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as a major foundation for what they do today. However, if one traces the intellectual genealogy back to physical anthropology's beginnings—before the discovery of much of what we now know as the hominin fossil record—then the focus shifts to human biological variation. Some editors, see below, have
1076:
Biological
Anthropology looks different today from the way it did even twenty years ago. Even the name is relatively new, having been 'physical anthropology' for over a century, with some practitioners still applying that term. Biological anthropologists look back to the work of
1233:(1858–1942) strongly impacted biological anthropology by emphasizing the influence of culture and experience on the human form. His research showed that head shape was malleable to environmental and nutritional factors rather than a stable "racial" trait. However,
1257:, a former student of Hooton, introduced a "new physical anthropology." He changed the focus from racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human evolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process. Anthropology expanded to include
870:
As a subfield of anthropology, biological anthropology itself is further divided into several branches. All branches are united in their common orientation and/or application of evolutionary theory to understanding human biology and behavior.
1103:, which included all things, from inanimate objects at the bottom to deities at the top. This became the main system through which scholars thought about nature for the next roughly 2,000 years. Plato's student
1022:, mainly using remains from extinct hominin and other primate species to determine the morphological and behavioral changes in the human lineage, as well as the environment in which human evolution occurred.
1839:
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and no tails in order to give them a soft place to sit when they are tired of standing. He explained regional variations in human features as the result of different climates. He also wrote about
1028:
is the study of disease in antiquity. This study focuses not only on pathogenic conditions observable in bones or mummified soft tissue, but also on nutritional disorders, variation in stature or
1841:
Something Coming: Apocalyptic
Expectation and Mid-nineteenth-century American painting – by Gail E. Husch – ...the same inward and mental nature is to be recognized in all the races of men
882:
context. The examined human remains usually are limited to bones but may include preserved soft tissue. Researchers in bioarchaeology combine the skill sets of
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Redman, Samuel J. Bone Rooms: From
Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.
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is the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives (see
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methods opened doors to understanding human variation, both past and present, more accurately and in much greater detail.
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2001:, (Lexington Books; 2010); 259 pages; essays on the field from the late 19th to the late 20th century; topics include
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850:, is a social science discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct
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Attempts to study and classify human beings as living organisms date back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher
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1172:, published during 1790–1828), from which he argued for the division of humankind into five major races (termed
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1970:(1988) "Remodelling the Human Way of Life: Sherwood Washburn and the New Physical Anthropology, 1950–1980", in
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of bones over time, evidence of physical trauma, or evidence of occupationally derived biomechanic stress.
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in a legal setting, most often in criminal cases where the victim's remains are in the advanced stages of
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methods to infer which traits humans share with other primates and which are human-specific adaptations.
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1926:(2nd ed., with a new afterword ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 89.
1873:"Exploring U.S. History The Debate Over Slavery, Excerpts from Samuel George Morton, Crania Americana"
1165:
858:, particularly from an evolutionary perspective. This subfield of anthropology systematically studies
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2068:– Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
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1733:. Vol. 1. New York City, New York and London, England: Garland Publishing. pp. 107–108.
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American
Anthropological Association. "Eugenics and Physical Anthropology." 2007. August 7, 2007.
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1768:"The Blumenbach Skull Collection at the Centre of Anatomy, University Medical Centre Göttingen"
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is the study of non-human primate behavior, morphology, and genetics. Primatologists use
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is the study of past human cultures through examination of human remains recovered in an
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1204:(1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body.
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and medicine, which concerns international, population-level perspectives on health,
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1978:, v.5, G. Stocking, ed., Madison, Wisc., University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 205–259.
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that human beings are the only animals to walk upright and argued, in line with his
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promoting theories of racial superiority and a
European origin of modern humans.
