883:
868:
899:
556:
2442:, p. 313. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."
1197:
76:
1344:
840:
568:
1678:
1571:
sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other. After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined
Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s. Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (
1690:
1666:
1654:
1591:
399:
40:
1105:, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries. The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor
450:
102:. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history. Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, most of whom live in Germany.
2454:, pp. 171–172. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "
368:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This term was used for speakers of West-Germanic languages in Central Europe since at least the 8th century, after which time a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among at least some them living within the Holy Roman Empire. However, variants of the same term were also used in the
831:, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility. These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.
2100:
Within the boundaries of present-day
Germany... Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavarians—all speaking West Germanic dialects—had merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic
729:
German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights. The church played an important role among
Germans in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Germans actively participated in
1328:
It is estimated that there are over 100 million
Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population. There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland,
1827:
Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or
746:
east of the Elbe were conquered over generations of often brutal conflict. Under the later control of powerful German dynasties it became an important region within modern
Germany, and home to its modern capital, Berlin. German population also moved eastwards from the 11th century, in what is known
1570:
elements identified
Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority. After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible". East Germany and West Germany both
1088:
In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism. German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established. During this time, the German
802:
to the imperial throne, and he was able to acquire
Austria for his own family. The Habsburgs would continue to play an important role in European history for centuries afterwards. Under the leadership of the Habsburgs the Holy Roman Empire itself remained weak, and by the late Middle Ages much of
1563:
The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the
Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century,
530:
associated with later
Germanic peoples began approaching the Rhine areas. The resulting demographic situation was apparently an assimilation of Celts and migrating Germanic peoples, in territories which threatened the Alpine regions and the Romans. Scholars generally agree that it is possible to
481:
river. He specifically noted the potential future threat which could come from the related people east of the river. Under Caesar's successors, the Romans began to conquer and control the entire region between the Rhine and the Elbe which centuries later constituted the largest part of medieval
925:
personally inherited control of the kingdoms of
Hungary and Bohemia, the wealthy low countries (roughly modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia, and the Dukedom of Milan. Of these, the Bohemian and Hungarian titles remained
2524:, p. 313 "Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe... Germanic tribes have inhabited Central Europe since at least Roman times, but it was not until the early Middle Ages that a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge."
722:― continued to wield considerable power independently of the king. German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.
1875:, p. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."
822:
Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts. In the late Middle Ages the German economy grew under the influence of urban centers, which increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the
345:
In some contexts, people of German descent are also called Germans. In historical discussions the term "Germans" is also occasionally used as a way to refer to members of the Germanic peoples during the time of the Roman empire.
1187:
in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".
504:, were fragmented into a large number of peoples who were frequently in conflict with both the Roman Empire and one another. He described them as a diverse group, dominating a much larger area than Germany, stretching to the
563:, also known as the German eastward settlement. The left map shows the situation in roughly 895 AD; the right map shows it about 1400 AD. Germanic peoples (left map) and Germans (right map) are shown in light red.
794:, Bohemia (corresponding roughly to modern Czechia) became a kingdom within the empire, and even managed to take control of Austria, which was German-speaking. However, the late 13th century saw the election of
751:. Over time, Slavic and German-speaking populations assimilated, meaning that many modern Germans have substantial Slavic ancestry. From the 12th century, many Germans settled as merchants and craftsmen in the
619:, who established control of the Romanized and Frankish population of Gaul in the 5th century, and began a process of conquering the peoples east of the Rhine. The regions long continued to be divided into "
1863:, p. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."
1363:
The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult. The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity. The
1314:, which is often considered to be a distinct language from both German and Dutch, was the historical language of most of northern Germany, and is still spoken by many Germans, often as a second language.
1847:, p. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (
887:
129:. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into
77:
956:(1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant
2041:
1939:
4250:
4062:
293:
Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. Arts and sciences are an integral part of
3602:
1560:
is derived from this word. In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.
3416:
3399:
1164:. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans
3623:
547:
of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture, but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.
974:
After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century. The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being
531:
speak of Germanic languages existing as early as 500 BCE. These Germanic languages are believed to have dispersed towards the Rhine from the direction of the
3839:
338:, which was used for Germanic peoples in ancient times. Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English. The term
3895:
3919:
3883:
3481:
1804:
1168:
from Eastern Europe. Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity, which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.
214:
and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. His Nazi movement defined Germans in a very specific way which included
3856:
623:", corresponding to the old ethnic designations. By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe were united under the rule of the Frankish leader
3941:
3873:
3861:
683:
4079:
1814:
1233: German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale).
4417:
4260:
4115:
2747:
1165:
267:
1372:
saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers
921:. While the empire itself continued to be largely de-centralized, the Habsburgs own personal power increased outside of the core German lands.
4622:
490:
in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history. The early Germanic peoples were later famously described in more detail in
91:
342:
may also be applied to any citizens, natives or inhabitants of Germany, regardless of whether they are considered to have German ethnicity.
1252:
3675:
2999:
882:
2087:
2001:
1909:
926:
connected to the imperial throne for centuries, making Austria a powerful multilingual empire in its own right. On the other hand, the
1152:
and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian
952:, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbours, leading to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the
4908:
4148:
1851:) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."
5089:
1975:
1348:
266:. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and once again partitioned. Millions of Germans were
234:, who were ethnic Germans elsewhere in Europe and globally. However, this Nazi conception expressly excluded German citizens of
1733:
1134:
738:. From the beginnings of the kingdom, its dynasties also participated in a push eastwards into Slavic-speaking regions. At the
1089:
population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the
4382:
3793:
3115:
2777:
690:. The latter was a Roman and Frankish area which contained some of the oldest and most important old German cities including
3121:
3073:
2983:
2953:
2913:
2873:
2824:
2783:
2672:
2624:
1782:
867:
4689:
4031:
3587:
2713:
975:
679:
297:, and the Germans have been represented by many prominent personalities in a significant number of disciplines, including
4536:
4519:
4352:
4036:
3637:
3596:
982:
in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a
4427:
4392:
4337:
2666:
2618:
1776:
469:
The first information about the peoples living in what is now Germany was provided by the Roman general and politician
302:
5157:
4876:
4780:
4617:
4006:
3758:
3306:
3164:
3067:
3023:
2035:
1933:
1078:
752:
2079:
876:
2084:
4742:
4342:
2014:
998:. Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism. The
1579:(nation sharing a common culture). The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.
