 August 2017. 6903:. UK Legislation. 6801:on 1 October 2012 6455:978-1-908275-29-5 6385:. United Nations. 5897:Hart et al., 1992 5786:(12): 1546–1561. 4961:White nationalism 4866:Racism by country 4746:Communal violence 4736:Hindu nationalism 4614:. In the case of 4545: 4544: 4537: 4308:domestic violence 4250: 4249: 3973:Population group 3934:African Americans 3841:According to the 3571:Statistics Canada 3567:COVID-19 pandemic 3428:saying it feared 2639:done through the 2633:Council of Europe 2619:Council of Europe 2507:Mission offenders 2356:COVID-19 pandemic 2250:, largely in the 2248:African Americans 2044: 2043: 1907:Racism by country 1835:Intersectionality 1820:Heteronormativity 1603:Voter suppression 1345:Sexual harassment 1146:Forced conversion 1066:Cultural genocide 721:African Americans 532:post–Cold War era 517:Eastern Orthodoxy 272:Anti-drug addicts 267:Anti-homelessness 186:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 14874: 14814: 14813: 14804: 14803: 14744:Social privilege 14729:Social exclusion 14657:Police brutality 14578:Multiculturalism 14548:Amatonormativity 14379:Social exclusion 14215:Age of candidacy 14015:Homeless dumping 13921:Ethnic cleansing 12906: 12899: 12892: 12883: 12882: 12867: 12866: 12858:LGBTQ portal 12856: 12855: 12854: 12634:LGBT stereotypes 12602:Heteropatriarchy 12592:Amatonormativity 12580: 12579: 12555: 12554: 12521:Sexual inversion 12449: 12448: 12308:Military service 12218: 12217: 12201: 12200: 11924:Social movements 11887: 11886: 11874: 11873: 11633:Non-heterosexual 11536: 11535: 11323: 11322: 11314: 11313: 11287: 11286: 11262:Rainbow crossing 11101:Religious groups 11047:New queer cinema 10919: 10918: 10897: 10896: 10841:LGBT linguistics 10836:Lesbian feminism 10801: 10800: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10739: 10738: 10574:Structural abuse 10549:Police brutality 10455:Disability abuse 10385: 10378: 10371: 10362: 10361: 10348: 10347: 10338: 10337: 10328: 10327: 10182:Racial supremacy 10140:Jewish Americans 10118:Native Americans 10087:Zainichi Koreans 10075:Japanese Koreans 10058:Zainichi Chinese 10031:Racism by target 9808:Global apartheid 9800:Racism by region 9785:Racial profiling 9775:Racial hierarchy 9576: 9569: 9562: 9553: 9552: 9451: 9406: 9399:Alongi, Briana. 9397: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9383: 9368: 9362: 9357:Frontline (PBS), 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9304: 9303: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9240: 9222: 9216: 9213: 9208:. Archived from 9196: 9191:. Archived from 9179: 9162: 9161:. National Post. 9149: 9144:. Archived from 9131: 9125: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9092: 9086: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9010: 8977: 8968: 8967: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8926:. Archived from 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8865: 8854: 8848: 8845: 8839: 8838: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8549:. Archived from 8539: 8530: 8524: 8513: 8507: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8465: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8247: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8159: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8108: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8017: 8011: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7964: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7914:. pp. 34–50 7909: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7878: 7872: 7855: 7849: 7832: 7826: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7745: 7739: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7593: 7587: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7544: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7466:. August 5, 2022 7456: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7405: 7394: 7393: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7350: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7325:. Archived from 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7180:. Archived from 7174: 7168: 7167: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6948: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6794:. Archived from 6793: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6687: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6636: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6549: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6436: 6430: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6369: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6330:. 29 August 2007 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6282:. 28 August 2007 6272: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6228: 6222: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6181: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6132: 6126:. Archived from 6125: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6101:on 31 March 2012 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5952: 5907: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5880: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5862: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5724: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5514: 5508: 5505: 5496: 5495: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5391: 5383: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5163:. Archived from 5157: 5151: 5136: 5125: 5124: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5089:. Archived from 5082: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5048: 5016: 5007: 5006: 4988: 4776:Documenting Hate 4540: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4497: 4489: 4413:in Portuguese). 