2514:
suitably linked mental stream." As
Siderits notes, this account can explain how it is possible to influence or even totally disrupt (murder) another mind, even if there is no physical medium or object in existence, since a suitably strong enough intention in one mind stream can have effects on another mind stream. From the mind-only position, it is easier to posit a mind to mind causation than to have to explain mind to body causation, which the realist must do. However, Siderits then goes on to question whether Vasubandhu's position is indeed "lighter" since he must make use of multiple interactions between different minds to take into account an intentionally created artifact, like a pot. Since we can be aware of a pot even when we are not "linked" to the potter's intentions (even after the potter is dead), a more complex series of mental interactions must be posited. Nevertheless, not all interpretations of Yogācāra's view of the external world rely on multiple relations between individual minds. Some interpretations in
3776:
3766:(ca. 980–1040). The Nirākāravādin argues that all appearances do not really exist. They are ersatz or false (alīka). Ephemeral forms appear to us but are the erroneous construction of ignorance, which fundamentally characterizes our existence as suffering beings in saṃsāra. In the ultimately real experience of an awakened buddha, no appearances show up at all. Pure experience, unstained by false appearance (which is nirākāra, “without appearance”), is possible. The Sākāravādin, on the other hand, defends the view that all conscious experience is necessarily the experience of a manifest appearance (consciousness is sākāra, or constitutively “has appearance”). Manifest appearances, properly understood, are really real. A buddha's experience has appearances, and there is nothing about this fact that makes a buddha's experience mistaken.
4064:). Here, a bodhisattva practices morality, meditation, and wisdom in order to quell the manifest activities of the two types of obscurations: emotionally afflictive and cognitive. While their active elements are quelled, they remain as seeds in the foundation consciousness. Furthermore, one also cultivates the "factors conducive to penetration", which consists of the "four investigations" and the "four correct cognitions". These are ways of contemplating the truth of mind-only and lead to the "entrance into the principle of cognizance-only" (vijñaptimātrapraveśa) as well as to "the certainty as to the non-existence of the object" (arthābhāvaniścaya). At this stage one relies on the fourth
2399:
being appropriated." This reification of cognition aids in constructing the notion of a permanent and independent self, which is believed to appropriate and possess external 'things'. Yogācāra offers an analysis and meditative means to negate this reification, thereby also negating the notion of a solid self. According to
Lusthaus, this analysis is not a rejection of external phenomena, and it does not grant foundational or transcendent status to consciousness. In this interpretation, instead of offering an ontological theory, Yogācāra focuses on understanding and eliminating the underlying tendencies (
3394:'s Viniścayasaṃgrahanī states that either Madhyamakas see conventional reality as produced by linguistic expressions and also by causal forces, or they see it as produced merely by linguistic expressions and convention. If the former, then Madhyamikas must accept the reality of causal efficacy, which is a kind of existence (since things which are causally produced can be said to exist in some way). If the latter, then without any basis for linguistic expression and convention, it makes no sense to even use these terms (for Yogācāra these conventions must have some kind of referential basis).
4096:修道位), at this stage, a bodhisattva continues to train themselves in two main cognitions in order to fully eliminate all the seeds of the two types of obscurations. They train in the non-conceptual gnosis (nirvikalpakajñāna) of ultimate reality, and the wordly or subsequent knowledge (pṛṣṭhtalabdhajñāna) which knows conventional reality as illusory, and is yet able to conceptually understand it and use it for guiding sentient beings according to their needs. Part of this path requires effort, as the bodhisattva is said to "repeatedly (abhīkṣṇam) cultivate the non-conceptual cognition" (
5602:
4617:
4477:
2201:
reject the independent existence of mind and the external world. He also notes that the current trend in rejecting the idealistic interpretation might be related to the unpopularity of idealism among
Western academics. Florin Delenau likewise affirms the idealist nature of Yogācāra texts, while also underscoring how Yogācāra retains a strong orientation to a soteriology which aims at contemplative realization of an ultimate reality that is an ‘inexpressible essence’ (nirabhilāpyasvabhāva) beyond any subject-object duality.
3624:) that sees and reflects things just as they are, impartially, without exclusion, prejudice, anticipation, attachment, or distortion. The grasper-grasped relation has ceased. ..."purified" cognitions all engage the world in immediate and effective ways by removing the self-bias, prejudice, and obstructions that had prevented one previously from perceiving beyond one's own narcissistic consciousness. When consciousness ends, true knowledge begins. Since enlightened cognition is nonconceptual its objects cannot be described.
53:
4608:
3533:) in the mind stream, which are unseen karmic habits (good and bad) which remain until they meet with the necessary conditions to manifest. Yogācāra adopts and expanded this theory. Yogācāra then posited the "storehouse consciousness" as the container of the seeds, as the storage place for karmic latencies and as a fertile matrix of predispositions that bring karma to a state of fruition. In the Yogācāra system, all experience without exception is said to result from karma or mental intention (
3552:("perfuming") is also used when explaining karma. Yogācārins were divided on the issue of whether vāsāna and bija were essentially the same, whether the seeds were the effect of the perfuming, or whether the perfuming simply affected the seeds. The type, quantity, quality and strength of the seeds determine where and how a sentient being will be reborn: one's race, sex, social status, proclivities, bodily appearance and so forth. The conditioning of the mind resulting from karma is called
5243:(8th century), whose view was later called "Yogācāra-Svatantrika-Madhyamaka" by the Tibetan tradition, saw the Mādhyamika position as ultimately true and at the same time saw the Yogācāra view as a useful way to relate to conventional truth (which leads one to the ultimate). Ratnākaraśānti on the other hand saw Nagarjuna as agreeing with the intent of Yogācāra texts, while criticizing the interpretations of later Madhyamikas like Bhaviveka. Later Tibetan Buddhist thinkers like
4977:
15782:
13166:
13177:
1845:
10575:
10562:
5283:
10552:
5417:
3401:. The basic idea behind this critique is that if only convention exists (as Madhyamaka claims) and there are no truths that are independent of convention and linguistic expression, there would be no epistemic foundations for critiquing worldly (non-buddhist) conventions and affirming other conventions as closer to the truth (like the conventions used by Buddhists to establish their ethics and their teachings).
1242:
15792:
1267:
5302:
3382:) states that emptiness is "wrongly grasped" by those who "do not accept that of which something is empty, nor do they accept that which is empty". This is because "emptiness holds good only as long as that of which something is empty does not exist, but on the other hand, that which is empty exists. If, however, all were non-existent, in what respect, what would be empty, of what?" For the
4428:
3386:, the "right" way to understand emptiness is "one regards that something is empty of that which does not exist in it and correctly comprehends that what remains there does actually exist here". That which "remains" and "actually exists" is the true reality, the thing itself (vastumātra), the foundation (āśraya) which remains (avaśiṣṭa) after all conceptual constructs have been removed.
1856:
2557:) and have been caused by the object. According to this argument, since atoms are not extended, they do not resemble the object of perception (which appears as spatially extended). Furthermore, collections of atoms might resemble the object of perception, but they cannot have caused it. This is because collections of things are unreal in classic Buddhist thought (thus it is a
6417:
or on any other topic of Indian lore comes about because authors frequently read just a few verses or paragraphs of a text, then go to secondary sources, or to treatises by rivals, and presume to speak authoritatively. Only after doing genuine research on such a topic can one begin to answer the question: why were those texts and why do the moderns write the way they do?"
5365:(fl. c. 602 – 664) is famous for having made a dangerous journey to India in order to study Buddhism, obtain more indic Yogācāra sources. Xuanzang spent over ten years in India traveling and studying under various Buddhist masters and drew on a variety of Indian sources in his studies. Upon his return to China, Xuanzang brought with him 657 Buddhist texts, including the
3127:). That is, the events in this causal flow, while "seeming to have real existence of their own" are actually like magical illusions since "they are said to only be hypothetical and not really exist on their own." As Siderits writes "to the extent that we are thinking of it at all - even if only as the non-dual flow of impressions-only - we are still conceptualizing it."
3247:(635–713) concisely summarized the differences thus: “For Yogācāra the real exists, but the conventional does not exist; and takes the three natures as foundational. For Madhyamaka the real does not exist, but the conventional does exist; and actually the two truths are primary". Garfield and Westerhoff write that "Yogācāra is both ontologically and epistemologically
4395:
yoked together (yuganaddha) in a single state of one-pointedness of mind (cittaikāgratā). This unified state is described as that state in which the yogin: "realises that these images (pratibimba) which are the domain of concentration (samādhigocara) are nothing but representation (vijñaptimātra), and having realised this, he contemplates (manasikaroti) Suchness (
3182:." The first element of this is the unreality of any conceptual duality such as "physical" and "non-physical", "self" and "other". To define something conceptually is to divide the world into what it is and what it is not, but the world is a causal flux that does not accord with conceptual constructs. The second element of this is a perceptual duality between the
9763:
final excellently distinguished Wheel of Dharma as teaching the circumstantial definitive meaning, which is provisional in meaning. Those who uphold zhentong take the first Wheel of Dharma to be provisional, the middle Wheel of Dharma to teach the circumstantial definitive meaning, and the final Wheel of Dharma to teach to ultimate definitive meaning.
5755:
3051:(the "fully conceptualized" or "imagined" nature). This is the "imaginary" or "constructed" nature, wherein things are incorrectly comprehended based on conceptual construction, through the activity of language and through attachment and erroneous discrimination which attributes intrinsic existence to things. According to the
2650:
very subtle way of believing in an 'I'... once we see why physical objects can't exist we will lose all temptation to think there is a true ' me' within. There are really just impressions, but we superimpose on these the false constructions of object and subject. Seeing this will free us from the false conception of an 'I'.
2212:), in the sense that for him, everything in experience as well as its causal support is mental, and thus he gives causal priority to the mental. At the same time however, this is only in the conventional realm, since "mind" is just another concept and true reality for Vasubandhu is ineffable, "an inconceivable 'thusness' (
3730:) reflected in consciousness have a real existence, because they are of one nature with the really existent consciousness, their creator. According to Alikākāravāda, neither external phenomena nor their appearances and/in the minds that reflect them really exist. What exists in reality is only primordial mind (
8417:
Kajiyama, Yuichi. “Controversy between the sakara- and nirakara-vadins of the
Yogacara school-some materials.” Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 14 (1965): n. pag. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Controversy-between-the-sakara-and-nirakara-vadins-Kajiyama/655a1f561c18725188c0916ca05ec334b5f9f7cd
4274:), leads to correct cognition resulting from the investigation of such designations. One sees the designations just for what they are, namely as mere designations. For example, a thing may be designated as existing or non-existing, but such designations do not apply to true reality or the thing-in-itself.
4541:, in which the mind only perceives an image (akara) or representation (vijñapti) of an external object (never the object itself). Mahayana Yogācāras adopted a similar model but removed the need for any external object which acts as a cause for the image. As the doctrinal trailblazer of the Yogācāra, the
6416:
Philosophy East and West, Volume 46, Number 4, October 1996, pages 447-476: "Of course, the
Yogacara put its trust in the subjective search for truth by way of a samadhi. This rendered the external world not less real, but less valuable as the way of finding truth. The tide of misinformation on this,
4333:
states: "through being observed in this way, they are observed as mere cognizance. By virtue of observing them as mere cognizance, Referents are not observed, and through not observing referents, mere cognizance is not observed ." This elimination of concepts and ideas is the basic framework applied
2649:
When we wrongly imagine there to be external objects we are led to think in terms of the duality of 'grasped and grasper', of what is 'out there' and what is ' in here' - in short, of external world and self. Coming to see that there is no external world is a means, Vasubandhu thinks, of overcoming a
2423:
According to the contemporary philosopher Jan
Westerhoff, Yogācāra philosophers came up with various arguments in defense of the consciousness-only view. He outlines three main arguments: the explanatory equivalence argument, the causation-resemblance argument, and the constant co-cognition argument.
3475:
Reality - which is always without duality, is the basis of error, and is entirely inexpressible - does not have the nature of discursivity. It is to be known, abandoned, and purified. It should properly be thought of as naturally immaculate, since it is purified from defilements, as are space, gold,
2886:
According to
Williams, this consciousness "seen as a defiled form of consciousness (or perhaps sub- or unconsciousness), is personal, individual, continually changing and yet serving to give a degree of personal identity and to explain why it is that certain karmic results pertain to this particular
2513:
Another objection that
Vasubandhu answers is that of how one person can influence another's experiences, if everything arises from mental karmic seeds in one's mind stream. Vasubandhu argues that "impressions can also be caused in a mental stream by the occurrence of a distinct impression in another
2398:
Lusthaus translates it as "nothing but conscious construction" and states it is a kind of trick built into consciousness which "projects and constructs a cognitive object in such a way that it disowns its own creation - pretending the object is "out there" - in order to render that object capable of
2200:
affirms that
Yogacara sources teach a type of idealism which is supposed to be a middle way between Abhidharma realism and what it often considered a nihilistic position which only affirms emptiness as the ultimate. Schmithausen notes that philological study of Yogacara texts shows that they clearly
4296:
The YBh states that the yogin must "repeatedly remove any ideation conducive to the proliferation directed at all phenomena and should consistently dwell on the thing-in-itself by a non-conceptualizing mental state which is focused on grasping only the object perceived without any characteristics".
4088:
describes this knowledge which realises
Suchness (tathatā) as being "entirely undifferentiated (samasama) from Suchness since both are free from the characteristics (lakṣaṇa) of subject (grāhaka) and object (grāhya)." This stage is equated with the first bodhisattva stage, the stage of joy. At this
3033:
What appears is the dependent. How it appears is the fabricated. Because of being dependent on conditions. Because of being only fabrication. The eternal non-existence of the appearance as it is appears: That is known to be the perfected nature, because of being always the same. What appears there?
2484:
Another criticism states that hallucinations have no pragmatic results, efficacy or causal function and thus can be determined to be unreal, but entities we generally accept as being "real" have actual causal results (such as the 'resistance' of external objects) that cannot be of the same class as
9762:
Accordingly, those who adhere to rangtong take the first wheel of the Buddha's teachings which is the Wheel of Dharma that teaches the Four Noble Truths to be provisional in meaning, the middle Wheel of Dharma that teaches the absence of characteristics as ultimately definitive in meaning, and the
4741:
The Yogācāra school held a prominent position in Indian Buddhism for centuries after the time of the two brothers. According to Lusthaus and Delenau, after Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, two distinct "wings" of the school developed during the "Middle Period" of Yogācāra, the epistemological school and the
4394:
While insight meditation is initially based on conceptual reflection, these are gradually abandoned at later stages until the yogin lets go of all concepts, teachings, and mental images. Furthermore, at the higher stages of meditation, the calm and insight meditations must ultimately be blended or
2453:
According to critics, the problem of spatio-temporal determination (or non-arbitrariness in regard to place and time) indicates that there must be some external basis for our experiences, since experiences of any particular object do not occur everywhere and at every time. Vasubandhu responds with
4076:
states, at this point, the realization of the absolute nature (pariniṣpannasvabhāvabuddhi) eliminates the very "perception of mind-only" (vijñaptimātratābuddhi). The resulting wisdom is described by Asanga as "the non-conceptual cognition (nirvikalpakajñāna) in which the object (ālambana) and the
3466:
states: "The imputed and the other-dependent are to be known as having defiled characteristics. The perfected is asserted to have the characteristic of purity." In this text, the dependent nature is seen as something which must be abandoned since it has the "appearance of duality" (dvayākāra). As
3633:
One of the more controversial Yogācāra teachings was the "five categories of beings", which was an extension of the teachings on the seeds of the storehouse consciousness. This teacing states that sentient beings have certain innate seeds that determine their capability of achieving a particular
3211:
for example, states "the imagination of the nonexistent exists. In it duality does not exist. Emptiness, however, exists in it," which indicates that even though that which is dualistically imagined (subjects and objects), is unreal and empty, their basis does exist (i.e. the dependently arisen
3428:
Various Buddhist studies scholars such as Alan Spongberg, Mario D'amato, Daniel McNamara, and Matthew T. Kapstein have noted that there are two main interpretations of the three natures doctrine among the various texts of the Yogacara corpus. The two models have been named the "pivot" model and
5520:
views are also similar in some ways to the historical debates between Yogācāra-Tathāgatagarbha and Madhyamaka, though the specific viewpoints have evolved further and changed in complex ways. Modern thinkers continue to discuss Yogācāra issues, and attempt to synthesize it with Madhyamaka. For
3442:
presents the dependent nature as a kind of "ontological pivot" since it is the basis for conceptual construction (the imagined nature) and for the perfected nature (which is nothing but absence of the imagined nature in the dependent nature). As such, the imagined nature is an incorrect way of
2658:
had a similar notion, that is, without the idea of an objective mind independent world, one cannot derive the concept of a subjective "I". But Kant drew the opposite conclusion to Vasubandhu, since he held that we must believe in an enduring subject, and thus, also believe in external objects.
4390:
also states that the teachings themselves are an important object of meditative contemplation. This includes the Yogācāra teaching of consciousness-only, the teachings on the twofold emptiness (of self and phenomena), and the schematic analysis of the subject and its objects of consciousness.
4326:
which says "through the observation of it being merely mind, a knowable object is not observed. Through not observing a knowable object, mind is not observed . Through not observing both, the dharmadhātu is observed." Thus, the goal of meditation is a totally unified mind that goes beyond all
3156:
for enlightenment" and Siderits defines it as "just pure seeing without any attempt at conceptualization or interpretation. Now this is also empty, but only of itself as an interpretation. That is, this mode of cognition is devoid of all concepts, and so is empty of being of the nature of the
9713:
Germano, David F.; Waldron, William S. (2006), "A Comparison of Alaya-vijñāna in Yogacara and Dzogchen" (PDF), in Nauriyal, D. K.; Drummond, Michael S.; Lal, Y. B. (eds.), Buddhist Thought and Applied Psychological Research: Transcending the boundaries, Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge, pp. 36–68,
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and on pure views based on listening and reflecting (viśuddhaṃ śrutamayacintāmayadarśanam). Insight is paired with "objects consisting in images accompanied by reflection" (savikalpaṃ pratibimbaṃ) while tranquility is seen as based on objects consisting in images unaccompanied by reflection
2630:
either, since this would need to be based on a pattern of past experiences which included the absence or presence of the two elements. Thus, this is a type of epistemological argument for idealism which attempts to show there is no good reason to accept the existence of mind-independent
5263:
is also another Tibetan philosopher whose project is aimed as showing the harmony between Yogacara and Madhyamaka, arguing that there is only a very subtle difference between them, being a subtle clinging by Yogacaras to the existence of an "inexpressible, naturally luminous cognition"
3242:
tradition. However, there is disagreement among contemporary Western and traditional Buddhist scholars about the degree to which they were opposed, if at all. The main difference between these schools was related to issues of existence and the nature of emptiness. The Chinese pilgrim
9701:
In the 8th century, Shantarakshita went to Tibet and founded the monastery at Samyé. He was not a direct disciple of Bhavaviveka, but the disciple of one of his disciples. He combined the Madhyamika-Svatantrika and Cittamatra schools, and created a new school of Madhyamika called
2344:
which does not deny the existence of individual beings. Kochumuttom argues that Yogācāra is not idealism since it denies that absolute reality is a consciousness, that individual beings are transformations or illusory appearances of an absolute consciousness. Thus, for Kochumuttom,
3467:
such, in this "progressive" model, the dependent nature is the basis for the imagined nature, but not the basis for the perfected nature. The perfected nature on the other hand is a fundamentally pure true reality (which nevertheless is covered by adventitious defilements). As the
3523:(action) is central to Yogācāra, and the school sought to explain important questions such as how moral actions can have effects on individuals long after that action was done, that is, how karmic causality works across temporal distances. Previous Abhidharma schools like the
4467:). Modern scholars like Florin Delenau have suggested that some yogis in this north Indian Buddhist milieu gradually adopted Mahāyāna ideas, eventually developing into a separate movement (a process which was complete by the 5th century). According to Delenau, the Chinese
3282:
that also exists ultimately. In a similar fashion, Asaṅga states "that of which it is empty does not truly exist; that which is empty truly exists: emptiness makes sense in this way". He also describes emptiness as "the non-existence of the self, and the existence of the
4053:, at this stage the bodhisattva focuses on accumulating wholesome roots (kuśalamūla) and on permeating one's mind with learning (bahuśrutaprabhāvita). This leads to the accumulation of great faith and conviction in the Mahayana and in the principle of consciousness-only.
2621:
According this argument, any object of consciousness, like blue, cannot be differentiated from the conscious awareness of blue since both are always experienced as one thing. Since we never experience blue without the experience of blue, they cannot be differentiated
4199:. Two key practices which are unique to bodhisattvas in this text are the four investigations and the four correct cognitions or "the four kinds of understanding in accordance with true reality". These two sets of four practices and cognitions are also taught in the
3668:, were described in various Mahayana sutras as being incapable of achieving enlightenment, unless in some cases through the aid of a Buddha or Bodhisattva. Nevertheless, the notion was highly criticized by later Mahayanists who supported the universalist doctrine of
3295:
which projects false and illusory subjective minds and their cognitive objects. It is this real flow of conscious transformation (vijñānapariṇāma) which is said to be empty (of duality and conceptuality). Against the radically anti-foundationalist interpretation of
3389:
Yogācārins also criticized certain Madhyamaka accounts of conventional truth, that is, the view which says that conventional truth is merely erroneous cognitive processes (designations, expressions, and linguistic conventions) which project an inherent nature. The
4211:
The four investigations (catasraḥ paryeṣaṇāḥ) and the corresponding four correct cognitions (catvāri yathābhūtaparijñānāni) are a set of original contemplations found in Yogācāra works. These were seen as very important contemplative methods by the authors of the
3582:("overturning the cognitive basis", or "revolution of the basis"), which refers to "overturning the conceptual projections and imaginings which act as the base of our cognitive actions." This event is seen as the transformation of the basic mode of cognition into
2446:. It argues that consciousness-only can provide an account of the various features of experience which are explained by the existence of mind-independent material objects. This is coupled with a principle of ontological parsimony to argue in favor of idealism.
3837:
which initially referred not to a philosophical school, but to groups of meditation specialists whose main focus was Buddhist yoga. Other Yogācāra texts which also discuss meditation and spiritual practice (and show some relationship with the YBh) include the
4327:
concepts and language to directly know the undifferentiated "uniformity of phenomena" (dharmasamatāḥ) and the thing-in-itself, the supreme reality. The elimination of all concepts applies even to the very idea of mind only or "mere-cognizance" itself. As the
5398:
Korea. Both of these competing Yogācāra sub-sects were then imported to Japan where they became the two sub-sects (the northern and southern temple lineages) of the Hossō school. Xuanzang's school later came under criticism from later Chinese masters like
2887:
individual. The seeds are momentary, but they give rise to a perfumed series which eventually culminates in the result including, from seeds of a particular type, the whole ‘inter-subjective’ phenomenal world." Also, Asanga and Vasubandhu write that the
2353:
to the unenlightened ones is mere representation of consciousness". Furthermore, according to Kochumuttom, in Yogācāra "the absolute state is defined simply as emptiness, namely the emptiness of subject-object distinction. Once thus defined as emptiness
5162:
criticized the philosophical theories of the other tradition. While Indian Yogācāras criticized certain interpretations of Madhyamaka (which they term “those who misunderstand emptiness”), they never criticize the founders of Madhyamaka themselves
5050:
The synthesis of Yogācāra and Tathāgatagarbha thought became extremely influential in both East Asia and Tibet. During the sixth and seventh centuries, various forms of competing Yogācāra systems were popular in Chinese Buddhism. The translator
5074:
According to Lusthaus, Xuanzang's travels to India and his translation work was an attempt to return to a more "orthodox" and "authentic" Indian Yogācāra, and thus put to rest the debates and confusions in the Chinese Yogācāra of his time. The
4045:. In this first stage of the path, one attains merit by doing good deeds like giving (dana) and one also accumulates wisdom by listening to the Mahayana teachings many times, contemplating them and meditating on them. One also associates with
6342:
Thinkers from the ancient Indian realist schools, such as the Mimamsa, Vishishtadvaita, Dvaita, Nyaya, Yoga, Samkhya, Sauntrantika, Jain, Vaisesika, and others heavily criticized Yogacara, and composed refutations of the Yogacara position.
3161:) since it is "completely free from any clinging to entirely imagined speculations about its identity or purpose. Because of this, it is conventionally said that it does not exist. However, it is also not entirely without a real existence."
5731:
are also important sources in Yogācāra, even though most do not cover specifically "Yogācāra" doctrines. This is shown by the fact that various Yogācāra commentaries were written on Prajñaparamita sutras, including commentaries by Asanga
6438:
to be the eight consciousness, giving the impression that it represents a totally distinct category. Vasubandhu does not refer to it as the eight, even though his later disciples like Sthiramati and Hsuan Tsang constantly refer to it as
3327:
and that was what is described as being "empty" in their system. For Yogācāra, all conventional existence must be based on something which is real (dravya). Sthiramati argues that we cannot say that everything exists conventionally
3462:. In this model, it is the perfected nature which is the primary element of the three natures schema. Here, the perfected nature is the pure basis of reality, while the other two natures are both impaired by ignorance. As the
2724:(dhatus), i.e. six external sense bases (smells, sounds etc.), six internal bases (sense organs like the eye, ear, etc.), and six consciousnesses "exhaust the full extent of everything in the universe, or more accurately, the
4386:(nirvikalpaṃ pratibimbaṃ). Thus, insight meditation is based on the uninterrupted contemplation of mental images, while calming meditation is simply focusing on "the continuous flow of mind with uninterrupted attention". The
1158:(the doctrine of 'mere representation'), which is also the name given to its major theory of mind which seeks to deconstruct how we perceive the world. There are several interpretations of this main theory: various forms of
2614:
Because is not apprehended without the additional qualification of consciousness, because is apprehended when this is apprehended, consciousness has the appearance of blue. There is no external object by itself. (PV
2099:
According to Mark Siderits, what Vasubandhu means here is that we are only ever aware of mental images or impressions which manifest themselves as external objects, but "there is actually no such thing outside the mind."
3007:) of experience. Jonathan Gold explains that "the three natures are all one reality viewed from three distinct angles. They are the appearance, the process, and the emptiness of that same apparent entity." According to
5948:), a commentary on the Prajñaparamita sutras. It is attributed to Maitreya-Asanga by Tibetan tradition, but it is unknown in Chinese sources. Modern scholars see this as a post-Asanga text. Makransky attributes it to
3484:(TSN 17-20), the three natures are inseparable (abhinna) and as such non-dual. This is a key difference between this model and the pivot model, where the dependent nature is ultimately devoid of the imagined nature.
3344:). For Sthiramati, this view is false because "what would follow is non-existence even conventionally. That is because conventions are not possible without something to depend upon (or, “without taking up something”—
5557:
In Tibetan Buddhism, Yogācāra sources are still widely studied and several are part of the monastic education curriculum in various traditions. Some influential Yogācāra texts in Tibetan Buddhism include: Asanga's
2136:), just in the mind alone, forms/images of all kinds of things/objects like visibles, sounds, smells, tastes, tangibles, houses, forests, land, and mountains, and yet there are no things/objects at all in that .
2328:
is to be understood in this context, and he objects to interpretations which claim that Yogācāra rejects the external world altogether, preferring translations such as "amounting to mind" or "mirroring mind" for
5509:
Today, Yogācāra topics remain important in Tibetan Buddhism and Yogācāra texts are widely studied. There are various debates and discussions among the Tibetan Buddhist schools regarding key Yogācāra ideas, like
4084:, 見道位), at this stage (which lasts for only a few moments), a bodhisattva attains an untainted knowledge (Skt. anāsrava-jñāna, 無漏智) into emptiness, the non-duality of self and other, and consciousness-only. The
9702:
Svatantrika-Yogachara-Madhyamika. His disciple Kamalashila, who wrote The Stages of Meditation upon Madhyamika (uma'i sgom rim), developed his ideas further, and together they were very influential in Tibet.