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27:
Branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species
2107:
Human
Biology, The International Journal of Population Genetics and Anthropology
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perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved
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In the 1830s and 40s, physical anthropology was prominent in the debate about
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1967:
1899:
Visions of
Culture: an Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists
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physical anthropology began in the 17th to 18th centuries with the study of
978:
responses (physiological, developmental, genetic) to environmental stresses.
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still persisted in biological anthropology, with prominent figures such as
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2044:
British
Association of Biological Anthropologists and Osteoarchaeologists
1921:
1790:
The
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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1459:
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1923:
Bones of contention : controversies in the search for human origins
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997:
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637:
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894:, and often consider the cultural and mortuary context of the remains.
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989:
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is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human
935:
901:
610:
605:
537:
56:
1999:
Histories of
American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century
1696:
Ellison, Peter T. (2018). "The evolution of physical anthropology".
3919:
3679:
3384:
2592:
2517:
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2197:
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is an interdisciplinary field of biology, biological anthropology,
851:
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4013:
1160:
The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician
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1208:
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993:
855:
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627:
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385:
61:
42:
2124:
Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University
1192:). In the 19th century, French physical anthropologists, led by
2272:
622:
1281:'s research on heredity. Advances in the understanding of the
1797:
1086:
909:
1066:
2043:
632:
2106:
2039:
1972:
Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology
1897:
Moore, Jerry D. (2009). "Franz Boas: Culture in Context".
4204:
2048:
1229:
In the late 19th century, German-American anthropologist
1954:
Washburn, S. L. (1951) "The New Physical Anthropology",
1248:
89:
934:
is the study of psychological structures from a modern
2141:
Academic Genealogical Tree of Physical Anthropologists
1292:
2037:American Association of Biological Anthropologists
1814:"Rudolf Carl Virchow facts, information, pictures"
1082:rooted the field even deeper than formal science.
1997:Michael A. Little and Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, eds.
4710:
2022:Modern Human Variation: Models of Classification
1956:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences
1901:. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira. pp. 33–46.
2005:(1911–2000) and the "new physical anthropology"
2054:Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology
1992:List of important publications in anthropology
1168:, amassed a large collection of human skulls (
4029:
2660:
2161:
2010:"Apportionment of Racial Diversity: A Review"
1837:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
824:
1755:Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History
2674:
2090:Mapping Transdisciplinarity in Anthropology
1219:(1786–1848) opposing those of the American
4036:
4022:
2667:
2653:
2168:
2154:
2086:– free full text review articles available
1707:
831:
817:
33:
2634:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
1698:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1611:, the measurement of the human individual
3831:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
2136:The Program in Human Biology at Stanford
1065:
1055:
2175:
1724:
1129:, an idea derived from writings in the
14:
4711:
942:– that is, the functional products of
4017:
3323:Psychological effects of Internet use
2648:
2629:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2149:
2008:Brown, Ryan A and Armelagos, George,
1919:
1685:Introduction to Physical Anthropology
4667:
2096:Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences
1018:is the study of fossil evidence for
4043:
3303:Digital media use and mental health
2084:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
1200:while the German tradition, led by
948:sexual selection in human evolution
24:
2934:Automatic and controlled processes
1985:
1293:Notable biological anthropologists
1215:works of the British abolitionist
25:
4735:
3343:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2102:American Journal of Human Biology
2072:Istituto Italiano di Antropologia
2030:
1121:view of nature, that humans have
854:ancestors, and related non-human
4690:
4679:
4666:
4655:
4654:
3994:
3981:
3969:
3968:
3368:Mobile phones and driving safety
1731:History of Physical Anthropology
1687:, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
1265:. The 20th century also saw the
88:
4609:List of social science journals
3271:Computer-mediated communication
1961:
1948:
1913:
1904:
1891:
1269:in biology: the reconciling of
862:from a biological perspective.