4412: 4410:crimes hediondos 4374:Social cleansing 4138:Pacific Islander 3970: 3859:Attorney General 3823:Washington, D.C. 3667:Civil Rights Act 3561: 3417:on 3 June 2009. 3346:Stephen Lawrence 3285:Northern Ireland 3276:Separately, the 3221:are guaranteed". 3057:Pauline O'Reilly 3046:Donald Trump Jr. 3030:Michael McDowell 2345:police authority 2232:Native Americans 2185:hate speech laws 2036: 2029: 2022: 1959:Social privilege 1944:Social exclusion 1872:Police brutality 1793:Multiculturalism 1763:Amatonormativity 1578:Social exclusion 1414:Age of candidacy 1208:Homeless dumping 1116:Ethnic cleansing 66: 43: 42: 21: 14882: 14881: 14877: 14876: 14875: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14827: 14826: 14825: 14820: 14792: 14667:Polyculturalism 14563:Civil liberties 14531: 14512:Reappropriation 14413:Countermeasures 14408: 14337:Racial steering 14303:Numerus clausus 14207: 14201: 13926:Ethnic conflict 13861:Corrective rape 13812: 13452: 13299: 13191:HIV/AIDS stigma 13059: 13008:Mental disorder 12946: 12915: 12910: 12880: 12875: 12852: 12850: 12833: 12782:Corrective rape 12768: 12670: 12607:Homonationalism 12574: 12545: 12457: 12435: 12380: 12371:La Francophonie 12340:List of couples 12298:Hate crime laws 12259: 12212: 12187: 12137: 12071:Stonewall riots 12020: 11991: 11987:Medieval Europe 11950: 11881: 11860: 11676: 11663:Sexual minority 11581:Gray asexuality 11562: 11521: 11433: 11318:Gender identity 11308: 11273: 11188: 11145: 10913: 10887: 10846:LGBT literature 10817: 10808:Academic fields 10795: 10766: 10736: 10731: 10707:Rationalization 10642:Destabilisation 10595: 10559:Religious abuse 10394: 10389: 10359: 10354: 10316: 10295:Racism in sport 10193: 10187:White supremacy 10026: 9794: 9730:Ethnic conflict 9702: 9696: 9590:Types of racism 9585: 9580: 9538:Wayback Machine 9473:Wayback Machine 9444: 9443: 9442: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9410: 9409: 9398: 9394: 9381: 9379: 9369: 9365: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9339:on 10 June 2011 9329: 9325: 9320: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9243: 9233:Wayback Machine 9223: 9219: 9159:orwelltoday.com 9132: 9128: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9021: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8978: 8971: 8966:. 24 July 2012. 8964:www.leychile.cl 8958: 8957: 8953: 8946:www.leychile.cl 8940: 8939: 8935: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8873: 8863: 8861: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8797: 8795: 8777: 8773: 8764: 8762: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8718: 8714: 8704: 8702: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8606: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8525: 8516: 8508: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8451: 8447: 8439: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8384: 8380: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8295: 8294: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8146: 8144: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8061: 8057: 8042: 8038: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8002: 7998: 7989: 7987: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7907: 7901: 7897: 7887: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7870:Wayback Machine 7856: 7852: 7847:Wayback Machine 7833: 7829: 7824:Wayback Machine 7810: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7746: 7742: 7732:Wayback Machine 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7697: 7693: 7683: 7681: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7585: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7441: 7431: 7427: 7420: 7406: 7397: 7390: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7351: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7237: 7233: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7176: 7175: 7171: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7124: 7122: 7114: 7113: 7109: 7099: 7097: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7061: 7057: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7008:on 23 July 2014 7000: 6999: 6995: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6912: 6908: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6757: 6753: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6680:Wayback Machine 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6625: 6616: 6614: 6611:The Irish Times 6602: 6598: 6589: 6587: 6575: 6571: 6562: 6560: 6558:The Irish Times 6550: 6541: 6532: 6530: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6506:The Irish Times 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6468: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6416: 6412: 6402: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6366:Wayback Machine 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6229: 6225: 6215:Wayback Machine 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6178:Wayback Machine 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053:, January 2003. 6048: 6044: 6038:Wayback Machine 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5971: 5953: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5747: 5740: 5733: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5661: 5657: 5636: 5632: 5627:. January 2012. 5623: 5622: 5618: 5577: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5560:. 