10425:. Shang Shung Edizioni. Second revised edition. (Translated from the Tibetan, edited and annotated by Adriano Clemente with the help of the author. Translated from Italian into English by Andy Lukianowicz.)
5403:
and it became less influential as the fortunes of other native Chinese schools rose. Nevertheless, Yogācāra studies continued to be important at different times throughout Chinese history, including during
2006:
which has only survived in Tibetan and Chinese translations that differ in syntax and meaning. The passage is depicted as a response by the Buddha to a question which asks "whether the images or replicas
2493:
According to Mark Siderits, after disposing of these objections, Vasubandhu believes he has shown that mere cognizance is just as good at explaining the relevant phenomena of experience as any theory of
1978:
in modern and ancient Yogacara sources. The standard translation of both terms is "consciousness-only" or "mind-only." Several modern researchers object to this translation in favor of alternative like
7044:
Schmithausen, Lambert (2005). On the Problem of the External World in the Ch’eng wei shih lun. Tōkyō: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies. The International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
5796:
the earliest Yogācāra treatise, a massive encyclopedic work on Yogācāra theory and praxis which is a composite work reflecting various stages of historical development (compiled 3rd to 5th century CE).
2485:
hallucinations. Against this claim, Vasubandhu argues that waking life is the same as in a dream, where objects have pragmatic results within the very rules of the dream. He also uses the example of a
1877:
4072:(meditative concentrations). The final stage of this path which is just before the path of seeing is called "the elimination of the ideation of cognizance-only" (vijñaptimātrasaṃjñāvibhāvana). As the
5138:
in India, an antagonistic stance which saw both systems as rival and incompatible views and another inclusive tendency which worked towards harmonizing their views. Some authors like the Madhyamikas
3230:
MN 121) and relies on this sutra in its explanations of emptiness. According to Gadjin Nagao, this sutra affirms that "emptiness includes both being and non-being. both negation and affirmation."
4887:
works as well as commentaries on the works of Vasubandhu. Aside from these, there were also Yogācāra authors writing commentaries on the Prajñaparamita sutras, including the unknown author of the
4847:
3057:, it also refers to the appearance of things in terms of subject-object dualism (literally "grasper" and "grasped"). The conceptualized nature is the world of everyday unenlightened people, i.e.
5624:; 2nd century CE), is a key early Yogācāra sutra which is considered to be the foundational sutra for the Yogācāra tradition. There are two Indian commentaries to this, one by Asanga and one by
2926:
describes the various forms of consciousness as transformations and functions of a being's stream of consciousness. These transformations are threefold according to Kalupahana. The first is the
2667:
Yogācāra gives a detailed explanation of the workings of the mind and the way it constructs the reality we experience. The central Yogācāra theory of mind is that of the eight consciousnesses.
4935:. By the end of the eighth century, the scholastic tradition had mostly become eclipsed by the pramāṇa tradition as well as by a new hybrid school that "combined basic Yogācāra doctrines with
4649:(c. 4th - 5th CE). Little is known of these figures, but traditional accounts (in authors like Xuanzang) state that Asaṅga received Yogācāra teachings from the bodhisattva and future Buddha,
3495:
meanwhile claims that liberation occurs through knowledge of the three natures as they are (in their non-duality). Some scholars, like McNamara, argue that these two models are incompatible,
3304:" (sat) independently of conceptual designation (prajñapti), and that it is this real thing (vāstu) which is said to be empty of duality and yet is a basis for all dualistic conceptions.
3194:"grasped"). This is also an unreal superimposition, since there is really no such separation of inner and outer, but an interconnected causal stream of mentality which is falsely divided up.
4948:
tradition led by Dignāga and Dharmakīrti defined the main epistemological method for Indian Buddhism. Modern scholars see this school as having ushered in an "epistemological turn" for all
3578:
and the four investigations, out of which a revolutionary and radically transformative understanding of the non-duality of self and other is said to arise. This process is referred to as
1487:
14454:
10349:
3157:
perfected. About it nothing can be said or thought, it is just pure immediacy." According to Xuanzang, this nature has the "absence of any existential nature of ultimate meaning" (
14500:
5390:, defended some of the doctrines of the Shelun school of Paramārtha, for which he was criticized by the followers of Kuiji. Wŏnch’ŭk's teachings were influential on the Yogācāra (
3397:
Yogācārins further held that if all phenomena are equally conventional and unreal in the same way this would lead to laxity in ethics and in following the path, in other words to
3152:
2:4). What this refers to is that empty non-dual experience which has been stripped of the duality of the constructed nature through yogic praxis. According to Williams, this is "
3711:). While this division did not exist in the works of the early Yogācāra philosophers, tendencies similar to these views can be discerned in the works of Yogacara thinkers like
10092:
3672:. This tension is important in East Asian Buddhist history and later East Asian Yogācārins attempted to resolve the dispute by softening their stance on the five categories.
3205:(as a real absence) and so does consciousness (which is that which is empty, the referent of emptiness), while Madhyamaka refuses to endorse such existential statements. The
2934:, self-consciousness or "Self-view, self-confusion, self-esteem and self-love". It is "thinking" about the various perceptions occurring in the stream of consciousness". The
2799:
William S. Waldron sees this "simultaneity of all the modes of cognitive awareness" as the most significant departure of Yogācāra theory from traditional Buddhist models of
14211:
5960:
3416:
also critiqued Yogācāra views in their works for what they saw as an improper reification (samāropa) of mind and for a nihilistic denial of conventional truth. The work of
3106:
for the erroneous partition into supposedly intrinsically existing subjects and objects which marks the conceptualized nature." Jonathan Gold writes that it is "the causal
2728:." The six consciousnesses are also not substantial entities, but a series or stream of events (dharmas), which arise and vanish very rapidly moment by moment. This is the
2539:
4329:
3011:, "all things which can be known can be subsumed under these Three Natures." Since this schema is Yogācāra's systematic explanation of the Buddhist doctrine of emptiness (
2768:), where they gradually matured until ripe, at which point they manifested as karmic consequences. Because of this, it is also called the "mind which has all the seeds" (
2598:
5102:
Karl Brunnhölzl notes that this syncretic tendency also existed in Indian Yogācāra scholasticism, but that it only became widespread during the later tantric era (when
6278:
14536:
3448:
4261:), leads to correct cognition resulting from the investigation of such designations. One sees the designations just for what they are, namely as mere designations (
1987:
Buddhism can be said to be a form of idealism (as supported by Garfield, Hopkins, and others) or whether it is definitely not idealist (Anacker, Lusthaus, Wayman).
1931:
tradition, to develop a novel analysis of conscious experience and a corresponding schema for Mahāyāna spiritual practice. In its analysis, Yogācāra works like the
14201:
7549:
Waldron, William S. The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, 2003, page 131.
7500:
Waldron, William S. The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, 2003, pp 94-95.
7656:
7558:
Waldron, William S. The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, 2003, page 93.
2735:
Yogācāra expanded the six vijñāna schema into a new system which with two new categories. The seventh consciousness developed from the early Buddhist concept of
2153:) which states: "cognition experiences itself, and nothing else whatsoever. Even the particular objects of perception, are by nature just consciousness itself."
14541:
14206:
4315:
Yogic practice of observation and non-observation (upalambhānupalambha-prayoga) - Outer objects being unobservable, a mind cognizing them is not observed either
7012:
Yamabe, Nobuyoshi (2004), "Consciousness, Theories of", in Buswell, Jr., Robert E., Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, USA: Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 177,
5055:(6th century CE) for example, took a more "classical" approach while Ratnamati was attracted to Tathāgatagarbha thought and sought to translate texts like the
4242:), leads to correct cognition resulting from the investigation of things. One sees things just for what they are, namely a mere presence or a thing-in-itself (
2922:
Yogācāra sources do not necessarily describe the eight consciousnesses as absolutely separate or substantial phenomena. For example, Kalupahana notes that the
7509:
Waldron, William S. The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, 2003, p 97.
15673:
9108:
1884:
10455:
ascribed to Bodhisattva Maiteya and commented by Vasubhandu and Sthiramathi, translated from the sanscrit, Academy of Sciences USSR Press, Moscow/Leningrad.
2720:
was seen as the surveyor of the content of the five senses as well as of mental content like thoughts and ideas. Standard Buddhist doctrine held that these
14495:
14515:
14282:
11316:
4011:), to produce a Mahayanist version of "five stages" (pañcāvasthā). In classic Yogācāra, this bodhisattva path is said to last for three incaculable eons (
2481:(which is here understood as traces or seeds in the mind-stream), show that inter-subjective agreement is possible without positing real external objects.
15324:
3123:
2:25). However, as Xuanzang notes, this nature is also empty in that there is an "absence of an existential nature in conditions that arise and perish" (
14574:
10452:
14586:
14292:
12231:
10706:
9143:
The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga): A Trilingual Edition(Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese), Annotated Translation and Introductory Study (2 vol),
7762:
King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994 pp. 659-683.
6626:
The Chapter on the Mundane Path (Laukikamārga): A Trilingual Edition(Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese), Annotated Translation and Introductory Study (2 vol),
5949:
4799:
A scholastic and exegetical tradition which refined and elaborated Yogācāra Abhidharma and wrote various commentaries, exemplified by such thinkers as
4305:
Various Yogācāra sources provide a four step process of realization leading to the path of seeing, these four are the four yogic practices (prayogas):
3574:
As the name of the school suggests, meditation practice is central to the Yogācāra tradition. Yogācāra texts prescribe various yogic practices such as
7697:
King, Richard, Early Yogācāra and its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School, Philosophy East & West Volume 44, Number 4 October 1994 PP.659-683.
5808:
traditionally attributed to the bodhisattva Maitreya or Asanga, modern scholars like D'amato place this text (together with the commentary) after the
9652:
Green, Ronald S. (2020). Early Japanese Hosso in Relation to Silla Yogacara in Disputes between Nara's Northern and Southern Temple Traditions.
4373:
As the "school of yoga practitioners", meditative practice is discussed in various Yogācāra sources. The sixth chapter (the Maitreya Chapter) of the
2551:, which was the main theory of matter in the 5th century. The argument is based on the premise that a perception must resemble the perceived object (
2185:, Saam Trivedi, Nobuyoshi Yamabe, Paul Williams, and Sean Butler argue that Yogācāra is similar to Idealism (and they compare it to the idealisms of
14272:
3110:
of the thing's fabrication, the causal story that brings about the thing's apparent nature." This basis is considered to be an ultimately existing (
2894:
According to Waldron, while there were various similar concepts in other Buddhist Abhidharma schools which sought to explain karmic continuity, the
379:
14510:
6122:
4793:
4785:
909:
7127:
5887:
4723:
3775:
3726:
Although Yogācāras in general do not accept the existence of an external material world, according to Satyākāravāda its appearances or “aspects” (
13671:
12235:
9784:(in Tibetan and English). Sparham, Gareth, trans.; in collaboration with Shotaro Iida (1st. ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York.
4656:
Modern scholars argue that the various works traditionally attributed to Maitreya are actually by other authors. According to Mario D'amato, the
2750:, this consciousness "takes the substratum consciousness as its object and mistakenly considers the substratum consciousness to be a true Self."
14338:
14277:
9285:
8954:
8936:
8916:
8857:
8765:
8686:
8671:
8656:
8641:
8626:
8611:
8596:
8581:
8005:
7990:
7122:
6585:
4880:
4003:
also contain various descriptions of the main stages of the bodhisattva path. These Yogācāra sources integrate the Mahayana teaching of the ten
386:
14254:
12459:
5925:) by Kambala (c. fifth to sixth century) which attempts to harmonize Madhyamaka and Yogācāra, mostly by assimilating Madhyamaka under Yogācāra.
4519:). However, these theories were not completely new, as they have predecessors in older theories held by previous Buddhist schools, such as the
3608:), in which the general and particular characteristics of things are discerned just as they are. This discernment is considered nonconceptual (
2518:
defended the view of a single shared external world (bhājanaloka) which was still made of consciousness, while some later Indian thinkers like
14302:
14264:
9215:
On Some Aspects of the Doctrines of the Maitreya (Natha) and Asanga: Being a Course of Five Lectures Delivered at the University of Calcutta \
6023:
4804:
4100:). However, after a certain point one advances effortlessly. This path corresponds to the second to ninth stages of the bodhisattva path. The
2950:
of objects is created. By creating these concepts human beings become "susceptible to grasping after the object" as if it were a real object (
4988:). Vikramaśīla was an important center for late Indian Yogacara scholars, including the great panditas like Jñānaśrīmitra and Ratnākaraśānti.
3507:
is attempting to reconcile them. These differences have also led some scholars (Kapstein and Thomas Wood) to question the attribution of the
2930:
and its seeds, which is the flow or stream of consciousness, without any of the usual projections on top of it. The second transformation is
1331:
1138:", or "one whose practice is yoga", hence the name of the school is literally "the school of the yogins". Yogācāra was also variously termed
8092:
5123:
4653:. However, there are various discrepancies between the Chinese and Tibetan traditions concerning these so called "five works of Maitreya".
3680:
An important debate about the reality of mental appearances within Yogācāra led to its later subdivision into two systems of Alikākāravāda (
14196:
10676:
2498:
that posits external objects. Therefore, he then applies the Indian philosophical principle termed the "Principle of Lightness" (Sanskrit:
14409:
13843:
3287:." Classical Yogācāras like Vasubandhu and Sthiramati also affirm the reality of conscious appearance, i.e. that truly existent stream of
3135:(literally, "fully accomplished", "perfected", "consummated"): This is the true nature of things, the experience of Suchness or Thatness (
14287:
9163:
5334:
14485:
14419:
10370:. pp. 203–212 published in Yoshinori, Takeuchi; with Van Bragt, Jan; Heisig, James W.; O'Leary, Joseph S.; Swanson, Paul L.(1993).
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2433:
2219:
2070:
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4549:, with its own teachings being placed into the final and definitive teaching (which supersedes those of the Prajñaparamita sutras).
2333:. For Wayman, what this doctrine means is that "the mind has only a report or representation of what the sense organ had sensed." The
52:
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14358:
14353:
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commentator, wrote a commentary on Śāntarakṣita's synthesis arguing that the ultimate intent of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra is the same.
14480:
14424:
6751:(Published in Reflecting Mirrors: Perspectives on Huayan Buddhism. Imre Hamar, ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, 2007, p. 281-295.) Source:
6077:
5893:
4728:
3596:)". When this knowledge arises, the eight consciousnesses come to an end and are replaced by direct knowings. According to Lusthaus:
3431:
10487:
3008:
2747:
8554:
3034:
The unreal fabrication. How does it appear? As a dual self. What is its nonexistence? That by which the nondual reality is there.
14641:
14138:
13051:
12503:
10252:
10214:
8211:
7126:, p. 162. 2010, Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies). Vasubandhu: cittaṃ mano vijñānaṃ vijñaptiś ceti paryāyaḥ (
15309:
12706:
10686:
7522:, Part I: Text, page 89. Tokyo, International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Studia Philologica Buddhica Monograph Series IVa.
4223:
The four investigations and the corresponding four correct cognitions (which are said to arise out of the investigations) are:
1201:(both c. 4-5th century CE), are considered the classic philosophers and systematizers of this school, along with the figure of
9745:
3102:, or the causal flow of phenomena which is erroneously confused into the conceptualized nature. According to Williams, it is "
15645:
9912:
9719:
9624:
9457:
9436:
9177:
9071:
9044:
8367:
8070:
8047:
8027:
7974:
7951:
7931:
7911:
7890:
7870:
7821:
7233:
7185:
7134:
II.34 (p. 61, l. 20): cittaṃ mano ʼtha vijñānam ekārthaṃ; ‘now, the mind, thinking, and consciousness have the same meaning’.
6563:
5176:
4546:
395:
167:
5975:(499–569) translated many works to Chinese, and also wrote some original treatises and commentaries, possibly including the
3620:), equalizing self and other. When the Warehouse Consciousness finally ceases it is replaced by the Great Mirror Cognition (
3600:
Overturning the Basis turns the five sense consciousnesses into immediate cognitions that accomplish what needs to be done (
2681:
A key innovation of the Yogācāra school was the doctrine of eight consciousnesses. These "eight bodies of consciousnesses" (
15846:
15605:
15294:
14691:
10869:
10711:
5087:. However, by the eighth century, the Yogācāra-tathāgatagarbha synthesis became the dominant interpretation of Yogācāra in
4582:
milieu), though it has traditionally been attributed in full to the bodhisattva Maitreya or to Asanga. It is influenced by
1870:
902:
5786:
etc). The following is a list in historical order and only includes specifically Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda figures and works:
15198:
13548:
13046:
5185:
as a way to draw out the implicit meaning of Madhyamaka and show it was compatible with Yogācāra. These include Asanga's
2830:
is characterized by "an unconscious (or not fully conscious?) steady perception (or "representation") of the Receptacle (
5537:
Virtually all contemporary schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism are influenced by Yogācāra to some extent. This includes modern
5386:
continued this tradition, writing several important commentaries. However, another student of Xuanzang, the Korean monk
5256:
3592:), i.e., "devoid of interpretive overlay". Roger R. Jackson describes this as a "'fundamental unconstructed awareness' (
2246:
can be said to be a “conventionalist idealism”, it is to be seen as unique and different from Western forms, especially
15615:
15511:
15188:
12943:
12493:
10588:
9679:
8178:
Who Wrote the Trisvabhāvanirdeśa? Reflections on an Enigmatic Text and Its Place in the History of Buddhist Philosophy.
6000:
5351:
5043:
4505:) which might be as early as the first or second century CE. It includes new theories such as the basis-consciousness (
4231:), leads to correct cognition resulting from the investigation of names just for what they are, which is "just names" (
1181:
The movement has been traced to the first centuries of the common era and seems to have developed as some yogis of the
5059:
accordingly. Their disagreement on this issue led to the end of their collaboration as co-translators. The translator
2561:), since they are composites and composites made of parts do not have any causal efficacy (only individual atoms do).
432:
10789:
10379:
10129:
10018:
9846:
8983:
8296:
8273:
8248:
8221:
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7017:
6694:
6607:
6229:
1637:
13036:
10445:
8442:"Limiting the Scope of the Neither-One-Nor-Many Argument: The Nirākāravādin's Defense of Consciousness and Pleasure"
6914:
Kapstein, Matthew T. (July 2014). "Buddhist Idealists and Their Jain Critics On Our Knowledge of External Objects".
5472:
also rely on the Madhyamaka and Yogācāra-Tathāgatagarbha systems in their presentation of the ultimate view (termed
5179:). Thus, Yogācāra thinkers affirmed the importance Nāgārjuna's work and some even wrote commentaries on Nāgārjuna's
3300:, the classic Yogācāra position is that there is something (the dependent nature which is mere-consciousness) that "
2449:
Vasubandhu mentions three key features of experience which are supposed to be explained by matter and refutes them:
15707:
15595:
15334:
12721:
12466:
9300:
A Study on the Ratnagotravibhāga (Uttaratantra) Being a Treatise on the Tathāgatagarbha Theory of Mahāyāna Buddhism
5469:
5420:
4902:
The doctrines of the exegetical tradition sometimes came under attack by other Buddhists, especially the notion of
751:
10094:
Doctrinal Connection Between Panjiao Schemata and Human Capacity for Enlightenment in Jizang's and Kuiji's Thought
5405:
5315:
Translations of Indian Yogācāra texts were first introduced to China in the early 5th century CE. Among these was
4318:
Yogic practice of double non-observation (nopalambhopalambha-prayoga) - Not observing both, nonduality is observed
2411:). Thus, for Lusthaus, the orientation of the Yogācāra school is largely consistent with the thinking of the Pāli
1707:
211:
15713:
15700:
14791:
13113:
13103:
10932:
9877:
Torella, Raffaele. "The Pratyabhijñā and the logical-epistemological school of Buddhism" in Goudriaan ed. (1992)
5828:
Yogācāra thought, traditionally attributed to the bodhisattva Maitreya who is said to have revealed it to Asanga.
5437:, though it receives different emphasis in each of these. Yogācāra thought is an integral part of the history of
5118:. Kashmir also became an important center for this tradition, as can be seen in the works of Kashmiri Yogacarins
2053:
895:
10412:
A buddhist Doctrine of Experience. A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin
10303:
8238:
6346:
Sankara, founder of the Advaita school, which holds a form of idealism, also was harshly critical of Yogacara.
4748:
Thus, the three main branches of the Yogācāra movement which developed during the so called middle period are:
3927:
3660:
Beings whose innate seeds were incapable of achieving enlightenment ever because they lacked any wholesome seeds
3332:) or nominally (prajñaptisat) and that nothing truly exists in an ultimate fashion (which would entail a global
3262:
While Madhyamaka generally states that asserting the ultimate existence or non-existence of anything (including
315:
15795:
15719:
15359:
13378:
13214:
13058:
12711:
12513:
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12349:
10922:
9789:
8343:
5800:
5630:
3870:
The YBh discusses various topics relevant to the bodhisattva practice, including: the eight different forms of
3853:
3454:
1018:
6994:
translated from the Tibetan edition with a commentary, Asian Philosophy, Volume 7, 1997, Issue 2, pp. 133-154.
5640:) also contains numerous teachings on mind-only and is very influential for East Asian Buddhism. Vasubandhu's
3892:
2382:. However, it is not a form of metaphysical idealism because Yogācāra rejects the construction of any type of
1119:, as well as philosophical reasoning (hetuvidyā). Yogachara was one of the two most influential traditions of
15759:
15461:
15319:
14736:
13028:
12726:
12409:
10701:
10534:
5605:
A wall painting depicting Xuanzang's travels and his translation work, Xuanzang Memorial Hall, modern Nalanda
2803:
which were "thought to occur solely in conjunction with their respective sense bases and epistemic objects".
2645:
important to get rid of the idea of really existing external objects. According to Siderits, this is because:
2193:), though they note that it is its own unique form and that it might be confusing to categorize it as such.
10056:
5660:
5349:) schools, both of which included Yogācāra and tathāgatagarbha elements. Modern scholars also hold that the
5321:
5259:
has a similar view which holds that the "profound important points and intents" of the two systems are one.
5223:
The harmonizing tendency can be seen in the work of philosophers like Kambala (5-6th century, author of the
5027:
4828:
4278:
The practice which leads to the realization of the true nature of things is based on the elimination of all
2602:), which calls it "the necessity of things only ever being experienced together with experience" (Sanskrit:
340:
127:
15851:
15831:
15746:
15163:
14896:
13650:
12611:
12483:
12454:
12156:
10279:, When the Clouds Part: The Uttaratantra and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra,
9380:, When the Clouds Part: The Uttaratantra and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra,
9338:, When the Clouds Part: The Uttaratantra and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra,
4945:
4753:
2818:). That object is the sentient being's surrounding world, that is to say, the "receptable" or "container" (
1790:
1374:
1250:
7364:(2018, 31: 117–170) New Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies. ISSN: 2313-2000 e-ISSN: 2313-2019
5181:
4713:
446:
15826:
15752:
15679:
15667:
14811:
14634:
14131:
12302:
12211:
11681:
11326:
10839:
10734:
10143:
When the Clouds Part: The Uttaratantra and its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sūtra and Tantra.
5434:
5379:) which drew on many Indian sources and commentaries and became a central work of East Asian Yogācāra.
5012:
3307:
Furthermore, Yogācāra thinkers like Asaṅga and Vasubandhu critiqued those who "adhere to non-existence" (
425:
372:
261:
11846:
2865:
existence depends upon. Yogācāra thought thus holds that being unaware of the processes going on in the
1959:. They form a complex system, and each can be taken as a point of departure for understanding Yogācāra.
15726:
15561:
15526:
15421:
15238:
14731:
13151:
12631:
12107:
11593:
10716:
10549:
9367:
Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun,
9351:
Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun,
7131:
5742:
2716:) and having their own sense objects (sounds etc). Five are based on the five senses, while the sixth (
2375:
2181:, not only by modern writers, but by its ancient opponents, both Hindu and Buddhist." Scholars such as
1163:
12041:
8266:
Buddhist Phenomenology: A philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih lun
8240:
Buddhist Phenomenology: A philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih lun
7225:
Buddhist Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun
5664:
also later assumed considerable importance in East Asia, and portions of this text were considered by
4346:(meditative absorptions) are likewise adapted into this new framework. These three are the emptiness (
4309:
Yogic practice of observation (upalambha-prayoga) - Outer objects are observed to be nothing but mind.
2721:
2265:
was standard until recently, when it began to be challenged by scholars such as Kochumuttom, Anacker,
1820:
1805:
796:
15740:
15506:
15416:
14866:
14841:
14781:
14475:
14161:
14062:
13930:
13041:
12854:
12844:
12716:
11699:
11279:
11040:
11015:
9508:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
9495:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
9482:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
9416:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
8898:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8818:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8805:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8789:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8736:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8723:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8701:"Meditative Practices in the Bodhisattvabhūmi: Quest for and Liberation through the Thing-In-Itself,"
8428:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
8393:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
8380:, Visions of Unity: The Golden Paṇḍita Shakya Chokden's New Interpretation of Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
7261:"For your eyes only: the Problem on Solipsism in Ancient Indian Philosophy", BSHP Annual Lecture 2020
5869:
5563:
4693:
4164:
3863:
3437:
3147:
3141:) discovered in meditation unaffected by conceptualization, causality, or duality. It is defined as "
3118:
3053:
2109:
561:
11065:
10503:
5134:
Yogācāra and Madhyamaka philosophers demonstrated two opposing tendencies throughout the history of
3259:" while Yogācāra "restrict the scope of their antirealism to the external and the conventional".
2845:
into future lives and what descents into the womb to appropriate the fetal material. Therefore, the
15369:
14886:
14557:
13858:
13657:
13347:
13146:
12498:
12312:
12290:
12283:
12186:
11719:
11339:
11155:
11100:
10721:
10527:
10196:
D’AMATO, M. “THREE NATURES, THREE STAGES: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE YOGĀCĀRA ‘TRISVABHĀVA’-THEORY.”
10179:
D’AMATO, M. “THREE NATURES, THREE STAGES: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE YOGĀCĀRA ‘TRISVABHĀVA’-THEORY.”
9228:
D’AMATO, M. “THREE NATURES, THREE STAGES: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE YOGĀCĀRA ‘TRISVABHĀVA’-THEORY.”
8192:
D’AMATO, M. “THREE NATURES, THREE STAGES: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE YOGĀCĀRA ‘TRISVABHĀVA’-THEORY.”
7358:
5816:
5277:
4279:
4217:
4192:
3952:
3847:
3638:
Beings whose innate seeds gave them the capacity to practice the bodhisattva path and achieve full
3207:
2851:
2379:
2058:, which states "this (or: whatever belongs to this) triple world is nothing but mind (or thought: *
1921:
1914:
17:
7417:
6785:
1672:
102:
15686:
15580:
15304:
15284:
15258:
15173:
14696:
13720:
13083:
13063:
12394:
12374:
12131:
11861:
11105:
10441:
Padmakara Translation of Ju Mipham's commentary on Shantarakshita's root versus on his synthesis.
8096:
7520:Ālayavijñāna: on the origin and the early development of a central concept of Yogācāra philosophy
7399:
Finnigan, Bronwyn (2017). "Buddhist Idealism." In Tyron Goldschmidt & Kenneth Pearce (eds.),
5832:
5522:
5260:
5175:
saw Nāgārjuna's teachings as needing further expansion and explication (since it was part of the
4108:
of niyutas of aeons and consequently attains the transformation of the basis (āśrayaparavṛtti)".