133:. The empire itself was politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics. Following the
4725:
4541:
4225:
4001:
2947:
2907:
2867:
2818:
2707:
487:
314:
235:
5019:
4795:
4657:
4561:
4460:
3826:
3706:
3607:
3246:
1014:, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the
922:
17:
5039:
4767:
4637:
4141:
2640:
4834:
4747:
4199:
1463:, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.
1110:
891:
755:, where they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as
1808:
898:
242:
background. Nazi policies of military aggression and its persecution of those deemed non-Germans in the
4757:
4669:
4647:
4566:
4551:
4367:
4347:
4189:
3783:
3464:
3107:
2699:
1644:
1373:
1273:
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1062:
937:
contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk
671:
2739:
5009:
4194:
3655:
3263:
2899:
1997:
1971:
1572:
1221:: German is the official language (de jure or de facto) and first language of most of the population.
1140:
What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles", continuing traditions of authoritarian and
137:
in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of
1260:
is the native language of most Germans. It is the key marker of German ethnic identity. German is a
1239: German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition.
4986:
4948:
4785:
4556:
2939:
2929:
804:
678:. Also under control of this loosely controlled empire were the previously independent kingdoms of
70:
990:
articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the
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4893:
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4805:
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4134:
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2389:
Troebst, Stefan (2012). "The Discourse on Forced Migration and European Culture of Remembrance".
2019:
1917:
1768:
1637:
1604:
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1409:
1381:
1261:
987:
907:
298:
31:
1034:
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4898:
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4720:
4652:
4481:
4372:
4362:
3527:
3362:
3349:
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1632:
1413:
1269:
783:
251:
152:
99:
3093:
2800:
2689:
2644:
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1758:
1385:
702:, all west of the Rhine. Leaders of the stem duchies which constituted this eastern kingdom —
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4851:
4057:
3537:
3532:
3512:
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1966:
1622:
1417:
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808:
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Germany. These efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of a local alliance led by
202:, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming
184:
2074:
1227: German is a co-official language but not the first language of most of the population.
4866:
4810:
4694:
4632:
4627:
4597:
4529:
4507:
4455:
4357:
3650:
3344:
2859:
2027:
1925:
1421:
1365:
1184:
1130:
1066:
1050:
1026:
1007:
968:
949:
844:
587:
who had lived under heavy Roman influence between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. This included
279:
159:
in 1871, and a substantial additional number of Germans were in the multiethnic kingdom of
86:, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the
8:
5049:
4943:
4918:
4913:
4790:
4735:
4674:
4580:
4311:
4245:
4026:
3741:
3552:
3517:
2810:
1070:
1058:
1029:, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an
1022:
953:
918:
795:
739:
576:
4407:
3900:
3866:
2606:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
1045:, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated
631:
in several directions including east of the Rhine, where he consolidated power over the
555:
5115:
5108:
4963:
4928:
4815:
4800:
4730:
4708:
4684:
4612:
4546:
4476:
4387:
4306:
4275:
4184:
4161:
4052:
4021:
4011:
3805:
3768:
3726:
3542:
3486:
3421:
3372:
3339:
3327:
3322:
3294:
3258:
3037:
3029:
2979:
2398:
1682:
1537:
1377:
1338:
1003:
991:
934:
848:
715:
707:
640:
543:, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period. The earlier
536:
527:
458:
393:
294:
188:
149:
145:
110:
44:
3687:
3004:
As German as Kafka: Identity and Singularity in German Literature around 1900 and 2000
1961:
520:
5069:
5044:
4991:
4938:
4752:
4524:
4316:
3800:
3736:
3716:
3711:
3660:
3645:
3592:
3564:
3547:
3491:
3431:
3426:
3332:
3111:
3063:
3041:
3019:
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2814:
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2703:
2662:
2614:
2031:
1929:
1848:
1772:
1694:
1547:
1389:
1265:
1129:, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the
1042:
1041:
customs union to increase its power among the German states. Under the leadership of
799:
675:
572:
544:
454:
285:
180:
126:
1725:
1037:(1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the
917:
The Habsburg dynasty managed to maintain their grip upon the imperial throne in the
5131:
5079:
5074:
5064:
5059:
5054:
4881:
4846:
4820:
4492:
4296:
4265:
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4016:
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3878:
3788:
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3746:
3701:
3693:
3665:
3569:
3522:
3507:
3441:
3409:
3382:
3377:
3287:
3150:
3097:
3011:
2600:
2023:
2005:
1921:
1482:
1281:
1196:
1145:
1093:. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of
983:
911:
824:
703:
667:
651:
584:
523:
440:
436:
432:
407:
318:
176:
168:
122:
1803:
941:
pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the
583:
German ethnicity began to emerge in medieval times among the descendants of those
5034:
5029:
5024:
4971:
4397:
3834:
3731:
3721:
3682:
3354:
3268:
3251:
3224:
3101:
3059:
3053:
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2767:
2693:
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1609:
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1433:
1323:
1293:
1257:
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1201:
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1114:
1090:
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of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the
1015:
1011:
999:
852:
719:
711:
628:
615:. These peoples had come under the dominance of the western Franks starting with
532:
492:
359:
160:
87:
58:
5136:
5014:
5001:
4664:
4422:
3474:
3459:
3436:
3392:
3358:
3299:
3196:
3089:
2009:
1670:
1658:
1596:
1460:
1445:
1437:
1401:
1393:
1301:
1285:
1102:
1098:
828:
760:
743:
659:
540:
477:
in the 1st century BC. Gaul included parts of what is now Germany, west of the
403:
373:
259:
203:
192:
130:
1564:
German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.
654:(843), eventually resulting in the long-term separation between the states of
5151:
4377:
3929:
3812:
3404:
3387:
3366:
3212:
2969:
2889:
2695:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
2070:
1615:
1541:
1525:
1505:
1405:
1356:
1305:
1277:
1082:
938:
927:
787:
764:
612:
470:
369:
255:
239:
229:
219:
156:
138:
1556:
1343:
767:, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of
354:
290:("culture of remembrance"), has become an integral part of German identity.
