English language - Knowledge

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largest in the world after the US and UK. However, English is rarely spoken as a first language, numbering only around a couple hundred-thousand people, and less than 5% of the population speak fluent English in India. David Crystal claimed in 2004 that, combining native and non-native speakers, India now has more people who speak or understand English than any other country in the world, but the number of English speakers in India is uncertain, with most scholars concluding that the United States still has more speakers of English than India.

11969: 12995:, p. 2: "Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives." 25369: 3210: 2757: 1763: 26172: 26268: 3471:

born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners. Most of those varieties of English include words little used by native speakers of English in the inner-circle countries, and they may show grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties as well. The standard English of the inner-circle countries is often taken as a norm for use of English in the outer-circle countries.

10622: 2925: 3812:). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 percent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 percent of respondents. 26148: 26160: 26200: 9123:, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as 26251: 26234: 26285: 21219: 9582:

advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English.

21210: 26217: 9313:. While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. 10589: 11318: 3330:

the world. English does not belong to just one country, and it does not belong solely to descendants of English settlers. English is an official language of countries populated by few descendants of native speakers of English. It has also become by far the most important language of international communication when people who share no native language meet anywhere in the world.

11605:(SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R. The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce 10078:

along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is

11319: 21201: 3554:, which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their 8889:, collections of actual written texts and spoken passages. Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available. 10070:, has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950-61 3801:(APEC) set English as their organisation's sole working language even though most members are not countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the European Union (EU) allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. 11167: 11620:. It has traditionally been based on British English, but in recent years, because of influence from the United States, some words of American English origin have made it into Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. 11047: 3484:

and speakers of one such variety often encounter features of other varieties. Very often today a conversation in English anywhere in the world may include no native speakers of English at all, even while including speakers from several different countries. This is particularly true of the shared vocabulary of mathematics and the sciences.

3419:(3.7 million). In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. The inner-circle countries provide the base from which English spreads to other countries in the world. 11321: 9945: 11513: 11169: 9822: 9741: 11825: 11048: 10369: 9982: 8031:, is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. For example, 10451: 11050: 11476: 10538: 9946: 9779: 9694: 3735:. Use of English is growing country-by-country internally and for international communication. Most people learn English for practical rather than ideological reasons. Many speakers of English in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. 11551: 11514: 9864: 2849:

related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative

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Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng,

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Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. In fact, only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. There is also variability within RP, particularly

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The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. Nonetheless, there is an

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with which the orthography has not kept pace. Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a

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In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses, that may, in turn, be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Prepositional Phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any NPs and PPs. Within a sentence, there is always

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An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective

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among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India. English is also widely used in media and literature, and the number of English language books published annually in India is the third

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opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the

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had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. English was adopted in parts

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of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English

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otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words

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English has also borrowed many words directly from Latin, the ancestor of the Romance languages, during all stages of its development. Many of these words had earlier been borrowed into Latin from Greek. Latin or Greek are still highly productive sources of stems used to form vocabulary of subjects

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structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted

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American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world. Both standard

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and some other countries of Europe, knowledge of English as a second language is nearly universal, with over 80 percent of the population able to use it, and thus English is routinely used to communicate with foreigners and often in higher education. In these countries, although English is not used

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The countries where English is spoken can be grouped into different categories according to how English is used in each country. The "inner circle" countries with many native speakers of English share an international standard of written English and jointly influence speech norms for English around

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Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange

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Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax

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English, besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, also borrows words from other languages. This borrowing is commonplace in many world languages, but English has been especially open to borrowing of foreign words throughout the last 1,000 years. Nevertheless, most of the

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Many users of English in the expanding circle use it to communicate with other people from the expanding circle, so that interaction with native speakers of English plays no part in their decision to use the language. Non-native varieties of English are widely used for international communication,

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to a more standard version of English. They have many more speakers of English who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and listening to broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the medium of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers

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invasions, there is historical evidence that Old Norse and Old English retained considerable mutual intelligibility, although probably the northern dialects of Old English were more similar to Old Norse than the southern dialects. Theoretically, as late as the 900s AD, a commoner from certain

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But one of the consequences of long language contact between French and English in all stages of their development is that the vocabulary of English has a very high percentage of "Latinate" words (derived from French, especially, and also from other Romance languages and Latin). French words from

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between them is frequent. Indeed, a way to conceptualise the relationship between such creole and standard varieties is to view them as a spectrum of language registers in which the most creole-like forms serve as the "basilect" and the most RP-like forms serve as the "acrolect", the most formal

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has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more

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dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been

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Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument

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Countries with large communities of native speakers of English (the inner circle) include Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English, and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native

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In the three-circles model, countries such as Poland, China, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Indonesia, Egypt, and other countries where English is taught as a foreign language, make up the "expanding circle". The distinctions between English as a first language, as a second language, and as a foreign

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to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or

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Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. Moreover, standard English spelling shows

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is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. By the 12th century Middle English was fully developed, integrating both Norse and French features; it continued to be spoken until the transition to early Modern English around 1500. Middle English literature includes

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In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The example below demonstrates how the grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb:

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language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in

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English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive

8067:, verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are 20728: 11554: 9867: 11089: 9983: 3127:

to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes.