3857:
3814:(here referring to spiritual practice in general) from a Yogācāra perspective and relies in both
3341:
2969:. According to Rahula, all the elements of this theory of consciousness with its three layers of
1810:
1682:
1384:
935:
Yoga Practice, Doctrine of Consciousness, Consciousness-Only Doctrine, Cognizance-Only, Mind-Only
746:
14444:
10474:
10309:
Temasek Working Paper No. 2: 2021. Temasek History Research Centre ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute
9126:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1,
8752:
A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries,
8519:
A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries,
6646:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1,
6467:,treats Tathāgatagarbha-thought as a separate school of Mahayana, providing an excerpt from the
5705:
5494:), which also included elements from Yogācāra, Madhyamaka and Tathāgatagarbha. In contrast, the
4992:
According to Lusthaus, the synthetic Yogācāra-tathāgatagarbha school accepted the definition of
4664:
are part of a second phase of Yogācāra scholarship which took place after the completion of the
4312:
Yogic practice of non-observation (anupalambha-prayoga) - Outer objects are not observed as such
4104:
states that at this stage the yogin "dwells in intense cultivation for hundreds of thousands of
3657:
Beings whose innate seeds had an indeterminate nature, and could potentially be any of the above
3275:
3145:, in the dependent nature, of objects – that is, the objects of the conceptualized nature" (see
2288:(which need not be idealist). However, Delenau points out that Vasubandhu clearly states in his
1956:
1286:
1221:(7th-century). Today, Yogācāra ideas and texts continue to be influential subjects of study for
15785:
15546:
15481:
15314:
14671:
14627:
14124:
14082:
13474:
13093:
12933:
12601:
12571:
12344:
12295:
12136:
12084:
12079:
11841:
11662:
11559:
11311:
11306:
11055:
10464:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1
9813:
9011:
5680:(buddha-nature) and thus seems to be part of the tradition which sought to merge Yogācāra with
5516:(reflexive awareness) and the foundational consciousness. Furthermore, the debates between the
5063:
is another example of a hybrid thinker. He promoted the theory of a "stainless consciousness" (
4354:
3491:, the main model of liberation is a radical transformation of the basis (āśrayaparāvṛtti). The
3311:, likely referring to certain Madhyamikas) because they saw them as straying into metaphysical
3288:
3255:
in both senses." Another way to state this key difference is that Madhyamaka defends a "global
3095:
2962:
2737:
1677:
1409:
1389:
11423:
9302:(Rome Oriental Series 33). Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, pp. 45–52.
8568:
A Study of Mahayanasamgraha III: The Relation of Practical Theories and Philosophical Theories
8537:
A Study of Mahayanasamgraha III: The Relation of Practical Theories and Philosophical Theories
8177:
7796:
7359:"What is Our Shared Sensory World?: Ming Dynasty Debates on Yogacara versus Huayan Doctrines."
6553:
6261:
6210:
5236:
5111:
4267:). Thus, one sees the idea of intrinsic nature to be illusory like a hallucination or a dream.
4140:
discusses the Yogācāra school's specifically Mahāyāna forms of practice which are tailored to
3759:
2989:(the deepest layer of the aggregate of consciousness which retains karmic impressions and the
2689:-consciousnesses (of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting and bodily sense), mentation (mano or
2510:
is the simpler and "lighter" theory which "posits the least number of unobservable entities."
1983:. The meaning of this term is at the heart of the modern scholarly disagreement about whether
1657:
1336:
721:
347:
15541:
15501:
15426:
15329:
15208:
14831:
14751:
14449:
14317:
14249:
13868:
13484:
13239:
13098:
13068:
12649:
12581:
12414:
12329:
12324:
12248:
12243:
12161:
10691:
8291:
by Vasubandhu. translated by Etienne Lamotte and Leo M. Pruden. Asian Humanities Press: 2001
6007:
5690:
5616:
5487:
5442:
5240:
5232:
5206:
5155:
4834:
4812:
4506:
4496:
3840:
3712:
3348:)." Thus, for Sthiramati, consciousness (vijñana) "since it is dependently arisen, exists as
2782:
2764:(storehouse or repository consciousness), was defined as the storehouse of all karmic seeds (
2676:
2558:
2495:
2001:
1933:
1632:
1562:
1214:
876:
661:
411:
362:
11714:
6752:
6193:
4965:
3871:
3750:
Davey K. Tomlinson describes the difference (with reference to later Yogacara scholars from
2091:), just like the case of those with cataracts seeing unreal hairs in the moon and the like (
711:
15693:
15531:
15471:
15364:
15168:
15048:
14701:
14470:
14067:
14050:
13664:
13121:
13088:
13073:
12591:
12488:
12434:
12319:
12258:
12226:
12221:
12206:
12191:
12181:
12146:
12059:
11751:
11674:
10977:
10917:
10666:
10633:
10583:
5875:
5791:
5649:
5593:
were also influenced by Yogacara ideas and responded to their theories in their own works.
5578:
4742:
scholastic school. Another important third movement developed a synthesis of Yogācāra with
4699:
4567:
4554:
3984:
3796:
3588:(knowledge, direct knowing), which is seen as a non-dual knowledge that is non-conceptual (
3323:
v. 10). They held that there was really something which could be said to "exist", that is,
3252:
3238:
Indian sources indicate that Yogācāra thinkers sometimes debated with the defenders of the
2907:
2807:
2197:
2049:
1996:
1725:
1068:
881:
871:
866:
523:
137:
15099:
14176:
12961:
11576:
11445:
11371:
11247:
10985:
8151:“On the Status of the Trisvabhāvanirdeśa in Contemporary Conceptions of Yogācāra Thought.”
7072:
5033:
4919:
It was perhaps due to this that the logical tradition shifted over time to using the term
4840:
3429:"progressive" model by these Western scholars. The "pivot" model, found in texts like the
3086:) are wrongly imputed and not truly real, "they are like mirages and blossoms in the sky."
2871:
8:
15836:
15466:
15379:
15028:
14856:
14676:
13685:
12928:
12807:
12641:
12616:
12606:
12566:
12543:
12426:
12399:
12359:
12278:
12268:
12196:
12123:
11554:
11411:
11192:
11170:
11122:
10942:
10742:
10598:
10578:
5601:
5538:
5356:
5135:
5088:
4964:
well into the 11th century. One of the most important late figures of this tradition was
4538:
4444:
3329:
3074:, this nature is an "absence of an existential nature by its very defining characteristic
2443:
2334:
2238:
2170:
1902:
1825:
1434:
1429:
1258:
1226:
1167:
1100:
1054:
841:
331:
322:
107:
14531:
10902:
10829:
9952:
9547:
9394:
Kano, Kazuo. "Sajjana and Mahājana: Yogācāra Exegeses in the Eleventh Century Kashmir."
6738:
Peter Harvey, "An Introduction to Buddhism." Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 106.
5708:
no. 1830). Another lesser known sutra which was important in East Asian Yogācāra is the
5005:
4908:
4004:
3815:
3216:
3112:
2093:
vijñaptimātram evaitad asad arthāvabhāsanāt yathā taimirikasyāsat keśa candrādi darśanam
256:
147:
15816:
15766:
15733:
15536:
15516:
15491:
15486:
15431:
15150:
14771:
14741:
14166:
13757:
13629:
13526:
13420:
13207:
12991:
12896:
12738:
12701:
12696:
12626:
12576:
12523:
12518:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12369:
12354:
12339:
12334:
12273:
12253:
12216:
12141:
11946:
11647:
11571:
11449:
11391:
11232:
11132:
11060:
11035:
10681:
10611:
6931:
6827:
6534:
6163:
Jñānacandra (eighth century) - Yogacaryābhāvanātātparyārthanirdeśa, a meditation manual
5697:
All these five sutras are listed by Kuiji as key sutras for the Yogācāra school in his
5546:
5067:
a pure wisdom within all beings, i.e. the tathāgatagarbha), which is revealed once the
4981:
4957:
4895:
Arya Vimuktisena (6th century) who commented on the AA, and Daṃṣṭrāsena (author of the
4263:
4065:
3919:
2990:
2842:
2470:
1482:
1464:
1459:
1399:
1306:
861:
826:
488:
418:
14962:
14601:
12790:
10141:
Brunnhölzl, Karl (2014). "The Meditative Tradition of the Uttaratantra and Shentong".
9258:
Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Routledge, 1989, p. 103.
6179:
5665:
4789:
4530:
4416:
3762:(ca. 970–1045); on the other, the Sākāravāda, articulated by his colleague and critic
15841:
15821:
15451:
15411:
15396:
15124:
15053:
15033:
14917:
14801:
14072:
13978:
13706:
13511:
13331:
13169:
13131:
12827:
12812:
12775:
12760:
12533:
12449:
12364:
12201:
12166:
12151:
11878:
11868:
11549:
11396:
11381:
11252:
11175:
11095:
11030:
10962:
10849:
10606:
10386:
10375:
10125:
10014:
9908:
9842:
9785:
9715:
9620:
9453:
9432:
9173:
9067:
9063:
The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the Context of Indian Buddhist Thought
9040:
8979:
8461:
8363:
8339:
8292:
8269:
8244:
8217:
8112:
8066:
8043:
8023:
7970:
7947:
7927:
7907:
7886:
7866:
7841:
7817:
7229:
7181:
7095:
7013:
6935:
6831:
6690:
6603:
6559:
6223:
6107:
5940:
5517:
5481:
5428:
4949:
4879:
These branches of Yogācāra thought were not mutually exclusive however, for example,
4684:
4678:
4378:
3948:
3691:, True Aspectarians, also known as Sākāravāda). They are also termed "Aspectarians" (
3681:
3520:
2573:
2466:
2403:) that lead to clinging concepts and theories, which are just cognitive projections (
2302:
2250:
2174:
2031:
The text goes on to affirm that the same is true for objects of ordinary perception.
1860:
1780:
1419:
1080:
980:
851:
836:
831:
814:
493:
404:
354:
34:
14871:
14234:
12113:
10907:
10807:
10506:(subtitle) "An early interpretation of Yogaacaara thought in China", Ming-Wood Liu,
10448:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 2(1), pp. 44–64.
7130:
3.3); ‘mind, thinking, consciousness, and representation are synonymous terms’. Cf.
6472:
4708:
4583:
4537:. Philosophically speaking, Richard King notes that Sautrāntikas defended a kind of
4476:
3827:
3634:
state of enlightenment and no other. Thus, beings were placed into five categories:
1291:
1202:
231:
15625:
15566:
15268:
15253:
15248:
15223:
15183:
15158:
15038:
15008:
14876:
14846:
14826:
14686:
14505:
14490:
14027:
13965:
13713:
13678:
13591:
13452:
13415:
13361:
12817:
12770:
12765:
12621:
12586:
12561:
12556:
12307:
12263:
12176:
11851:
11507:
11500:
11284:
11274:
11160:
10824:
10696:
10398:
10111:
BDK English Tripitaka, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation & Research, 2006.
9749:
9641:
An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism.
9590:
An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism.
9534:
Philosophy of Mind in Sixth-Century China: Paramartha's Evolution of Consciousness.
9521:
Philosophy of Mind in Sixth-Century China: Paramartha's Evolution of Consciousness.
8453:
6923:
6819:
6378:
6071:
5846:
5758:
5636:
5625:
5550:
5512:
5464:
teachings draw on both Madhyamaka and Yogācāra-Tathāgatagarbha thought. Similarly,
5438:
5371:
5291:
5228:
4616:
4579:
4566:. However, in its current form it is a "conglomeration of heterogenous materials" (
4377:
focuses entirely on meditation. It extensively discusses the meditative aspects of
4270:
The investigation of verbal designations expressing individuation and differences (
4034:
3991:
3737:
3398:
3353:
3225:
3070:
2515:
2503:
2277:
2266:
1785:
1627:
1517:
1444:
1222:
1170:. Aside from this, Yogācāra also developed an elaborate analysis of consciousness (
1032:
954:
846:
819:
686:
503:
483:
307:
271:
13264:
11896:
10493:
9779:
8585:, 2010, pp. 97-107, 119-125. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
6235:
5968:(commentary) defend the view of consciousness-only using epistemological arguments
5526:
5502:
schools generally see Yogācāra as a lesser view than the Madhyamaka philosophy of
5107:
4469:
4007:(bhūmis) with the earlier Abhidharma outline of the path called the "five paths" (
3794:
A key early source for the yogic practices of Indian Yogācāra is the encyclopedic
3763:
3542:
For Yogācāra, the seemingly external or dualistic world is merely a "by-product" (
2349:
means "mere representation of consciousness," a view which states "that the world
2169:
According to Bruce Cameron Hall, the interpretation of this doctrine as a form of
1647:
1311:
551:
15630:
15441:
15391:
15119:
15063:
15023:
14983:
14861:
14766:
14322:
14307:
14017:
13983:
13479:
13269:
13181:
13126:
13078:
13006:
12876:
12674:
12654:
12596:
12508:
12171:
12069:
11916:
11652:
11635:
11620:
11598:
11150:
11020:
10854:
10834:
9213:
9167:
9109:‘The Yogācārabhūmi Corpus: Sources, Editions, Translations, and Reference Works’.
9061:
9034:
7223:
7079:
6057:
6041:
5724:
5723:
There are also various Indian, Chinese and Tibetan commentaries to these various
5446:
4998:(the buddha-womb, buddha-source, or "buddha-within") as "permanent, pleasurable,
4816:
4382:
4288:
4042:
3898:
3823:
3575:
3333:
3248:
2190:
2182:
2144:
1849:
1830:
1815:
1755:
1662:
1379:
1006:
791:
726:
566:
284:
266:
251:
142:
122:
14414:
11926:
11080:
11070:
6308:
5720:), teaches that the pure land is not a physical place, but a symbol for wisdom.
4348:
3554:
3263:
3171:
3017:), each of the three natures are also explained as having a lack of own-nature (
3013:
2795:
the six types of manifest awareness, all of which occur simultaneously with the
2704:). Traditional Buddhist descriptions of consciousness taught just the first six
2569:
1552:
1414:
1281:
586:
15640:
15590:
15218:
15129:
15058:
15043:
15013:
14988:
14942:
14927:
14922:
14821:
14761:
14746:
14726:
14716:
14711:
14681:
14022:
14010:
14000:
13995:
13988:
13699:
13491:
13398:
13136:
12839:
12689:
12471:
12051:
12031:
11951:
11640:
11630:
11564:
11401:
10887:
10750:
10351:
Addenda and Corrigenda to The Theory of Karman in the Abhidharmasamuccaya, 2012
9685:
Introduction to the Middle Way: Chandrakirti's Madhyamakavatara with Commentary
9209:
6549:
5728:
5316:
5247:
would also work to show the compatibility of the alikākāravāda sub-school with
4447:
adepts of the first centuries of the common era which were associated with the
4150:
4012:
3915:
3780:
3645:
2966:
2815:
2455:
1775:
1750:
1735:
1602:
856:
771:
528:
292:
191:
92:
14312:
13541:
10402:
9781:
Ocean of Eloquence: Tsong kha pa's Commentary on the Yogacara Doctrine of Mind
7259:
6927:
6823:
4607:
4520:
4452:
3524:
3058:
2903:
2862:
2391:
1951:
1296:
1186:
15810:
15456:
15114:
15104:
15094:
15084:
15018:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14957:
14952:
14947:
14932:
14891:
14786:
14650:
14606:
14591:
14579:
14171:
14091:
14033:
13878:
13773:
13692:
13643:
13469:
13354:
13340:
13259:
13200:
12906:
12755:
12064:
11966:
11824:
11625:
11603:
11539:
11210:
11005:
11000:
10892:
10561:
10453:
Mathyanta-Vibhanga, "Discourse on Discrimination between Middle and Extremes"
10418:
10240:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
10168:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
9775:
9732:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
9570:
Jorgensen, John; Lusthaus, Dan; Makeham, John; Strange, Mark, trans. (2019),
9313:
Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations
8885:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
8872:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
8844:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
8831:
Luminous Heart: The Third Karmapa on Consciousness, Wisdom, and Buddha Nature
8465:
5586:
5326:
5325:
in four fascicles, which would also become important in the early history of
5244:
4994:
4937:
4743:
4574:(hence, later layers quote the sutra directly). Modern scholars consider the
4432:
4184:
3968:
3784:
3244:
3197:
An important difference between the Yogācāra conception of emptiness and the
3186:
and its objects, between what is "external" and "internal", between subject (
2655:
2489:
to show that mental content can have causal efficacy even outside of a dream.
2324:
notes that one's interpretation of Yogācāra will depend on how the qualifier
2209:
2186:
2027:) or not." The Buddha says they are not different, "Because these images are
1800:
1760:
1702:
1687:
1667:
1454:
1178:), as well as an extensive system of Buddhist spiritual practice, i.e. yoga.
1112:
756:
741:
681:
513:
473:
216:
157:
97:
82:
11364:
11354:
10726:
10372:
Buddhist Spirituality: Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, and Early Chinese.
8441:
6248:
4443:
The term "yogācāra" (yoga practitioner) was originally used to refer to the
4246:). One understands that this is apart from all labels and is inexpressible (
4127:) of the Buddha (a doctrine which was also invented by the Yogācāra school).
3651:
Beings whose innate seeds gave them the capacity to achieve the state of an
3443:
experiencing the dependent, while the perfected nature is the correct way.
2974:
2519:
1652:
1537:
15610:
15556:
14881:
14756:
14706:
14098:
14055:
13636:
13553:
13442:
12996:
12981:
12951:
12901:
12891:
12733:
12528:
12021:
11856:
11734:
11522:
11517:
11344:
11215:
11090:
10551:
10079:
9086:
King, Richard; Vijnaptimatrata and the Abhidharma context of early Yogacara
7833:
7065:
6468:
6393:
6137:
5840:
5503:
5143:
4761:
4495:
One of the earliest texts of the Mahāyāna Yogācāra tradition proper is the
4448:
4396:
4335:
4196:
4089:
point, one is a proper noble (arya) bodhisattva instead of just a beginner.
4046:
4015:
3960:
3751:
3644:
Beings whose innate seeds gave them the capacity to achieve the state of a
3409:
3369:
3345:
3292:
3256:
3137:
2857:
2706:
2474:
2367:
2214:
1925:
1770:
1730:
1567:
1507:
1182:
1171:
781:
766:
606:
14562:
13762:
13447:
13321:
11779:
11764:
11724:
11421:
11085:
10661:
10013:
Foundations of Buddhism, by Rupert Gethin. Oxford University Press: 1998.
9879:
Ritual and Speculation in Early Tantrism: Studies in Honor of Andre Padoux
9841:. Vol. 1 India and China. Bloomington, IN: World Wisdom. p. 52.
8996:
5139:
4976:
4586:
and Sautrāntika traditions, who also had similar texts called by the name
4411:(Middle Way), is one of the two principal philosophical schools of Indian
3936:
3808:
The YBh presents a structured exposition of the Mahāyāna Buddhist path of
3405:
3363:
likewise argues that it is only logical to speak of emptiness if there is
2855:) are the two appropriations which make up the "kindling" or "fuel" (lit.
2284:(which is sometimes seen as a different, more metaphysical position) with
1557:
1093:
596:
392:
360:
328:
305:
15243:
15233:
15203:
15178:
15068:
14937:
14836:
14816:
14806:
14776:
14186:
13956:
13767:
13610:
13531:
13501:
13308:
13295:
13254:
13231:
12966:
12795:
11936:
11921:
11704:
11512:
11440:
11220:
11050:
10952:
10799:
10671:
6383:
5172:
4914:
4781:
4777:
4688:, modern scholars generally see these as the works of different authors.
4562:) also contains very ancient Yogācāra material which is earlier than the
4481:
4436:
4141:
4021:
The five paths or stages are outlined in Yogācāra sources as follows:
3941:
3566:), treats the subject of karma in detail from the Yogācāra perspective.
3548:
3500:
2642:
2589:
2383:
2321:
2270:
2247:
1547:
1532:
1527:
1301:
641:
616:
601:
298:
241:
184:
67:
12956:
11416:
9289:, 2010, pp. 17-20. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8958:, 2010, pp. 94-95. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
7787:
Leslie S. Kawamura, translator, SUNY Press, Albany 1991, pp. 53-57, 200.
7092:
Empty words : Buddhist philosophy and cross-cultural interpretation
5769:
Yogācāra authors wrote numerous scholastic and philosophical treatises (
4334:
by the bodhisattva to all meditative practices, including the different
3833:. According to some scholars, this text can be traced to communities of
2553:
1999:, the earliest surviving appearance of this term is in chapter 8 of the
196:
15635:
15436:
15401:
15228:
15109:
15089:
14796:
14721:
14567:
14374:
14259:
14244:
14239:
14077:
13888:
13883:
13848:
13620:
13586:
13457:
13410:
13313:
13303:
12911:
12869:
12745:
12551:
12476:
12090:
12074:
12036:
12016:
11911:
11886:
11794:
11729:
11709:
11455:
11386:
11257:
11140:
11110:
11045:
10995:
10653:
10643:
10616:
10255:, LAST MODIFIED: 25 NOVEMBER 2014, DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195393521-0205.
10217:, LAST MODIFIED: 25 NOVEMBER 2014, DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780195393521-0205.
8457:
8430:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 73-74.
6358:
5986:
5972:
5882:
5836:
5765:. This is one of the founding religious myth of Yogācāra scholasticism.
5590:
5582:
5338:
5252:
5248:
5159:
5147:
5115:
5084:
5060:
4856:
4808:
4718:
4704:
4691:
Asaṅga went on to write many of the key Yogācāra treatises such as the
4646:
4629:
4625:
4408:
4120:
4060:加行位), also termed "the stage of the practice of faith and conviction" (
4038:
4030:
3830:
3716:
3665:
3639:
3539:), either arising from one's own subliminal seeds or from other minds.
3413:
3337:
3297:
3239:
3198:
3179:
2891:‘ceases’ at awakening, becoming transformed into a pure consciousness.
2729:
2623:
2523:
2469:(multiple minds experiencing the same world). Vasubandhu counters that
2205:
1928:
1795:
1692:
1572:
1512:
1449:
1424:
1394:
1321:
1198:
1175:
1124:
1116:
1108:
761:
671:
656:
581:
576:
453:
201:
180:
77:
72:
14297:
14005:
11931:
10927:
10040:
The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogācāra in Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism,
9734:, Introduction. Snow Lion Publications, The Nitartha Institute (2009).
8615:, 2010, pp. 119. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8600:, 2010, pp. 107. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
7032:
Tokyo, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014, p. 625.
6904:
Tokyo, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014, p. 389.
6874:
Tokyo, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014, p. 598.
6861:
Tokyo, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014, p. 391.
6848:
Tokyo, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014, p. 387.
6800:
Tokyo, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, 2014, p. 597.
5955:
5936:
attributed to Asanga, but this has been questioned by modern scholars.
4773:
4216:. They were considered to lead to awakening, and were linked with the
4206:
3669:
3082:). Because these conceptualized natures and distinct characteristics (
2883:
which is an ever changing process and therefore not a permanent self.
2732:
doctrine of "momentariness" (kṣaṇavada), which Yogācāra also accepts.
2535:
1542:
1022:
591:
132:
15585:
15446:
15386:
15374:
15263:
14978:
14912:
14851:
13920:
13863:
13822:
13744:
13603:
13598:
13536:
13506:
13405:
12886:
12859:
12026:
11901:
11613:
11529:
11406:
11296:
11269:
11225:
11182:
11145:
10912:
10877:
10844:
10819:
10774:
8690:, 2010, p. 114. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8675:, 2010, p. 122. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8660:, 2010, p. 111. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8645:, 2010, p. 111. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8630:, 2010, p. 109. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
7651:
Walpola Rahula, quoted in Padmasiri De Silva, Robert Henry Thouless,
7167:, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Oct., 1996), pp. 447-476.
6749:
Wonhyo's Reliance on Huiyuan in his Exposition of the Two Hindrances.
5648:
is often quoted in Yogācāra works and is assumed to also be an early
5480:
school also developed its own synthetic philosophy which they termed
5473:
5330:
5171:), and saw their work as implicitly in agreement with Yogācāra. This
5164:
5103:
5052:
4633:
3687:, False Aspectarians, also known as Nirākāravāda) and Satyākāravāda (
3301:
3183:
2725:
2627:
2577:
2486:
2390:
theories. Moreover, Western idealism lacks any counterpart to karma,
2358:), it receives a number of synonyms, none of which betray idealism."
2306:
are synonymous. Nevertheless, different alternative translations for
2062:). Why? Because however I imagine things, that is how they appear."
1765:
1497:
1210:
1104:
786:
546:
498:
236:
226:
221:
206:
152:
14379:
12659:
11495:
11349:
11115:
10897:
10766:
10758:
10513:
9860:
9858:
9683:
9574:, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, in Introduction (pp. 1–10).
9510:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 80.
9497:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 81.
9484:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 10.
9418:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 74.
8940:, 2010, p. 92. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8920:, 2010, p. 90. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8861:, 2010, p. 87. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8769:, 2010, p. 78. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
8395:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 73.
8150:
8009:, 2010, p. 77. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
7994:, 2010, p. 76. Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
7375:
Mind Only: A Philosophical and Doctrinal Analysis of the Vijñānavāda
7176:
Vasubandhu (author), Stefan Anacker (translator, annotator) (1984).
6266:
Prajñāpāramitopadeśa, Madhyamakālaṃkāropadeśa, Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
6173:
Sumatiśīla (late eighth century) wrote a commentary on Vasubandhu's
4717:
is his main work which discusses the doctrines of these traditions.
3819:
3534:
3284:
2902:
concept was probably influenced by these theories, particularly the
2412:
1404:
992:
716:
646:
15521:
15476:
15193:
14596:
14404:
14343:
13905:
13784:
13735:
13496:
13286:
13176:
13016:
12971:
12916:
12881:
12785:
12444:
12011:
12006:
11956:
11891:
11809:
11774:
11769:
11430:
11301:
11289:
11200:
10859:
10556:
9155:
8382:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011, p. 8.
8213:
An Introduction to Buddhist ethics: Foundations, Values, and Issues
6368:
6363:
6094:
6066:
6015:
5762:
5461:
5387:
5362:
5309:
5287:
5282:
5210:
5168:
4820:
4650:
4534:
4488:
4484:
4456:
4412:
4254:
4253:
The investigation of verbal designations suggesting and portraying
3496:
3417:
3312:
3066:
3003:
2849:
holding on to the body's sense faculties and "profuse imaginings" (
2814:
being a kind of vijñāna, has an object as well (as all vijñāna has
2698:
2387:
2262:
2143:
Another classic statement of the doctrine appears in Dharmakīrti's
2066:
2045:
1984:
1906:
1844:
1745:
1587:
1577:
1502:
1492:
1439:
1356:
1316:
1218:
1190:
1159:
1151:
1120:
940:
706:
631:
556:
508:
458:
246:
42:
14399:
14389:
13464:
13432:
12001:
11991:
11976:
11799:
11669:
10937:
10494:"Early Yogaacaara and Its Relationship with the Madhyamaka School"
5450:
2961:
A similar perspective which emphasizes Yogācāra's continuity with
2132:)...Just as in a dream there appear, even without a thing/object (
1970:
One of the main features of Yogācāra philosophy is the concept of
1920:). Yogācārins made use of ideas from previous traditions, such as
1642:
1622:
1617:
736:
701:
691:
651:
15572:
15354:
13940:
13915:
13910:
13752:
13425:
12921:
12864:
12849:
11996:
11986:
11961:
11836:
11831:
11789:
11759:
11691:
11657:
11544:
11485:
11480:
11334:
11237:
11075:
11025:
10812:
10638:
10423:
The Precious Vase: Instructions on the Base of Santi Maha Sangha
10170:
pp. 10-11. Snow Lion Publications, The Nitartha Institute (2009).
9939:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition
9855:
6810:
Trivedi, Saam (November 2005). "Idealism and Yogacara Buddhism".