21 March 2005 5557: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5469: 5467: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5419: 5417: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5284: 5280: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5197: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5137: 5128: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5080: 5074: 5070: 5017: 5010: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4966:White supremacy 4786:Ethnic violence 4726:Hindu terrorism 4681: 4651:James B. Jacobs 4631: 4612:First Amendment 4541: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4510: 4498: 4487: 4482: 4470: 4462:gender identity 4453: 4430:disabled person 4381: 4376: 4370: 4346: 4288:Matthew Shepard 4284:Sean W. Kennedy 3922: 3796:gender identity 3732:organizations. 3683:national origin 3632: 3626: 3579: 3559: 3539: 3536: 3515: 3510: 3468: 3450:Police Scotland 3440:In March 2024, 3438: 3430:Police Scotland 3386: 3247: 3215:other languages 3203: 3194: 3168: 3155: 3138: 3126: 3106: 3094: 3073: 2965: 2953: 2944: 2931: 2922: 2901:Volksverhetzung 2889: 2881: 2872: 2823: 2810: 2794: 2759: 2746: 2727: 2715: 2704: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2658: 2649: 2629:that Convention 2621: 2616: 2614:Europe and Asia 2574: 2565: 2478: 2428:minority groups 2376: 2254:, lynchings of 2201: 2144:, or offensive 2107:gender identity 2040: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 1882:Polyculturalism 1778:Civil liberties 1750: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1719:Reappropriation 1619: 1618:Countermeasures 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1536:Racial steering 1502:Numerus clausus 1406: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1121:Ethnic conflict 1056:Corrective rape 1011: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 999: 646: 635: 634: 633: 632: 631: 484: 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 362:HIV/AIDS stigma 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 171:Mental disorder 113: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 74: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14880: 14870: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14818: 14808: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14712:Reverse racism 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14682:Prisoner abuse 14679: 14674: 14672:Power distance 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14638: 14637: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14590:Ethnic penalty 14587: 14586: 14585: 14583:Neurodiversity 14580: 14570: 14568:Dehumanization 14565: 14560: 14558:Cisnormativity 14555: 14550: 14545: 14539: 14537: 14536:Related topics 14533: 14532: 14530: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14416: 14414: 14410: 14409: 14407: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14394:State religion 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14375: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14333: 14332: 14330:Nuremberg Laws 14327: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14272:Ghetto benches 14269: 14267:Gerrymandering 14264: 14259: 14254: 14252:Gender pay gap 14249: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14211: 14209: 14206:Discriminatory 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14035:Lavender scare 14032: 14030:Kill Haole Day 14027: 14025:Indian rolling 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13990: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13911:Eliminationism 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13846:Cancel culture 13843: 13838: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13820: 13818: 13817:Manifestations 13814: 13813: 13811: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13713:Middle Eastern 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13652: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13463: 13461: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13450: 13448:Zoroastrianism 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13413: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13375:Untouchability 13372: 13362: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13309: 13307: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13286: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13201:Leprosy stigma 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12954: 12952: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12923: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12913:Discrimination 12909: 12908: 12901: 12894: 12886: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12861: 12846: 12843: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12835: 12834: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12829: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12778: 12776: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12730: 12729: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12636: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12588: 12586: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12567: 12564: 12551: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12399:Gay liberation 12396: 12390: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12362:United Nations 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12343: 12342: 12337: 12327: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12294: 12293: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12226: 12224: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12210: 12197: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12153: 12147: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12108:Operation Soap 12105: 12100: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12036: 12030: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12002: 12000: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11972:Ancient Greece 11969: 11964: 11962:Adelphopoiesis 