10452: 10022: 11354:, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during American rule between 1898 and 1946 and remains an official language of the Philippines. Today, the use of English is ubiquitous in the Philippines, being found on 11477: 11132: 10539: 11750: 9780: 9695: 7612:. Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English. They are used to describe movement, place, and other relations between different entities, but they also have many syntactic uses such as introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. For example, in the phrase 11092: 17027:

MacDonald, Marguerite (1989), "The influence of Spanish phonology on the English spoken by United States Hispanics", in Bjarkman, Peter; Hammond, Robert (eds.), American Spanish pronunciation: Theoretical and applied perspectives, Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press,

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and marquees, in government documents and forms, in courtrooms, in the media and entertainment industries, in the business sector, and in various other aspects of daily life. One particularly prominent form of English usage in the country is found in everyday speech: most

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marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud.

7624:. Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars such as that of 3755:. English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. English is, by international treaty, the basis for the required 11317: 10411: 3480:

for government business, its widespread use puts them at the boundary between the "outer circle" and "expanding circle". English is unusual among world languages in how many of its users are not native speakers but speakers of English as a second or foreign language.

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are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently

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is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in

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of the Bible, written in Early Modern English, Matthew 8:20 says, "The Foxes haue holes and the birds of the ayre haue nests." This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of

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Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third-person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. The copula verb

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English syntax relies on auxiliary verbs for many functions including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence

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A working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine and computing. English has become so important in scientific publishing that more than 80 percent of all scientific journal articles indexed by

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Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in

11166: 8111::274), do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, i.e. 3573:

forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers.

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is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages.

10085:, which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society. 10320: 6484:. English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into 11159: 6905:(this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in 3738:

As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. For example, the view of the

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The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be

20724: 5197:. Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: 3458:

with a much smaller proportion of native speakers of English but much use of English as a second language for education, government, or domestic business, and its routine use for school instruction and official interactions with the government.

11168: 11046: 10412: 8767:(contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, 2737:

include "give", "get", "sky", "skirt", "egg", and "cake", typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones.

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Pie chart showing the percentage of native English speakers living in "inner circle" English-speaking countries. Native speakers are now substantially outnumbered worldwide by second-language speakers of English (not counted in this chart).

3851:, and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think that English provides them with opportunities for better employment and improved lives. 2586:(northern) parts of England could hold a conversation with a commoner from certain parts of Scandinavia. Research continues into the details of the myriad tribes in peoples in England and Scandinavia and the mutual contacts between them. 11277: 3782:, English had become pre-eminent and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. Many other worldwide international organisations, including the 7103:. There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. 3159:, have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word "do" as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. Now, do-support with the verb 11512: 10368: 9944: 9104:; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of words of Anglo-Saxon origin, while the percentage of vocabulary that is of Latinate origin is higher in legal, scientific, and academic texts. 794: 20745: 13556:

The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official

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tends to take RP as its ideal, and how well this ideal is realised in an individual's speech reflects class distinctions among Indian English speakers. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as

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from 1989. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter adjectives, and a seventh verbs. There is one count that puts the English vocabulary at about 1 million words—but that count presumably includes words such as Latin

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have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. Some differences between the various dialects are shown in the table "Varieties of Standard English and their features".

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language, in which the standard form unifies speakers from around the world. English is used as the language for wider communication in countries around the world. Thus English has grown in worldwide use much more than any

9778: 9693: 9127:, while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. 11550: 11039: 10490: 9118:

English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world

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Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the

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Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as

3187:). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media and the prestige associated with the United States as a world power. 3831:

uses a relatively small subset of English vocabulary (about 1500 words, designed to represent the highest use in international business English) in combination with the standard English grammar. Other examples include

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The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. Many adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix

11128: 8953:) is a highly productive process in English and in most modern European languages, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer 622: 9073:

various periods of the development of French now make up one-third of the vocabulary of English. Linguist Anthony Lacoudre estimated that over 40,000 English words are of French origin and may be understood without

3636:, there is no official language at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in 32 states, as well as all five territories. Eighteen states and the District of Columbia have no official language. 11792: 21181:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. 11088: 10724:. American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, known collectively as 2028:. Although the great influence of these languages on the vocabulary and grammar of Modern English is widely acknowledged, most specialists in language contact do not consider English to be a true mixed language. 13071: 11434: 10135:). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties. 3808:. In the countries of the EU, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in nineteen of the twenty-five member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and 325: 9616:, which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate 3386:

Kachru based his model on the history of how English spread in different countries, how users acquire English, and the range of uses English has in each country. The three circles change membership over time.