6388:
6373:
6051:
5857:
5778:
5771:
5553:. Zen was heavily influenced by Yogācāra sources, especially the
5457:
5416:
5295:
5119:
4961:
4953:
4765:
4736:
4464:
4460:
4124:
4069:
3910:) used in meditation, the various types contemplative antidotes (
3875:
3803:
3788:
3099:
2898:
is the most comprehensive and systematic. Waldron notes that the
2712:
2548:
1910:
1897:
Yogācāra philosophy is primarily meant to aid in the practice of
1697:
1341:
696:
626:
621:
518:
463:
162:
117:
14619:
14181:
11608:
11376:
9691:(1st ed.). Dordogne, France: Khyentse Foundation. p. 8
9269:
Paving the Great Way: Vasubandhu's Unifying Buddhist Philosophy,
4525:
3604:). The sixth consciousness becomes immediate cognitive mastery (
3529:
3527:
had developed theories of karma based on the notion of "seeds" (
2765:
2564:
In disproving the possibility of external objects, Vasubandhu's
947:
Yogacāra, Vijñānavāda, Vijñaptivāda, Vijñaptimātratā, Cittamātra
15551:
15213:
13805:
13581:
13576:
13563:
13516:
13437:
13388:
13249:
13001:
12986:
12822:
12684:
12664:
12439:
12101:
11981:
11971:
11906:
11534:
11490:
11475:
11465:
11435:
11359:
11242:
11010:
10882:
10626:
10621:
10122:
Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet,
9617:
Living Yogacara: An Introduction to Consciousness-Only Buddhism
9159:
9145:
pp. 157-18. Tokyo:International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
8974:. (2nd Ed.) Volume 14; Masaaki, Hattori (Ed.)(1987 & 2005)"
7418:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vasubandhu/
7180:
Issue 4 of Religions of Asia series. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7030:
The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections,
6902:
The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections,
6872:
The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections,
6859:
The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections,
6846:
The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections,
6798:
The Genesis of Yogācāra-Vijñānavāda: Responses and Reflections,
6786:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vasubandhu/
6685:. (2nd Ed.) Volume 14; Masaaki, Hattori (Ed.)(1987 & 2005)"
6113:
5864:
5477:
5400:
5151:
5092:
4932:
4642:
4381:
from unique perspectives. Success in both of these is based on
3881:
3722:
According to Yaroslav Komarovski the distinction is as follows:
3349:
2394:
or awakening, all of which are central for Yogācāra. Regarding
2104:
1607:
1597:
1582:
1522:
1346:
1266:
1241:
1194:
966:
731:
666:
636:
571:
468:
10516:; articles, bibliographies, and links to other relevant sites.
10387:"Vijnaptimatrata and the Abhidharma context of early Yogacara"
10266:
Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet
10204:, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497001. Accessed 16 Feb. 2024.
10187:, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497001. Accessed 16 Feb. 2024.
9247:
Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet
9236:, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497001. Accessed 16 Feb. 2024.
8200:, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23497001. Accessed 16 Feb. 2024.
6555:
Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet
5369:
and began the work of translating them. Xuanzang composed the
5301:
4455:
traditions in north India (some of their key centers included
2938:
is defiled by this self-interest. The third transformation is
15406:
14348:
13973:
13898:
13893:
13873:
13810:
13521:
13393:
13383:
13276:
13244:
13141:
12976:
12834:
12800:
12780:
12750:
12679:
12096:
11941:
11819:
11814:
11784:
11739:
11586:
11581:
11460:
11165:
10990:
10957:
10947:
10488:
Uncompromising Idealism or the School of Vijñānavāda Buddhism
10242:
p. 9. Snow Lion Publications, The Nitartha Institute (2009).
9015:
in yoga and yogācāra: the revision of a superlative metaphor.
7450:
7438:
7178:
Seven works of Vasubandhu, the Buddhist psychological doctor.
6589:, 2010, Lectures Series (Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies).
6331:
Précis on Contemplating the Mind and Awakening from the Dream
6084:
5906:
5761:
depiction of Asaṅga receiving teachings from the bodhisattva
5499:
5495:
5465:
5395:
5383:
5305:
4985:
4769:
4597:
4105:
3652:
3584:
3420:(7th century) also contains evidence for this Indian debate.
2690:
2686:
2478:
2232:
be understood to be itself a self-less construction and thus
2069:
sources, the term appears in the first verse of Vasubandhu's
2044:), which is also used as a name for the school that suggests
2040:
1740:
1612:
1592:
1206:
776:
676:
611:
87:
14116:
9977:
Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China
9667:
Transforming Consciousness: Yogacara Thought in Modern China
9584:
9582:
9580:
9526:
9132:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013.
9023:, 605–635 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-020-09432-3
7655:
Third revised edition published by NUS Press, 1992 page 66,
7622:
7620:
7595:
7593:
7580:
7578:
7576:
6652:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013.
6116:(617–686) - wrote commentaries on various works such as the
5716:; Taishō vol. 16, no. 680) which along with its commentary (
5684:
thought. Another sutra which contains similar themes to the
5506:, which is seen as the definitive view in these traditions.
4838:, two treatises attributed to an author named Sāramati: the
4473:
indicate just such a gradual adoption of Mahāyāna elements.
4427:
3001:
Yogācāra works often define three basic modes or "natures" (
15600:
15496:
14394:
13571:
13223:
13011:
11804:
11470:
10967:
7642:
Third revised edition published by NUS Press, 1992 page 66.
7142:
7140:
6968:, Asian Philosophy Volume 15, 2005 - Issue 3 Pages 231-246.
6803:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6708:
The Scripture on the Explication of the Underlying Meaning.
6628:
p. 162. Tokyo:International Institute for Buddhist Studies.
6602:. (2nd Ed.) Volume 14: p.9897. USA: Macmillan Reference.
4641:
Yogācāra's systematic exposition owes much to the brothers
4570:) which was finally compiled (perhaps by Asanga) after the
3810:
3423:
2415:
and seeks to realign Mahayana with early Buddhist theory.
1898:
1147:
1135:
1088:
10220:
7191:
5329:. Influential 5th century figures include the translators
4183:
outlines several practices of bodhisattvas, including the
3215:
The Yogācāra school also gave special significance to the
2242:) in Yogācāra. Thus according to Gold, while Vasubandhu's
2204:
Similarly, Jonathan Gold writes that the Yogācāra thinker
15269:
Type physicalism (reductive materialism, identity theory)
12669:
11205:
10510:, vol. 35 no. 4, October 1985, pp. 351–375
10500:, vol. 44 no. 4, October 1994, pp. 659–683
10306:
Dharmakirti of Kedah: His, life, work and troubled times.
9633:
9577:
9172:. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation & Research.
7617:
7605:
7590:
7573:
7561:
5754:
5542:
5079:
returns to the use of the theory of seeds instead of the
4968:(fl. c. 9th or 10th century), "the second Dharmakīrti".
4487:
and disciples, a central figure in Yogacara origin myth.
2746:) which is obsessed with notions of "self". According to
2636:
1905:
and thus it also sets forth a systematic analysis of the
1351:
478:
10290:"Śaṅkaranandana" in Silk, Jonathan A (editor in chief).
10132:. — a study of interpretations of the Abhisamayalankara.
9814:"Brief Survey of Self-voidness and Other-voidness Views"
9324:"Śaṅkaranandana" in Silk, Jonathan A (editor in chief).
7486:
Being as Consciousness: Yogācāra Philosophy of Buddhism,
7291:
Being as Consciousness: Yogācāra Philosophy of Buddhism,
7203:
7137:
6953:
The Meaning of Vijnapti in Vasubandhu's Concept of Mind,
6713:
4721:
also went on to write important Yogācāra works like the
4154:) which realizes of the inexpressible Ultimate Reality (
4119:, 無學位) in other sources. This is equivalent to complete
4077:
subject (ālambaka) are completely identical (samasama)."
3487:
Another difference between these sources is that in the
2052:
writes that the first appearance of this term is in the
13192:
10002:
Being as Consciousness: Yogācāra Philosophy of Buddhism
9036:
Hermeneutics and Tradition in the Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra
8966:
8964:
7708:
On There Only Being the Virtual Nature of Consciousness
6741:
5095:
would thus criticize Xuanzang for failing to teach the
3699:). The core issue is whether appearances or “aspects” (
2985:(mental function, thinking, reasoning, conception) and
2626:. Furthermore, we cannot differentiate them through an
10466:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies.
9928:
p. 18. American Theological Library Association, 1991.
7188:. Source: (accessed: Wednesday April 21, 2010), p.159
7047:
5644:
is an important commentary to this. Another text, the
3446:
The "progressive model" meanwhile can be found in the
2879:
is also individual, so that each person has their own
2177:
has been "the most common "outside" interpretation of
1044:
1037:
15674:
Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness
8180:
Journal of Indian Philosophy, 2017. ⟨halshs-02503277⟩
8082:
8080:
8078:
7797:
Cula-suññata Sutta: The Lesser Discourse on Emptiness
4971:
4826:
The Yogācāra-tathāgatagarbha synthesis, found in the
2337:
interpretation is also supported by Stefan Anacker.
9286:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
9169:
The great Tang dynasty record of the western regions
9148:
8961:
8955:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8937:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8917:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8858:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8766:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8687:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8672:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8657:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8642:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8627:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8612:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8597:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8582:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
8360:
Jokei and Buddhist Devotion in Early Medieval Japan.
8006:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
7991:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
7123:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
6586:
Mind Only and Beyond: History of Yogacara Meditation
5441:. It was first transmitted to Tibet by figures like
5377:
Discourse on the Establishment of Consciousness Only
5025:
doctrine. Some key sources of this tendency are the
4578:
to contain the work of several authors (mainly of a
3201:
conception is that in classical Yogācāra, emptiness
3061:. It is false and empty, and does not really exist (
2458:, which shows how a world created by mind can still
2312:
representation-only, ideation-only, impressions-only
2156:
8555:
Five stages of cultivating the Yogâcāra path 唯識修道五位
8209:
5359:, was written by a member of the Dilun tradition.
4207:
The four investigations and four correct cognitions
3029:) gives a brief definition of these three natures:
2917:
2697:), and the storehouse or substratum consciousness (
2427:
2418:
112:
10292:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume II: Lives.
9326:Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Volume II: Lives.
8075:
5017:This hybrid school eventually went on to link the
4931:of thoughts as a doctrine that did not contradict
3742:) or individually self-cognizing primordial mind (
3266:) was inappropriate, Yogācāra treatises (like the
2822:) world. This is stated in the 8th chapter of the
10374:New York City: The Crossroad Publishing Company.
9868:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 64.
9682:(2003). "Introduction". In Alex Trisoglio (ed.).
9678:
9619:. Wisdom Publications. p. xx-xxi (forward).
5106:became prominent) with the work of thinkers like
2583:
2529:
2280:argue that it is a mistake to conflate the terms
2087:, since it manifests itself as an unreal object (
1974:. It is often used interchangeably with the term
1962:
1945:(store consciousness), the turning of the basis (
15808:
9926:The Yogācāra School of Buddhism: A Bibliography,
9471:Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005) pp.117-122
9467:
9465:
9154:
8317:"How Mystical is Buddhism?" by Roger R. Jackson
6981:The Hilltop Review Volume 4 Issue 1 Spring 2010,
6149:Vinītadeva (c. 645–715) - wrote commentaries on
5989:(6th century), wrote numerous commentaries like
5622:Sūtra of the Explanation of the Profound Secrets
4980:Panorama of the site of Vikramaśīla university (
4906:, which was seen as close to the Hindu ideas of
4162:), which is essenceless and beyond the duality (
3922:, impermanence, and suffering), the practice of
3503:. Kapstein thinks that it is possible that the
1059:
13672:Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience
10504:"The mind-only teaching of Ching-ying Hui-Yuan"
9937:Paul Williams; Anthony Tribe; Alexander Wynne.
9194:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays.
8338:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 97–100.
7264:, British Society for the History of Philosophy
6430:makes it very different from that found in the
6089:Cheng weishi lun, Heart-sutra, Madhyāntavibhāga
6087:(632–682) - Various commentaries on texts like
4952:. The pramāṇa tradition continued to thrive in
4439:during the early period of the Yogācāra school.
4144:. The aim of the bodhisattva's practice in the
4115:), also known as the path of no more learning (
3675:
3233:
2340:According to Thomas Kochumuttom, Yogācāra is a
27:Tradition of Buddhist philosophy and psychology
9615:Tagawa, Shun'ei (2009). Charles Muller (ed.).
9410:
9408:
7416:(Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
6784:(Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
6274:Madhyamakālaṃkāravṛtti-Madhyamapratipadāsiddhi
5824:), another work of the "second phase" of post-
4737:The middle period and the epistemological turn
4123:. It also entails attaining the three bodies (
3703:) of objects in the mind are treated as true (
2361:
996:
985:
945:
14635:
14132:
13208:
10535:
9805:
9774:
9462:
8263:
8236:
6471:, written by a certain Sāramati (娑囉末底), c.q.
4772:(hetuvidyā), exemplified by such thinkers as
4707:to Yogācāra. Vasubandhu was a top scholar of
4703:. Asaṅga also went on to convert his brother
4041:). These are linked with the practice of the
3758:On one hand is the Nirākāravāda, typified by
3616:becomes the immediate cognition of equality (
3094:(literally, "other dependent"), which is the
2034:The term is sometimes used as a synonym with
1878:
970:
959:
903:
11317:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
9832:
9830:
8289:Karmasiddhiprakarana: The Treatise on Action
7473:Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations
7221:
7094:(. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
4711:and Sautrāntika Abhidharma thought, and the
4422:
4322:This process is conceisely explained in the
4018:), i.e. millions upon millions of years.
3628:
2662:
2261:The interpretation of Yogācāra as a type of
1937:, developing various core concepts such as
1011:
10409:
10145:Boston: Snow Lion Publications. pp. 123–50.
9866:Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction
9656:, 11(1), 97–121. doi:10.1353/jkr.2020.0003
9405:
8216:. Cambridge University Press. p. 297.
7638:Padmasiri De Silva, Robert Henry Thouless,
7209:
7197:
7146:
6726:
6054:, but it also argues for consciousness-only
5672:. This text equates the Yogācāra theory of
4029:資糧位), in which a bodhisattva gives rise to
3569:
3519:An explanation of the Buddhist doctrine of
2946:of the object". In this transformation the
2113:(no Sanskrit original, trans. from Tibetan)
14642:
14628:
14139:
14125:
13215:
13201:
10542:
10528:
10357:
10226:
9953:"Quick Overview of the Faxiang School 法相宗"
9669:, pp. 13-14. Oxford University Press, 2014
9548:"Quick Overview of the Faxiang School 法相宗"
9450:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
9448:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
9429:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
9427:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
8750:Brunnholzl, Karl (trans.), Asanga. (2019)
8517:Brunnholzl, Karl (trans.), Asanga. (2019)
8329:
8327:
8063:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
8061:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
8040:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
8038:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
8020:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
8018:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7967:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7965:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7944:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7942:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7924:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7922:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7904:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7902:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7883:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7881:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7863:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7861:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7814:Madhyamaka and Yogacara: Allies Or Rivals?
7812:Garfield, Jay L.; Westerhoff, Jan (2015).
7626:
7611:
7599:
7584:
7567:
7456:
7444:
7377:, p. 205. University of Hawaii Press, 1991
7257:
7053:
5822:Distinguishing the Middle and the Extremes
5129:
4859:(499-569 CE), including his translations:
4598:Classical Yogācāra - Asaṅga and Vasubandhu
4379:‘calm’ (śamatha) and ‘insight’ (vipaśyanā)
3806:on the Foundation for Yoga Practitioners).
3270:) often assert that the dependent nature (
2545:Examination of the Object of Consciousness
2208:can be said to be an idealist (similar to
1885:
1871:
910:
896:
15300:Electromagnetic theories of consciousness
9827:
9672:
8539:, pp. 40-65. University of Calgary, 2000.
8439:
8362:Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 35-68.
7748:. Windhorse Publications, London:. pg 124
6548:
6539:, Yogācāra Buddhism Research Association.
6010:(6th century), wrote commentaries to the
4927:since it was easier to defend a "stream"
4676:as an authoritative text). Regarding the
4668:, but before the composition of Asanga's
4218:thirty-seven factors leading to Awakening
2776:) and the "appropriating consciousness" (
2772:), as well as the "basis consciousness" (
2374:theory is closer in some ways to Western
10473:San Francisco State University. Source:
9836:
8948:
8946:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8478:Timme Kragh 2013, pp. 16, 25-26, 30, 46.
7293:Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2004, p xxiv.
6916:Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement
6913:
5753:
5600:
5415:
5300:
5281:
5271:
5187:Treatise on Comforming to the Middle Way
4975:
4475:
4426:
4033:, and works on the two accumulations of
3928:"the nine aspects of resting the mind" (
3774:
3424:Two interpretations of the three natures
2670:
2477:) caused by the fact they share similar
1103:and psychology emphasizing the study of
12504:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
10446:Dynamic Liberation in Yogacara Buddhism
10437:Shantarakshita & Ju Mipham (2005).
10431:Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment
9390:
9388:
9361:
9359:
9204:
9202:
9094:
9092:
9059:
8978:": p.9897. USA: Macmillan Reference.
8910:
8908:
8906:
8799:
8797:
8746:
8744:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8513:
8511:
8324:
8188:
8186:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
7488:Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 2004, p xxv.
7427:
7425:
7414:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7403:. Oxford University Press. pp. 178-199.
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7327:
7325:
6809:
6782:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6448:Majhima Nikaya 121: Cula-suññata Sutta
5923:An Explanation named 'Garland of Light'
5251:, arguing that it is in fact a form of
5177:"second turning" of the wheel of Dharma
4560:Treatise on the Stages of the Yogācāras
4292:) that one superimposes on true reality
4131:
3374:an ultimate nature) that is empty. The
2954:) even though it is just a conception (
2742:and was seen as the defiled mentation (
2534:This argument was famously defended in
2432:This argument is found in Vasubandhu's
14:
15809:
15310:Higher-order theories of consciousness
14191:
12707:List of Buddhist architecture in China
10514:Yogacara Buddhism Research Association
10153:
10151:
10109:The Interpretation of the Buddha Land,
9987:
9985:
9768:
9614:
9608:
9400:Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies
9279:
9277:
9271:Columbia University Press, 2014, p. 2.
9039:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 4–11.
9032:
8557:, Digital Dictionary of Buddhism, 2006
8336:The Establishment of the Tendai School
8333:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8117:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
8057:
8055:
7984:
7982:
7961:
7959:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7770:
7768:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7666:
7664:
7496:
7494:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7111:Kalupahana 1992, pp. 122-126, 135-136.
7040:
7038:
6883:
6881:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6598:Jones, Lindsay (Ed. in Chief) (2005).
6426:Kalupahana: "The above explanation of
6168:Yogācārabhūmaubodhisattvabhūmivyākhyā,
6081:which draws on numerous Indian sources
4855:大乘法界無差別論), as well as in the works of
2869:is an important element of ignorance (
2710:, each corresponding to a sense base (
2637:Soteriological importance of mind-only
2256:
2128:), because there is no thing/object (
15325:Lamme's recurrent feedback hypothesis
14623:
14120:
13196:
10523:
10460:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
10360:The Principles of Buddhist Psychology
10354:Hamburg: Zentrum für Buddhismuskunde.
10296:
10284:
10271:
10245:
10207:
10200:, vol. 33, no. 2, 2005, pp. 185–207.
10183:, vol. 33, no. 2, 2005, pp. 185–207.
9979:, p. 6. Oxford University Press, 2014
9746:"An Ascertainment of the Two Systems"
9743:
9646:
9382:Shambhala Publications, 2015, p. 118.
9340:Shambhala Publications, 2015, p. 117.
9318:
9232:, vol. 33, no. 2, 2005, pp. 185–207.
9208:
9122:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
8970:Jones, Lindsay (Ed. in Chief)(2005).
8943:
8923:
8570:, p. 66. University of Calgary, 2000.
8406:The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition
8196:, vol. 33, no. 2, 2005, pp. 185–207.
7832:
7731:
7729:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7467:
7465:
7159:
7157:
7155:
6947:
6945:
6689:": p.9897. USA: Macmillan Reference.
6681:Jones, Lindsay (Ed. in Chief)(2005).
6664:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6642:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
6636:
6634:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6317:Anthology of Awakenings from Delusion
6131:Jinaputra, wrote a commentary to the
6075:is a large Chinese commentary on the
5952:, the first commentator on this text.
5913:(Explanation of the Five Aggregates).
5740:), Ratnākaraśānti (various), and the
5736:), Vasubandhu, Dignāga, Daṃṣṭrasena (
5341:. Their followers founded the Dilun (
5083:to explain how some beings can reach
4547:Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma
3779:Maitreya meditating, 2nd century CE,
2522:(11th century CE) defended a type of
2462:to have spatio-temporal localization.
15791:
10428:
10384:
10281:Shambhala Publications, 2015, p. 81.
10190:
10173:
10160:
10090:
10049:
9969:
9944:
9897:
9572:Treatise on Awakening Mahāyāna Faith
9539:
9385:
9356:
9222:
9199:
9089:
8903:
8887:, pp. 23-24. Snow Lion Publications.
8833:, pp. 21-22. Snow Lion Publications.
8794:
8741:
8542:
8524:
8521:Appendix 10. Shambhala Publications.
8508:
8411:
8183:
8155:
8042:pp. 86-87. Oxford University Press.
7906:pp. 41-52. Oxford University Press.
7422:
7406:
7380:
7322:
7228:. Taylor & Francis. p. 43.
7059:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6127:Bodhisattvabhūmiśīlaparivarta-bhāṣya
5411:
4545:also introduced the paradigm of the
3874:(meditative absorptions), the three
2996:
10458:Timme Kragh, Ulrich (editor) 2013,
10148:
10097:. University of Wisconsin--Madison.
9982:
9748:. Jonang Foundation. Archived from
9680:Khyentse Rinpoche, Dzongsar Jamyang
9274:
8754:Appendix 8. Shambhala Publications.
8499:
8126:
8052:
7979:
7956:
7826:
7801:
7765:
7751:
7661:
7491:
7401:Idealism: New Essays in Metaphysics
7362:Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies
7242:
7084:
7035:
6878:
6757:
6040:Dharmakīrti's (6th or 7th century)
4730:Thirty Verses on Consciousness-Only
4235:), i.e. arbitrary linguistic signs.
3978:
3116:) basis in classical Yogācāra (see
2832:*asaṃvidita-sthira-bhājana-vijñapti
2693:), the defiled self-consciousness (
2641:Vasubandhu also explains why it is
2196:The German scholar and philologist
24:
15616:Subjective character of experience
15512:Neural correlates of consciousness
12494:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
10000:Fernando Tola, Carmen Dragonetti.
9950:
9811:
9545:
7726:
7686:
7484:Fernando Tola, Carmen Dragonetti,
7462:
7289:Fernando Tola, Carmen Dragonetti,
7152:
6955:JIABS Vol 9, 1986, Number 1, p. 7.
6942:
6655:
6631:
6613:
6572:
5668:as being contemporaneous with the
5642:Commentary on the Daśabhūmikasūtra
5518:other-emptiness and self-emptiness
5266:rig pa rang bzhin gyis ’od gsal ba
4972:Yogācāra-tathāgatagarbha synthesis
3744:so so(r) rang gis rig pa’i ye shes
1189:traditions in north India adopted
25:
15863:
15646:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
15295:Damasio's theory of consciousness
14649:
10481:
10471:Basic ideas of Yogacara Buddhism.
10057:"Ghanavyūhasūtra - Buddha-Nature"
9907:p. 302. Oxford University Press.
9778:(1993). Kapstein, Matthew (ed.).
9431:p. 142. Oxford University Press.
8065:p. 116. Oxford University Press.
7865:p. 133. Oxford University Press.
7653:Buddhist and Freudian Psychology.
7640:Buddhist and Freudian Psychology.
7412:Gold, Jonathan C., "Vasubandhu",
7258:Westerhoff, Jan (November 2020),
6780:Gold, Jonathan C., "Vasubandhu",
6747:Muller, A. Charles (2005; 2007).
6488:
5596:
4415:, though the related movement of
4227:The investigation of the names (
4193:thirty-seven factors of Awakening
3953:thirty-seven factors of Awakening
3880:, different types of liberation (
3190:literally "grasper") and object (
2444:inference to the best explanation
1205:. Yogācāra was later imported to
1142:(the doctrine of consciousness),
1134:literally means "practitioner of
1099:) is an influential tradition of
15790:
15781:
15780:
15708:Journal of Consciousness Studies
15596:Sociology of human consciousness
15432:Dual consciousness (split-brain)
15335:Orchestrated objective reduction
13175:
13165:
13164:
12722:Thai temple art and architecture
12467:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
10707:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
10573:
10560:
10550:
10451:Stcherbatsky, Theodore (1936).
10362:, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications
10325:
10312:
10258:
10253:Asaṅga, oxfordbibliographies.com
10232:
10215:Asaṅga, oxfordbibliographies.com
10135:
10114:
10101:
10084:
10073:
10032:
10023:
10007:
9994:
9931:
9918:
9884:
9871:
9737:
9724:
9707:
9659:
9595:
9564:
9513:
9500:
9487:
9474:
9442:
9421:
9372:
9343:
9330:
9305:
9292:
9261:
9252:
9239:
9186:
9135:
9114:
9101:
9080:
9053:
9026:
9004:
8989:
8890:
8877:
8874:, p. 25. Snow Lion Publications.
8864:
8849:
8846:, p. 24. Snow Lion Publications.
8836:
8823:
8810:
8781:
8772:
8757:
8728:
8715:
8706:
8693:
8678:
8663:
8648:
8633:
8618:
8603:
8588:
8573:
8560:
8490:
8481:
8472:
8433:
8420:
8398:
8385:
8372:
8352:
8311:
8302:
8282:
8257:
8243:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 194.
8230:
8203:
8022:p. 86. Oxford University Press.
7969:p. 46. Oxford University Press.
7946:p. 50. Oxford University Press.
7926:p. 59. Oxford University Press.
7885:p. 68. Oxford University Press.
7222:Dan Lusthaus (4 February 2014).
6457:
6170:a large Yogācārabhūmi commentary
6097:(613–696) - Commentaries on the
5421:Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama
4615:
4606:
4552:The early layers of the massive
4300:
3957:saptatriṃśad bodhipakṣyā dharmāḥ
3914:) against the afflictions (like
3734:), described as self-cognition (
2918:Transformations of consciousness
2910:theory of a subtle form of mind
2753:
2547:) and its main target is Indian
2473:(such as those said to occur to
2428:Explanatory equivalence argument
2419:Arguments for consciousness-only
2015:) of meditative concentration (*
1854:
1843:
1265:
1240:
51:
15714:Online Consciousness Conference
15701:How the Self Controls Its Brain
10574:
10439:The Adornment of the Middle Way
10410:Kochumuttom, Thomas A. (1999),
9452:p. 6. Oxford University Press.
8505:Timme Kragh 2013 pp. 51, 60–230
8408:, pp. 149-150. Routledge, 2012.
8268:. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 48.
8032:
8012:
7997:
7936:
7916:
7896:
7875:
7855:
7816:p. 3. Oxford University Press.
7790:
7777:
7738:
7713:
7706:Peter Lunde Johnson, Xuanzang,
7700:
7673:
7645:
7632:
7552:
7543:
7534:
7525:
7512:
7503:
7478:
7367:
7351:
7338:
7309:
7296:
7283:
7274:
7215:
7170:
7114:
7105:
7022:
7006:
6997:
6984:
6971:
6958:
6907:
6894:
6864:
6851:
6838:
6790:
6732:
6442:
6420:
6414:A Defense of Yogacara Buddhism.
6406:
6300:Mahāyānottaratantraśāstropadeśa
6219:Light on the Hard-to-Illuminate
6196:(fl. c. 9th or 10th century) -
6166:Sāgaramegha (eighth century) -
5901:("Proper Mode of Exposition"),
5852:Nāgamitra's (3rd-4th century?)
5845:another work of the so called "
5257:Seventh Karmapa Chödrak Gyamtso
4419:-thought was also influential.
3826:while also being influenced by
3664:The fifth class of beings, the
3027:Exposition of the Three Natures
2269:, Dunne, Lusthaus, Powers, and
2023:) from the contemplating mind (
15360:Altered state of consciousness
14501:Lamp of Complete Understanding
14486:Vimśatikāvijñaptimātratāsiddhi
12712:Japanese Buddhist architecture
12514:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
11594:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
10785:Places where the Buddha stayed
8998:Die Philosophie des Buddhismus
8995:E. Frauwallner (2010 (1956)),
7518:Schmithausen, Lambert (1987).