4762:
4437:
4432:
4402:
4301:
4255:
3778:
3280:
3049:
3033:
2763:
2648:
1627:
1429:
1369:
1304:, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the
1176:
1172:
1153:
1149:
1118:
1030:
995:
930:
went to the Spanish crown and continued to evolve separately from Germany.
803:
Lotharingia and Burgundy had come under the control of French dynasts, the
670:, non-Frankish dynasties also ruled the eastern kingdom, and under his son
663:
655:
620:
419:
275:
271:
263:
247:
211:
207:
172:
114:
95:
1508:. Another third does not profess any religion. Christian holidays such as
986:
among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as
839:
515:
At the time of Caesar's invasion, much of Central Europe was inhabited by
334:
325:
4772:
4486:
4321:
4270:
4108:
3556:
1490:
1452:
1141:
1094:
942:
903:
748:
687:
624:
567:
560:
509:
462:
377:
199:
134:
3015:
2402:
1566:
967:
In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the
4981:
4602:
3912:
1554:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym
1497:
1329:
Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.
1311:
1289:
1216:
1106:
1038:
790:
stopped expanding eastwards towards Hungary in the 11th century. Under
650:
In the generations after Charlemagne the empire was partitioned at the
644:
3849:
3273:
4592:
4240:
3670:
3203:
2610:
1509:
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1161:
872:
782:
developed as kingdoms with their own non-German speaking elites. The
735:
726:
674:, East Francia, which was mostly German, constituted the core of the
608:
600:
243:
215:
164:
106:
48:
2731:
Germanen aus Sicht der Archäologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema
1006:(1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the
756:
206:
in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed,
4126:
3934:
3924:
2658:
1466:
1180:
979:
812:
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604:
592:
483:
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330:
223:
398:
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4235:
4157:
3989:
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3979:
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1397:
1046:
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Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.
964:. Charles V and his Habsburg dynasty defended Roman Catholicism.
957:
860:
856:
779:
775:
768:
695:
505:
497:
381:
364:
350:
118:
83:
39:
30:
This article is about the people of Germany. For other uses, see
3956:
3142:
305:
among countries of the world in the number of total recipients.
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4067:
3844:
3751:
2476:
1550:. These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term
1521:
1517:
1513:
1352:
691:
632:
596:
588:
163:. During this time, a large number of Germans emigrated to the
2355:
2353:
2201:
2199:
2197:
4251:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
4230:
3888:
2975:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth
2340:
2338:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2170:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
1524:
community, which was decimated in the Holocaust. Remembering
816:
699:
516:
478:
411:
535:, which was a Celtic influenced culture that existed in the
4084:
3951:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2350:
2287:
2285:
2194:
1456:
1157:
855:
in yellow, and other member states in grey. Large parts of
474:
449:
415:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2335:
2297:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2158:
2125:
1481:) is an important part of German culture, particularly in
1065:. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the
994:
movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single
282:. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust, known as
144:
In the 19th century, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, and
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1010:. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic
519:, and it had long been strongly influenced by the celtic
2738:
Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) .
2457:
2421:
2282:
2101:
identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages.
2493:
2491:
2365:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2211:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
539:, in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that
2503:
2409:
2270:
1878:
1805:
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz
819:
were no longer subject to effective imperial control.
526:. In contrast, since at least the 2nd century BC, the
2556:
2546:
2544:
2542:
1642:
2488:
2433:
2314:
2251:
2146:
2106:
1586:
1546:
A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the
933:
The introduction of printing by the German inventor
376:
in English, which is now a national language of the
372:, for the related dialects of what is still called
2568:
2539:
2527:
2182:
1914:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2445:
1720:
1718:
1716:
5149:
2740:"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"
1156:. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million
1077:. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies
457:in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with the
195:also included a substantial German population.
2737:
2176:
1713:
1516:are celebrated by many Germans. The number of
1359:is an essential part of modern German culture.
1025:, German revolutionaries set up the temporary
183:, and they established sizable communities in
4142:
3810:
3158:
1810:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1496:A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are
1148:all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born
125:in the 10th century, forming the core of the
4106:
3278:
3210:
3194:
3187:
2798:
2515:
2482:
1253:Geographical distribution of German speakers
1097:, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and
948:Religious schism was a leading cause of the
283:
227:
4261:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
4116:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
1840:
1838:
1836:
863:did not belong to the German Confederation.
94:, implemented in 1949 following the end of
4149:
4135:
3165:
3151:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1996:
1990:
1317:
270:from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990,
1073:, annexing the German speaking region of
500:. At this time, the Germanic peoples, or
473:, who gave an account of his conquest of
250:in which the Nazi regime was defeated by
2799:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005).
2772:(2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2654:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
2591:
2521:
2439:
2376:
2359:
2224:
2205:
1895:
1866:
1860:
1833:
1528:is an important part of German culture.