4566:Science and technology studies
3548:Empathising–systemising theory
2851:female intrasexual competition
2788:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1865:
1831:
1806:
1782:
1760:
1757:. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
1747:
1690:
1673:
778:Anthropologists by nationality
13:
1:
3908:Standard social science model
2961:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1666:
1108:
1097:347 BC) placed humans on the
1094:
1090:
3756:Missing heritability problem
3348:Social aspects of television
2971:Evolution of nervous systems
2939:Computational theory of mind
1111:384–322 BC) observed in his
45:skulls. From left to right:
7:
4002:Evolutionary biology portal
2119:Economics and Human Biology
1729:. In Spencer, Frank (ed.).
1655:Race (human categorization)
1601:
1355:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
1249:"New physical anthropology"
1162:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1155:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1061:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
865:
10:
4740:
3963:Evolutionary psychologists
3836:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3751:Human–animal communication
3463:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3313:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3281:Human–computer interaction
1989:
1770:. University of Goettingen
1283:molecular structure of DNA
1051:
1046:
916:. These processes include
798:List of indigenous peoples
4650:
4617:
4601:
4348:
4074:
4051:
3957:
3883:Environmental determinism
3854:Cultural selection theory
3846:
3741:Evolutionary epistemology
3728:
3655:evolutionary neuroscience
3617:
3610:
3508:
3383:
3328:Rank theory of depression
3251:
3175:
3077:
2883:
2876:
2830:Parent–offspring conflict
2739:
2682:
2616:
2183:
2049:Human Biology Association
2015:Evolutionary Anthropology
1625:Evolutionary anthropology
543:Cross-cultural comparison
3776:Cultural group selection
3660:Biocultural anthropology
3353:Societal impacts of cars
3286:Media naturalness theory
2976:Fight-or-flight response
1958:, Series II, 13:298–304.
1875:. RRCHNM. Archived from
1788:"Memoir of Paul Broca".
1727:"Aristotle (384–322 BC)"
1615:Biocultural anthropology
1196:(1824–1880), focused on
968:Human behavioral ecology
914:a single common ancestor
715:Historical particularism
4724:Biological anthropology
4254:international relations
3976:Evolutionary psychology
3940:Sociocultural evolution
3781:Dual inheritance theory
3238:Personality development
2699:Theoretical foundations
2676:Evolutionary psychology
1976:History of Anthropology
1725:Spencer, Frank (1997).
1635:Evolutionary psychology
1425:Yohannes Haile-Selassie
1285:and the development of
1211:, with the scientific,
974:). It focuses on human
932:Evolutionary psychology
844:Biological anthropology
548:Participant observation
4581:Quantum social science
3898:Social constructionism
3893:Psychological nativism
3868:Biological determinism
3816:Recent human evolution
3811:Punctuated equilibrium
3634:Behavioral epigenetics
3629:evolutionary economics
3598:Variability hypothesis
3543:Emotional intelligence
3276:Engineering psychology
2966:Evolution of the brain
2243:Biological engineering
1838:Gail E. Husch (2000).
1073:
1063:
902:evolutionary processes
690:Cross-cultural studies
4618:Other categorizations
4471:International studies
4456:History of technology
4391:Communication studies
4274:public administration
3925:Multilineal evolution
3888:Nature versus nurture
3847:Theoretical positions
3695:Functional psychology
3690:Evolutionary medicine
3665:Biological psychiatry
3373:Texting while driving
3363:Lead–crime hypothesis
3223:Cognitive development
3208:Caregiver deprivation
2719:Gene selection theory
2328:Developmental biology
2303:Computational biology
2283:Cellular microbiology
2064:Homo neanderthalensis
1920:Lewin, Roger (1997).