7165:A Defense of Yogācāra Buddhism
6990:Garfield, Jay L. Vasubandhu's
6979:Idealism in Yogācāra Buddhism,
6966:Idealism and Yogacara Buddhism
6700:
6675:
6592:
6542:
6465:Die Philosophie des Buddhismus
5897:(Treatise in Thirty Stanzas),
5891:(Treatise in Twenty Stanzas),
5406:the modern revival of Yogācāra
5195:Mahayana Middle Way Commentary
5091:. Later Chinese thinkers like
4503:Unraveling the Profound Intent
3967:, and how to practice the six
3902:), the various types of foci (
3480:Furthermore, according to the
2588:This argument was defended by
2584:Constant co-cognition argument
2530:Causation-resemblance argument
13:
1:
15462:Hard problem of consciousness
15320:Integrated information theory
14146:
12727:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
10490:, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
10476:(accessed: October 18, 2007).
10358:Kalupahana, David J. (1992),
9098:Kritzer (2005), p. xvii, xix.
8123:(accessed: December 12, 2007)
7746:A Concise History of Buddhism
6992:treatise on the three natures
6482:
6337:
5930:Saṃdhinirmocanasūtravyākhyāna
5355:, a very influential work in
4368:
4238:The investigation of things (
3221:Lesser Discourse on Emptiness
2977:, corresponding to the terms
2594:Ascertainment of Epistemology
2224:states that the very idea of
1115:through the interior lens of
15760:What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
15747:The Science of Consciousness
15621:Subjectivity and objectivity
12484:Buddhism and the Roman world
12460:Decline of Buddhism in India
12455:History of Buddhism in India
10555: Topics in
10414:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
10198:Journal of Indian Philosophy
10181:Journal of Indian Philosophy
10038:Harris, Ian Charles (1991).
9230:Journal of Indian Philosophy
8210:Harvey, Brian Peter (2000).
8194:Journal of Indian Philosophy
6240:Sākarasiddhi, Sākarasaṃgraha
6032:Mahāyānasaṃgrahopanibandhana
5749:
5532:
5010:) which is found in various
4592:Yogācārabhūmi of Saṅgharakṣa
4259:svabhāva-prajñapti-paryeṣaṇā
3995:and the commentaries to the
3940:), mindfulness of breathing
3676:Mental images: true vs false
3234:Disagreement with Madhyamaka
3178:) in Yogācāra is a twofold "
3165:
2506:) to rule out realism since
2310:have been proposed, such as
2124:) are mere representations (
1375:Buddhist logico-epistemology
7:
15847:Buddhism in the Nara period
15753:Understanding Consciousness
15680:Consciousness and Cognition
15668:A Universe of Consciousness
11682:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
11422:
10157:Williams (2008), pp. 87-88.
10120:Makransky, John J. (1997).
9837:Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005).
9654:Journal of Korean Religions
9402:) 69, no. 2 (2021): 118–124
9218:. Chinese Materials Center.
9141:Deleanu, F. (Ed.). (2006).
9060:Waldron, William S (2003).
8321:, Vol. 6, No.2, 1996 pg 150
7838:A Short History of Buddhism
7735:Williams (2008), pp. 90-91.
7357:Brewster, Ernest Billings.
7070:What is and isn't Yogacara.
6624:Deleanu, F. (Ed.). (2006).
6558:. SUNY Press. p. 211.
6352:
6221:), a sub-commentary to the
6001:Mahayana Awakening of Faith
5577:Hindu philosophers such as
5435:schools of Tibetan Buddhism
5433:Yogācāra is studied in all
5231:(8th century), his student
5209:both wrote commentaries on
4823:, and Vinītadeva (710-770).
4280:conceptual proliferations (
4158:) or the 'thing-in-itself (
3934:, the practice of insight (
3886:), meditative attainments (
3770:
3212:conscious manifestation).
2787:this kind of consciousness
2467:inter-subjective experience
2362:Soterological phenomenology
2236:is not the ultimate truth (
2164:
2019:), are different/separate (
1232:
1094:
1045:
1023:
997:
971:
393:
361:
329:
306:
10:
15868:
15727:The Astonishing Hypothesis
15422:Disorders of consciousness
12632:The unanswerable questions
10508:Philosophy East & West
10498:Philosophy East & West
10341:
9894:p. 51. Dover Publications.
9396:Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu
9369:Routledge, 2014, pp. 8-10.
8900:in Kragh 2013 pp. 898-899.
8820:in Kragh 2013 pp. 897-898.
8807:in Kragh 2013 pp. 896-897.
8791:in Kragh 2013 pp. 894-896.
8738:in Kragh 2013 pp. 893-894.
8725:in Kragh 2013 pp. 889-891.
8703:in Kragh 2013 pp. 884-885.
7840:(2nd ed.). Oneworld.
7540:Williams, 2008, pp. 98-99.
7531:Williams, 2008, pp. 97-98.
7280:Williams, 2008, pp. 94-95.
6536:What is and isn't Yogacara
6140:(sixth/seventh century) -
6048:Commentary on Epistemology
5867:(4th-5th century CE): the
5564:Five Treatises of Maitreya
5426:
5275:
5205:Similarly, Vasubandhu and
4853:Dasheng fajie wuchabie lun
4754:logico-epistemic tradition
4402:
3983:Yogācāra sources like the
3695:) and "Non-Aspectarians" (
3038:In detail, three natures (
2760:The eighth consciousness,
2674:
2570:Indian theories of atomism
2151:Commentary on Epistemology
1990:
1410:Interdependent origination
15776:
15659:
15507:Minimally conscious state
15417:Consciousness after death
15347:
15277:
15149:
15142:
15077:
14971:
14905:
14664:
14657:
14550:
14524:
14463:
14455:Mahāyāna Abhidharma Sūtra
14437:
14367:
14331:
14227:
14220:
14154:
14063:International Day of Yoga
14043:
13964:
13955:
13821:
13783:
13743:
13734:
13619:
13562:
13371:
13330:
13294:
13285:
13230:
13160:
13112:
13027:
12942:
12717:Buddhist temples in Korea
12640:
12542:
12425:
12122:
12050:
11877:
11750:
11690:
11325:
11280:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
11191:
11183:Three planes of existence
11131:
10976:
10868:
10798:
10790:Buddha in world religions
10652:
10597:
10569:
10403:10.1080/09552369808575468
10268:SUNY Press, 1997, p. 187.
9905:A Dictionary of Buddhism,
9890:Stcherbatsky, Fyodor Th.
9298:Takasaki, Jikido (1966).
9249:SUNY Press, 1997, p. 187.
8883:Brunnholzl, Karl (2009).
8870:Brunnholzl, Karl (2009).
8842:Brunnholzl, Karl (2009).
8829:Brunnholzl, Karl (2009).
8440:Tomlinson, Davey (2022).
8149:McNamara, Daniel (2011).
8086:Lusthaus, Dan (undated).
7785:Madhyamika and Yogachara.
7090:Garfield, Jay L. (2002).
6928:10.1017/S1358246114000083
6824:10.1080/09552360500285219
6754:(accessed: April 7, 2010)
6294:Sajjana (11th century) -
6145:Bodhisattvasaṃvaraviṃsaka
6028:Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra-ṭīkā
5609:
4515:and the "three natures" (
4423:Origin and early Yogācāra
4068:and also attains various
3947:), how to understand the
3629:Five Categories of Beings
3404:Madhyamaka thinkers like
3274:) really exists and that
2973:are already found in the
2841:is also what experiences
2663:Analysis of Consciousness
2610:According to Dharmakīrti:
2103:The term also appears in
2055:Pratyupanna samadhi sutra
1084:
1067:
1053:
1038:
1031:
1012:
1005:
986:
979:
960:
953:
939:
931:
924:
15370:Artificial consciousness
14887:William Kingdon Clifford
14083:Yoga scholars (template)
13348:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
13222:
12499:Persecution of Buddhists
11720:Four stages of awakening
11101:Three marks of existence
10687:Physical characteristics
10366:Keenan, John P. (1993).
10335:p. 149. Routledge, 2024.
9881:pp. 327-346. SUNY Press.
9353:Routledge, 2014, p. 274.
9315:, Suny, 1997, pp. 15-16.
8972:Encyclopedia of Religion
8496:Timme Kragh 2013, p. 34.
8487:Timme Kragh 2013, p. 31.
8446:Philosophy East and West
7744:Skilton, Andrew (1994).
6683:Encyclopedia of Religion
6600:Encyclopedia of Religion
6399:
6384:School of the Heart-Mind
6188:Sahāvalambanirṇayasiddhi
5885:'s (4th-5th century CE)
5468:school figures like the
5308:(632–682), a student of
5199:Dasheng zhongguanshi lun
4848:Dharmadhātvaviśeṣaśāstra
4760:) focusing on issues of
4272:viśeṣaprajñaptiparyeṣaṇā
3570:Meditation and awakening
3514:
3291:and constantly changing
3159:paramārtha-niḥsvabhāvatā
2380:Epistemological Idealism
2011:) which are the object (
1174:) and mental phenomena (
15687:Consciousness Explained
15606:Stream of consciousness
15581:Secondary consciousness
15305:Global workspace theory
15290:Dynamic core hypothesis
15285:Attention schema theory
15259:Revisionary materialism
15174:Eliminative materialism
14697:Charles Augustus Strong
14481:Triṃśikāvijñaptimātratā
13721:Yogasopana Purvacatuska
11862:Ten principal disciples
10745:(aunt, adoptive mother)
10444:Sponberg, Alan (1979).
10429:Park, Sung-bae (1983),
10322:p. 15. Routledge, 2024.
10091:Shih, Jen-Kuan (2006).
10061:buddhanature.tsadra.org
10029:Williams, 2008, p. 103.
9991:Kritzer (2005), p. xii.
9892:Buddhist Logic. Vol. I,
9839:Zen Buddhism: A History
9311:Dreyfus, Georges B. J.
8358:Ford, James L. (2006).
7774:Williams (2008), p. 93.
7670:Williams (2008), p. 90.
7471:Williams, Paul (2008).
7028:Schmithausen, Lambert,
6900:Schmithausen, Lambert,
6870:Schmithausen, Lambert,
6857:Schmithausen, Lambert,
6844:Schmithausen, Lambert,
6796:Schmithausen, Lambert,
6050:), is mostly a work on
5946:Ornament of Realization
5932:is a commentary to the
5130:Yogācāra and Madhyamaka
4584:Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma
4203:and its commentaries.
3896:, the five hindrances (
3170:The central meaning of
2120:These representations (
1811:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
1477:Pre-modern philosophers
1385:Buddhism and psychology
396:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra
15741:The Emperor's New Mind
15547:Problem of other minds
15482:Introspection illusion
15315:Holonomic brain theory
14672:Alfred North Whitehead
12572:Buddhism and democracy
12085:Tibetan Buddhist canon
12080:Chinese Buddhist canon
11312:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
11307:Early Buddhist schools
10385:King, Richard (1998).
9903:Keown, Damien (2004).
9120:Kragh, U.T. (editor),
8308:Williams, 2008, p. 95.
8264:Lusthaus, Dan (2002).
8237:Lusthaus, Dan (2002).
8088:Xuanzang (Hsüan-tsang)
7721:Buddhism as philosophy
7681:Buddhism as philosophy
7433:Buddhism as philosophy
7346:Buddhism as philosophy
7333:Buddhism as philosophy
7317:Buddhism as philosophy
7304:Buddhism as philosophy
7078:June 12, 2008, at the
6889:Buddhism as philosophy
6706:Keenan, John P. (tr).
6670:Buddhism as philosophy
6640:Kragh, U.T. (editor),
6533:Lusthaus, Dan (2018).
6253:Ratnakīrtinibandhāvalī
6238:(fl. 975-1025 C.E.) -
6211:Dharmakīrti of Sumatra
6184:Pramāṇavārttikālaṃkāra
5995:Triṃśikāvijñaptibhāṣya
5919:Ālokamālāprakaraṇanāma
5860:and the three natures)
5766:
5734:Vajracchedikākāvyākhyā
5646:Mahāyānābhidharmasūtra
5606:
5424:
5343:Daśabhūmikā Commentary
5319:'s translation of the
5312:
5298:
5286:Statue of a traveling
5193:順中論) and Sthiramati's
5057:Dasabhumika commentary
5013:tathāgatagarbha sutras
4989:
4744:buddha-nature thought.
4492:
4440:
4358:), and imagelessness (
4047:good spiritual friends
4025:Path of accumulation (
3791:
3768:
3748:
3626:
3478:
3223:(parallel to the Pali
3096:dependently originated
3036:
2826:which states that the
2824:Saṅdhinirmocana Sūtra,
2652:
2619:
2141:
2097:
1390:Buddhist vegetarianism
1060:
946:
426:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra
373:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
15542:Primary consciousness
15427:Divided consciousness
15330:Multiple drafts model
14832:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
14506:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
14491:Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi
14450:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
12582:Eight Consciousnesses
10692:Life of Buddha in art
10348:Bayer, Achim (2012).
9864:Kapstein, Matthew T.
9033:Powers, John (2004).
8566:Watanabe, Chikafumi,
8535:Watanabe, Chikafumi,
8334:Groner, Paul (2000).
7003:Williams 2008, p. 94.
6951:Cameron Hall, Bruce,
6434:. The latter assumes
6304:Sūtrālaṃkārapiṇḍārtha
6286:Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra,
6190:, a proof of idealism
6108:Benevolent King Sutra
6008:Dharmapala of Nalanda
5991:Pañcaskandhakavibhāṣā
5911:Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa
5833:Dharmadharmatāvibhāga
5757:
5729:Prajñaparamita sutras
5617:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
5604:
5419:
5408:in the 20th century.
5304:
5285:
5272:Yogācāra in East Asia
4979:
4498:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
4479:
4430:
4407:Yogācāra, along with
4330:Dharmadharmatāvibhāga
4172:) and non-existence (
4111:Path of fulfillment (
4092:Path of cultivation (
3930:navākārā cittasthitiḥ
3858:Dharmadharmatāvibhāga
3778:
3756:
3724:
3598:
3594:mūla-nirvikalpa-jñāna
3546:) of karma. The term
3473:
3132:Pariniṣpanna-svabhāva
3125:utpatti-niḥsvabhāvatā
3080:lakṣana-niḥsvabhāvatā
3065:v. 20). According to
3031:
2783:Saṅdhinirmocana Sūtra
2677:Eight Consciousnesses
2671:Eight consciousnesses
2647:
2612:
2559:mereological nihilism
2118:
2081:
2002:Saṅdhinirmocana Sūtra
1934:Saṅdhinirmocana Sūtra
1861:Philosophy portal
1563:Dharmapala of Nalanda
1123:in India, along with
387:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
364:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
308:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra
293:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
15694:Cosmic Consciousness
15532:Philosophical zombie
15472:Higher consciousness
15365:Animal consciousness
15169:Double-aspect theory
14702:Christopher Peacocke
14471:Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra
14212:Pariniṣpannasvabhāva
14068:List of yoga schools
13834:Kriyayoga (Buddhist)
13665:Hatha Yoga Pradipika
13059:East Asian religions
12489:Buddhism in the West
12060:Early Buddhist texts
11675:Four Right Exertions
11141:Ten spiritual realms
10634:Noble Eightfold Path
10469:Zim, Robert (1995).
10264:Makransky, John J.
10080:T1830 成唯識論述記 , CBETA
9752:on December 13, 2012
9506:Komarovski, Yaroslav
9493:Komarovski, Yaroslav
9480:Komarovski, Yaroslav
9414:Komarovski, Yaroslav
9245:Makransky, John J.
8426:Komarovski, Yaroslav
8391:Komarovski, Yaroslav
8378:Komarovski, Yaroslav
7723:, 2017, pp. 177-178.
7306:, 2017, pp. 150-151.
6264:(10-11th century) -
6251:(11th century CE) -
6204:), an exposition of
6182:(8th-9th century) -
6175:Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa
6133:Abhidharmasamucchaya
6099:Samdhinirmocanasutra
6062:Buddhabhūmivyākhyāna
6034:and a commentary on
5934:Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra
5903:Karmasiddhiprakarana
5876:Abhidharma-samuccaya
5854:Kāyatrayāvatāramukha
5812:, but before Asanga.
5801:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra
5792:Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra
5775:) and commentaries (
5634:(which includes the
5568:Mahayanasutralankara
5560:Abhidharma-samuccaya
5182:Mūlamadhyamakakārika
5150:, and the Yogācāras
5041:), and in China the
4714:Abhidharmakośakārikā
4700:Abhidharma-samuccaya
4674:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra
4658:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra
4555:Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra
4375:Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra
4132:Bodhisattva practice
4056:Path of engagement (
4037:(puṇya) and wisdom (
4001:Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra
3961:four immeasurables (
3854:Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra
3841:Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra
3797:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
3564:Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa
3469:Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra
3455:Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra
3378:Chapter on Reality (
3154:what has to be known
3143:the complete absence
3048:Parikalpita-svabhāva
2906:theory of seeds and
2780:). According to the
2574:property particulars
2502:which is similar to
2198:Lambert Schmithausen
1997:Lambert Schmithausen
1726:Anagarika Dharmapala
1156:Vijñaptimātratā-vāda
1069:Glossary of Buddhism
972:Wéishí Yúqiexíng Pài
138:Bodhisattva Precepts
98:Transcendent Virtues
15852:Buddhist meditation
15832:Buddhist philosophy
15467:Heterophenomenology
15380:Attentional control
15029:Lawrence Weiskrantz
14857:Patricia Churchland
14692:Brian O'Shaughnessy
14677:Arthur Schopenhauer
14202:Parikalpitasvabhāva
13869:Six Yogas of Naropa
13651:Hathabhyasapaddhati
13182:Religion portal
12929:Temple of the Tooth
12808:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
11847:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
11340:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
11123:Two truths doctrine
10943:Mahapajapati Gotamī
10743:Mahapajapati Gotamī
9812:Berzin, Alexander.
8778:Kragh 2013, p. 160.
8712:Kragh 2013, p. 157.
8099:on December 8, 2013
7475:, Routledge, p. 97.
5856:(a treatise on the
5727:. Furthermore, the
5539:East Asian Buddhist
5525:, the 19th-century
5486:("other-emptiness"
5382:Xuanzang's student
5357:East Asian Buddhism
5278:East Asian Yogācāra
5218:Four Hundred Verses
5136:Buddhist philosophy
5089:East Asian Buddhism
4539:representationalism
4511:), the doctrine of
4445:Buddhist meditation
4255:an intrinsic nature
4201:Abhidharmasamuccaya
4062:adhimukticaryābhūmi
4049:. According to the
3986:Abhidharmasamuccaya
3916:contemplating death
3606:pratyavekṣaṇa-jñāna
3602:kṛtyānuṣṭhāna-jñāna
3342:metaphysical ground
3309:nāstikas, vaināśkas
3272:paratantra-svabhāva
3253:antifoundationalist
3091:Paratantra-svabhāva
3023:Trisvabhāva-nirdeśa
2981:(sense cognition),
2770:sarvabījakam cittam
2722:eighteen "elements"
2654:Siderits notes how
2471:mass hallucinations
2342:realistic pluralism
2335:representationalist
2276:Some scholars like
2257:Mere representation
2157:Interpretations of
2065:Regarding existing
1981:representation-only
1949:the three natures (
1850:Religion portal
1720:Modern philosophers
1430:Two truths doctrine
1259:Buddhist philosophy
1227:East Asian Buddhism
1168:representationalism
1101:Buddhist philosophy
1046:rnal 'byor spyod pa
998:Yugagyō Yuishiki Ha
809:Regional traditions
348:Lalitavistara Sūtra
323:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra
316:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
212:Prajñāpāramitā Devī
128:Non-abiding Nirvana
93:Transcendent Wisdom
15827:Buddhist movements
15767:Wider than the Sky
15734:The Conscious Mind
15537:Philosophy of mind
15517:Neurophenomenology
15492:Locked-in syndrome
15487:Knowledge argument
15151:Philosophy of mind
14772:George Henry Lewes
14742:Douglas Hofstadter
14207:Paratantrasvabhāva
13758:Samadhi (Buddhism)
13630:Amaraugha Prabodha
13104:Western philosophy
12702:Dzong architecture
12524:Vipassana movement
12519:Buddhist modernism
11947:Emperor Wen of Sui
11715:Pratyekabuddhayāna
11648:Threefold Training
11450:Vipassana movement
11166:Hungry Ghost realm
10986:Avidyā (Ignorance)
10933:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
10682:Great Renunciation
10677:Eight Great Events
10559:
10238:Brunnholzl, Karl.
10166:Brunnholzl, Karl.
9730:Brunnholzl, Karl.
8458:10.1353/pew.0.0235
8176:Matthew Kapstein.
7459:, p. 137-139.
7447:, p. 138-140.
6281:- commentaries on
6270:Triyānavyavasthāna
6202:Ornament of Wisdom
5767:
5718:Buddhabhūmyupadeśa
5607:
5555:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra.
5425:
5352:Awakening of Faith
5313:
5299:
5235:(8th century) and
5044:Awakening of Faith
4990:
4982:Bhagalpur district
4873:Anuttarâśrayasūtra
4672:(which quotes the
4493:
4441:
4324:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
4197:four immeasurables
4005:bodhisattva stages
3792:
3715:(c. 530–561?) and
3560:Treatise on Action
3509:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
3505:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
3493:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
3482:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
3464:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
3449:Trisvabhāvanirdeśa
3376:Bodhisattvabhūmi's
3180:absence of duality
2604:sahopalambhaniyama
2568:similarly attacks
2107:classic work, the
1947:āśraya-parāvṛtti),
1483:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1465:Buddhist modernism
1217:(8th century) and
1039:རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་
1024:Yusik-Yugahaeng-pa
433:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra
419:Golden Light Sutra
332:Vimalakirtinirdeśa
148:Bodhisattva stages
113:Consciousness-only
15804:
15803:
15502:Mind–body problem
15452:Flash suppression
15412:Cartesian theater
15397:Binocular rivalry
15343:
15342:
15209:Mind–body dualism
15138:
15137:
15125:Victor J. Stenger
15100:Erwin Schrödinger
15054:Stanislas Dehaene
15034:Michael Gazzaniga
14918:Donald D. Hoffman
14802:John Polkinghorne
14782:Gottfried Leibniz
14617:
14616:
14433:
14432:
14114:
14113:
14110:
14109:
14073:Modern yoga gurus
13951:
13950:
13730:
13729:
13707:Vasishtha Samhita
13190:
13189:
12828:Om mani padme hum
12534:Women in Buddhism
12450:Buddhist councils
12320:Western countries
12108:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
11869:Shaolin Monastery
11446:Samatha-vipassanā
11056:Pratītyasamutpāda
10860:Metteyya/Maitreya
10778:
10770:
10762:
10754:
10746:
10738:
10730:
10607:Four Noble Truths
9913:978-0-19-860560-7
9720:978-0-415-37431-6
9626:978-0-86171-589-3
9603:Cheng Weishi Lun.
9458:978-0-19-023129-3
9437:978-0-19-023129-3
9283:Delenau, Florin.
9179:978-1-886439-02-3
9073:978-1-134-42886-1
9046:978-81-208-1926-9
8952:Delenau, Florin.
8934:Delenau, Florin.
8914:Delenau, Florin.
8896:Deleanu, Florin.
8855:Delenau, Florin.
8816:Deleanu, Florin.
8803:Deleanu, Florin.
8787:Deleanu, Florin.
8763:Delenau, Florin.
8734:Deleanu, Florin.
8721:Deleanu, Florin.
8699:Deleanu, Florin.
8684:Delenau, Florin.
8669:Delenau, Florin.
8654:Delenau, Florin.
8639:Delenau, Florin.
8624:Delenau, Florin.
8609:Delenau, Florin.
8594:Delenau, Florin.
8579:Delenau, Florin.
8553:Muller, Charles.
8368:978-0-19-518814-1
8071:978-0-19-023129-3
8048:978-0-19-023129-3
8028:978-0-19-023129-3
8003:Delenau, Florin.
7988:Delenau, Florin.
7975:978-0-19-023129-3
7952:978-0-19-023129-3
7932:978-0-19-023129-3
7912:978-0-19-023129-3
7891:978-0-19-023129-3
7871:978-0-19-023129-3
7822:978-0-19-023129-3
7783:Gadjin M. Nagao,
7235:978-1-317-97342-3
7186:978-81-208-0203-2
7120:Delenau, Florin.
6583:Delenau, Florin.
6565:978-0-7914-3431-4
6313:Gumei hosshin shū
6283:Laṅkāvatārasūtra,
6224:Abhisamayālaṃkāra
6072:Cheng Wei Shi Lun
5977:Buddhagotraśāstra
5941:Abhisamayālaṅkāra
5743:Abhisamayālaṅkāra
5714:Buddhabhūmi-sūtra
5710:Buddha Land Sutra
5699:Commentary on the
5661:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
5572:Ratnagotravibhāga
5541:traditions (like
5429:Rangtong-Shentong
5412:Yogācāra in Tibet
5322:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
5201:大乘中觀釋論 T.30.1567)
5034:Ratnagotravibhāga
5028:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
4950:Indian philosophy
4889:Abhisamayālaṅkāra
4861:Buddhagotraśāstra
4841:Ratnagotravibhāga
4829:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
4685:Ratnagotravibhaga
4679:Abhisamayalankara
4523:theory of seeds (
4491:, 3rd century CE.
4413:Mahāyāna Buddhism
4352:), wishlessness (
4185:six perfections (
4098:Cheng wei shi lun
4086:Cheng wei shi lun
3949:four noble truths
2997:The Three Natures
2695:kliṣṭamanovijñāna
2683:aṣṭa vijñānakāyāḥ
2576:as incoherent on
2251:Absolute Idealism
2175:absolute idealism
2079:), which states:
1895:
1894:
1781:K. N. Jayatilleke
1678:Acariya Anuruddha
1191:Mahayana Buddhism
1146:(the doctrine of
1121:Mahayana Buddhism
1074:
1073:
920:
919:
405:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
380:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra
355:Samādhirāja Sūtra
78:Mind of Awakening
44:Mahāyāna Buddhism
16:(Redirected from
15859:
15794:
15793:
15784:
15783:
15626:Unconscious mind
15254:Reflexive monism
15249:Property dualism
15224:New mysterianism
15184:Epiphenomenalism
15164:Computationalism
15159:Anomalous monism
15147:
15146:
15039:Michael Graziano
15009:Francisco Varela
14913:Carl Gustav Jung
14877:Thomas Metzinger
14847:Martin Heidegger
14827:Kenneth M. Sayre
14687:Bertrand Russell
14662:
14661:
14644:
14637:
14630:
14621:
14620:
14476:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
14445:Avataṃsaka Sūtra
14225:
14224:
14141:
14134:
14127:
14118:
14117:
13962:
13961:
13741:
13740:
13714:Vimanarcanakalpa
13679:Gheranda Samhita
13592:Shaiva Siddhanta
13362:Yoga Yajnavalkya
13292:
13291:
13217:
13210:
13203:
13194:
13193:
13180:
13179:
13168:
13167:
13007:Sacred languages
12855:Maya Devi Temple
12818:Mahabodhi Temple
12622:Secular Buddhism
12587:Engaged Buddhism
11427:
11275:Tibetan Buddhism
11226:Vietnamese Thiền
10825:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
10776:
10768:
10760:
10752:
10744:
10736:
10728:
10577:
10576:
10564:
10554:
10544:
10537:
10530:
10521:
10520:
10496:, Richard King,
10434:
10415:
10406:
10391:Asian Philosophy
10363:
10336:
10331:Sinha, Jadunath
10329:
10323:
10318:Sinha, Jadunath
10316:
10310:
10300:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10277:Brunnholzl, Karl
10275:
10269:
10262:
10256:
10249:
10243:
10236:
10230:
10224:
10218:
10211:
10205:
10194:
10188:
10177:
10171:
10164:
10158:
10155:
10146:
10139:
10133:
10118:
10112:
10107:Keenan, John P.