11958: 11956: 11955:Pre-modern era 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11895: 11893: 11883: 11882: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11858: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11799: 11798: 11791: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11618:Heteroflexible 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11583: 11573: 11567: 11564: 11563: 11561: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11544: 11542: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11443: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11283: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11198: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11186: 11184:Rainbow plaque 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11159:Black triangle 11155: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11144: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11007:Film festivals 11004: 11003: 11002: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10978:Cross-dressing 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10948: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10928: 10922: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10893: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10831:Gender studies 10828: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10797: 10796: 10765: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10742: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10717:Victim blaming 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10647:Discrimination 10644: 10639: 10634: 10632:Dehumanization 10629: 10624: 10622:Child grooming 10619: 10614: 10612:Abuse of power 10609: 10603: 10601: 10600:Related topics 10597: 10596: 10594: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10539:Physical abuse 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10479: 10469: 10467:Domestic abuse 10464: 10463: 10462: 10460:military draft 10452: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10388: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10365: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10342: 10332: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10307:Reverse racism 10304: 10303: 10302: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10280:Racial figleaf 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10198:Related topics 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10157:Middle Eastern 10154: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10120: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10108: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9949:United Kingdom 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9891: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9810: 9804: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9706: 9704: 9701:Manifestations 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9579: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9540: 9528: 9521: 9516:, part of the 9507: 9487: 9462: 9457: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413:External links 9411: 9408: 9407: 9392: 9363: 9350: 9323: 9314: 9305: 9262: 9253: 9241: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9197: 9180: 9163: 9150: 9126: 9112: 9105: 9087: 9078: 9071: 9036: 9014: 9002: 8969: 8951: 8933: 8930:on 2007-10-12. 8915: 8893: 8871: 8849: 8840: 8822: 8804: 8771: 8738: 8712: 8685: 8678: 8656: 8649: 8629: 8622: 8600: 8586: 8564: 8531: 8514: 8493: 8481: 8466: 8457: 8445: 8433: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8378: 8343: 8318: 8285: 8259: 8222:(3): 441–461. 8202: 8191:. 28 June 2019 8176: 8154: 8128: 8111:New York Times 8095: 8070: 8055: 8036: 8012: 7996: 7972: 7951: 7940:on 17 May 2013 7925: 7895: 7873: 7850: 7827: 7804: 7785: 7766: 7740: 7717: 7691: 7665: 7639: 7613: 7588: 7579: 7570: 7561: 7552: 7531: 7504: 7477: 7451: 7425: 7418: 7395: 7388: 7370: 7363: 7340: 7309: 7283: 7257: 7231: 7228:. 3 June 2009. 7213: 7187: 7169: 7151: 7131: 7107: 7081: 7055: 7037: 7019: 6993: 6975: 6964:. 27 June 2016 6949: 6933: 6906: 6888: 6870: 6859:Verkhovna Rada 6845: 6826:Verkhovna Rada 6812: 6780: 6751: 6727: 6702: 6688: 6664: 6652: 6640:Garda Síochána 6623: 6596: 6569: 6539: 6512: 6491: 6454: 6431: 6419:No. 19 of 1989 6410: 6388: 6370: 6350: 6341: 6315: 6293: 6267: 6258: 6236: 6223: 6191: 6182: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6112: 6086: 6064: 6055: 6042: 6040:, 9 June 1999. 6023: 6011: 5993: 5969: 5908: 5899: 5890: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5833: 5824: 5812: 5766: 5760:978-1433832819 5759: 5738: 5731: 5708: 5690: 5655: 5630: 5616: 5571: 5546: 5509: 5497: 5476: 5451: 5426: 5402: 5375: 5347: 5333: 5313: 5294:(2): 113–129. 5278: 5267:(2): 207–225. 5251: 5226: 5207:(1): 113–125. 5188: 5170: 5152: 5126: 5108: 5068: 5008: 4996:Dictionary.com 4982: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4761:Discrimination 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4668:Karen Franklin 4645:In their book 4640:thought crimes 4630: 4627: 4578:Reginald Denny 4554:disempowerment 4550:dehumanization 4543: 4542: 4501: 4499: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4469: 4466: 4452: 4449: 4434:discrimination 4380: 4377: 4369: 4366: 4345: 4342: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4130: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3921: 3918: 3857:In June 2009, 3722:marital status 3628:Main article: 3625: 3622: 3578: 3575: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3467: 3464: 3437: 3434: 3411:Patrick Harvie 3385: 3382: 3359:Law Commission 3246: 3245:United Kingdom 3243: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3167: 3164: 