1330:William Montague Cobb
1217:James Cowles Prichard
1139:racial classification
1069:
1059:
954:Forensic anthropology
848:physical anthropology
4451:Historical sociology
3878:Cultural determinism
3685:Evolutionary biology
3670:Cognitive psychology
3618:Academic disciplines
3266:Cognitive ergonomics
3233:Language acquisition
3213:Childhood attachment
3026:Wason selection task
2920:Behavioral modernity
2709:Cognitive revolution
2692:Evolutionary thought
2548:Reproductive biology
2433:Mathematical biology
2358:Evolutionary biology
2308:Conservation biology
2003:Sherwood L. Washburn
1879:on December 11, 2016
1630:Evolutionary biology
1470:Frank B. Livingstone
1415:Richard Lynch Garner
1365:A. Roberto Frisancho
1287:chronological dating
1224:Samuel George Morton
900:is the study of the
898:Evolutionary biology
783:Anthropology by year
720:Boasian anthropology
695:Cultural materialism
680:Actor–network theory
278:Paleoanthropological
4631:Geisteswissenschaft
4625:Behavioral sciences
4551:Political sociology
4466:Information science
4411:Development studies
3945:Unilineal evolution
3710:Population genetics
3495:Sexy son hypothesis
3433:Hormonal motivation
3413:Concealed ovulation
2954:Dual process theory
2825:Parental investment
2333:Ecological genetics
2177:Branches of biology
1555:Douglas H. Ubelaker
1495:Russell Mittermeier
1310:George J. Armelagos
1305:John Lawrence Angel
1300:Zeresenay Alemseged
735:Performance studies
628:Kinship and descent
568:Cultural relativism
218:Paleoethnobotanical
193:Ethnoarchaeological
4686:Society portal
4173:auxiliary sciences
3903:Social determinism
3786:Fisher's principle
3746:Great ape language
3736:Cultural evolution
3705:Philosophy of mind
3538:Division of labour
3500:Westermarck effect
3448:Mating preferences
3358:Distracted driving
3092:Literary criticism
2949:Domain specificity
2929:modularity of mind
2624:History of biology
2558:Structural biology
2543:Relational biology
2368:Generative biology
2363:Freshwater biology
2129:2015-08-28 at the
2112:2011-02-04 at the
2077:2008-10-16 at the
1595:Biraja Sankar Guha
1580:Milford H. Wolpoff
1435:William W. Howells
1395:Sarah Blaffer Hrdy
1131:Hippocratic Corpus
1114:History of Animals
1074:
1064:
972:behavioral ecology
904:that produced the
755:Post-structuralism
514:Research framework
4706:
4705:
4546:Political economy
4541:Political ecology
4396:Community studies
4386:Cognitive science
4349:Interdisciplinary
4249:Political science
4011:
4010:
3989:Psychology portal
3953:
3952:
3796:Hologenome theory
3766:Unit of selection
3761:Primate cognition
3675:Cognitive science
3606:
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3477:Sexual attraction
3453:Mating strategies
3218:Cinderella effect
3148:Moral foundations
3052:Visual perception
2944:Domain generality
2913:Facial expression
2861:Sexual dimorphism
2820:Natural selection
2766:Hamiltonian spite
2642:
2641:
2563:Synthetic biology
2443:Molecular biology
2298:Cognitive biology
1796:: 242–261. 1881.