1342:
1195:
897:
881:
866:
838:
611:- all of whom spoke related dialects of
566:
554:
448:
397:
109:began with the separation of a distinct
38:
3696:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3690:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2968:
2687:
2509:
2415:
2388:
2344:
2308:
2276:
2245:
2140:
2056:
1954:
1349:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
14:
5150:
2728:
2164:
2152:
1942:from the original on 24 September 2021
1489:. An important German festival is the
1113:which led to the establishment of the
4130:
3146:
3088:
3048:
2928:
2888:
2848:
2827:from the original on 28 November 2015
2639:
2497:
2470:
2451:
2427:
2329:
2291:
2264:
2119:
1978:from the original on 30 November 2020
1872:
1844:
1753:
1751:
1736:from the original on 13 November 2020
1619:, ZDF's documentary television series
643:. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by
69:
4156:
2998:
2762:
2675:from the original on 10 January 2017
2627:from the original on 14 October 2017
2574:
2562:
2550:
2533:
2188:
2028:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001
1926:10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001
1907:
1817:from the original on 7 November 2020
1785:from the original on 4 February 2021
1520:is growing. There is also a notable
811:. Step by step, Italy, Switzerland,
82:) are the natives or inhabitants of
2750:from the original on 17 August 2021
2069:
1459:. Germans consume a high amount of
550:
496:by the 1st century Roman historian
24:
3076:from the original on 5 August 2020
2841:
2786:from the original on 23 April 2023
2716:from the original on 21 March 2015
2090:from the original on 31 March 2019
1748:
426:
175:. Large numbers also emigrated to
25:
5174:
3172:
3138:
2986:from the original on 3 March 2021
2744:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1726:"German Definition & Meaning"
834:
725:A warrior nobility dominated the
418:rivers, a region which the early
3124:from the original on 27 May 2021
3103:The Barbarians of Ancient Europe
2956:from the original on 27 May 2021
2916:from the original on 27 May 2021
2876:from the original on 27 May 2021
2806:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
2044:from the original on 9 June 2021
1967:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1589:
1061:, subsequently establishing the
877:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
422:attempted to conquer and control
402:A map depicting the short-lived
4353:German revolutions of 1848–1849
4322:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2584:
2391:The Hungarian Historical Review
2382:
2015:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
759:. During the 13th century, the
4338:Early modern period, 1500–1800
4226:List of early Germanic peoples
2080:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1901:
1854:
1797:
1451:Popular German dishes include
541:first Germanic consonant shift
488:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
315:List of terms used for Germans
13:
1:
4461:History of Germany since 1990
2085:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1706:
1504:, while one third adheres to
105:The history of Germans as an
1764:Oxford Dictionary of English
1264:language closely related to
1166:had to flee or were expelled
171:, especially to present-day
7:
3597:Alsatians and Lotharingians
1582:
1531:
1191:
1179:became focal points of the
902:People standing on top the
10:
5179:
4368:North German Confederation
4348:Confederation of the Rhine
3108:Cambridge University Press
2700:Greenwood Publishing Group
2177:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
2075:"Germany: Ancient History"
1998:Drinkwater, John Frederick
1828:descendant of such person.
1535:
1374:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1336:
1332:
1321:
1250:
1244:
1127:Republic of German-Austria
1081:the formation of a united
1063:North German Confederation
430:
391:
387:
312:
29:
5102:
4962:
4842:
4833:
4716:
4707:
4588:
4579:
4515:
4506:
4469:
4448:
4330:
4284:
4208:
4177:
4168:
4099:
4045:
3967:
3825:
3636:
3616:
3580:
3500:
3452:
3315:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3180:
2900:Columbia University Press
1972:Columbia University Press
1573:constitutional patriotism
1109:, were overthrown in the
5158:Ethnic groups in Germany
4520:Administrative divisions
2483:Waldman & Mason 2005
1701:
960:, under the rule of the
910:in 1989 in front of the
805:House of Valois-Burgundy
639:, thus establishing the
308:
301:where Germany is ranked
98:, defines a German as a
3617:Multinational dimension
3008:Leuven University Press
2850:Craig, Gordon Alexander
2688:Minahan, James (2000).
2020:Oxford University Press
1918:Oxford University Press
1769:Oxford University Press
1638:Demographics of Germany
1605:Ethnic groups in Europe
1426:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1410:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
1382:Johann Gottfried Herder
1318:Geographic distribution
1135:Treaty of Saint-Germain
988:Johann Gottfried Herder
410:, situated between the
210:became the dictator of
92:constitution of Germany
4781:Science and technology
4482:History of Brandenburg
4373:Unification of Germany
4363:Frankfurt Constitution
4107:
3811:
3538:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3279:
3211:
3195:
3188:
2729:Steuer, Heiko (2021).
1807:(ed.). "Article 116".
1633:Persecution of Germans
1575:), or the notion of a
1414:Caspar David Friedrich
1360:
1242:
943:Protestant Reformation
914:
895:
879:
864:
580:
564:
466:
423:
284:
228:
167:, particularly to the
155:most Germans into its
62:
51:
4418:Flight and expulsions
3094:"The Ancient Germans"
2008:; Spawforth, Antony;
1771:. 2010. p. 733.
1623:Anti-German sentiment
1548:early medieval period
1536:Further information:
1418:Johann Sebastian Bach
1346:
1251:Further information:
1199:
1171:The German states of
1160:were murdered in the
1117:. The Germans of the
962:House of Hohenzollern
901:
885:
870:
842:
809:House of Valois-Anjou
763:began conquering the
570:
558:
452:
401:
313:Further information:
299:Nobel prize laureates
198:Following the end of
42:
5090:World Heritage Sites
4768:German states by GDP
4358:German Confederation
4037:United Arab Emirates
3345:Transylvanian Saxons
3110:. pp. 211–232.
3060:Blackwell Publishing
2860:New American Library
2813:. pp. 330–335.
2746:. pp. 363–876.
2702:. pp. 287–294.
2661:. pp. 171–177.
2613:. pp. 313–316.
1908:Hoad, T. F. (2003).
1500:. About a third are
1422:Ludwig van Beethoven
1416:, and the composers
1366:Age of Enlightenment
1144:ideologies, and the
1131:Treaty of Versailles
1067:Second French Empire
1051:Second Schleswig War
1035:Punctation of Olmütz
1027:Frankfurt Parliament
1008:German Confederation
845:German Confederation
358:is derived from the
329:is derived from the
4726:Automobile industry
4312:Carolingian dynasty
4246:History of the Huns
3624:Central and Eastern
3528:Italy (South Tyrol)
3016:10.2307/j.ctvss3xg0
2980:Thames & Hudson
2972:(1991). "Germans".
2811:Infobase Publishing
2485:, pp. 334–335.
2473:, pp. 176–177.
2430:, pp. 171–172.
2362:, pp. 314–315.
2347:, pp. 291–292.
2311:, pp. 290–291.
2294:, pp. 173–174.
2248:, pp. 289–290.
2208:, pp. 313–314.
2167:, p. 89, 1310.
2143:, pp. 288–289.