3154: 3151: 3137: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3118:Hizb-ut-Tahrir 3105: 3102: 3093: 3090: 3072: 3069: 2990:Garda Síochána 2964: 2961: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2822: 2819: 2809: 2806: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2758: 2757:Czech Republic 2755: 2745: 2742: 2726: 2723: 2714: 2711: 2703: 2700: 2692: 2689: 2680: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2591: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2489:Thrill-seeking 2477: 2474: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2424: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2400: 2375: 2372: 2282:; assaults on 2280:Reconstruction 2276:cross burnings 2200: 2197: 2169:hate crime law 2115:bias incidents 2050:(also known a 2042: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1927:Reverse racism 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1897:Prisoner abuse 1894: 1889: 1887:Power distance 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805:Ethnic penalty 1802: 1801: 1800: 1798:Neurodiversity 1795: 1785: 1783:Dehumanization 1780: 1775: 1773:Cisnormativity 1770: 1765: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1749:Related topics 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1593:State religion 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1529:Nuremberg Laws 1526: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1471:Ghetto benches 1468: 1466:Gerrymandering 1463: 1458: 1453: 1451:Gender pay gap 1448: 1447: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1228:Lavender scare 1225: 1223:Kill Haole Day 1220: 1218:Indian rolling 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1106:Eliminationism 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1041:Cancel culture 1038: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1010:Manifestations 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 900:Middle Eastern 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 866: 865: 855: 850: 845: 840: 839: 838: 833: 828: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 734: 733: 728: 723: 713: 708: 703: 702: 701: 696: 691: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 650: 649: 648: 647: 641: 640: 637: 636: 630: 629: 627:Zoroastrianism 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 603: 602: 592: 591: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 558: 557: 556: 554:Untouchability 551: 541: 536: 535: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 504: 499: 494: 488: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 476: 475: 469: 468: 463: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 436: 435: 434: 429: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:Leprosy stigma 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 189: 188: 183: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 56:Discrimination 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14879: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14842:Crime by type 14840: 14838: 14835: 14834: 14832: 14817: 14809: 14807: 14799: 14798: 14795: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14766:Social stigma 14764: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14575: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14538: 14534: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14456: 14453: 14452: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14389:State atheism 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14325:Jim Crow laws 14323: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14310:One-drop rule 14308: 14306: 14304: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14225:Blood quantum 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14204: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14172:Victimisation 14170: 14168: 14167:Trans bashing 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14137:Religious war 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14117:Racialization 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14067: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13988:Glass ceiling 13986: 13982: 13979: 13978: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13931:Ethnic hatred 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13866:Counter-jihad 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13819: 13815: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13649:United States 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13512:United States 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13462: 13460: 13455: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13433:Protestantism 13431: 13429: 13426: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13414: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13388: 13385: 13384: 13383: 13380: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13363: 13361: 13358: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13348:LDS or Mormon 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13310: 13308: 13306: 13302: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13278:Transmisogyny 13276: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13181:Gerontophobia 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13111:Anti-intersex 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13086:Anti-albinism 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13015: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12927:Institutional 12925: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12907: 12902: 12900: 12895: 12893: 12888: 12887: 12884: 12872: 12871: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12759:Transmisogyny 