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For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters

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at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase

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Old English is essentially a distinct language from Modern English and is virtually impossible for 21st-century unstudied English-speakers to understand. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German:

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has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by

10319: 11049: 7628::598–600) no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases. 6936:

an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include

18902: 10264:, the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the 11793: 11659:. In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. Locals are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and 11006: 10361: 9814: 9733: 3562:. The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. 11817: 10488: 9947: 13994: 11888: 9157:

are only short inscriptions. The great majority of literary works in Old English that survive to today are written in the Roman alphabet. The modern English alphabet contains 26 letters of the

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An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in

3379:"outer circle" countries have small communities of native speakers of English but widespread use of English as a second language in education or broadcasting or for local official purposes, and 3196: 1603: 13862: 11515: 16529: 7658:

tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence.

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showing how the pronunciation of the long vowels gradually shifted with the high vowels i: and u: breaking into diphthongs and the lower vowels each shifting their pronunciation up one level

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Unlike Icelandic and Faroese, which were isolated, the development of English was influenced by a long series of invasions of the British Isles by other peoples and languages, particularly

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Though some mention a possibility of divergence of English dialects into mutually unintelligible languages, most think a more likely outcome is that English will continue to function as a

20752: 9974: 8813:, also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for 17223:. Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2. Vol. 2 (2nd completely revised and extended ed.). de Gruyter. 11276: 10971:"uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities. 10443: 10371: 5003:

compiled by linguists. The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications.

3054:

were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English.

2845:. Because Norman was spoken primarily by the elites and nobles, while the lower classes continued speaking English, the main influence of Norman was the introduction of a wide range of 15217: 9984: 8747:). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic-comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax. 11468: 11004: 10530: 10453: 10317: 9077:

change by French speakers. Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern and

3592:

at the federal level. English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French.

11901: 11478: 10540: 10138:

Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the

1954:, are the closest living relatives of English. Low German/Low Saxon is also closely related, and sometimes English, the Frisian languages, and Low German are grouped together as the 25349: 11742: 9781: 9771: 9696: 9686: 3104:

and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been.

3107:

As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755

11553: 9866: 7804:

English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix

6845:

also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive -s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with -s the apostrophe follows the -s.

9904: 3023:

to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. Literature from the Early Modern period includes the works of

11543: 10489: 9856: 8753:

emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example,

10021: 9097:("loan translations") from languages all over the world, and words from languages other than the ancestral Anglo-Saxon language make up about 60% of the vocabulary of English. 9065:

core vocabulary and the most common words in English are still West Germanic. The English words first learned by children as they learn to speak are mainly Germanic words from

17221:

Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft

9894: 8833:

expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers.

3430:

estimates that non-native speakers now outnumber native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. In Kachru's three-circles model, the "outer circle" countries are countries such as the

2164:. The printing press greatly standardised English spelling, which has remained largely unchanged since then, despite a wide variety of later sound shifts in English dialects. 20126: 12024: 11131: 9276:, of English is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. Further complications have arisen through 3566:

and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers.

25308: 17427: 11651:. Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are 3827:, with an emphasis on vocabulary suitable for their domain of interest. This has led some scholars to develop the study of English as an auxiliary language. The trademarked 1985:, the development of English in the British Isles isolated it from the continental Germanic languages and influences, and it has since diverged considerably. English is not 11433: 8881:

Due to its status as an international language, English adopts foreign words quickly and borrows vocabulary from many other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by

19444: 14672: 11091: 10011: 3820:

in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 percent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996 and 82 percent of articles in humanities publications by 1995.

20798: 8294:

case form. The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun:

6869:(NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. Noun phrases can be short, such as 7240:). The English system of grammatical person no longer has a distinction between formal and informal pronouns of address (the old second person singular familiar pronoun 5077:. Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis. 18966: 15620: 12076: 10318: 8885:, the scholars who formally study vocabulary, compile dictionaries, or both, were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from good-quality 2682:

in some regions. The waves of Norse (Viking) colonisation of northern parts of the British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English into intense contact with

2012:. These left a profound mark of their own on the language, so that English shows some similarities in vocabulary and grammar with many languages outside its linguistic 13067: 11121: 7582:. The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). 18635: 7159:

English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons (

17208: 11005: 7666:

is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first-person present-tense form is

13798:

The United States does not have an official language. English is the most widely used language in the U.S., and some states designate it as their official language.