1386:Friedrich Hölderlin
1111:November Revolution
1071:Franco-Prussian War
1059:Austro-Prussian War
954:Peace of Westphalia
919:early modern period
875:in a mass grave at
740:Saxon Eastern March
627:, who expanded the
577:Peace of Westphalia
559:Maps depicting the
148:began to grow. The
4796:Telecommunications
4477:History of Prussia
4393:Revolution of 1918
4388:War guilt question
4307:Carolingian Empire
4276:Sack of Rome (410)
4185:History of Germany
3769:Pennsylvania Dutch
2982:. pp. 84–87.
1538:German nationalism
1404:, the philosopher
1378:Friedrich Schiller
1361:
1339:Culture of Germany
1243:
1004:Congress of Vienna
992:German nationalist
984:national awakening
935:Johannes Gutenberg
915:
896:
880:
865:
859:and some parts of
843:Boundaries of the
742:in the north, the
734:to "liberate" the
641:Carolingian Empire
581:
565:
537:Pre-Roman Iron Age
528:Germanic languages
467:
459:Kingdom of Germany
424:
394:History of Germany
150:Kingdom of Prussia
146:German nationalism
111:Kingdom of Germany
52:
5145:
5144:
5098:
5097:
4829:
4828:
4743:Chemical Triangle
4703:
4702:
4690:Political parties
4638:Foreign relations
4575:
4574:
4502:
4501:
4413:Allied occupation
4317:Holy Roman Empire
4124:
4123:
4095:
4094:
3632:
3631:
3432:Russian Mennonite
3117:978-0-521-19404-4
3098:Bonfante, Larissa
3055:The Early Germans
2935:A German Identity
2779:978-1-4051-3756-0
2769:The Early Germans
2565:, pp. 33–34.
2006:Hornblower, Simon
1849:Volksgemeinschaft
1390:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1274:Saterland Frisian
1241:
1043:Otto von Bismarck
950:Thirty Years' War
800:House of Habsburg
753:Kingdom of Poland
676:Holy Roman Empire
666:. Beginning with
573:Holy Roman Empire
545:Nordic Bronze Age
508:in the east, and
455:Holy Roman Empire
323:The English term
286:Erinnerungskultur
262:, and the former
204:ethnic minorities
127:Holy Roman Empire
71:[ˈdɔʏtʃə]
49:German Parliament
27:People of Germany
16:(Redirected from
5170:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5075:Prussian virtues
4840:
4839:
4748:Economic history
4714:
4713:
4608:
4586:
4585:
4537:Cities and towns
4513:
4512:
4493:Baden Revolution
4297:Treaty of Verdun
4266:Marcomannic Wars
4221:Migration Period
4216:Germanic peoples
4200:Military history
4175:
4174:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4112:
4063:Papua New Guinea
3901:Kapitaï and Koba
3867:Kapitaï and Koba
3816:
3694:Los Lagos Region
3676:British Columbia
3284:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3216:
3200:
3191:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3045:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2593:Haarmann, Harald
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2397:(3/4): 397–414.
2386:
2380:
2374:
2363:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2333:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2295:
2289:
2280:
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2262:
2249:
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2228:
2222:
2209:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1722:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1483:Southern Germany
1408:, the architect
1238:
1232:
1226:
1209:
1205:
1146:Great Depression
912:Brandenburg Gate
825:Hanseatic League
761:Teutonic Knights
668:Henry the Fowler
652:Treaty of Verdun
585:Germanic peoples
551:Medieval history
524:material culture
465:, marked in blue
441:Germanic peoples
437:Limes Germanicus
433:Germania Antiqua
408:Germania Antiqua
319:Names of Germany
289:
233:
226:, and so-called
123:Ottonian dynasty
81:
80:
79:
73:
68:
21:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5094:
4958:
4909:Life expectancy
4825:
4699:
4670:Law enforcement
4606:
4571:
4498:
4465:
4444:
4428:Divided Germany
4398:Weimar Republic
4326:
4292:Frankish Empire
4280:
4204:
4170:
4164:
4155:
4125:
4120:
4091:
4041:
3963:
3821:
3688:Los Ríos Region
3628:
3612:
3576:
3501:Southern Europe
3496:
3470:North Schleswig
3453:Northern Europe
3448:
3311:
3252:Sudeten Germans
3219:
3176:
3171:
3141:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3118:
3090:Wells, Peter S.
3079:
3077:
3070:
3026:
2989:
2987:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2879:
2877:
2870:
2844:
2842:Further reading
2839:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2789:
2787:
2780:
2753:
2751:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2641:Moser, Johannes
2630:
2628:
2621:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2252:
2244:
2231:
2223:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2126:
2118:
2107:
2093:
2091:
2068:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2022:. p. 613.
2010:Eidinow, Esther
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1843:
1834:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1779:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1730:Merriam-Webster
1724:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1610:German diaspora
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1544:
1534:
1502:Roman Catholics
1442:Richard Strauss
1434:Johannes Brahms
1341:
1335:
1326:
1324:German diaspora
1320:
1294:Standard German
1268:(in particular
1255:
1249:
1247:German language
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1202:German language
1194:
1125:proclaimed the
1115:Weimar Republic
1099:Ottoman Empires
1091:German diaspora
1075:Alsace-Lorraine
1053:and soon after
1016:German Question
1012:Austrian Empire
1002:ended with the
1000:Napoleonic Wars
871:Victims of the
837:
774:Further south,
629:Frankish empire
553:
533:Jastorf culture
447:
429:
427:Ancient history
396:
390:
360:Old High German
321:
311:
161:Austria-Hungary
119:Frankish Empire
88:German language
75:
74:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5176:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
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5006:Cultural icons
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4786:Stock exchange
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4195:Historiography
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4080:German Samoans
4077:
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3608:United Kingdom
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3581:Western Europe
3578:
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3475:Potato Germans
3472:
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3456:
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3449:
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3445:
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3410:North Caucasus
3407:
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3385:
3380:
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3337:
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3325:
3319:
3317:
3316:Eastern Europe
3313:
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3310:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3276:
3271:
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3256:
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3254:
3247:Czech Republic
3243:
3241:
3240:Central Europe
3234:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3197:Reichsdeutsche
3192:
3189:Bundesdeutsche
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3139:External links
3137:
3135:
3134:
3116:
3086:
3068:
3046:
3024:
2996:
2970:Mallory, J. P.