10105:
10099:
10098:
10088:
10082:
10077:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10053:
10047:
10036:
10030:
10027:
10021:
10011:
10005:
9998:
9992:
9989:
9980:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9963:
9957:www.acmuller.net
9948:
9942:
9935:
9929:
9922:
9916:
9901:
9895:
9888:
9882:
9875:
9869:
9862:
9853:
9852:
9834:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9820:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9772:
9766:
9765:
9759:
9757:
9741:
9735:
9728:
9722:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9698:
9696:
9690:
9676:
9670:
9663:
9657:
9650:
9644:
9637:
9631:
9630:
9612:
9606:
9599:
9593:
9586:
9575:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9558:
9552:www.acmuller.net
9543:
9537:
9530:
9524:
9517:
9511:
9504:
9498:
9491:
9485:
9478:
9472:
9469:
9460:
9446:
9440:
9425:
9419:
9412:
9403:
9392:
9383:
9378:Brunnholzl, Karl
9376:
9370:
9363:
9354:
9347:
9341:
9336:Brunnholzl, Karl
9334:
9328:
9322:
9316:
9309:
9303:
9296:
9290:
9281:
9272:
9267:Gold, Jonathan,
9265:
9259:
9256:
9250:
9243:
9237:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9206:
9197:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9152:
9146:
9139:
9133:
9118:
9112:
9105:
9099:
9096:
9087:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9030:
9024:
9010:O’Brien-Kop, K.
9008:
9002:
8993:
8987:
8968:
8959:
8950:
8941:
8932:
8921:
8912:
8901:
8894:
8888:
8881:
8875:
8868:
8862:
8853:
8847:
8840:
8834:
8827:
8821:
8814:
8808:
8801:
8792:
8785:
8779:
8776:
8770:
8761:
8755:
8748:
8739:
8732:
8726:
8719:
8713:
8710:
8704:
8697:
8691:
8682:
8676:
8667:
8661:
8652:
8646:
8637:
8631:
8622:
8616:
8607:
8601:
8592:
8586:
8577:
8571:
8564:
8558:
8551:
8540:
8533:
8522:
8515:
8506:
8503:
8497:
8494:
8488:
8485:
8479:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8437:
8431:
8424:
8418:
8415:
8409:
8402:
8396:
8389:
8383:
8376:
8370:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8331:
8322:
8319:Asian Philosophy
8315:
8309:
8306:
8300:
8286:
8280:
8279:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8207:
8201:
8190:
8181:
8174:
8153:
8147:
8124:
8122:
8116:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8095:. Archived from
8084:
8073:
8059:
8050:
8036:
8030:
8016:
8010:
8001:
7995:
7986:
7977:
7963:
7954:
7940:
7934:
7920:
7914:
7900:
7894:
7879:
7873:
7859:
7853:
7851:
7830:
7824:
7810:
7799:
7794:
7788:
7781:
7775:
7772:
7763:
7760:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7733:
7724:
7719:Siderits, Mark,
7717:
7711:
7704:
7698:
7695:
7684:
7679:Siderits, Mark,
7677:
7671:
7668:
7659:
7649:
7643:
7636:
7630:
7624:
7615:
7609:
7603:
7597:
7588:
7582:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7556:
7550:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7532:
7529:
7523:
7516:
7510:
7507:
7501:
7498:
7489:
7482:
7476:
7469:
7460:
7454:
7448:
7442:
7436:
7431:Siderits, Mark,
7429:
7420:
7410:
7404:
7397:
7378:
7373:Wood, Thomas E.
7371:
7365:
7355:
7349:
7344:Siderits, Mark,
7342:
7336:
7331:Siderits, Mark,
7329:
7320:
7315:Siderits, Mark,
7313:
7307:
7302:Siderits, Mark,
7300:
7294:
7287:
7281:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7255:
7240:
7239:
7219:
7213:
7210:Kochumuttom 1999
7207:
7201:
7198:Kochumuttom 1999
7195:
7189:
7174:
7168:
7161:
7150:
7147:Kochumuttom 1999
7144:
7135:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7103:
7088:
7082:
7063:
7057:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7033:
7026:
7020:
7010:
7004:
7001:
6995:
6988:
6982:
6975:
6969:
6962:
6956:
6949:
6940:
6939:
6911:
6905:
6898:
6892:
6887:Siderits, Mark,
6885:
6876:
6868:
6862:
6855:
6849:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6812:Asian Philosophy
6807:
6801:
6794:
6788:
6778:
6755:
6745:
6739:
6736:
6730:
6727:Kochumuttom 1999
6724:
6711:
6704:
6698:
6679:
6673:
6668:Siderits, Mark,
6666:
6653:
6638:
6629:
6622:
6611:
6596:
6590:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6546:
6540:
6531:
6476:
6461:
6449:
6446:
6440:
6424:
6418:
6410:
6379:Kashmir Shaivism
6327:Kanjin kakumushō
6118:Madhyāntavibhāga
6004:(author unknown)
5950:Ārya Vimuktisena
5905:("A Treatise on
5888:Viṃśaṭikā-kārikā
5870:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
5835:(Distinguishing
5817:Madhyāntavibhāga
5810:Bodhisattvabhumi
5702:Cheng weishi lun
5691:Ghanavyūha Sūtra
5637:Daśabhūmikasūtra
5631:Avataṃsaka Sūtra
5566:" including the
5551:Tibetan Buddhism
5439:Tibetan Buddhism
5372:Cheng Weishi Lun
5347:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
5292:Longmen Grottoes
5255:. Likewise, the
5077:Cheng Weishi Lun
4960:) as well as in
4944:The influential
4835:Ghanavyūha sūtra
4694:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
4670:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
4666:Bodhisattvabhumi
4662:Madhyāntavibhāga
4645:(4th c. CE) and
4619:
4610:
4580:Mūlasarvāstivāda
4264:prajñaptimātratā
4214:Bodhisattvabhūmi
4181:Bodhisattvabhūmi
4168:) of existence (
4146:Bodhisattvabhūmi
4138:Bodhisattvabhūmi
4102:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
4080:Path of seeing (
4074:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
4051:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
3997:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
3992:Chéng Wéishì Lùn
3979:Bodhisattva path
3920:unattractiveness
3893:nirodhasamāpatti
3864:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
3848:Madhyāntavibhāga
3648:(private Buddha)
3610:nirvikalpa-jñāna
3580:āśraya-parāvṛtti
3501:soteriologically
3438:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
3399:moral relativism
3384:Bodhisattvabhūmi
3380:Tattvārthapaṭala
3361:Bodhisattvabhūmi
3289:dependent arisen
3268:Madhyāntavibhāga
3251:; Madhyamaka is
3226:Cūḷasuññatasutta
3208:Madhyāntavibhāga
3148:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
3119:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
3071:Cheng Weishi Lun
3054:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
2685:) are: the five
2643:soteriologically
2599:Pramāṇaviniścaya
2516:Chinese Buddhism
2376:Phenomenological
2278:David Kalupahana
2239:paramārtha-satya
2218:)." Indeed, the
2110:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
2029:vijñapti-mātra."
1963:The doctrine of
1887:
1880:
1873:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1786:David Kalupahana
1445:Buddhist atomism
1269:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1223:Tibetan Buddhism
1213:by figures like
1097:
1086:
1063:
1061:Du-già Hành Tông
1048:
1041:
1040:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1000:
989:
988:
974:
963:
962:
949:
922:
921:
912:
905:
898:
687:Hongzhi Zhengjue
504:Tibetan Buddhism
412:Ghanavyūha sūtra
400:
368:
341:Pure Land Sutras
336:
311:
272:Wrathful deities
55:
45:
30:
29:
21:
15867:
15866:
15862:
15861:
15860:
15858:
15857:
15856:
15807:
15806:
15805:
15800:
15772:
15655:
15631:Unconsciousness
15442:Explanatory gap
15392:Binding problem
15339:
15273:
15134:
15120:Susan Blackmore
15073:
15064:Stuart Hameroff
14984:Antonio Damasio
14967:
14963:Wolfgang Köhler
14901:
14862:Paul Churchland
14767:George Berkeley
14737:Donald Davidson
14653:
14648:
14618:
14613:
14546:
14520:
14516:Kanjinkakumushō
14459:
14429:
14363:
14327:
14216:
14150:
14145:
14115:
14106:
14039:
14018:Yoga as therapy
13984:Standing asanas
13947:
13817:
13779:
13726:
13658:Hatha Ratnavali
13615:
13558:
13480:Viparita Karani
13367:
13326:
13281:
13226:
13221:
13191:
13186:
13174:
13156:
13108:
13023:
12938:
12675:Ordination hall
12636:
12538:
12509:Buddhist crisis
12421:
12118:
12070:Mahayana sutras
12046:
12042:Thích Nhất Hạnh
11873:
11746:
11686:
11636:Bodhisattva vow
11321:
11187:
11127:
11086:Taṇhā (Craving)
11021:Five hindrances
10972:
10864:
10794:
10648:
10593:
10565:
10548:
10484:
10479:
10344:
10339:
10330:
10326:
10317:
10313:
10301:
10297:
10289:
10285:
10276:
10272:
10263:
10259:
10251:Lugli, Ligeia,
10250:
10246:
10237:
10233:
10227:Kalupahana 1992
10225:
10221:
10213:Lugli, Ligeia,
10212:
10208:
10195:
10191:
10178:
10174:
10165:
10161:
10156:
10149:
10140:
10136:
10119:
10115:
10106:
10102:
10089:
10085:
10078:
10074:
10065:
10063:
10055:
10054:
10050:
10037:
10033:
10028:
10024:
10012:
10008:
9999:
9995:
9990:
9983:
9975:Makeham, John.
9974:
9970:
9961:
9959:
9949:
9945:
9941:. p. 121. 2012.
9936:
9932:
9923:
9919:
9902:
9898:
9889:
9885:
9876:
9872:
9863:
9856:
9849:
9835:
9828:
9818:
9816:
9810:
9806:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9773:
9769:
9755:
9753:
9742:
9738:
9729:
9725:
9712:
9708:
9694:
9692:
9688:
9677:
9673:
9665:Makeham, John.
9664:
9660:
9651:
9647:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9613:
9609:
9600:
9596:
9587:
9578:
9569:
9565:
9556:
9554:
9544:
9540:
9536:1984. pp. 32-33
9531:
9527:
9518:
9514:
9505:
9501:
9492:
9488:
9479:
9475:
9470:
9463:
9447:
9443:
9426:
9422:
9413:
9406:
9393:
9386:
9377:
9373:
9365:Lusthaus, Dan,
9364:
9357:
9349:Lusthaus, Dan,
9348:
9344:
9335:
9331:
9323:
9319:
9310:
9306:
9297:
9293:
9282:
9275:
9266:
9262:
9257:
9253:
9244:
9240:
9227:
9223:
9210:Tucci, Giuseppe
9207:
9200:
9191:
9187:
9180:
9153:
9149:
9140:
9136:
9119:
9115:
9106:
9102:
9097:
9090:
9085:
9081:
9074:
9058:
9054:
9047:
9031:
9027:
9018:J Indian Philos
9009:
9005:
8994:
8990:
8969:
8962:
8951:
8944:
8933:
8924:
8913:
8904:
8895:
8891:
8882:
8878:
8869:
8865:
8854:
8850:
8841:
8837:
8828:
8824:
8815:
8811:
8802:
8795:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8762:
8758:
8749:
8742:
8733:
8729:
8720:
8716:
8711:
8707:
8698:
8694:
8683:
8679:
8668:
8664:
8653:
8649:
8638:
8634:
8623:
8619:
8608:
8604:
8593:
8589:
8578:
8574:
8565:
8561:
8552:
8543:
8534:
8525:
8516:
8509:
8504:
8500:
8495:
8491:
8486:
8482:
8477:
8473:
8438:
8434:
8425:
8421:
8416:
8412:
8403:
8399:
8390:
8386:
8377:
8373:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8332:
8325:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8303:
8287:
8283:
8276:
8262:
8258:
8251:
8235:
8231:
8224:
8208:
8204:
8191:
8184:
8175:
8156:
8148:
8127:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8093:"Archived copy"
8091:
8085:
8076:
8060:
8053:
8037:
8033:
8017:
8013:
8002:
7998:
7987:
7980:
7964:
7957:
7941:
7937:
7921:
7917:
7901:
7897:
7880:
7876:
7860:
7856:
7848:
7831:
7827:
7811:
7802:
7795:
7791:
7782:
7778:
7773:
7766:
7761:
7752:
7743:
7739:
7734:
7727:
7718:
7714:
7710:, 2019, p. 470.
7705:
7701:
7696:
7687:
7683:, 2017, p. 176.
7678:
7674:
7669:
7662:
7650:
7646:
7637:
7633:
7627:Kalupahana 1992
7625:
7618:
7612:Kalupahana 1992
7610:
7606:
7600:Kalupahana 1992
7598:
7591:
7585:Kalupahana 1992
7583:
7574:
7568:Kalupahana 1992
7566:
7562:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7539:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7517:
7513:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7483:
7479:
7470:
7463:
7457:Kalupahana 1992
7455:
7451:
7445:Kalupahana 1992
7443:
7439:
7435:, 2017, p. 175.
7430:
7423:
7411:
7407:
7398:
7381:
7372:
7368:
7356:
7352:
7348:, 2017, p. 173.
7343:
7339:
7335:, 2017, p. 170.
7330:
7323:
7319:, 2017, p. 157.
7314:
7310:
7301:
7297:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7267:
7265:
7256:
7243:
7236:
7220:
7216:
7208:
7204:
7196:
7192:
7175:
7171:
7162:
7153:
7145:
7138:
7119:
7115:
7110:
7106:
7089:
7085:
7080:Wayback Machine
7064:
7060:
7054:Kalupahana 1992
7052:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7027:
7023:
7011:
7007:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6985:
6976:
6972:
6963:
6959:
6950:
6943:
6912:
6908:
6899:
6895:
6891:, 2017, p. 149.
6886:
6879:
6875:
6869:
6865:
6856:
6852:
6843:
6839:
6808:
6804:
6795:
6791:
6779:
6758:
6746:
6742:
6737:
6733:
6725:
6714:
6705:
6701:
6680:
6676:
6672:, 2017, p. 146.
6667:
6656:
6639:
6632:
6623:
6614:
6597:
6593:
6582:
6573:
6566:
6550:Makransky, John
6547:
6543:
6532:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6443:
6425:
6421:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6355:
6349:
6340:
6290:Pramāṇavārttika
6206:vijñaptimātratā
6180:Prajñakaragupta
6159:Ālambanaparīkśā
6043:Pramānaṿārttika
6012:Ālambanaparīkṣā
5961:Ālambanaparīkṣā
5894:Triṃśikā-kārikā
5847:Maitreya corpus
5752:
5725:Mahayana sutras
5682:tathāgatagarbha
5678:tathāgatagarbha
5670:Saṃdhinirmocana
5666:Étienne Lamotte
5612:
5599:
5579:Vācaspati Miśra
5535:
5476:in Kagyu). The
5460:school and its
5431:
5414:
5280:
5274:
5132:
5097:tathāgatagarbha
5081:tathāgatagarbha
5019:tathāgatagarbha
4995:tathāgatagarbha
4974:
4956:(especially at
4938:Tathāgatagarbha
4790:Prajñakaragupta
4739:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4600:
4590:", such as the
4572:Saṃdhinirmocana
4564:Saṃdhinirmocana
4543:Saṃdhinirmocana
4425:
4417:Tathāgatagarbha
4405:
4388:Saṃdhinirmocana
4371:
4303:
4286:and ideations (
4209:
4148:is the wisdom (
4134:
4043:six perfections
4027:sambhāra-mārga,
3981:
3906:) or 'images' (
3824:Mahāyāna sūtras
3773:
3719:(c. 510–570?).
3709:rdzun pa, alika
3678:
3631:
3622:Mahādarśa-jñāna
3572:
3558:. Vasubandhu's
3517:
3511:to Vasubandhu.
3426:
3334:conventionalism
3249:foundationalist
3236:
3168:
2999:
2940:visaya-vijñapti
2920:
2847:ālaya-vijñāna's
2758:
2679:
2673:
2665:
2639:
2586:
2540:Ālambanaparīkṣā
2532:
2465:The problem of
2430:
2421:
2396:vijñapti-mātra,
2364:
2316:perception-only
2294:Abhidharmakosha
2259:
2167:
2162:
2146:Pramānaṿārttika
1993:
1968:
1911:mental training
1891:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1831:14th Dalai Lama
1816:Jamgon Kongtrul
1806:Thích Nhất Hạnh
1756:Keiji Nishitani
1721:
1713:
1712:
1663:Abhayakaragupta
1478:
1470:
1469:
1380:Buddhist ethics
1370:
1362:
1361:
1277:
1235:
1193:. The brothers
1162:, as well as a
1042:
1016:
990:
964:
927:Yogacāra school
926:
925:Translations of
916:
887:
886:
810:
802:
801:
797:Thích Nhất Hạnh
792:14th Dalai Lama
727:Abhayākaragupta
542:
534:
533:
449:
439:
438:
287:
285:Mahayana sutras
277:
276:
187:
173:
172:
143:Bodhisattva vow
63:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15865:
15855:
15854:
15849:
15844:
15839:
15834:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15802:
15801:
15799:
15798:
15788:
15777:
15774:
15773:
15771:
15770:
15763:
15756:
15749:
15744:
15737:
15730:
15723:
15716:
15711:
15704:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15676:
15671:
15663:
15661:
15657:
15656:
15654:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15641:Visual masking
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15591:Sentiocentrism
15588:
15583:
15578:
15577:
15576:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15464:
15459:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15414:
15409:
15404:
15399:
15394:
15389:
15384:
15383:
15382:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15357:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15281:
15279:
15275:
15274:
15272:
15271:
15266:
15261:
15256:
15251:
15246:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15226:
15221:
15219:Neutral monism
15216:
15211:
15206:
15201:
15199:Interactionism
15196:
15191:
15186:
15181:
15176:
15171:
15166:
15161:
15155:
15153:
15144:
15140:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15133:
15132:
15130:Wolfgang Pauli
15127:
15122:
15117:
15112:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15081:
15079:
15075:
15074:
15072:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15059:Steven Laureys
15056:
15051:
15046:
15044:Patrick Wilken
15041:
15036:
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15014:Gerald Edelman
15011:
15006:
15001:
14996:
14991:
14989:Benjamin Libet
14986:
14981:
14975:
14973:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14943:Max Wertheimer
14940:
14935:
14930:
14928:Gustav Fechner
14925:
14923:Franz Brentano
14920:
14915:
14909:
14907:
14903:
14902:
14900:
14899:
14897:William Seager
14894:
14889:
14884:
14879:
14874:
14872:René Descartes
14869:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14822:Keith Frankish
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14762:Galen Strawson
14759:
14754:
14749:
14747:Edmund Husserl
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14727:David Papineau
14724:
14719:
14717:David Chalmers
14714:
14712:Daniel Dennett
14709:
14704:
14699:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14682:Baruch Spinoza
14679:
14674:
14668:
14666:
14659:
14655:
14654:
14647:
14646:
14639:
14632:
14624:
14615:
14614:
14612:
14611:
14610:
14609:
14604:
14599:
14594:
14584:
14583:
14582:
14575:Northern Hossō
14572:
14571:
14570:
14565:
14554:
14552:
14548:
14547:
14545:
14544:
14539:
14534:
14528:
14526:
14522:
14521:
14519:
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14498:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14467:
14465:
14461:
14460:
14458:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14441:
14439:
14435:
14434:
14431:
14430:
14428:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14397:
14392:
14387:
14382:
14377:
14371:
14369:
14365:
14364:
14362:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14335:
14333:
14329:
14328:
14326:
14325:
14320:
14315:
14310:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14267:
14262:
14257:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14237:
14235:Maitreya-nātha
14231:
14229:
14222:
14218:
14217:
14215:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14179:
14174:
14169:
14164:
14158:
14156:
14152:
14151:
14144:
14143:
14136:
14129:
14121:
14112:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14105:
14104:
14103:
14102:
14095:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14070:
14065:
14060:
14059:
14058:
14047:
14045:
14041:
14040:
14038:
14037:
14030:
14025:
14023:Yoga for women
14020:
14015:
14014:
14013:
14011:Hasta Vinyasas
14003:
14001:Sun Salutation
13998:
13993:
13992:
13991:
13989:List of asanas
13986:
13981:
13970:
13968:
13959:
13953:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13946:
13945:
13944:
13943:
13935:
13934:
13933:
13925:
13924:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
13903:
13902:
13901:
13896:
13891:
13886:
13881:
13876:
13866:
13861:
13853:
13852:
13851:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13827:
13825:
13819:
13818:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13813:
13808:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13789:
13787:
13781:
13780:
13778:
13777:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13749:
13747:
13738:
13732:
13731:
13728:
13727:
13725:
13724:
13717:
13710:
13703:
13700:Sritattvanidhi
13696:
13689:
13686:Joga Pradipika
13682:
13675:
13668:
13661:
13654:
13647:
13640:
13633:
13625:
13623:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13613:
13608:
13607:
13606:
13596:
13595:
13594:
13589:
13579:
13574:
13568:
13566:
13560:
13559:
13557:
13556:
13551:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13488:
13487:
13482:
13477:
13472:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13435:
13430:
13429:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13402:
13401:
13399:Lotus position
13391:
13386:
13375:
13373:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13365:
13358:
13351:
13344:
13336:
13334:
13328:
13327:
13325:
13324:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13300:
13298:
13289:
13283:
13282:
13280:
13279:
13274:
13273:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13236:
13234:
13228:
13227:
13220:
13219:
13212:
13205:
13197:
13188:
13187:
13185:
13184:
13172:
13161:
13158:
13157:
13155:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13118:
13116:
13110:
13109:
13107:
13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13055:
13054:
13049:
13039:
13033:
13031:
13025:
13024:
13022:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13014:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12948:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12925:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12831:
12830:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12804:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12739:Greco-Buddhist
12731:
12730:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12693:
12692:
12690:Burmese pagoda
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12646:
12644:
12638:
12637:
12635:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12548:
12546:
12540:
12539:
12537:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12516:
12511:
12506:
12501:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12480:
12479:
12472:Greco-Buddhism
12469:
12464:
12463:
12462:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12431:
12429:
12423:
12422:
12420:
12419:
12418:
12417:
12412:
12407:
12405:United Kingdom
12402:
12397:
12392:
12387:
12382:
12377:
12372:
12367:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12350:Czech Republic
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12317:
12316:
12315:
12310:
12300:
12299:
12298:
12288:
12287:
12286:
12281:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12240:
12239:
12229:
12224:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12199:
12194:
12189:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12164:
12159:
12154:
12149:
12144:
12139:
12134:
12128:
12126:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12116:
12114:Abhidharmadīpa
12111:
12104:
12099:
12094:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12072:
12067:
12062:
12056:
12054:
12048:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12032:B. R. Ambedkar
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11952:Songtsen Gampo
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11883:
11881:
11875:
11874:
11872:
11871:
11866:
11865:
11864:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11828:
11827:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11756:
11754:
11748:
11747:
11745:
11744:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11717:
11712:
11707:
11702:
11696:
11694:
11688:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11678:
11677:
11667:
11666:
11665:
11660:
11655:
11645:
11644:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11631:Eight precepts
11628:
11618:
11617:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11591:
11590:
11589:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11568:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11510:
11505:
11504:
11503:
11498:
11493:
11488:
11483:
11478:
11473:
11468:
11463:
11458:
11453:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11428:
11419:
11409:
11404:
11402:Five Strengths
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11368:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11342:
11337:
11331:
11329:
11323:
11322:
11320:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11293:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11267:
11266:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11230:
11229:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11197:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11186:
11185:
11180:
11179:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11143:
11137:
11135:
11129:
11128:
11126:
11125:
11120:
11119:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11083:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11041:Mental factors
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10982:
10980:
10974:
10973:
10971:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10893:Mahamoggallāna
10890:
10885:
10880:
10874:
10872:
10866:
10865:
10863:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10816:
10815:
10808:Avalokiteśvara
10804:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10781:
10780:
10772:
10764:
10756:
10748:
10740:
10732:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10658:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10641:
10636:
10631:
10630:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10609:
10603:
10601:
10595:
10594:
10592:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10547:
10546:
10539:
10532:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10511:
10501:
10491:
10483:
10482:External links
10480:
10478:
10477:
10467:
10456:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10426:
10419:Norbu, Namkhai
10416:
10407:
10382:
10364:
10355:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10333:Indian Realism
10324:
10320:Indian Realism
10311:
10302:Sinclair, Iain
10295:
10283:
10270:
10257:
10244:
10231:
10229:, p. 126.
10219:
10206:
10189:
10172:
10159:
10147:
10134:
10113:
10100:
10083:
10072:
10048:
10031:
10022:
10006:
9993:
9981:
9968:
9943:
9930:
9924:Powers, John.
9917:
9896:
9883:
9870:
9854:
9847:
9826:
9804:
9790:
9767:
9736:
9723:
9706:
9671:
9658:
9645:
9632:
9625:
9607:
9594:
9576:
9563:
9538:
9525:
9512:
9499:
9486:
9473:
9461:
9441:
9420:
9404:
9384:
9371:
9355:
9342:
9329:
9317:
9304:
9291:
9273:
9260:
9251:
9238:
9221:
9198:
9192:Wayman, Alex.
9185:
9178:
9147:
9134:
9113:
9100:
9088:
9079:
9072:
9052:
9045:
9025:
9003:
8988:
8960:
8942:
8922:
8902:
8889:
8876:
8863:
8848:
8835:
8822:
8809:
8793:
8780:
8771:
8756:
8740:
8727:
8714:
8705:
8692:
8677:
8662:
8647:
8632:
8617:
8602:
8587:
8572:
8559:
8541:
8523:
8507:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8452:(2): 392–419.
8432:
8419:
8410:
8397:
8384:
8371:
8351:
8344:
8323:
8310:
8301:
8281:
8274:
8256:
8249:
8229:
8222:
8202:
8182:
8154:
8125:
8074:
8051:
8031:
8011:
7996:
7978:
7955:
7935:
7915:
7895:
7874:
7854:
7846:
7825:
7800:
7789:
7776:
7764:
7750:
7737:
7725:
7712:
7699:
7685:
7672:
7660:
7644:
7631:
7629:, p. 141.
7616:
7614:, p. 140.
7604:
7602:, p. 138.
7589:
7587:, p. 139.
7572:
7570:, p. 137.
7560:
7551:
7542:
7533:
7524:
7511:
7502:
7490:
7477:
7461:
7449:
7437:
7421:
7405:
7379:
7366:
7350:
7337:
7321:
7308:
7295:
7282:
7273:
7241:
7234:
7214:
7202:
7200:, p. 1-2.
7190:
7169:
7163:Wayman, Alex,
7151:
7136:
7113:
7104:
7083:
7058:
7046:
7034:
7021:
7005:
6996:
6983:
6977:Butler, Sean,
6970:
6964:Saam Trivedi,
6957:
6941:
6906:
6893:
6877:
6863:
6850:
6837:
6818:(3): 231–246.