25106: 11785: 3897:(i.e. speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. This overview mainly describes the 3893:

of the English language differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of

936: 10943:), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word "press" almost like "pray-us"), the 10413: 5358:. Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. 4995:

The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The table below lists the vowel

1618:). In some other countries, it is the sole or dominant language for historical reasons, without being explicitly defined by law (such as in the United States and 25442: 17266: 11081: 9069:. It is not possible to speak or write English without Germanic words, but it is possible to write or speak many sentences in English without foreign loanwords. 9002: 8508:

The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions—inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say

1193: 17176:"Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests" 15364: 10062:

The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. Within the United Kingdom,

7183:

from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between

3766:

of seafaring and aviation. English used to have parity with French and German in scientific research, but now it dominates that field. It achieved parity with

2910:. In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. 25342: 25175: 17475: 9293:

etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling—for example, the words

8418:(which can also be omitted.) In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. 7217:

of a transitive verb). The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. While grammarians such as

6261:, which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the 1962:, which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other Anglic languages, including 19028: 18886: 2854:. The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. 25063: 23442: 22747: 18603: 10958:(AAVE) is also largely non-rhotic and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-rhotic, non-standard 2356:, brought to Britain by the Roman occupation. At this time, these dialects generally resisted influence from the then-local Brittonic and Latin languages. 13884: 6701:

English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into

22687: 18523: 2769: 3426:

and foreign-language English speakers vary greatly from 470 million to more than 1 billion, depending on how proficiency is defined. Linguist

25301: 21647: 21609: 21596: 21588: 20442: 13816:

The United States has never had an official language and attempts to declare English its official language have been unsuccessful in the U.S. Congress.

1515: 18944:. International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau. 2011. In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?. 13986: 10947:, and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later. 2171:

and the United States. Through all types of printed and electronic media in these countries, English has become the leading language of international

25242: 24852: 21604: 18411: 17690:

Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology'".

15079: 13858: 12740: 9282: 3626: 18945: 14275: 25437: 25335: 21624: 21352: 16544: 8178:(a noun phrase), the verb is "sat", and "on the mat" is a prepositional phrase composed of a noun phrase "the mat", headed by the preposition "on". 8099:

meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g.

3200: 2833:

With the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the now-Norsified Old English language was subject to another wave of intense contact, this time with

1489: 961: 8222:(SVO). The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as 7006:). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g., 25148: 25134: 24987: 13667:

1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language.

8963: 7642:

English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with present-tense third-person singular subject. Only the copula verb

6429: 16896: 16778:

Dayag, Danilo (2008). "English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.).

15727: 2384:

have been proposed, but whether most of these supposed Brittonicisms are actually a direct result of Brittonic substrate influence is disputed.

26345: 10403: 1584: 896: 10927:. Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by 15209: 10229:

comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots.

9438:

are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include

3323: 3091:

of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent

1564: 18326: 17219:

Ammon, Ulrich (2008). "Pluricentric and Divided Languages". In Ammon, Ulrich N.; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; et al. (eds.).

15139:, p. 52: "But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a 14016: 8910:. A process more common in Old English than in Modern English, but still productive in Modern English, is the use of derivational suffixes ( 25630: 25487: 24946: 23817: 22895: 21464: 19980: 18007: 11222:

grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb (as in

10962:. A minority of linguists, contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a 8927: 1711: 976: 759: 10802:

Separate from General American English are American dialects with clearly distinct sound systems that have developed over time, including

2850:

cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating

23615: 17500: 13041: 12910: 11613:

pronounced rather than as as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap instead of as the more common fricative.

11268: 10923:, the most populous American "accent group" outside of General American English, rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's 21319: 20303: 20268: 11627:

Several varieties of English are also spoken in the Caribbean islands that were colonial possessions of Britain, including Jamaica, the

2080: 25294: 25280: 22782: 21755: 21639: 21614: 20772: 17711:

Cassidy, Frederic G. (1982). "Geographical Variation of English in the United States". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

14506: 13203: 10074:, grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear. 20023:

Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid (2006). "Chapter 5: Standardization". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

10605:

found over 50% non-rhoticity with at least one local speaker in each US metropolitan area (designated with a red dot) and non-rhotic

2734: 1672: 16268: 7232:

Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in

3569:

The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce

2710:. After 920 CE, when Lindsey was reincorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity, English spread extensively throughout the region. 2016:—but it is not mutually intelligible with any of those languages either. Some scholars have argued that English can be considered a 19183: 19135: 18690: 11204:

has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being

9628:(NAE). There also exists a third common major grouping of English varieties: Southern Hemisphere English, the most prominent being 9316:

Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or

8942: 1623: 18446: 17453: 6724:, but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. 25315: 25271: 25113: 17864: 11849: 6425: 1157: 20043: 19425: 14680: 12774: 11932: 11585:

English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In

10703:

Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéization that occurred during the colonial period,

7566:. A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation—for example, the pronoun 5161:. This gives an English syllable the following structure, (CCC)V(CCCCC), where C represents a consonant and V a vowel; the word 2001:, although some of these, such as Dutch or Frisian, do show strong affinities with English, especially with its earlier stages. 25416: 21573: 20779: 19800: 17286:

Bailey, Guy (2001). "Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars". In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.).