2966:
2948:
2938:(2 ed.).
2926:
2908:
2890:Elias, Norbert
2886:
2868:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2819:
2796:
2778:
2760:
2735:
2726:
2708:
2685:
2668:978-1598843026
2667:
2637:
2620:978-1317464006
2619:
2601:Danver, Steven
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2538:
2526:
2514:
2512:, p. 174.
2502:
2500:, p. 176.
2487:
2475:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2418:, p. 288.
2408:
2381:
2379:, p. 316.
2364:
2349:
2334:
2332:, p. 174.
2313:
2296:
2281:
2279:, p. 290.
2269:
2267:, p. 173.
2250:
2229:
2227:, p. 314.
2210:
2193:
2181:
2179:, p. 636.
2169:
2157:
2145:
2124:
2122:, p. 172.
2105:
2071:Heather, Peter
2055:
2036:
2018:(4 ed.).
1989:
1953:
1934:
1900:
1898:, p. 313.
1877:
1865:
1853:
1832:
1796:
1778:978-0199571123
1777:
1747:
1711:
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1620:
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1607:
1601:
1600:
1597:Germany portal
1584:
1581:
1533:
1530:
1446:Richard Wagner
1438:Franz Schubert
1412:, the painter
1402:Brothers Grimm
1394:Heinrich Heine
1355:; remembering
1334:
1331:
1319:
1316:
1302:Central German
1245:Main article:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1206:
1193:
1190:
1103:Central Powers
978:altogether by
836:
835:Modern history
833:
829:Swabian League
784:Austrian March
744:Polabian Slavs
660:Middle Francia
552:
549:
512:in the north.
428:
425:
404:Roman province
389:
386:
310:
307:
295:German culture
260:United Kingdom
193:Russian Empire
131:Eastern Europe
100:German citizen
47:, seat of the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5175:
5164:
5163:German people
5161:
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4949:Social issues
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4877:Ethnic groups
4875:
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4456:Reunification
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4378:German Empire
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3930:Dar es Salaam
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3813:Colonia Tovar
3809:
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3764:United States
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3468:
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3460:Baltic states
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3245:
3244:
3242:
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3231:
3228:
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3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:Volksdeutsche
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:German people
3168:
3163:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3071:
3069:9781405117142
3065:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3050:Todd, Malcolm
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3025:9789462701786
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2940:Phoenix Press
2937:
2936:
2931:
2930:James, Harold
2927:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2896:
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2797:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:Todd, Malcolm
2761:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2733:. de Gruyter.
2732:
2727:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2649:Cole, Jeffrey
2646:
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2638:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2577:, p. 34.
2576:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2553:, p. 33.
2552:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2536:, p. 32.
2535:
2530:
2523:
2522:Haarmann 2015
2518:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2440:Haarmann 2015
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2377:Haarmann 2015
2373:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:Haarmann 2015
2356:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2226:
2225:Haarmann 2015
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2207:
2206:Haarmann 2015
2202:
2200:
2198:
2191:, p. 11.
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2155:, p. 32.
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2043:
2039:
2037:9780191735257
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1941:
1937:
1935:9780192830982
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1896:Haarmann 2015
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1861:Haarmann 2015
1857:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:Die Deutschen
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1542:Pan-Germanism
1539:
1529:
1527:
1526:the Holocaust
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Protestantism
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1406:Immanuel Kant
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1357:the Holocaust
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1306:Volga Germans
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Luxembourgish
1275:
1271:
1270:North Frisian
1267:
1263:
1262:West Germanic
1259:
1254:
1248:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Dual Monarchy
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1083:German Empire
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
969:Enlightenment
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
944:
940:
939:Martin Luther
936:
931:
929:
928:low countries
924:
920:
913:
909:
905:
900:
893:
889:
884:
878:
874:
869:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
832:
830:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:Middle Danube
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:Old Prussians
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:West Germanic
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
574:
569:
562:
557:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
525:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
471:Julius Caesar
464:
460:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:Low Countries
367:
366:
361:
357:
356:
352:
347:
343:
341:
337:
336:
332:
328:
327:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
288:
287:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:United States
254:, led by the
253:
252:allied powers
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