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12673: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12446: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12178:Rainbow Night 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12158: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12051:Cadet scandal 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12041: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11994: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11967:Ancient Egypt 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11892: 11891:LGBTQ history 11888: 11884: 11880: 11875: 11871: 11857: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11837:Straight ally 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11792: 11790: 11789: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11767:Hermaphrodite 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11737:Gender binary 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11586:Demisexuality 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11568: 11565: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11345:Gender bender 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11315: 11311: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11284: 11270: 11267: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11179:Pink triangle 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11064:Organizations 11062: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10898: 10894: 10884: 10883:Transfeminism 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10873:Queer studies 10871: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10763: 10758: 10756: 10751: 10749: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10722:Victimisation 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10386: 10381: 10379: 10374: 10372: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10351: 10343: 10341: 10333: 10331: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10177:Wine industry 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10005:South America 10003: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9993:United States 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9983:North America 9981: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9770:Racialization 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9735:Ethnic hatred 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9652:Laissez-faire 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9637:Institutional 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9622:Environmental 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9577: 9572: 9570: 9565: 9563: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9548: 9546: 9541: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9475:– The Hague: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9404: 9403: 9396: 9389: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9318: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9266: 9257: 9248: 9246: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9221: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9130: 9123: 9122: 9116: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9082: 9074: 9072:9781405133456 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9040: 9024: 9018: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8974: 8965: 8961: 8955: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8903: 8897: 8881: 8875: 8859: 8853: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8826: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8775: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8700: 8696: 8689: 8681: 8679:9780415944076 8675: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8650:9781452256627 8646: 8642: 8641: 8633: 8625: 8623:9780815325208 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8590: 8574: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8536: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8511: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8473: 8471: 8461: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8359:(5): 980–95. 8358: 8354: 8347: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8292: 8290: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8206: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8164: 8158: 8143: 8139: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8099: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8066: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7968: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7721: 7706: 7702: 7701:"Hate Crimes" 7695: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7583: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7548: 7541: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7481: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7440: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7141: 7135: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6755: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6712: 6706: 6698: 6692: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6668: 6661: 6656: 6642: 6641: 6633: 6627: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6559: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6516: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6457: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6399:. Althingi.is 6398: 6392: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6303: 6297: 6281: 6277: 6271: 6262: 6247:. Iuscomp.org 6246: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6172: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6074: 6068: 6059: 6052: 6046: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6007: 6006:Treaty Office 6003: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5970:0-9753150-2-1 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5903: 5894: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5838: 5828: 5822:Walters, 2010 5819: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5743: 5734: 5732:9780123739858 5728: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5671:(4): 409–21. 