8998: 7225:

noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, for example

4461: 3794: 3652: 2208: 1703: 1508: 13591: 10221:

in early Northern Middle English and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly

10143:

influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of

6443:. In addition, the words that have each vowel vary by dialect. The table "Dialects and open vowels" shows this variation with 6435:. These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three 3611: 2936:

The next period in the history of English was Early Modern English (1500–1700). Early Modern English was characterised by the

25465: 24845: 22832: 22617: 21712: 21693: 21673: 21383: 21273: 21246: 21164: 21137: 21079: 21058: 21039: 21012: 20981: 20960: 20941: 20922: 20894: 20856: 20822: 20792: 20713: 20682: 20620: 20587: 20554: 20502: 20475: 20424: 20397: 20370: 20344: 20297: 20262: 20241: 20214: 20187: 20115: 20084: 20032: 20013: 19953: 19929: 19902: 19786: 19747: 19723: 19704: 19663: 19617: 19572: 19553: 19526: 19438: 19392: 19373: 19346: 19320: 19292: 19265: 19219: 19169: 19121: 19100: 19073: 19002: 18970: 18896: 18855: 18820: 18793: 18774: 18747: 18728: 18684: 18648: 18589: 18562: 18512: 18493: 18474: 18388: 18361: 18291: 18272: 18245: 18197: 18158: 18137: 18094: 18061: 18040: 17976: 17940: 17916: 17889: 17858: 17835: 17808: 17741: 17720: 17680: 17650: 17623: 17590: 17584: 17528: 17494: 17447: 17416: 17395: 17376: 17349: 17303: 17255: 17228: 17164: 17133: 17106: 17087: 16843: 16795: 16642: 16371: 15823: 15784: 15628: 15018: 14894: 14866: 14029: 12904: 12716: 12388: 12319: 12165: 12102: 12066: 11442: 7578:

refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence

5214: 4771: 2713:

An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with

21085: 20987: 20688: 20626: 20593: 20560: 20513: 20090: 19959: 19753: 19669: 18164: 18100: 18067: 17982: 17946: 17755: 16648: 15829: 15790: 8530:. Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do-support, thus in Modern English 3661: 1730:

per its historical origin; much of English's most basic vocabulary remains identifiably Germanic, as well as aspects of its

24953: 23432: 22852: 21925: 21810: 21581: 21345: 18654: 11729: 10760: 10096: 9653: 9093:

learned in higher education such as the sciences, philosophy, and mathematics. English continues to gain new loanwords and

8739:. Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g., 6952:, are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. 6282: 3113: 2699: 25759: 10099:. Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the 8468:

shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English

8386:

are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence

1420: 1094: Countries and territories where English is an official or administrative language but not a majority native language 26188: 25287: 25267: 22333: 18869: 16475: 15878: 15442: 15186: 10955: 10819: 10606: 10601: 10481: 10289: 8958: 7812:

or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix

7278: 6462: 6354: 5235:

while vowels in stressed syllables are not. Some words, primarily short function words but also some modal verbs such as

4398:

or pre-glottalised at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: thus

4316: 4290: 1113: 926: 24344: 20154: 18309: 8332:(IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as 7878:

English does not have future verb forms. The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs

25209: 25182: 24978: 22438: 21194: 18986: 13167: 7020:

in form with the noun they modify, as adjectives in most other Indo-European languages do. For example, in the phrases

5084:

only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. Some dialects do not contrast

4924: 4513:) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word. 3839:

The increased use of the English language globally has had an effect on other languages, leading to some English words

2337: 17: 20932:

Toon, Thomas E. (1982). "Variation in Contemporary American English". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

17270: 11217:

and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the

10573:

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each public usage microdata area (PUMA) of the 50 states,

25141: 25077: 25070: 19592: 19246: 18931: 17326: 17060: 17033: 15356: 13828: 12658: 12584: 12173: 6257:, some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the 5338: 5292: 3798: 2694:

area around York, which was the centre of Norse colonisation; today these features are still particularly present in

2329: 2167:

Modern English has spread around the world since the 17th century as a consequence of the worldwide influence of the

1556: 1501: 981: 18282:

Eagleson, Robert D. (1982). "English in Australia and New Zealand". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

8464:

can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I

6705:(names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into 6519:

Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected

3804:

Although in most countries English is not an official language, it is currently the language most often taught as a

25610: 24838: 22888: 22237: 21457: 21393: 21216: 21207: 21198: 17051:

Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.).

9620:. The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of 9286: 5240: 4211: 4138: 3864: 3824: 3763: 2075:. English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the 2025: 522: 20642:

Schönweitz, Thomas (2001). "Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis".

11708:

with dentals and . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent

11684:

pronounced and ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced and "wind" .