231:
230:Volksdeutsche
225:
221:
220:Luxembourgers
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:United States
166:
162:
158:
157:German Empire
154:
151:
147:
142:
140:
139:Protestantism
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
78:
72:
64:
60:
56:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Ethnic German
5123:Bibliography
4997:Coat of arms
4977:Architecture
4954:Trade unions
4934:Prostitution
4894:Homelessness
4871:
4857:Demographics
4806:Trade unions
4773:
4763:German model
4736:Central bank
4680:Conservatism
4643:Human rights
4628:Court system
4623:Constitution
4603:
4449:Contemporary
4438:West Germany
4433:East Germany
4408:World War II
4403:Nazi Germany
4343:18th-century
4302:East Francia
4256:Cimbrian War
3908:South Africa
3281:Walddeutsche
3173:
3126:. Retrieved
3102:
3078:. Retrieved
3054:
3003:
2988:. Retrieved
2974:
2958:. Retrieved
2934:
2918:. Retrieved
2894:
2878:. Retrieved
2854:
2829:. Retrieved
2805:
2788:. Retrieved
2768:
2752:. Retrieved
2743:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2694:
2677:. Retrieved
2653:
2629:. Retrieved
2605:
2585:Bibliography
2570:
2558:
2529:
2517:
2510:Minahan 2000
2505:
2478:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2416:Minahan 2000
2411:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2345:Minahan 2000
2309:Minahan 2000
2277:Minahan 2000
2272:
2246:Minahan 2000
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2141:Minahan 2000
2099:
2092:. Retrieved
2078:
2046:. Retrieved
2013:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1913:
1903:
1868:
1856:
1826:
1819:. Retrieved
1809:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1763:
1738:. Retrieved
1729:
1628:Germanophile
1614:
1577:Kulturnation
1576:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1495:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1450:
1430:Joseph Haydn
1370:Romantic era
1362:
1327:
1310:
1296:is based on
1256:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1177:East Germany
1173:West Germany
1170:
1150:Adolf Hitler
1139:
1121:side of the
1087:
1031:Erfurt Union
1020:
996:nation state
973:
966:
947:
932:
916:
821:
773:
724:
664:East Francia
656:West Francia
649:
621:Stem duchies
582:
514:
501:
491:
468:
461:, including
420:Roman Empire
363:
353:
348:
344:
339:
333:
324:
322:
292:
276:East Germany
272:West Germany
264:Soviet Union
248:World War II
212:Nazi Germany
208:Adolf Hitler
197:
173:Pennsylvania
153:incorporated
143:
115:eastern part
107:ethnic group
104:
96:World War II
54:
53:
36:
4924:Pornography
4899:Immigration
4862:Drug policy
4774:Mittelstand
4721:Agriculture
4685:Nationalism
4658:Transgender
4542:Earthquakes
4489:, 1583-1588
4487:Cologne War
4383:World War I
4285:Middle Ages
4271:Gothic Wars
4109:Ostsiedlung
4058:New Zealand
4032:Philippines
3874:Ivory Coast
3759:Puerto Rico
3712:El Salvador
3603:Netherlands
3557:Gottscheers
3357:(including
3307:Switzerland
3128:23 December
3080:23 December
3034:j.ctvss3xg0
2990:23 December
2960:23 December
2920:23 December
2895:The Germans
2880:23 December
2855:The Germans
2831:22 December
2165:Steuer 2021
2153:Steuer 2021
2094:21 November
2048:22 December
1946:22 December
1789:22 December
1740:25 November
1683:Switzerland
1491:Oktoberfest
1453:brown bread
1298:High German
1204:in Europe:
1183:, but were
1154:Third Reich
1142:antisemitic
1101:formed the
1095:World War I
904:Berlin Wall
749:Ostsiedlung
688:Lotharingia
625:Charlemagne
561:Ostsiedlung
510:Scandinavia
463:Lotharingia
378:Netherlands
349:The German
200:World War I
185:New Zealand
135:Reformation
5152:Categories
5085:Television
5070:Philosophy
5045:Literature
4904:Irreligion
4889:Healthcare
4852:Corruption
4618:Chancellor
4607:(military)
4604:Bundeswehr
4022:Kyrgyzstan
4012:Kazakhstan
3913:Afrikaners
3707:Costa Rica
3671:Hutterites
3533:Yugoslavia
3513:Azerbaijan
3422:Bessarabia
3181:Historical
3000:Rock, Lena
2949:1842122045
2909:0231105630
2869:0452006228
2820:1438129181
2709:0313309841
2679:25 October
2498:Moser 2011
2471:Moser 2011
2452:Moser 2011
2428:Moser 2011
2330:Moser 2011
2292:Moser 2011
2265:Moser 2011
2120:Moser 2011
1982:5 December
1873:Moser 2011
1845:Moser 2011
1707:References
1695:Luxembourg
1498:Christians
1337:See also:
1322:See also:
1312:Low German
1290:Low German
1217:Sprachraum
1107:Wilhelm II
1079:proclaimed
1039:Zollverein
792:Ottokar II
645:Pope Leo I
575:after the
431:See also:
392:See also:
222:, eastern
121:under the
67:pronounced
5040:Libraries
5020:Festivals
4867:Education
4811:Transport
4776:companies
4695:President
4633:Elections
4598:Bundesrat
4593:Bundestag
4562:Mountains
4530:Districts
4508:Geography
4241:Visigoths
4178:Overviews
4053:Australia
3806:Venezuela
3789:Palatines
3737:Nicaragua
3717:Guatemala
3646:Argentina
3427:Black Sea
3373:Satu Mare
3333:Black Sea
3204:Palatines
3052:(2004a).
3042:241563332
2801:"Germans"
2690:"Germans"
2645:"Germans"
2611:Routledge
2597:"Germans"
2575:Rock 2019
2563:Rock 2019
2551:Rock 2019
2534:Rock 2019
2189:Todd 1999
2002:"Germans"
1962:"Germans"
1510:Christmas
1487:Rhineland
1479:Fastnacht
1469:(German:
1292:. Modern
1185:reunified
1162:Holocaust
976:dissolved
923:Charles V
873:Holocaust
851:in blue,
736:Holy Land
716:Thuringia
708:Franconia
647:in 800.
609:Baiuvarii
601:Thuringii
280:reunified
244:Holocaust
216:Austrians
189:Australia
165:New World
113:from the
45:Reichstag
5132:Category
5050:Internet
5035:Language
5025:Folklore
4944:Religion
4919:Pensions
4914:Naturism
4791:Taxation
4675:Lobbying
4648:Intersex
4581:Politics
4190:Timeline
4169:General
4162:articles
4100:See also
4027:Pakistan
3935:Zanzibar
3925:Bagamoyo
3920:Tanzania
3840:Cameroon
3774:Nebraska
3742:Paraguay
3702:Colombia
3638:Americas
3570:Bosporus
3553:Slovenia
3518:Bulgaria
3378:Bukovina
3363:Highland
3350:Landlers
3295:Slovakia
3225:Diaspora
3122:Archived
3092:(2011).
3074:Archived
3002:(2019).
2984:Archived
2954:Archived
2932:(2000).
2914:Archived
2892:(1996).
2874:Archived
2852:(1983).
2825:Archived
2790:22 April
2784:Archived
2766:(1999).
2754:22 April
2748:Archived
2720:11 March
2714:Archived
2673:Archived
2659:ABC-CLIO
2643:(2011).
2625:Archived
2595:(2015).
2403:42568610
2088:Archived
2042:Archived
2012:(eds.).
2000:(2012).
1976:Archived
1974:. 2013.