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5625:"Hate Crimes" 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5589:(5): 427–49. 5588: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5556: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5527:(6): 945–51. 5526: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5504: 5502: 5493: 5486: 5480: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5336: 5334:9780822376149 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5240: 5236: 5235:"Hate Crimes" 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5149: 5148:0-8160-4879-7 5145: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5117:"Methodology" 5112: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5079: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4791:Ethnocentrism 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4539: 4536: 4528: 4525:February 2015 4518: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4502:This section 4500: 4496: 4491: 4490: 4477: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4375: 4368:South America 4365: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4325:In May 2018, 4323: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3971: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3832:Ahmaud Arbery 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3780:United States 3776: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3624:United States 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3555: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3508:North America 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3163: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3081:Legge Mancino 3077: 3068: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:thought crime 3050: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2980:, meeting at 2979: 2974: 2971: 2960: 2958: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2926: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2876: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2829:Criminal Code 2827: 2818: 2815: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2763: 2754: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2531:Strain Theory 2527: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2380:psychological 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329:Charles Lynch 2326: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2315:ethnic groups 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2205:United States 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2037: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1981:Social stigma 1979: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1746: 1745: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1588:State atheism 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1524:Jim Crow laws 1522: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1509:One-drop rule 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1424:Blood quantum 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365:Victimisation 1363: 1361: 1360:Trans bashing 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1330:Religious war 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1310:Racialization 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1183:Glass ceiling 1181: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1126:Ethnic hatred 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061:Counter-jihad 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1007: 1006: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 864: 861: 860: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 837: 836:United States 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 823: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 718: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 700: 699:United States 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 651: 645: 639: 638: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 612:Protestantism 610: 608: 605: 601: 598: 597: 596: 593: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 567: 564: 563: 562: 559: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 540: 537: 533: 530: 528: 527:LDS or Mormon 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 489: 483: 478: 477: 467: 464: 462: 459: 455: 452: 450: 449:Transmisogyny 447: 445: 442: 441: 440: 437: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 352:Gerontophobia 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 282:Anti-intersex 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 257:Anti-albinism 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 230: 229: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 109: 108: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 82:Institutional 80: 79: 70: 69: 65: 61: 60: 57: 54: 53: 49: 45: 44: 39: 35: 34: 19: 14600:Gender-blind 14487:Human rights 14315:Racial quota 14302: 14282:Jewish quota 14262:Gerontocracy 14257:Gender roles 14235:Disabilities 14220:Blood purity 14192:Wife selling 14182:White flight 14162:Slut-shaming 14142:Scapegoating 14060:Murder music 13992: 13733:Palestinians 13676:Anti-Zionism 13544:South Africa 13529:Black people 13507:South Africa 13328:Christianity 13318:Baháʼí Faith 13246:Sectarianism 13186:Heterosexism 13151:Ephebiphobia 13121:Anti-Masonry 12988:Hair texture 12868: 12849: 12749:Riddle scale 12717:Heterosexism 12656:Queerbaiting 12511:Neuroscience 12501:Kinsey scale 12476:Demographics 12297: 12173:Rainbow wave 12155: 12143:21st century 12095: 12038: 12026:20th century 11998:19th century 11982:Ancient Rome 11943: 11793: 11786: 11757:Gender roles 11697:Detransition 11670: / 11571:Aromanticism 11089:Pride parade 11017:Gay-friendly 10878:Queer theory 10677:Minimisation 10672:Manipulation 10652:Exaggeration 10588: 10584:Verbal abuse 10564:Sexual abuse 10544:Social abuse 10514:Intimidation 10300:in Australia 10290:Racial quota 9934:Soviet Union 9877:Saudi Arabia 9818:South Africa 9754: 9745:Ethnic slurs 9740:Ethnic jokes 9642:Internalized 9544: 9490: 9423: 9401: 9395: 9387: 9380:. 