8926:) to derive new words from existing words (especially those of Germanic origin) or stems (especially for words of 8546:

introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb

7137:, occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as 2841:, influencing it as a superstrate. The Norman French spoken by the elite in England eventually developed into the 184: 26350: 26340: 25406: 25120: 22485: 22281: 21561: 21418: 21338: 21290: 20328: 19013: 10959: 10924: 8598: 8454: 8435: 6513: 6254: 4810: 4169: 3925: 3790: 3783: 3618: 3589: 3585: 1627: 1218: 1103: 916: 891: 18612: 17774:; Myres, J. N. L. (1936). "Chapter XX. The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent". 2434:

developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the early period of Old English were written using a

26223: 26035: 25127: 25010: 24930: 22802: 22242: 21748: 19846: 19414: 18533: 17557: 13888: 12415:

Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130

11911: 11860:

of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in

11425: 10881: 7646:

is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. Auxiliary verbs such as

7213:(for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or 6841:

possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use -

4794: 4685: 3633: 3467: 2751: 1639: 1560: 654: 26206: 20224:

Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney (2002). "5. Nouns and noun phrases". In Huddleston, R.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.).

3131:

In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now only found in pronouns, such as

24861: 24711: 22842: 22535: 22497: 20434: 18991:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

16506: 11355: 10667: 10218: 9703: 8931: 4218: 4145: 3656: 2870:, which highlights the blending of both Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in English for the first time. 2076: 1719: 1005: 971: 21309: 21102: 13679: 9536: 2788:, the world's second-oldest English-speaking university and world's third-oldest university, founded in 1209 1023: 25654: 25216: 25056: 24741: 23911: 23873: 23858: 22837: 22490: 22310: 22127: 21948: 21484: 18484:

Gneuss, Helmut (2013). "Chapter 2: The Old English Language". In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.).

18371:

Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim (2006). "Chapter 3: Syntax". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17660: 11873: 11864:. They may create innovative pronunciations for English sounds, not found in the speaker's first language. 11347: 11013: 10646: 9008: 5218: 4394:

when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often

4197: 4176: 3731:

English has ceased to be an "English language" in the sense of belonging only to people who are ethnically

3275: 2776: 2671: 2333: 1817: 1250: 1198: 1070: 881: 784: 215: 23185: 21598: 21590: 15071: 12733: 12361: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11673: 11669: 11606: 10932: 10836:, are generally considered to fall under the General American English continuum, although they often show 10260:, however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into 10200: 10188: 10173: 10155: 9499: 9495: 9487: 9479: 9471: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9443: 9427: 9416: 9405: 9401: 9389: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6418: 6417:

in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide

6414: 6410: 6398: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6336: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6220: 6196: 6191: 6179: 6155: 6131: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6093: 6031: 6023: 5949: 5355: 5351: 5202: 5198: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5136: 5132: 5117: 5113: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5042: 5038: 5015: 4999:

in Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), with examples of words in which they occur from

4709: 4704: 4691: 4671: 4666: 4631: 4618: 4605: 4591: 4586: 4573: 4510: 4506: 4449: 4387: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4344: 4335: 3039: 26330: 26325: 26315: 25234: 24721: 24581: 23931: 23890: 23880: 22881: 22213: 22203: 21801: 21768: 21764: 21450: 18941: 14267: 12706: 10815: 9645: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9599: 9101: 8219: 6262: 5576: 4886: 4864: 4755: 4748: 4271: 4238: 3756: 3256:

Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Microdata Area (PUMA) of the 50 states,

1472: 1315: 886: 26274: 26257: 20725:"Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories" 16488:

Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved July 20, 2012.

3035:. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the 26138: 25665: 25469:

Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority

25168: 25086: 25037: 24922: 23097: 22797: 22512: 22370: 21781: 21326:

International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents

19329:

Lass, Roger (2006). "Chapter 2: Phonology and Morphology". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

18994: 11861: 10807: 10788: 10310: 10237: 10071: 4281: 4183: 4074: 4056: 3646: 2439: 2047:. These shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor called 1810: 1178: 21733: 16904: 14617: 12366: 10091:

can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as

8817:

in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example,

8711:

to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction,

7229:, retain traditional labels for the cases, calling them nominative and accusative cases respectively. 1950:/Low Saxon on the continent. The Frisian languages, which together with the Anglic languages form the 26320: 26310: 25049: 24896: 24889: 24882: 24438: 22777: 22303: 22261: 22232: 22164: 22132: 21741: 19383:

Lawton, David L. (1982). "English in the Caribbean". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

18838:

Hogg, Richard M. (2006). "Chapter7: English in Britain". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17547: 15874: 15735: 15044: 10920: 10877: 10873: 10822:; all of these, aside from certain subdialects of the American South, were historically non-rhotic. 10803: 10674: 10637: 10626: 10582: 10297: 10285: 7274: 6873:, composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. 6465: 6280: 5346:) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. Here stress is connected to 4870: 4833: 4826: 4787: 4228: 4204: 3555: 3265: 25763:

Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language

19536:

Maclagan, Margaret (2010). "Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).

19484:

Li, David C. S. (2003). "Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?".

18425: 11968: 7269:) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as 3621:

does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside

2690:

language. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the

26051: 25642: 25189: 24970: 24938: 24716: 24670: 24665: 24589: 24199: 24183: 24062: 23921: 23812: 23807: 22502: 22456: 22355: 22328: 22293: 22188: 22059: 21519: 18023:

Crystal, David (2006). "Chapter 9: English worldwide". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

17642: 11489: 10792: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10709: 10551: 10383: 10281: 6160: 4908: 4901: 3833: 3603: 3559: 3475:

language are often debatable and may change in particular countries over time. For example, in the

3369: 2851: 2392: 2381: 1320: 1064: 956: 779: 739: 21156: 8797:

used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event).