1753:Marks, J. (1995)
1740:978-0-8153-0490-6
1565:Sherwood Washburn
1550:Phillip V. Tobias
1505:Douglas W. Owsley
1485:Jonathan M. Marks
1340:Robert Corruccini
1320:Caroline Bond Day
1259:paleoanthropology
1255:Sherwood Washburn
1235:scientific racism
1016:Paleoanthropology
1002:molecular biology
944:natural selection
918:natural selection
906:diversity of life
841:
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740:Political economy
563:Thick description
360:Political economy
223:Zooarchaeological
183:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
4731:
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4381:Business studies
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3611:Related subjects
3398:Adult attachment
2925:Cognitive module
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2868:Social selection
2842:Costly signaling
2837:Sexual selection
2724:Modern synthesis
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1535:Eugenie C. Scott
1490:Robert D. Martin
1335:Carleton S. Coon
1325:Jane E. Buikstra
1267:modern synthesis
1147:François Bernier
1143:Georgius Hornius
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3826:Species complex
3791:Group selection
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3510:Sex differences
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1410:Birute Galdikas
1315:William M. Bass
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4110:
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4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
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4059:
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4050:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4032:
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4020:
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4003:
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3991:
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3980:
3978:
3977:
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3965:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:Neo-Darwinism
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Functionalism
3913:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Connectionism
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:indeterminism
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
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3754:
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3742:
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3727:
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3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
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3663:
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3652:
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3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3599:
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3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Schizophrenia
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Mental health
3566:
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3559:
3556:
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3549:
3546:
3544:
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3498:
3496:
3493:
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3487:
3483:
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3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Mate guarding
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:Age disparity
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
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3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
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3334:
3333:Schizophrenia
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
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3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3258:Mental health
3254:
3253:Human factors
3250:
3244:
3243:Socialization
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:paternal bond
3200:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
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3119:
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3110:
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3106:
3105:
3102:
3098:
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3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3067:NaĂŻve physics
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:Motor control
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
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3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2991:Ophidiophobia
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Arachnophobia
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Display rules
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2882:
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2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
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2835:
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2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Kin selection
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
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2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
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2757:
2754:
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2748:
2746:
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2738:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Adaptationism
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2670:
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2658:
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2647:
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2627:
2625:
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2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
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2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Phylogenetics
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
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2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
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2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Human biology
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
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2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Chronobiology
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Biotechnology
2266:
2264:
2263:Biostatistics
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:10:34–40 2001
2017:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:0-226-47651-0
1929:
1925:
1924:
1916:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1853:
1851:9781584650065
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1769:
1763:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1686:
1682:
1676:
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1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
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1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:Anthropometry
1607:
1606:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Frans de Waal
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Pardis Sabeti
1523:
1521:
1520:Alice Roberts
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:David Pilbeam
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1450:Melvin Konner
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Aleš Hrdlička
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Linda Fedigan
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:Gregor Mendel
1276:
1273:'s theory of
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:Aleš Hrdlička
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:(1799–1851).
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:Carl Linnaeus
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1100:scala naturae
1088:
1083:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:Human biology
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
962:decomposition
959:
955:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
873:
872:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
814:
812:
811:
804:
803:Organizations
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
750:Structuralism
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Functionalism
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
671:
670:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
617:
616:sociocultural
614:
613:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
587:
586:
579:
578:Emic and etic
576:
574:
573:Ethnocentrism
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
521:Anthropometry
519:
518:
515:
510:
509:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Ethnopoetical
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
465:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
441:Transpersonal
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Psychological
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Institutional
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Environmental
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
291:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
232:
231:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
188:Environmental
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
152:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
107:
104:
102:
99:
98:
96:
95:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
63:
60:
58:
55:
53:
50:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4719:Anthropology
4695:
4671:
4659:
4629:
4436:Food studies
4376:Area studies
4129:mathematical
4124:econometrics
4082:Anthropology
4000:
3987:
3974:
3961:
3720:Sociobiology
3578:Neuroscience
3558:Intelligence
3108:
3104:Anthropology
3057:Color vision
3042:Multitasking
3021:Flynn effect
3016:Intelligence
2998:Folk biology
2741:Evolutionary
2553:Sociobiology
2533:Protistology
2498:Photobiology
2493:Pharmacology
2483:Parasitology
2478:Paleontology
2458:Neuroscience
2438:Microbiology
2348:Epidemiology
2318:Cytogenetics
2278:Cell biology
2258:Biosemiotics
2248:Biomechanics
2228:Biogeography
2223:Biochemistry
2218:Bacteriology
2213:Astrobiology
2063:
2060:Homo erectus
2059:
2013:
1998:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1883:February 12,
1881:. Retrieved
1877:the original
1867:
1857:February 12,
1855:. Retrieved
1840:
1833:
1823:February 12,
1821:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1774:February 12,
1772:. Retrieved
1762:
1754:
1749:
1730:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1679:Jurmain, R,
1675:
1660:Sociobiology
1645:Paleontology
1515:Kathy Reichs
1475:Owen Lovejoy
1455:Louis Leakey
1420:Colin Groves
1375:Jane Goodall
1370:Robert Foley
1350:Robin Dunbar
1345:Raymond Dart
1252:
1228:
1206:
1169:
1159:
1119:teleological
1112:
1098:
1084:
1075:
1040:phylogenetic