1940:Archived
1910:"German"
1815:Archived
1783:Archived
1759:"German"
1734:Archived
1583:See also
1567:Völkisch
1557:Deutsche
1532:Identity
1485:and the
1475:Fasching
1471:Karneval
1467:Carnival
1400:and the
1368:and the
1192:Language
1181:Cold War
1119:Austrian
980:Napoleon
908:its fall
888:expelled
886:Germans
847:in red,
827:and the
813:Lorraine
796:Rudolf I
732:Crusades
684:Burgundy
637:Frisians
617:Clovis I
605:Alemanni
593:Frisians
493:Germania
484:Arminius
445:Germania
355:Deutsche
331:ethnonym
268:expelled
224:Belgians
63:Deutsche
5109:Outline
5015:Fashion
5002:Cuisine
4964:Culture
4929:Poverty
4872:Germans
4835:Society
4816:Welfare
4801:Tourism
4758:Exports
4731:Banking
4709:Economy
4613:Cabinet
4552:Islands
4547:Geology
4470:Regions
4236:Teutons
4209:Ancient
4171:History
4158:Germany
4046:Oceania
3990:Tianjin
3985:Qingdao
3980:Beijing
3947:Baguida
3896:Senegal
3884:Nigeria
3879:Namibia
3850:Yaoundé
3801:Uruguay
3794:by city
3727:Jamaica
3656:Bolivia
3588:Belgium
3543:Croatia
3523:Georgia
3508:Armenia
3487:Finland
3465:Denmark
3442:Galicia
3417:Ukraine
3383:Dobruja
3340:Romania
3328:Moldova
3323:Belarus
3288:Galicia
3274:Olęders
3269:Vistula
3259:Hungary
3100:(ed.).
2651:(ed.).
2631:22 June
2603:(ed.).
1671:Austria
1659:Germany
1645:Portals
1552:diutisc
1518:Muslims
1461:alcohol
1398:Novalis
1333:Culture
1282:English
1266:Frisian
1069:in the
1057:in the
1055:Austria
1049:in the
1047:Denmark
1023:In 1848
958:Prussia
906:during
894:in 1948
861:Prussia
857:Austria
853:Austria
849:Prussia
798:of the
786:on the
780:Hungary
776:Bohemia
769:Prussia
747:as the
704:Bavaria
696:Cologne
521:La Tène
506:Vistula
502:Germani
498:Tacitus
486:at the
388:History
382:Belgium
365:diutisc
351:endonym
340:Germans
335:Germani
326:Germans
246:led to
117:of the
84:Germany
55:Germans
5137:Portal
4992:Cinema
4972:Anthem
4939:Racism
4753:Energy
4567:Rivers
4525:States
4495:, 1848
4331:Modern
4160:
4073:Rabaul
4068:Kokopo
4002:Israel
3862:Guinea
3845:Douala
3835:Angola
3827:Africa
3752:Pozuzo
3732:Mexico
3666:Canada
3661:Brazil
3651:Belize
3593:France
3565:Turkey
3548:Serbia
3492:Sweden
3482:Norway
3437:Crimea
3400:Russia
3393:Zipser
3367:Walser
3365:, and
3355:Danube
3300:Zipser
3264:Poland
3233:Europe
3114:
3066:
3040:
3032:
3022:
2946:
2906:
2866:
2817:
2776:
2706:
2665:
2617:
2401:
2034:
1932:
1821:3 June
1775:
1522:Jewish
1514:Easter
1353:Berlin
1288:, and
1258:German
1237:
1231:
1225:
1212:German
1210:
1208:
892:Poland
815:, and
757:Gdańsk
727:feudal
720:Saxony
718:, and
712:Swabia
692:Aachen
686:, and
672:Otto I
633:Saxons
597:Saxons
589:Franks
579:, 1648
443:, and
258:, the
236:Jewish
191:. The
181:Brazil
177:Canada
90:. The
59:German
32:German
5116:Index
5080:Sport
5065:Names
5060:Music
5055:Media
5010:Dance
4882:Women
4847:Crime
4821:Women
4557:Lakes
4231:Goths
4017:Korea
4007:Japan
3997:India
3975:China
3889:Lagos
3857:Ghana
3784:Omaha
3779:Texas
3722:Haiti
3683:Chile
3405:Volga
3388:Regat
3359:Banat
3096:. In
3038:S2CID
3030:JSTOR
2647:. In
2599:. In
2399:JSTOR
2004:. In
1702:Notes
1477:, or
1286:Dutch
890:from
817:Savoy
730:five
700:Trier
680:Italy
517:Celts
479:Rhine
412:Rhine
374:Dutch
362:term
309:Names
303:third
278:were
5030:Flag
4987:Arts
4653:LGBT
4085:Apia
3968:Asia
3957:Lomé
3952:Sebe
3942:Togo
3747:Peru
3130:2020
3112:ISBN
3082:2020
3064:ISBN
3020:ISBN
2992:2020
2962:2020
2944:ISBN
2922:2020
2904:ISBN
2882:2020
2864:ISBN
2833:2020
2815:ISBN
2792:2023
2774:ISBN
2756:2023
2722:2016
2704:ISBN
2681:2015
2663:ISBN
2633:2018
2615:ISBN
2096:2020
2050:2020
2032:ISBN
1984:2020
1948:2020
1930:ISBN
1823:2021
1791:2020
1773:ISBN
1742:2020
1540:and
1512:and
1457:stew
1455:and
1444:and
1300:and
1272:and
1200:The
1175:and
1158:Jews
1133:and
807:and
778:and
698:and
662:and
635:and
607:and
571:The
475:Gaul
453:The
416:Elbe
414:and
380:and
317:and
274:and
240:Roma
187:and
179:and
43:The
4982:Art
4665:Law
3012:doi
2024:doi
1922:doi
1351:in
1276:),
406:of
238:or
141:.
5154::
3361:,
3120:.
3106:.
3072:.
3062:.
3058:.
3036:.
3028:.
3018:.
3010:.
3006:.
2978:.
2952:.
2942:.
2912:.
2902:.
2898:.
2872:.
2862:.
2858:.
2823:.
2809:.
2803:.
2782:.
2742:.
2712:.
2698:.
2692:.
2671:.
2657:.
2623:.
2609:.
2541:^
2490:^
2459:^
2393:.
2367:^
2352:^
2337:^
2316:^
2299:^
2284:^
2253:^
2232:^
2213:^
2196:^
2127:^
2108:^
2098:.
2083:.
2077:.
2073:.
2058:^
2040:.
2030:.
1970:.
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