8166: 6893:). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as 3687: 26335: 25927: 24963: 24655: 24599: 24594: 24514: 24187: 24137: 23437: 23255: 23011: 22939: 22927: 22714: 22547: 22365: 22340: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21322:. Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world. 19256:

Lanham, L. W. (1982). "English in South Africa". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

18528: 18333: 17672: 15049: 11656: 11239: 11061: 10997: 10331: 10249: 10144: 8698:

serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts.

8431: 8096: 7017: 4940: 4848: 4190: 4094: 4081: 4063: 3622: 3607: 3382:"expanding circle" countries are countries where many people learn English as a foreign language. 3123: 2781: 2518: 2196: 1951: 1900: 1834: 1788: 1680: 1572: 1536: 871: 674: 295: 283: 220: 179: 169: 159: 24777: 24497: 23895: 20361:

Romaine, Suzanne (1982). "English in Scotland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

19976: 19463:

Levine, L.; Crockett, H. J. (1966). "Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*".

17999: 17386:

Barry, Michael V. (1982). "English in Ireland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.).

11230:). New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English. 10256:

developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern

3937: 2281:("Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings...") 25541: 25401: 24660: 24142: 24108: 23726: 23542: 23402: 23242: 23137: 22629: 22607: 22411: 22108: 22077: 21955: 20674:

Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level

19545: 19092: 19083:

Kastovsky, Dieter (2006). "Chapter 4: Vocabulary". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.).

18847: 18420: 18380: 18032: 13705: 13569: 11878: 10704: 10596: 10063: 9625: 8855: 8782: 8778: 6394: 4732: 4651: 4558: 3981: 3942:

Most English dialects share the same 24 (or 26 if marginal /x/ and glottal stop (/ʔ/) included)

3910: 3848: 3204: 2956: 2574: 2240: 2161: 1908: 1806: 1532: 1445: 1430: 1152: 659: 302: 138: 82: 22525: 19338: 18129: 17484: 17314: 17295: 16787: 12894: 12172:

Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the

10748:-dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of 10569: 8771:, emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, 8492:) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary 7678:

is used in the second-person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is

6492:, and add the class of interjections. English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs, such as 6468:. Unlike other Indo-European languages though, English has largely abandoned the inflectional 4386:

at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as

3843:

into the vocabularies of other languages. This influence of English has led to concerns about

3326:. English is spoken by communities on every continent and on islands in all the major oceans. 3252: 2110:

dialects brought to Britain in the 5th century. Old English dialects were later influenced by

25979: 25600: 25003: 24818: 24782: 24050: 24043: 23995: 23765: 23736: 23705: 23668: 23593: 23350: 23263: 23124: 23086: 22827: 22612: 22507: 22220: 22154: 21908: 21898: 21893: 21531: 20285: 20252: 17337: 17144: 15057: 14314: 14035: 11883: 11602: 11392: 11214: 10811: 10752:. This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard. 10660: 10067: 9317: 8681: 8356: 7596:

Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g.

6485: 6296: 6246: 6112: 5586: 4026: 4013: 3966: 3551: 3012: 2842: 2827: 2573:, but even some centuries after the Anglo-Saxon migration, Old English retained considerable 2377: 1986: 1802: 1440: 1325: 941: 629: 512: 24283: 23158: 22820: 19739:

Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading

19537: 19330: 19084: 18839: 18372: 18121: 18024: 17634: 17287: 17101:. Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies; no. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers. 14502: 7324:) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. 4545: 3828: 25709: 25223: 24787: 24767: 24736: 24609: 24469: 24215: 24033: 23625: 23452: 23414: 23409: 23283: 23230: 22988: 22249: 22142: 22082: 21960: 21933: 21850: 21680: 21541: 19696: 18803:

Hogg, Richard M. (1992). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

14641: 10885: 10869: 10737: 10721: 10692: 10592: 10502: 10421: 10265: 10112: 10092: 8814: 8457:

is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions.

7591: 7036: 6548: 6489: 6406: 5901: 5768: 5607: 5223: 5030: 4101: 3860: 3771: 3596: 3271: 3217: 2919: 2906: 2896: 2761: 2257: 2133: 2052: 1924: 1635: 1630:, and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto 846: 235: 24443: 20912: 5354:, but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to 4374:

are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as

3338: 3243: Secondary language: spoken as a second language by more than 20% of the population, 8: 26108: 25680: 25636: 25513: 25478: 25030: 24914: 24726: 23962: 23916: 23850: 23603: 23250: 23163: 22961: 22847: 22677: 22669: 22567: 22530: 22416: 22401: 22276: 22266: 22193: 22032: 21509: 21408: 21388: 17635: 17439: 16264: 15013:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. 13650: 12580:

Old English and Old Norse: An Inquiry into Intelligibility and Categorization Methodology

12345: 12343: 11636: 11412: 11351: 11284: 11209: 10984: 10916:

have a wide variety of phrases and words not spoken outside of their respective regions.