1006:neuroscience
936:evolutionary
869:
860:human beings
847:
843:
842:
788:Bibliography
730:Interpretive
705:Diffusionism
674:Key theories
660: /
590:Key concepts
501:Sociological
481:Ethnological
268:Neurological
253:Evolutionary
235:
198:Experiential
127:
82:Anthropology
4697:Wikiversity
4588:Social work
4476:Linguistics
4401:Criminology
4318:criminology
4301:personality
4259:comparative
4237:Linguistics
4230:private law
4087:archaeology
3859:Determinism
3771:Coevolution
3715:Primatology
3553:Gender role
3458:Orientation
3338:Screen time
3195:Affectional
3177:Development
2856:Mate choice
2783:By-products
2751:Adaptations
2714:Cognitivism
2603:Xenobiology
2598:Virophysics
2568:Systematics
2523:Primatology
2468:Ornithology
2408:Ichthyology
2393:Herpetology
2388:Gerontology
2353:Epigenetics
2313:Cryobiology
2203:Agrostology
2193:Aerobiology
2188:Abiogenesis
1968:Haraway, D.
1650:Primatology
1590:Teuku Jacob
1570:David Watts
1460:Mary Leakey
1405:Dian Fossey
1263:primatology
1198:craniometry
1127:physiognomy
1036:Primatology
940:adaptations
892:archaeology
658:Colonialism
601:Development
558:Reflexivity
526:Ethnography
476:Descriptive
334:Development
273:Nutritional
248:Biocultural
173:Battlefield
4713:Categories
4642:Humanities
4576:historical
4509:psychology
4481:Management
4323:demography
4281:Psychology
4264:philosophy
4225:public law
4156:integrated
3806:Population
3801:Lamarckism
3647:behavioral
3625:Behavioral
3573:Narcissism
3518:Aggression
3308:Hypophobia
3298:Depression
3185:Attachment
3167:Universals
3131:Psychology
3109:Biological
3097:Musicology
3087:Aesthetics
2986:Basophobia
2793:Exaptation
2771:Reciprocal
2588:Toxicology
2583:Teratology
2528:Proteomics
2513:Physiology
2453:Neontology
2418:Lipidology
2413:Immunology
2383:Geobiology
2343:Embryology
2323:Dendrology
2253:Biophysics
2233:Biogeology
1667:References
1231:Franz Boas
1221:polygenist
1213:monogenist
1194:Paul Broca
1182:Aethiopian
1135:Scientific
1071:Franz Boas
1030:morphology
998:physiology
926:speciation
638:Prehistory
491:Historical
464:Linguistic
376:Historical
344:Ecological
236:Biological
138:Linguistic
128:Biological
52:Chimpanzee
4520:Planning
4499:economics
4416:Education
4313:Sociology
4291:cognitive
4242:semiotics
4193:political
4151:technical
4136:Geography
4109:Economics
3651:cognitive
3643:Affective
3528:Cognition
3482:Sexuality
3468:Pair bond
3228:Education
2885:Cognition
2803:Inclusive
2743:processes
2731:Criticism
2503:Phycology
2488:Pathology
2473:Osteology
2463:Nutrition
2423:Mammalogy
2398:Histology
1974:, of the
1575:Tim White
1480:Ruth Mace
1275:evolution
1178:Mongolian
1174:Caucasian
1166:Göttingen
1105:Aristotle
990:evolution
986:nutrition
958:osteology
611:Evolution
606:Ethnicity
538:Ethnology
416:Political
324:Cognitive
263:Molecular
57:Orangutan
4661:Category
4529:regional
4524:land use
4359:business
4328:internet
4286:abnormal
4188:military
4178:economic
4168:cultural
4141:physical
4102:physical
4092:cultural
3920:Memetics
3680:Ethology
3638:genetics
3473:Physical
3438:Jealousy
3393:Activity
3199:maternal
3155:Religion
3143:Morality
3121:Language
3002:taxonomy
2815:Mismatch
2761:Cheating
2756:Altruism
2617:See also
2593:Virology
2578:Taxonomy
2518:Pomology
2448:Mycology
2378:Genomics
2373:Genetics
2198:Agronomy
2127:Archived
2110:Archived
2075:Archived
1942:36181117
1683:(2015),
1620:Ethology
1602:See also
1253:In 1951
1190:American
1123:buttocks
1010:genetics
976:adaptive
866:Branches
856:primates
793:Journals
710:Feminism
496:Semiotic
436:Symbolic
431:Religion
366:Feminist
354:Economic
304:Cultural
258:Forensic
213:Maritime
208:Forensic
203:Feminist
178:Biblical
168:Aviation
133:Cultural
74:a series
72:Part of
4673:Commons
4504:history
4494:science
4429:studies
4163:History
4075:Primary
4061:History
4056:Outline
3821:Species
3593:Suicide
3428:Fantasy
3408:Arousal
3190:Bonding
3079:Culture
2903:Display
2890:Emotion
2798:Fitness
2687:History
2608:Zoology
2338:Ecology
2208:Anatomy
1801:2841526
1209:slavery
1186:Malayan
1052:Origins
1047:History
994:anatomy
852:hominin
648:Society
596:Culture
411:Musical
406:Museums
401:Medical
386:Kinship
339:Digital
314:Applied
106:History
101:Outline
62:Macaque
43:Primate
4364:public
4306:social
4198:social
4097:social
3999:
3986:
3973:
3563:Memory
3523:Autism
3490:female
3423:Desire
3160:Origin
3136:Speech
3126:Origin
2898:Affect
2273:Botany
1940:
1930:
1848:
1737:
1008:, and
924:, and
890:, and
623:Gender
553:Holism
451:Visual
426:Public
329:Cyborg
299:Social
163:Aerial
143:Social
4534:urban
4338:urban
4333:rural
4183:human
4146:human
4066:Index
3533:Crime
3116:Crime
3047:Sleep
3037:skill
2877:Areas
1798:JSTOR
1702:165.4
1681:et al
1087:Plato
910:Earth
772:Lists
653:Value
531:cyber
446:Urban
396:Media
391:Legal
117:Types
47:Human
4602:List
3486:male
2847:Male
2062:and
1938:OCLC
1928:ISBN
1885:2017
1859:2017
1846:ISBN
1825:2017
1776:2017
1735:ISBN
1277:and
1261:and
1241:and
1188:and
1093:428–
643:Race
633:Meme
371:Food
4205:Law
3385:Sex
3062:Eye
2098:ppt
2092:pdf
1157:).
946:or
908:on
319:Art
4715::
2012:,
1936:.
1844:.
1816:.
1794:10
1792:.
1709:^
1700:.
1184:,
1180:,
1176:,
1153:,
1149:,
1145:,
1133:.
1109:c.
1095:c.
1091:c.
1004:,
1000:,
996:,
992:,
920:,
886:,
76:on
4037:e
4030:t
4023:v
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3653:/
3649:/
3645:/
3636:/
3627:/
3488:/
3484:/
3475:/
3255:/
3201:/
3197:/
3035:/
3009:/
3000:/
2927:/
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1944:.
1887:.
1861:.
1827:.
1803:.
1778:.
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