6802:
6789:
6756:
6740:
6731:
6712:
6699:
6674:
6654:
6630:
6612:
6591:
6571:
6564:
6541:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6473:Maitreya-nātha
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6441:
6419:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6354:
6351:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6325:(1194–1252) -
6320:
6311:(1155–1213) -
6306:
6292:
6279:Jñānaśrībhadra
6276:
6262:Ratnākāraśānti
6259:
6257:Sarvajñāsiddhi
6246:
6244:Sarvajñāsiddhi
6233:
6208:
6194:Śaṅkaranandana
6191:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6161:
6147:
6135:
6129:
6120:
6111:
6092:
6082:
6064:
6055:
6038:
6021:
6005:
5997:
5984:
5969:
5953:
5937:
5926:
5916:
5880:
5861:
5850:
5829:
5813:
5797:
5751:
5748:
5611:
5608:
5598:
5597:Textual corpus
5595:
5534:
5531:
5413:
5410:
5345:) and Shelun (
5276:Main article:
5273:
5270:
5245:Shakya Chokden
5237:Ratnākaraśānti
5131:
5128:
5112:Ratnākaraśānti
5065:amala-vijñāna,
5004:nitya, sukha,
4973:
4970:
4966:Śaṅkaranandana
4877:
4876:
4824:
4797:
4794:Jinendrabuddhi
4786:Devendrabuddhi
4738:
4735:
4624:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4588:"Yogācārabhūmi
4533:theory of the
4513:vijñapti-mātra
4435:ruled much of
4424:
4421:
4404:
4401:
4370:
4367:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4302:
4299:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4251:
4240:vastuparyeṣaṇā
4236:
4208:
4205:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4109:
4094:bhāvanā-mārga,
4090:
4078:
4058:prayoga-mārga,
4054:
3980:
3977:
3781:Loriyan Tangai
3772:
3769:
3760:Ratnākaraśānti
3732:ye shes, jñāna
3728:rnam pa, ākāra
3705:bden pa, satya
3701:rnam pa, ākāra
3677:
3674:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3646:pratyekabuddha
3642:
3630:
3627:
3571:
3568:
3544:adhipati-phala
3516:
3513:
3425:
3422:
3280:actual absence
3235:
3232:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3128:
3087:
2998:
2995:
2967:Walpola Rahula
2963:early Buddhism
2919:
2916:
2912:(suksma-citta)
2881:ālaya-vijñāna,
2816:intentionality
2812:ālaya-vijñāna,
2757:
2752:
2718:mano-vijñāna),
2675:Main article:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2661:
2638:
2635:
2585:
2582:
2531:
2528:
2508:vijñapti-mātra
2491:
2490:
2482:
2463:
2456:dream argument
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2372:vijñapti-mātra
2363:
2360:
2347:vijñapti-mātra
2308:vijñapti-mātra
2286:vijñapti-mātra
2258:
2255:
2244:vijñapti-mātra
2234:vijñapti-mātra
2226:vijñapti-mātra
2166:
2163:
2161:
2159:vijñapti-mātra
2155:
2126:vijñapti-mātra
1992:
1989:
1972:vijñapti-mātra
1967:
1965:vijñapti-mātra
1961:
1939:vijñapti-mātra
1922:Prajñāpāramitā
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:Gendün Chöphel
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Mahasi Sayadaw
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Kitaro Nishida
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:B. R. Ambedkar
1733:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1658:Ratnākaraśānti
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Guifeng Zongmi
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Katyāyāniputra
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1009:
1003:
1002:
983:
977:
976:
957:
951:
950:
943:
937:
936:
933:
929:
928:
918:
917:
915:
914:
907:
900:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
823:
822:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
752:Rangjung Dorje
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
722:Ratnākaraśānti
719:
714:
712:Śaṅkaranandana
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
662:Shāntarakshita
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
529:Chung Tai Shan
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
390:
383:
376:
369:
358:
351:
344:
337:
326:
319:
312:
303:
296:
288:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
232:Avalokiteśvara
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
179:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
168:Three Turnings
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
123:Three vehicles
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
88:Skillful Means
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15864:
15853:
15850:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15814:
15812:
15797:
15789:
15787:
15779:
15778:
15775:
15769:
15768:
15764:
15761:
15757:
15755:
15754:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15742:
15738:
15736:
15735:
15731:
15729:
15728:
15724:
15722:
15721:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15709:
15705:
15703:
15702:
15698:
15696:
15695:
15691:
15689:
15688:
15684:
15682:
15681:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15669:
15665:
15664:
15662:
15658:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15627:
15624:
15622:
15619:
15617:
15614:
15612:
15609:
15607:
15604:
15602:
15599:
15597:
15594:
15592:
15589:
15587:
15584:
15582:
15579:
15575:
15574:
15570:
15569:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15528:
15527:Phenomenology
15525:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15503:
15500:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15457:Hallucination
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15408:
15405:
15403:
15400:
15398:
15395:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15381:
15378:
15377:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15346:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15282:
15280:
15276:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15215:
15212:
15210:
15207:
15205:
15202:
15200:
15197:
15195:
15192:
15190:
15189:Functionalism
15187:
15185:
15182:
15180:
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15156:
15154:
15152:
15148:
15145:
15141:
15131:
15128:
15126:
15123:
15121:
15118:
15116:
15115:Roger Penrose
15113:
15111:
15108:
15106:
15105:Marvin Minsky
15103:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15095:Eugene Wigner
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15085:Annaka Harris
15083:
15082:
15080:
15076:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15019:Giulio Tononi
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15004:Francis Crick
15002:
15000:
14999:Christof Koch
14997:
14995:
14994:Bernard Baars
14992:
14990:
14987:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14976:
14974:
14970:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14958:William James
14956:
14954:
14953:Wilhelm Wundt
14951:
14949:
14948:Sigmund Freud
14946:
14944:
14941:
14939:
14936:
14934:
14933:Julian Jaynes
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14910:
14908:
14904:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14892:William Lycan
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14812:Joseph Levine
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14787:Immanuel Kant
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14752:Frank Jackson
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14713:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14678:
14675:
14673:
14670:
14669:
14667:
14663:
14660:
14656:
14652:
14651:Consciousness
14645:
14640:
14638:
14633:
14631:
14626:
14625:
14622:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14600:
14598:
14595:
14593:
14590:
14589:
14588:
14585:
14581:
14580:Kiyomizu-dera
14578:
14577:
14576:
14573:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14560:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14549:
14543:
14542:Satyākāravāda
14540:
14538:
14537:Alīkākāravāda
14535:
14533:
14530:
14529:
14527:
14523:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14507:
14504:
14502:
14499:
14497:
14494:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14466:
14462:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14442:
14440:
14436:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14376:
14373:
14372:
14370:
14366:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14336:
14334:
14330:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14314:
14311:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14268:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14232:
14230:
14226:
14223:
14219:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14178:
14175:
14173:
14170:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14157:
14155:Key doctrines
14153:
14149:
14142:
14137:
14135:
14130:
14128:
14123:
14122:
14119:
14101:
14100:
14096:
14094:
14093:
14092:Asana Journal
14089:
14088:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14057:
14054:
14053:
14052:
14049:
14048:
14046:
14042:
14036:
14035:
14034:Light on Yoga
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14019:
14016:
14012:
14009:
14008:
14007:
14004:
14002:
13999:
13997:
13994:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13976:
13975:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13967:
13963:
13960:
13958:
13954:
13942:
13939:
13938:
13936:
13932:
13929:
13928:
13926:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13880:
13877:
13875:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13867:
13865:
13862:
13860:
13857:
13856:
13854:
13850:
13847:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13828:
13826:
13824:
13820:
13812:
13809:
13807:
13804:
13803:
13801:
13797:
13794:
13793:
13791:
13790:
13788:
13786:
13782:
13776:
13775:
13774:Visuddhimagga
13771:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13750:
13748:
13746:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13733:
13723:
13722:
13718:
13716:
13715:
13711:
13709:
13708:
13704:
13702:
13701:
13697:
13695:
13694:
13693:Shiva Samhita
13690:
13688:
13687:
13683:
13681:
13680:
13676:
13674:
13673:
13669:
13667:
13666:
13662:
13660:
13659:
13655:
13653:
13652:
13648:
13646:
13645:
13644:Bahr al-Hayat
13641:
13639:
13638:
13634:
13632:
13631:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13618:
13612:
13609:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13600:
13597:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13584:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13569:
13567:
13565:
13561:
13555:
13552:
13550:
13547:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13509:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13486:
13483:
13481:
13478:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13467:
13466:
13463:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13440:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13400:
13397:
13396:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13381:
13380:
13377:
13376:
13374:
13370:
13364:
13363:
13359:
13357:
13356:
13355:Yoga Vasistha
13352:
13350:
13349:
13345:
13343:
13342:
13341:Bhagavad Gita
13338:
13337:
13335:
13333:
13329:
13323:
13320:
13319:and sometimes
13317:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13301:
13299:
13297:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13284:
13278:
13275:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13238:
13237:
13235:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13218:
13213:
13211:
13206:
13204:
13199:
13198:
13195:
13183:
13178:
13173:
13171:
13163:
13162:
13159:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13111:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13044:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13035:
13034:
13032:
13030:
13026:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12949:
12947:
12945:
12944:Miscellaneous
12941:
12935:
12934:Vegetarianism
12932:
12930:
12927:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12847:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12778:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12756:Buddha in art
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12691:
12688:
12687:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12652:
12651:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12643:
12639:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12565:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12547:
12545:
12541:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12500:
12497:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12461:
12458:
12457:
12456:
12453:
12451:
12448:
12446:
12443:
12441:
12438:
12436:
12433:
12432:
12430:
12428:
12424:
12416:
12413:
12411:
12410:United States
12408:
12406:
12403:
12401:
12398:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12378:
12376:
12373:
12371:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12301:
12297:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12289:
12285:
12282:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12275:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12237:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12219:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12193:
12190:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12163:
12160:
12158:
12155:
12153:
12150:
12148:
12145:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12129:
12127:
12125:
12121:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12105:
12103:
12100:
12098:
12095:
12093:
12092:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12057:
12055:
12053:
12049:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11967:Padmasambhava
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11884:
11882:
11880:
11879:Major figures
11876:
11870:
11867:
11863:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11826:
11825:Western tulku
11823:
11822:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11749:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11721:
11718:
11716:
11713:
11711:
11708:
11706:
11703:
11701:
11698:
11697:
11695:
11693:
11689:
11683:
11680:
11676:
11673:
11672:
11671:
11668:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11654:
11651:
11650:
11649:
11646:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11626:Five precepts
11624:
11623:
11622:
11619:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11604:Dhamma vicaya
11602:
11600:
11597:
11596:
11595:
11592:
11588:
11585:
11584:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11524:
11521:
11519:
11516:
11515:
11514:
11511:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11497:
11494:
11492:
11489:
11487:
11484:
11482:
11479:
11477:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11451:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11372:Buddhābhiṣeka
11370:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11324:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11272:
11271:
11268:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11208:
11207:
11204:
11203:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11194:
11190:
11184:
11181:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11124:
11121:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11016:Enlightenment
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11006:Dhamma theory
11004:
11002:
11001:Buddha-nature
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10840:Samantabhadra
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10821:
10818:
10814:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10806:
10805:
10803:
10801:
10797:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10779:
10773:
10771:
10765:
10763:
10757:
10755:
10749:
10747:
10741:
10739:
10733:
10731:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10693:
10690:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10651:
10645:
10642:
10640:
10637:
10635:
10632:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10614:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10596:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10572:
10571:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10545:
10540:
10538:
10533:
10531:
10526:
10525:
10522:
10515:
10512:
10509:
10505:
10502:
10499:
10495:
10492:
10489:
10486:
10485:
10475:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10454:
10450:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10427:
10424:
10420:
10417:
10413:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10383:
10381:
10380:0-8245-1277-4
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10356:
10353:
10352:
10347:
10346:
10334:
10328:
10321:
10315:
10308:
10307:
10299:
10293:
10287:
10280:
10274:
10267:
10261:
10254:
10248:
10241:
10235:
10228:
10223:
10216:
10210:
10203:
10199:
10193:
10186:
10182:
10176:
10169:
10163:
10154:
10152:
10144:
10138:
10131:
10130:0-7914-3431-1
10127:
10124:p. 10. SUNY.
10123:
10117:
10110:
10104:
10096:
10095:
10087:
10081:
10076:
10062:
10058:
10052:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10026:
10020:
10019:0-19-289223-1
10016:
10010:
10003:
9997:
9988:
9986:
9978:
9972:
9958:
9954:
9951:Muller, A.C.
9947:
9940:
9934:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9900:
9893:
9887:
9880:
9874:
9867:
9861:
9859:
9850:
9848:0-941532-89-5
9844:
9840:
9833:
9831:
9815:
9808:
9793:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9777:
9776:Je Tsongkhapa
9771:
9764:
9751:
9747:
9740:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9717:
9710:
9703:
9687:
9686:
9681:
9675:
9668:
9662:
9655:
9649:
9642:
9639:Liu, JeeLoo.
9636:
9628:
9622:
9618:
9611:
9604:
9598:
9591:
9588:Liu, JeeLoo.
9585:
9583:
9581:
9573:
9567:
9553:
9549:
9546:Muller, A.C.
9542:
9535:
9532:Paul, Diana.
9529:
9522:
9519:Paul, Diana.
9516:
9509:
9503:
9496:
9490:
9483:
9477:
9468:
9466:
9459:
9455:
9451:
9445:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9424:
9417:
9411:
9409:
9401:
9397:
9391:
9389:
9381:
9375:
9368:
9362:
9360:
9352:
9346:
9339:
9333:
9327:
9321:
9314:
9308:
9301:
9295:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9278:
9270:
9264:
9255:
9248:
9242:
9235:
9231:
9225:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9195:
9189:
9181:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9151:
9144:
9138:
9131:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9110:
9104:
9095:
9093:
9083:
9075:
9069:
9066:. Routledge.
9065:
9064:
9056:
9048:
9042:
9038:
9037:
9029:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8984:0-02-865983-X
8981:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8965:
8957:
8956:
8949:
8947:
8939:
8938:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8919:
8918:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8899:
8893:
8886:
8880:
8873:
8867:
8860:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8839:
8832:
8826:
8819:
8813:
8806:
8800:
8798:
8790:
8784:
8775:
8768:
8767:
8760:
8753:
8747:
8745:
8737:
8731:
8724:
8718:
8709:
8702:
8696:
8689:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8658:
8651:
8644:
8643:
8636:
8629:
8628:
8621:
8614:
8613:
8606:
8599:
8598:
8591:
8584:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8563:
8556:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8538:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8520:
8514:
8512:
8502:
8493:
8484:
8475:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8423:
8414:
8407:
8401:
8394:
8388:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8347:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8328:
8320:
8314:
8305:
8298:
8297:0-89581-908-2
8294:
8290:
8285:
8277:
8275:0-415-40610-2
8271:
8267:
8260:
8252:
8250:0-415-40610-2
8246:
8242:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8223:0-521-55640-6
8219:
8215:
8214:
8206:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8187:
8179:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8152:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8120:
8114:
8098:
8094:
8089:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8072:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8056:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8015:
8008:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7983:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7858:
7849:
7847:1-85168-066-7
7843:
7839:
7835:
7834:Conze, Edward
7829:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7798:
7793:
7786:
7780:
7771:
7769:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7747:
7741:
7732:
7730:
7722:
7716:
7709:
7703:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7682:
7676:
7667:
7665:
7657:
7654:
7648:
7641:
7635:
7628:
7623:
7621:
7613:
7608:
7601:
7596:
7594:
7586:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7569:
7564:
7555:
7546:
7537:
7528:
7521:
7515:
7506:
7497:
7495:
7487:
7481:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7458:
7453:
7446:
7441:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7419:
7415:
7409:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7376:
7370:
7363:
7360:
7354:
7347:
7341:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7318:
7312:
7305:
7299:
7292:
7286:
7277:
7263:
7262:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7237:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7218:
7211:
7206:
7199:
7194:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7166:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7148:
7143:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7124:
7117:
7108:
7101:
7100:9780195145519
7097:
7093:
7087:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7041:
7039:
7031:
7025:
7019:
7018:0-02-865910-4
7015:
7009:
7000:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6967:
6961:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6897:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6873:
6867:
6860:
6854:
6847:
6841:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6753:
6750:
6744:
6735:
6728:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6709:
6703:
6696:
6695:0-02-865983-X
6692:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6671:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6635:
6627:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6609:
6608:0-02-865983-X
6605:
6601:
6595:
6588:
6587:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6567:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6537:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6487:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6463:Frauwallner,
6460:
6456:
6445:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6428:alaya-vijnana
6423:
6415:
6412:Alex Wayman,
6409:
6405:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6236:Jñānaśrīmitra
6234:
6231:
6227:
6226:-śāstra-vṛtti
6225:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6198:Prajñālaṅkāra
6195:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5863:The works of
5862:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:Yogācārabhūmi
5823:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5603:
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:Abhinavagupta
5584:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5470:Third Karmapa
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5422:
5418:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5367:Yogācārabhūmi
5364:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5327:Chan Buddhism
5324:
5323:
5318:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5191:Shun zhonglun
5188:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:Jñānaśrīmitra
5105:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5071:is purified.
5070:
5069:ālaya-vijñāna
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5023:ālaya-vijñāna
5020:
5016:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5002:, and pure" (
5001:
4997:
4996:
4987:
4983:
4978:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4921:citta-santāna
4918:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4904:ālaya-vijñāna
4900:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4811:, Jinaputra,
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4796:, Śākyabuddhi
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4724:Twenty Verses
4720:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4576:Yogācārabhūmi
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4508:ālaya-vijñāna
4504:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:Dhyana Sutras
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4433:Kushan Empire
4429:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4301:Four prayogas
4298:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4229:nāmaparyeṣaṇā
4226:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:aśaikṣa-mārga
4114:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4082:darśana-mārga
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:and Asanga's
3860:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3786:
3785:Indian Museum
3782:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3764:Jñānaśrīmitra
3761:
3755:
3754:) as follows:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:/ svasamvitti
3739:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:rnam rdzun pa
3683:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:ontologically
3494:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3392:Yogācārabhūmi
3387:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3293:consciousness
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3219:sutra called
3218:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3019:niḥsvabhāvatā
3016:
3015:
3010:
3009:Paul Williams
3006:
3005:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:ālaya-vijñāna
2897:
2896:ālaya-vijñāna
2892:
2890:
2889:ālaya-vijñāna
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:ālaya-vijñāna
2864:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:ālaya-vijñāna
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:ālaya-vijñāna
2756:
2755:Ālaya-vijñāna
2751:
2749:
2748:Paul Williams
2745:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:Occam's Razor
2501:
2497:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:hungry ghosts
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:Twenty Verses
2437:
2436:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:theories and
2377:
2373:
2369:
2366:According to
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:as it appears
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:Twenty Verses
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:vijñaptimātra
2080:
2078:
2077:Twenty Verses
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1995:According to
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1943:ālaya-vijñāna
1940:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1801:P. A. Payutto
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:Hajime Tanabe
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Sakya Chokden
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Je Tsongkhapa
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Sakya Pandita
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Jñanasrimitra
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Buddha-nature
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1435:Dharma theory
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Lokottaravāda
1310:
1308:
1307:Prajñaptivāda
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:Shantaraksita
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:phenomenology
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:The compound
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:consciousness
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
984:
982:
978:
973:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
894:
893:
891:
890:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
821:
818:
817:
816:
813:
812:
806:
805:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
742:Sakya Pandita
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Dahui Zonggao
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
538:
537:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Fo Guang Shan
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:Major schools
443:
442:
435:
434:
430:
428:
427:
423:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
391:
389:
388:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
349:
345:
343:
342:
338:
335:
334:
333:
327:
325:
324:
320:
318:
317:
313:
310:
309:
304:
302:
301:
297:
295:
294:
290:
289:
286:
281:
280:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Samantabhadra
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
217:Bhaiṣajyaguru
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
186:
182:
177:
176:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Luminous mind
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Buddha-nature
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
15765:
15751:
15739:
15732:
15725:
15718:
15706:
15699:
15692:
15685:
15678:
15666:
15650:
15611:Subconscious
15571:
15557:Quantum mind
15049:Roger Sperry
15024:Karl Pribram
14972:Neuroscience
14882:Thomas Nagel
14757:Fred Dretske
14732:David Pearce
14707:Colin McGinn
14318:Śāntarakṣita
14273:Śuddhacandra
14177:ālayavijñāna
14172:Mānasvijñāna
14147:
14099:Yoga Journal
14097:
14090:
14056:Mindful Yoga
14051:Yoga hybrids
14032:
13979:Downward dog
13844:Anuttarayoga
13795:
13772:
13719:
13712:
13705:
13698:
13691:
13684:
13677:
13670:
13663:
13656:
13649:
13642:
13637:Amritasiddhi
13635:
13628:
13360:
13353:
13346:
13339:
13318:
13245:Five sheaths
13240:Three bodies
13122:Bodhisattvas
13042:Christianity
13037:Baháʼí Faith
12902:Dharmachakra
12892:Prayer wheel
12882:Prayer beads
12650:Architecture
12529:969 Movement
12313:Saudi Arabia
12291:Central Asia
12284:South Africa
12106:
12089:
12022:Panchen Lama
11927:Buddhapālita
11523:Satipatthana
11518:Mindful Yoga
11431:Recollection
11345:Brahmavihara
11262:
11216:Japanese Zen
11211:Chinese Chan
11171:Animal realm
10978:Key concepts
10800:Bodhisattvas
10612:Three Jewels
10507:
10497:
10470:
10463:
10459:
10438:
10433:, SUNY Press
10430:
10422:
10411:
10394:
10390:
10371:
10367:
10359:
10350:
10332:
10327:
10319:
10314:
10305:
10298:
10291:
10286:
10278:
10273:
10265:
10260:
10247:
10239:
10234:
10222:
10209:
10201:
10197:
10192:
10184:
10180:
10175:
10167:
10162:
10142:
10137:
10121:
10116:
10108:
10103:
10093:
10086:
10075:
10064:. Retrieved
10060:
10051:
10043:
10039:
10034:
10025:
10009:
10001:
9996:
9976:
9971:
9960:. Retrieved
9956:
9946:
9938:
9933:
9925:
9920:
9904:
9899:
9891:
9886:
9878:
9873:
9865:
9838:
9817:. Retrieved
9807:
9795:. Retrieved
9780:
9770:
9761:
9754:. Retrieved
9750:the original
9739:
9731:
9726:
9709:
9700:
9693:. Retrieved
9684:
9674:
9666:
9661:
9653:
9648:
9643:2006. p. 221
9640:
9635:
9616:
9610:
9602:
9597:
9592:2006. p. 220
9589:
9571:
9566:
9555:. Retrieved
9551:
9541:
9533:
9528:
9520:
9515:
9507:
9502:
9494:
9489:
9481:
9476:
9449:
9444:
9428:
9423:
9415:
9399:
9395:
9379:
9374:
9366:
9350:
9345:
9337:
9332:
9325:
9320:
9312:
9307:
9299:
9294:
9284:
9268:
9263:
9254:
9246:
9241:
9233:
9229:
9224:
9214:
9196:1997. p. 213
9193:
9188:
9168:
9164:Li, Jung-hsi
9150:
9142:
9137:
9129:
9125:
9121:
9116:
9103:
9082:
9062:
9055:
9035:
9028:
9020:
9017:
9012:
9006:
8997:
8991:
8975:
8971:
8953:
8935:
8915:
8897:
8892:
8884:
8879:
8871:
8866:
8856:
8851:
8843:
8838:
8830:
8825:
8817:
8812:
8804:
8788:
8783:
8774:
8764:
8759:
8751:
8735:
8730:
8722:
8717:
8708:
8700:
8695:
8685:
8680:
8670:
8665:
8655:
8650:
8640:
8635:
8625:
8620:
8610:
8605:
8595:
8590:
8580:
8575:
8567:
8562:
8536:
8518:
8501:
8492:
8483:
8474:
8449:
8445:
8435:
8427:
8422:
8413:
8405:
8404:Zhihua Yao.
8400:
8392:
8387:
8379:
8374:
8359:
8354:
8335:
8318:
8313:
8304:
8288:
8284:
8265:
8259:
8239:
8232:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8101:. Retrieved
8097:the original
8087:
8062:
8039:
8034:
8019:
8014:
8004:
7999:
7989:
7966:
7943:
7938:
7923:
7918:
7903:
7898:
7882:
7877:
7862:
7857:
7837:
7828:
7813:
7792:
7784:
7779:
7745:
7740:
7720:
7715:
7707:
7702:
7680:
7675:
7652:
7647:
7639:
7634:
7607:
7563:
7554:
7545:
7536:
7527:
7519:
7514:
7505:
7485:
7480:
7472:
7452:
7440:
7432:
7413:
7408:
7400:
7374:
7369:
7361:
7353:
7345:
7340:
7332:
7316:
7311:
7303:
7298:
7290:
7285:
7276:
7266:, retrieved
7260:
7224:
7217:
7212:, p. 6.
7205:
7193:
7177:
7172:
7164:
7149:, p. 5.
7121:
7116:
7107:
7091:
7086:
7069:
7066:Dan Lusthaus
7061:
7049:
7029:
7024:
7008:
6999:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6973:
6965:
6960:
6952:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6888:
6871:
6866:
6858:
6853:
6845:
6840:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6797:
6792:
6781:
6748:
6743:
6734:
6729:, p. 1.
6707:
6702:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6625:
6599:
6594:
6584:
6554:
6544:
6535:
6469:Uttaratantra
6464:
6459:
6444:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6413:
6408:
6394:Chandrakirti
6348:
6345:
6341:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6312:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6256:
6252:
6243:
6239:
6222:
6218:
6215:Durbodhālokā
6214:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6183:
6174:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6132:
6126:
6117:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6088:
6076:
6070:
6061:
6060:(529–645) -
6047:
6042:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6018:
6011:
5999:
5994:
5990:
5980:
5976:
5965:
5959:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5899:Vyākhyāyukti
5898:
5892:
5886:
5874:
5868:
5853:
5831:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5790:
5783:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5674:ālayavijñāna
5673:
5669:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5621:
5615:
5613:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5554:
5536:
5513:svasaṃvedana
5511:
5508:
5491:
5482:
5456:The Tibetan
5455:
5443:Śāntarakṣita
5432:
5391:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5320:
5314:
5265:
5241:Śāntarakṣita
5233:Śāntarakṣita
5224:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5180:
5133:
5101:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5039:Uttaratantra
5038:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4865:Fó xìng lùn,
4864:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4762:epistemology
4757:
4747:
4740:
4729:
4722:
4712:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4591:
4587:
4575:
4571:
4568:Schmithausen
4563:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4468:
4449:Sarvāstivāda
4442:
4406:
4393:
4387:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4304:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4262:
4258:
4248:nirabhilāpya
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4213:
4210:
4200:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4142:bodhisattvas
4137:
4135:
4116:
4113:niṣṭhā-mārga
4112:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4026:
4020:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3972:
3962:
3956:
3944:ānāpānasmṛti
3943:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3757:
3752:Vikramashila
3749:
3743:
3738:svasamvedana
3735:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3708:
3707:) or false (
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:rnam bden pa
3688:
3684:
3679:
3663:
3632:
3621:
3618:samatā-jñāna
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3504:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3476:and water.
3474:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3340:without any
3324:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3306:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3237:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3175:
3169:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2965:is given by
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2911:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2828:ādānavijñāna
2827:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2808:Schmithausen
2806:As noted by
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:ādānavijñāna
2777:
2774:mūla-vijñāna
2773:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2744:kliṣṭa-manas
2743:
2736:
2734:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2702:ālayavijñāna
2701:
2694:
2682:
2680:
2666:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2578:mereological
2565:
2563:
2552:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2492:
2459:
2448:
2442:) and is an
2439:
2434:
2431:
2422:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2384:metaphysical
2371:
2368:Dan Lusthaus
2365:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2260:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2203:
2195:
2183:Jay Garfield
2178:
2168:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:Schmithausen
2039:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1926:Sarvāstivāda
1916:
1896:
1841:
1771:D. T. Suzuki
1731:Ledi Sayadaw
1633:Śāntarakṣita
1568:Chandrakirti
1553:Buddhapālita
1518:Saṃghabhadra
1326:
1282:Vibhajyavāda
1183:Sarvāstivāda
1180:
1155:
1144:Vijñaptivāda
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1092:
1076:
1075:
782:D. T. Suzuki
587:Buddhapālita
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
394:
385:
378:
371:
363:
353:
346:
339:
330:
321:
314:
299:
291:
185:Bodhisattvas
118:Three bodies
15244:Physicalism
15239:Parallelism
15234:Panpsychism
15204:Materialism
15179:Emergentism
15069:Wolf Singer
14938:Kurt Koffka
14867:Philip Goff
14842:Michael Tye
14837:Max Velmans
14817:Karl Popper
14807:John Searle
14792:John Eccles
14777:Georges Rey
14587:Shōtoku-shū
14532:Vijñānavāda
14313:Dharmakīrti
14293:Jñānacandra
14283:Viśeṣamitra
14192:Trisvabhāva
13966:As exercise
13864:Yantra yoga
13859:Devata yoga
13768:Anapanasati
13611:Sexual Yoga
13532:Kapalabhati
13502:Sama vritti
13453:Surat Shabd
13379:Eight limbs
13309:Bhakti yoga
13296:Three Yogas
13232:Subtle body
12967:Dharma talk
12796:Asalha Puja
12592:Eschatology
12395:Switzerland
12375:New Zealand
12303:Middle East
12212:Philippines
12132:Afghanistan
11937:Bodhidharma
11922:Buddhaghosa
11842:Householder
11752:Monasticism
11705:Bodhisattva
11560:Prostration
11513:Mindfulness
11441:Anapanasati
11424:Kammaṭṭhāna
11221:Korean Seon
11161:Asura realm
11156:Human realm
11096:Ten Fetters
11051:Parinirvana
10953:Uppalavanna
10918:Mahākaccana
10903:Mahākassapa
10835:Kṣitigarbha
10830:Ākāśagarbha
10727:Suddhodāna
10672:Four sights
10599:Foundations
10397:(1): 5–18.