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Retrieved 5091:the original 5084: 5071: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5001: 5000:Also called 4999: 4995: 4992:"Hate crime" 4986: 4941:Thoughtcrime 4821:Hate studies 4696:Antisemitism 4671: 4665: 4661: 4646: 4644: 4632: 4623: 4615: 4595: 4584: 4582: 4546: 4531: 4522: 4511:Please help 4506:verification 4503: 4471: 4454: 4442: 4415: 4397:death squads 4382: 4358:George Floyd 4350:Donald Trump 4347: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4301: 4292:Gordon Smith 4281: 4251: 4234:148,197,858 4164:223,553,265 3962: 3946:Ku Klux Klan 3944:such as the 3938:ethnic group 3923: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3890:Medgar Evers 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3848: 3840: 3817: 3784:Barack Obama 3777: 3761:intimidation 3734: 3730:civil rights 3726:armed forces 3687: 3663:Ku Klux Klan 3648: 3640:Barack Obama 3601: 3595: 3580: 3564: 3556: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3488: 3475: 3459:The Scotsman 3457: 3446:Murdo Fraser 3439: 3419: 3387: 3374: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3356: 3335: 3329: 3321:Essex Police 3318: 3307: 3296: 3289: 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497:Baháʼí Faith 417:Sectarianism 357:Heterosexism 322:Ephebiphobia 292:Anti-Masonry 151:Hair texture 32: 14502:Nonviolence 14497:LGBT rights 14462:Empowerment 14430:Anti-racism 14352:Segregation 14297:No kid zone 14097:Persecution 14010:Hate speech 13961:Gay bashing 13936:Ethnic joke 13891:Dog whistle 13836:Blood libel 13524:Azerbaijani 13428:Neopaganism 13421:Persecution 13387:Persecution 13370:Persecution 13333:Catholicism 13268:Transphobia 13251:Supremacism 13206:Lesbophobia 13126:Aporophobia 13091:Anti-autism 12942:Taste-based 12937:Statistical 12792:Gay bashing 12764:Transphobia 12697:AIDS stigma 12612:Pinkwashing 12486:Environment 12471:Birth order 12011:Section 377 12006:Molly house 11648:Questioning 11472:Femminiello 11402:Trans woman 11397:Transsexual 11380:Transgender 11269:Transgender 11194:Pride flags 11084:Pride Month 11052:Periodicals 11012:Gay village 10861:Transgender 10781:transgender 10727:Victimology 10702:Psychopathy 10524:Persecution 10499:Humiliation 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January 8798:2021-05-01 8765:2021-05-01 8726:ProPublica 8557:2 December 8311:2 December 8030:2021-04-30 7990:2021-05-19 7944:21 January 7679:The Nation 7524:August 16, 7497:August 16, 7464:Al Jazeera 7206:21 January 7145:2024-06-02 7125:2024-06-02 6968:13 October 6838:10 January 6805:21 January 6745:2023-03-14 6716:. 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Fbi.gov 6204:Rikoslaki 5800:147697229 5685:146687317 5464:France 24 5368:5 October 5340:5 October 5308:144669214 5221:143546829 5063:246832210 5055:1753-9161 4921:Terrorism 4438:prejudice 4422:ethnicity 4391:, racial 3958:Civil War 3749:vandalism 3714:ethnicity 3618:Michoacán 3614:Chihuahua 3591:femicides 3370:Newsnight 3308:In 2013, 3228:grounds". 3157:In 2023, 3042:Elon Musk 2982:UN Geneva 2970:Traveller 2936:Hungarian 2850:overt act 2796:Although 2730:Bulgarian 2583:criminal 2515:following 2495:Defensive 2404:affective 2368:Alt-Right 2300:swastikas 2256:Europeans 2244:lynchings 2222:began to 2220:Europeans 2181:penalties 2150:hate mail 2109:, and/or 2071:ethnicity 1964:Christian 1892:Prejudice 1840:Masculism 1788:Diversity 1566:religious 1541:Redlining 1136:Ethnocide 1096:Education 980:Ukrainian 915:Pakistani 905:Mongolian 826:Australia 808:Hungarian 763:Colombian 743:Bulgarian 617:Rastafari 571:Ahmadiyya 482:Religious 454:Trans men 412:Pregnancy 347:Gayphobia 342:Fatphobia 247:Acephobia 242:Arophobia 218:Viewpoint 14806:Category 14788:The talk 14724:Snobbery 14642:Net bias 14472:Feminism 14399:Ugly law 14240:Catholic 14208:policies 14055:Mortgage 14050:Lynching 13981:examples 13976:Genocide 13896:Economic 13881:Democide 13841:Bullying 13758:Romanian 13723:Nigerian 13666:Japanese 13601:Georgian 13586:Filipino 13519:Assyrian 13492:Armenian 13482:American 13477:Albanian 13459:National 13443:Yazidism 13365:Hinduism 13323:Buddhism 13226:Nepotism 13221:Misogyny 13216:Misandry 13141:Clannism 13136:Biphobia 13081:Adultism 12998:Language 12870:Category 12702:Biphobia 12570:Violence 12335:Timeline 12318:Adoption 12235:Americas 11996:16th to 11782:Intersex 11692:Acronyms 11553:Bisexual 11507:Travesti 11407:Mak nyah 11232:Intersex 11217:Bisexual 10936:Literary 10777:bisexual 10569:Stalking 10482:Marriage 10443:marriage 10438:military 10418:Bullying 10330:Category 10245:Lynching 10220:Casteism 10065:Japanese 9924:Portugal 9855:Thailand 9823:Zimbabwe 9687:Symbolic 9677:Societal 9667:Romantic 9632:Gendered 9612:Cultural 9602:Colorism 9597:Aversive 9534:Archived 9469:Archived 9300:41221014 9292:29295032 9229:Archived 8705:16 March 8699:Archived 8643:. 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