9797:18 December
9756:19 December
9744:Taranatha.
9605:1973. p. li
9107:M. Delhey,
9013:Dharmamegha
8299:. pg 13, 35
8103:December 8,
6922:: 123–147.
6432:Lankavatara
6142:Śiṣyalekha,
6103:Heart-sutra
6019:Catuḥśataka
5981:Fo Xing Lun
5971:The Indian
5686:Laṅkāvatāra
5626:Jñanagarbha
5562:, and the "
5504:Candrakirti
5492:gzhan-stong
5423:(1284–1339)
5239:(c. 1000).
5229:Jñānagarbha
5214:Catuḥśātaka
5173:inclusivism
5144:Candrakīrti
4946:Pramāṇavāda
4941:thought."
4782:Dharmottara
4778:Dharmakīrti
4764:(Sanskrit:
4758:pramāṇavāda
4632:statues at
4628:(left) and
4521:Sautrāntika
4517:trisvabhāva
4482:bodhisattva
4453:Sautrāntika
4437:north India
4383:pure ethics
4338:meditations
4336:mindfulness
3969:perfections
3576:mindfulness
3525:Sautrantika
3452:and in the
3410:Candrakirti
3257:antirealism
3040:trisvabhāva
2991:defilements
2908:Vasumitra's
2904:Sautrantika
2624:empirically
2590:Dharmakīrti
2409:parikalpita
2388:ontological
2331:citta-mātra
2322:Alex Wayman
2282:citta-mātra
2179:Vijñānavāda
2036:citta-mātra
2009:*pratibimba
1976:citta-mātra
1952:trisvabhāva
1915:five paths
1708:Mikyö Dorje
1628:Jñānagarbha
1548:Dharmakirti
1533:Buddhadatta
1528:Buddhaghosa
1332:Pramāṇavāda
1302:Pudgalavada
1297:Sautrāntika
1187:Sautrāntika
1140:Vijñānavāda
820:Han Chinese
642:Amoghavajra
617:Bodhidharma
607:Candrakīrti
602:Dharmakīrti
597:Bhāvaviveka
552:Ashvaghosha
541:Key figures
300:Lotus Sūtra
257:Ākāśagarbha
252:Kṣitigarbha
242:Vajrasattva
133:One Vehicle
68:Bodhisattva
15837:Nonduality
15811:Categories
15636:Upanishads
15437:Experience
15402:Blindsight
15229:Nondualism
15110:Max Planck
15090:David Bohm
14906:Psychology
14797:John Locke
14722:David Hume
14665:Philosophy
14568:Yakushi-ji
14339:Paramārtha
14323:Kamalaśīla
14308:Śīlabhadra
14278:Citrabhāna
14260:Sthiramati
14250:Dharmapāla
14245:Vasubandhu
14197:Four Views
14078:Yoga Nidra
13884:Karmamudra
13849:Sahajayana
13621:Hatha yoga
13587:Mahasiddha
13507:Shatkarmas
13458:Aghor Yoga
13411:Pratyahara
13332:Philosophy
13314:Jnana yoga
13304:Karma yoga
13084:Psychology
13064:Gnosticism
13052:Comparison
13047:Influences
13029:Comparison
12912:Bhavacakra
12870:Kushinagar
12845:Pilgrimage
12791:Māgha Pūjā
12746:Bodhi Tree
12562:Buddhology
12552:Abhidharma
12544:Philosophy
12477:Menander I
12345:Costa Rica
12296:Uzbekistan
12137:Bangladesh
12091:Dhammapada
12075:Pali Canon
12037:Ajahn Chah
12017:Dalai Lama
11917:Kumārajīva
11912:Vasubandhu
11887:The Buddha
11795:Zen master
11730:Sakadagami
11710:Buddhahood
11641:Pratimokṣa
11456:Shikantaza
11412:Meditation
11387:Deity yoga
11258:Madhyamaka
11151:Deva realm
11046:Mindstream
10996:Bodhicitta
10908:Aṅgulimāla
10775:Devadatta
10751:Yaśodharā
10654:The Buddha
10644:Middle Way
10066:2023-08-07
9962:2023-04-24
9791:0791414795
9557:2023-04-24
9523:1984. p. 6
8345:0824823710
8090:. Source:
7268:2024-02-21
6710:2000. p. 1
6483:References
6359:Madhyamaka
6338:Criticisms
6296:Putralekha
6249:Ratnakīrti
6230:Haribhadra
6138:Candragomī
6123:Guṇaprabha
6069:(602-664)
6067:Xuanzang's
6058:Śīlabhadra
6016:Āryadeva's
5987:Sthiramati
5973:Paramārtha
5883:Vasubandhu
5784:vyākhyāna,
5704:(成唯識 論述記;
5583:Utpaladeva
5570:, and the
5447:Kamalaśīla
5427:See also:
5339:Paramārtha
5317:Guṇabhadra
5253:Madhyamaka
5249:Madhyamaka
5211:Āryadeva's
5207:Dharmapāla
5160:Sthiramati
5156:Dharmapala
5085:Buddhahood
5061:Paramārtha
4881:Vinītadeva
4857:Paramārtha
4817:Śīlabhadra
4813:Dharmapāla
4809:Sthiramati
4719:Vasubandhu
4709:Vaibhāṣika
4705:Vasubandhu
4647:Vasubandhu
4630:Vasubandhu
4529:) and the
4409:Madhyamaka
4369:Meditation
4355:apraṇihita
4342:The three
4244:vastumātra
4195:, and the
4160:vastumatra
4121:Buddhahood
4031:bodhicitta
4013:asaṃkhyeya
4009:pañcamārga
3912:pratipakṣa
3890:) such as
3835:yogācāras,
3831:Abhidharma
3828:Vaibhāṣika
3822:texts and
3736:rang rig,
3717:Sthiramati
3713:Dharmapala
3666:icchantika
3640:Buddhahood
3590:nirvikalpa
3414:Shantideva
3338:nominalism
3330:saṁvṛtisat
3298:Madhyamaka
3240:Madhyamaka
3203:does exist
3199:Madhyamaka
3113:paramārtha
3098:nature of
3067:Xuanzang's
2975:Pāli Canon
2730:Abhidharma
2520:Ratnakīrti
2405:pratibimba
2267:Kalupahana
2206:Vasubandhu
2171:subjective
2060:cittamatra
1929:Abhidharma
1917:pañcamārga
1903:meditation
1796:Buddhadasa
1693:Longchenpa
1653:Ratnakīrti
1638:Haribhadra
1573:Shantideva
1538:Dhammapāla
1513:Vasubandhu
1508:Harivarman
1425:Middle Way
1395:Abhidharma
1322:Madhyamaka
1292:Vaibhāṣika
1276:Traditions
1199:Vasubandhu
1125:Madhyamaka
1117:meditation
1109:perception
1055:Vietnamese
762:Longchenpa
757:Tsongkhapa
672:Mazu Daoyi
657:Shāntideva
582:Sthiramati
577:Vasubandhu
567:Kumārajīva
524:Fa Gu Shan
454:Mādhyamaka
202:Adi-Buddha
192:Shakyamuni
153:Pure Lands
108:Two truths
73:Buddhahood
15817:Vajrayana
15651:Yogachara
15586:Sentience
15447:Free will
15387:Awareness
15375:Attention
15264:Solipsism
14979:Anil Seth
14852:Ned Block
14563:Kōfuku-ji
14511:Dōgakushō
14496:Viṃśatikā
14303:Asvabhāva
14288:Jinaputra
14265:Bandhuśri
14162:Caitasika
14148:Yogachara
14087:Journals
13921:Mahamudra
13839:Caryayoga
13823:Vajrayana
13796:Yogachara
13763:Vipassana
13745:Theravada
13604:Kundalini
13599:Laya Yoga
13537:Bhastrika
13475:Mahamudra
13406:Pranayama
13322:Rāja yoga
13152:Festivals
13132:Buddhists
13094:Theosophy
12897:Symbolism
12887:Hama yumi
12860:Bodh Gaya
12627:Socialism
12602:Evolution
12577:Economics
12415:Venezuela
12330:Australia
12325:Argentina
12249:Sri Lanka
12244:Singapore
12162:Indonesia
12124:Countries
12065:Tripiṭaka
12027:Ajahn Mun
11902:Nagarjuna
11897:Aśvaghoṣa
11780:Anagārika
11775:Śrāmaṇerī
11770:Śrāmaṇera
11765:Bhikkhunī
11725:Sotāpanna
11614:Passaddhi
11555:Offerings
11530:Nekkhamma
11407:Iddhipada
11327:Practices
11297:Theravada
11270:Vajrayana
11263:Yogachara
11233:Pure Land
11146:Six Paths
11133:Cosmology
10913:Anuruddha
10888:Sāriputta
10878:Kaundinya
10870:Disciples
10845:Vajrapāṇi
10697:Footprint
10662:Tathāgata
9695:7 January
9601:Wei Tat.
8466:1529-1898
6936:170689422
6832:144090250
6648:pp. 30-31
6151:Viṃśatikā
6036:Ālokamālā
6024:Asvabhāva
5750:Treatises
5738:Bṛhaṭṭīkā
5676:with the
5547:Pure Land
5533:Influence
5523:Ju Mipham
5521:example,
5474:Mahamudra
5335:Ratnamati
5331:Bodhiruci
5261:Ju Mipham
5225:Ālokamālā
5165:Nāgārjuna
5148:Śāntideva
5140:Bhaviveka
5104:Vajrayana
5053:Bodhiruci
5021:with the
4929:(santāna)
4897:Bṛhaṭṭīkā
4805:Asvabhāva
4634:Kofuku-ji
4364:samādhis.
4233:nāmamātra
3937:vipaśyanā
3888:samāpatti
3406:Bhaviveka
3365:something
3354:substance
3325:vijñapti,
3321:Vimśatikā
3317:abhāvānta
3276:emptiness
3264:emptiness
3184:sensorium
3172:emptiness
3166:Emptiness
3104:the basis
2952:sad artha
2789:underlies
2726:sensorium
2628:inference
2580:grounds.
2566:Vimśatikā
2536:Dignāga's
2526:monism.
2487:wet dream
2435:Vimśatikā
2221:Vimśatikā
2083:This is
2072:Vimśatikā
1957:emptiness
1821:Ju Mipham
1791:Ñāṇananda
1766:Masao Abe
1558:Bhāviveka
1498:Nagarjuna
1450:Suffering
1415:Emptiness
1337:Vajrayana
1327:Yogachara
1287:Theravāda
1211:East Asia
1105:cognition
1077:Yogachara
877:Indonesia
787:Sheng-yen
562:Lokakṣema
547:Nāgārjuna
499:Vajrayāna
489:Pure Land
237:Vajrapāṇi
222:Vairocana
207:Akshobhya
103:Emptiness
62:Teachings
15842:Yogacara
15822:Idealism
15786:Category
15522:Ontology
15477:Illusion
15194:Idealism
15143:Theories
14607:Chūgū-ji
14602:Hōrin-ji
14597:Hokki-ji
14592:Hōryū-ji
14551:Branches
14405:Tokuitsu
14344:Xuanzang
14255:Guṇamati
13906:Mahayoga
13785:Mahayana
13736:Buddhism
13497:Kumbhaka
13372:Concepts
13287:Hinduism
13265:Sushumna
13170:Category
13099:Violence
13069:Hinduism
13017:Sanskrit
12972:Hinayana
12957:Amitābha
12917:Swastika
12786:Uposatha
12776:Holidays
12761:Calendar
12607:Humanism
12445:Kanishka
12435:Timeline
12259:Thailand
12227:Kalmykia
12222:Buryatia
12207:Pakistan
12192:Mongolia
12187:Maldives
12182:Malaysia
12147:Cambodia
12012:Shamarpa
12007:Nichiren
11957:Xuanzang
11892:Nagasena
11810:Rinpoche
11540:Pāramitā
11382:Devotion
11302:Navayana
11290:Dzogchen
11253:Nichiren
11201:Mahayana
11193:Branches
11071:Saṅkhāra
10820:Mañjuśrī
10777:(cousin)
10769:(cousin)
10737:(mother)
10729:(father)
10717:Miracles
10667:Birthday
10584:Glossary
10557:Buddhism
10421:(2001),
10368:Yogācarā
10004:, p. xii
9212:(1975).
9166:(1996).
9156:Xuanzang
8976:Yogācāra
8113:cite web
7836:(1993).
7076:Archived
6687:Yogācāra
6552:(1997).
6369:Idealism
6364:Mahayana
6353:See also
6155:Triṃśika
6095:Wŏnch'ŭk
6078:Triṃśikā
6026:, wrote
5964:and its
5909:"), and
5873:and the
5841:Dharmata
5804:and its
5763:Maitreya
5650:Yogācāra
5591:Śrīharṣa
5483:shentong
5462:Dzogchen
5392:Beopsang
5388:Wŏnch’ŭk
5363:Xuanzang
5310:Xuanzang
5288:Xuanzang
5169:Āryadeva
5124:Mahājana
5116:Maitripa
5093:Fa-Tsang
5008:, śuddha
4933:not-self
4821:Xuanzang
4801:Gunamati
4727:and the
4697:and the
4682:and the
4660:and the
4651:Maitreya
4535:bhavanga
4531:Sthavira
4489:Gandhara
4485:Maitreya
4457:Gandhara
4360:ānimitta
4344:samādhis
4282:prapañca
4187:pāramitā
4070:samadhis
3999:and the
3973:pāramitā
3963:apramāṇa
3926:through
3904:ālambana
3899:nivaraṇa
3877:samādhis
3804:Treatise
3771:Practice
3555:saṃskāra
3489:Triṃśikā
3458:and its
3435:and the
3432:Triṃśikā
3418:Xuanzang
3370:dharmatā
3313:nihilism
3188:grāhaka,
3063:Triṃśikā
3004:svabhāva
2956:vijñapti
2924:Triṃśika
2863:samsaric
2852:prapañca
2801:vijñāna,
2793:supports
2707:vijñānas
2631:objects.
2554:ālambana
2524:non-dual
2500:lāghava,
2298:vijñapti
2263:idealism
2248:Hegelian
2191:Berkeley
2165:Idealism
2138:MSg II.6
2122:vijñapti
2105:Asaṅga's
2067:Sanskrit
2046:Idealism
1985:Yogacara
1924:and the
1909:path of
1907:Mahayana
1746:Yin Shun
1588:Xuanzang
1578:Sengzhao
1503:Aryadeva
1493:Nagasena
1440:Svabhava
1405:Not-self
1357:Dzogchen
1352:Zen/Chán
1317:Mahayana
1251:a series
1249:Part of
1233:Doctrine
1219:Xuanzang
1203:Maitreya
1160:Idealism
1152:percepts
1132:Yogācāra
1095:Yogācāra
1081:Sanskrit
981:Japanese
941:Sanskrit
872:Malaysia
867:Mongolia
707:Nichiren
632:Xuanzang
557:Āryadeva
509:Dzogchen
494:Nichiren
459:Yogācāra
247:Maitreya
227:Mañjuśrī
197:Amitabha
35:a series
33:Part of
18:Yogacara
15796:Commons
15573:Purusha
15562:Reentry
15355:Agnosia
15278:Science
14658:Figures
14525:Schools
14410:Shingyō
14359:Zhizhou
14354:Huizhao
14298:Dignāga
14221:Figures
14044:Related
14006:Vinyāsa
13996:Drishti
13941:Shingon
13916:Atiyoga
13911:Anuyoga
13753:Samatha
13554:Sādhanā
13542:Trataka
13443:Pranava
13426:Samadhi
13416:Dhāraṇā
13270:Pingala
13147:Temples
13127:Buddhas
13089:Science
13079:Judaism
13074:Jainism
12992:Lineage
12952:Abhijñā
12922:Thangka
12865:Sarnath
12850:Lumbini
12771:Funeral
12766:Cuisine
12642:Culture
12617:Reality
12567:Creator
12557:Atomism
12427:History
12400:Ukraine
12360:Germany
12279:Senegal
12269:Vietnam
12197:Myanmar
11997:Shinran
11987:Karmapa
11962:Shandao
11932:Dignāga
11857:Śrāvaka
11837:Donchee
11832:Kappiya
11790:Sayadaw
11760:Bhikkhu
11735:Anāgāmi
11692:Nirvana
11658:Samadhi
11545:Paritta
11486:Tonglen
11481:Mandala
11436:Smarana
11417:Mantras
11365:Upekkha
11335:Bhavana
11285:Shingon
11238:Tiantai
11091:Tathātā
11081:Śūnyatā
11076:Skandha
11066:Saṃsāra
11061:Rebirth
11036:Kleshas
11026:Indriya
10928:Subhūti
10813:Guanyin
10767:Ānanda
10759:Rāhula
10639:Nirvana
10579:Outline
10342:Sources
9819:20 June
9001:, p.166
6389:Mimamsa
6374:Vedanta
6052:pramana
5956:Dignāga
5858:trikaya
5837:Dharmas
5806:bhāṣya,
5759:Tibetan
5688:is the
5458:Nyingma
5296:Luoyang
5120:Sajjana
4962:Kashmir
4958:Nalanda
4954:Magadha
4923:instead
4915:prakṛti
4885:pramāṇa
4774:Dignāga
4766:pramāṇa
4465:Mathura
4461:Kashmir
4403:History
4397:tathatā
4349:śūnyatā
4156:tathata
4125:trikāya
3959:), the
3924:śamatha
3908:nimitta
3883:vimokṣa
3789:Kolkata
3697:anākāra
3670:ekayana
3471:states:
3346:upādāna
3285:no-self
3192:grāhya,
3176:śūnyatā
3138:Tathātā
3108:process
3100:dharmas
3084:lakṣana
3059:samsara
3042:) are:
3021:). The
3014:śūnyatā
2979:viññāna
2971:vijñāna
2948:concept
2944:concept
2942:, the "
2875:). The
2861:) that
2858:upādāna
2843:rebirth
2820:bhājana
2713:ayatana
2592:in his
2549:atomism
2496:realism
2413:nikāyas
2401:anuśaya
2392:samsara
2356:sunyata
2215:tathatā
2021:*bhinna
2017:samadhi
2013:*gocara
1991:Origins
1955:), and
1698:Gorampa
1683:Dolpopa
1673:Rongzom
1543:Dignāga
1460:Nirvana
1342:Tiāntāi
1176:dharmas
1172:vijñana
1085:योगाचार
1033:Tibetan
955:Chinese
932:English
847:Tibetan
842:Vietnam
772:Hanshan
747:Dolpopa
697:Shinran
627:Shandao
622:Huineng
592:Dignāga
519:Tzu Chi
484:Shingon
464:Tiantai
181:Buddhas
163:Dharani
15720:Psyche
15567:Sakshi
15552:Qualia
15348:Topics
15214:Monism
15078:Others
14464:Śāstra
14420:Ryōhen
14380:Chitsū
14240:Asaṅga
14187:Vāsanā
13957:Modern
13937:Japan
13931:Tangmi
13927:China
13855:Tibet
13830:India
13806:Tendai
13802:Japan
13792:India
13582:Siddhi
13577:Yogini
13564:Tantra
13517:Dhauti
13470:Bandha
13465:Mudras
13438:Mantra
13421:Dhyana
13389:Niyama
13250:Chakra
13142:Sutras
13137:Suttas
13002:Siddhi
12987:Koliya
12962:Brahmā
12877:Poetry
12823:Mantra
12813:Kasaya
12685:Pagoda
12665:Kyaung
12660:Vihāra
12655:Temple
12597:Ethics
12440:Ashoka
12390:Sweden
12385:Poland
12380:Norway
12370:Mexico
12355:France
12340:Canada
12335:Brazil
12274:Africa
12254:Taiwan
12217:Russia
12142:Bhutan
12102:Vinaya
11982:Naropa
11972:Saraha
11907:Asanga
11663:Prajñā
11572:Refuge
11535:Nianfo
11496:Tertön
11491:Tantra
11476:Ganana
11466:Tukdam
11392:Dhyāna
11360:Mudita
11355:Karuṇā
11248:Risshū
11243:Huayan
11176:Naraka
11116:Anattā
11111:Dukkha
11106:Anicca
11011:Dharma
10963:Channa
10898:Ānanda
10883:Assaji
10850:Skanda
10753:(wife)
10722:Family
10702:Relics
10627:Sangha
10622:Dharma
10617:Buddha
10378:
10128:
10046:BRILL.
10017:
9911:
9845:
9788:
9718:
9623:
9456:
9435:
9176:
9160:Bianji
9128:p. 312
9070:
9043:
8986:(v.14)
8982:
8464:
8366:
8342:
8295:
8272:
8247:
8220:
8069:
8046:
8026:
7973:
7950:
7930:
7910:
7889:
7869:
7844:
7820:
7232:
7184:
7098:
7016:
6934:
6830:
6697:(v.14)
6693:
6610:(v.14)
6606:
6562:
6439:such".
6323:Ryōhen
6242:, and
6114:Wŏnhyo
6105:, and
5865:Asaṅga
5779:bhāṣya
5777:ṭīkā,
5772:śāstra
5706:Taishō
5628:. The
5610:Sūtras
5589:, and
5549:) and
5478:Jonang
5401:Fazang
5337:, and
5152:Asanga
5146:, and
5114:, and
4883:wrote
4832:, and
4768:) and
4643:Asaṅga
4626:Asaṅga
4289:saṃjñā
4191:, the
4174:abhāva
4165:advaya
4151:prajñā
4066:dhyana
4016:kalpas
3989:, the
3951:, the
3872:dhyāna
3820:Nikāya
3549:vāsanā
3536:cetana
3460:bhāṣya
3367:(i.e.
3356:)."
3350:dravya
3319:, see
3302:exists
3278:is an
3245:Yijing
2932:manana
2872:avidya
2810:, the
2797:ālaya.
2615:3.335)
2370:, the
2271:Wayman
2038:(mere
2025:*citta
1941:, the
1608:Wonhyo
1598:Fazang
1583:Jizang
1523:Asanga
1400:Ahimsa
1369:Themes
1347:Huayan
1195:Asaṅga
1111:, and
1013:유식유가행파
1007:Korean
993:Rōmaji
987:瑜伽行唯識派
967:Pinyin
961:唯識瑜伽行派
862:Bhutan
827:Taiwan
767:Hakuin
737:Atisha
732:Nāropā
717:Virūpa
667:Wohnyo
647:Saichō
637:Fazang
572:Asanga
474:Huayan
469:Tendai
15660:Works
15407:Brain
14558:Hossō
14438:Sūtra
14415:Jōkei
14400:Genbō
14390:Gyōki
14385:Chihō
14375:Dōshō
14368:Japan
14349:Kuiji
14332:China
14269:Nanda
14228:India
14167:Kleśa
14028:Props
13974:Asana
13899:Phowa
13894:Bardo
13889:Milam
13874:Tummo
13811:Zazen
13549:Tapas
13527:Basti
13522:Nauli
13492:Nyasa
13433:Kriyā
13394:Asana
13277:Prana
13114:Lists
12982:Kalpa
12977:Iddhi
12840:Music
12835:Mudra
12801:Vassa
12781:Vesak
12751:Budai
12697:Candi
12680:Stupa
12612:Logic
12365:Italy
12264:Tibet
12202:Nepal
12172:Korea
12167:Japan
12157:India
12152:China
12097:Sutra
12052:Texts
12002:Dōgen
11992:Hōnen
11977:Atiśa
11942:Zhiyi
11852:Achar
11820:Tulku
11815:Geshe
11800:Rōshi
11785:Ajahn
11740:Arhat
11700:Bodhi
11670:Vīrya
11587:Sacca
11582:Satya
11577:Sādhu
11565:Music
11508:Merit
11501:Terma
11461:Zazen
11397:Faith
11350:Mettā
11031:Karma
10991:Bardo
10958:Asita
10948:Khema
10938:Upāli
10923:Nanda
10761:(son)
10735:Māyā
10712:Films
10589:Index
10202:JSTOR
10185:JSTOR
10042:p. 78
9689:(PDF)
9234:JSTOR
9111:2013.
8198:JSTOR
7852::50f.
6932:S2CID
6828:S2CID
6436:alaya
6400:Notes
6309:Jōkei
6085:Kuiji
5966:vrtti
5907:Karma
5652:sutra
5500:Sakya
5496:Gelug
5488:Wylie
5466:Kagyu
5451:Atiśa
5396:Silla
5394:) of
5384:Kuiji
5306:Kuījī
5006:ātman
4986:Bihar
4909:ātman
4770:logic
4170:bhāva
4106:koṭis
4039:jñana
4035:merit
3816:Āgama
3693:ākāra
3653:arhat
3614:Manas
3585:jñāna
3521:karma
3515:Karma
3217:Āgama
2987:citta
2983:manas
2936:ālaya
2928:ālaya
2877:ālaya
2738:manas
2691:citta
2687:sense
2479:karma
2326:mātra
2303:citta
2296:that
2228:must
2134:artha
2130:artha
2089:artha
2041:citta
1913:(see
1741:Taixu
1643:Atiśa
1623:Dōgen
1618:Kūkai
1613:Jinul
1593:Zhiyi
1420:Karma
1207:Tibet
1154:) or
1148:ideas
857:Newar
852:Nepal
837:Korea
832:Japan
815:China
777:Taixu
702:Dōgen
692:Hōnen
677:Jinul
652:Kūkai
612:Zhiyi
15601:Soul
15497:Mind
14425:Kōin
14395:Gien
14182:Bīja
13879:Ösel
13572:Yogi
13512:Neti
13485:List
13448:Nada
13384:Yama
13255:Nadi
13224:Yoga
13012:Pāḷi
12997:Māra
12907:Flag
12308:Iran
12232:Tuva
12177:Laos
11805:Lama
11653:Śīla
11621:Śīla
11609:Pīti
11599:Sati
11550:Puja
11471:Koan
11377:Dāna
10968:Yasa
10855:Tārā
10376:ISBN
10126:ISBN
10015:ISBN
9909:ISBN
9843:ISBN
9821:2016
9799:2012
9786:ISBN
9758:2012
9716:ISBN
9697:2013
9621:ISBN
9454:ISBN
9433:ISBN
9174:ISBN
9068:ISBN
9041:ISBN
8980:ISBN
8462:ISSN
8364:ISBN
8340:ISBN
8293:ISBN
8270:ISBN
8245:ISBN
8218:ISBN
8119:link
8105:2013
8067:ISBN
8044:ISBN
8024:ISBN
7971:ISBN
7948:ISBN
7928:ISBN
7908:ISBN
7887:ISBN
7867:ISBN
7842:ISBN
7818:ISBN
7230:ISBN
7182:ISBN
7132:AKBh
7128:Viṃś
7096:ISBN
7014:ISBN
6691:ISBN
6604:ISBN
6560:ISBN
6302:and
6288:and
6255:and
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6091:etc.
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5839:and
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5498:and
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2572:and
2460:seem
2454:the
2314:and
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2210:Kant
2189:and
2187:Kant
1901:and
1899:yoga
1225:and
1209:and
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1136:yoga
1089:IAST
882:West
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