10799:

and establishing the United States as an independent sovereign nation in September 1783.

10784: 10764: 10108: 9633: 9144: 8750: 8587: 8005: 7563: 7112: 6242: 6201: 6136: 6027: 5598: 4391: 3412: 3096: 3024: 2823: 2514: 2396: 2064: 1990: 1611: 1400: 1295: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1183: 966: 577: 332: 102: 26240: 24273: 24118: 23365: 20867: 19157: 19111: 18674: 13755: 10047: 8706:

While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a

5243:

depending on whether they occur in stressed or non-stressed position within a sentence.

3171:

are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g.

3066:

instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French (

2426: 2009: 1695: 1638:, technology, international trade, logistics, tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the 26164: 25200: 24995: 24772: 24696: 24624: 24614: 24569: 24331: 24258: 24155: 24000: 23975: 23970: 23863: 23691: 23576: 23397: 23175: 23170: 23149: 23110: 22914: 22904: 22737: 22704: 22639: 22622: 22477: 22298: 21845: 21835: 21629: 21524: 21473: 21413: 21304: 20811: 20659: 20333: 19873: 19640: 19476: 19225: 19175: 19127: 18826: 18549:

Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Angela;

18438: 18399: 18117: 17849:

Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990

17779: 17747: 17553: 17469: 17198: 16939: 16835: 12071: 11328: 11247: 11205: 11201: 11176: 11139: 10980: 10944: 10913: 10829: 10327: 10124: 10116: 10088: 9629: 8886: 8719:

where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a

8669: 8625: 8522:, which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not 8203: 8187: 8183: 7286: 7142: 6969: 6234: 5593: 4039: 3976: 3961: 3947: 3058: 3028: 2992: 2707: 2566: 2562: 2400: 2305: 2224: 2107: 2092: 2056: 1978: 1955: 1916: 1895: 1465: 1450: 1415: 1255: 1162: 174: 164: 23926: 21330: 17847: 17633:

Burridge, Kate (2010). "Chapter 7: English in Australia". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.).

14629: 14140: 13728:

Huws, Catrin Fflur (June 2006). "The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success?".

12340: 9269:

forms: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z).

8694:

is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant

7340:

set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted, especially as part of the

6295:, but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced , a dialect feature called 6276:

than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a

3823:

International communities such as international business people may use English as an

3350: 1567:

in the world in the 20th century, primarily due to the global influence of the former

1056: 25911: 24746: 24545: 24461: 24454: 24409: 24353: 24113: 24103: 24086: 24081: 23985: 23868: 23747: 23547: 23508: 23488: 23326: 23218: 23200: 23052: 22742: 22727: 22699: 22659: 22451: 22388: 22137: 21913: 21877: 21619: 21378: 21269: 21265: 21242: 21238: 21160: 21133: 21075: 21054: 21035: 21031: 21008: 20977: 20956: 20955:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 409–451. 20937: 20918: 20890: 20877:

Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural Southern white accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

20852: 20848: 20818: 20788: 20709: 20678: 20663: 20616: 20583: 20550: 20498: 20494: 20471: 20467: 20420: 20416: 20393: 20366: 20340: 20293: 20258: 20237: 20210: 20206: 20183: 20179: 20111: 20080: 20054: 20028: 20009: 20005: 19949: 19925: 19921: 19898: 19894: 19877: 19842: 19782: 19778: 19743: 19719: 19700: 19686: 19659: 19644: 19613: 19568: 19563:

MacMahon, M. K. (2006). "16. English Phonetics". In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.).

19549: 19538: 19522: 19518: 19497: 19434: 19410: 19388: 19369: 19365: 19342: 19331: 19316: 19288: 19261: 19242: 19229: 19215: 19165: 19152:, John Ole Askedal, Erik Andersson, Neil Jacobs, Silke Van Ness, and Suzanne Romaine. 19148:

The survey of the Germanic branch languages includes chapters by Winfred P. Lehmann,

19117: 19096: 19085: 19069: 19065: 18998: 18927: 18892: 18851: 18840: 18830: 18816: 18789: 18770: 18743: 18724: 18680: 18644: 18585: 18581: 18558: 18508: 18489: 18470: 18442: 18384: 18373: 18357: 18287: 18268: 18264: 18241: 18193: 18189: 18154: 18133: 18122: 18090: 18057: 18036: 18025: 17972: 17936: 17912: 17885: 17854: 17831: 17827: 17804: 17787: 17771: 17737: 17716: 17676: 17646: 17619: 17615: 17580: 17524: 17490: 17443: 17412: 17406: 17391: 17372: 17368: 17345: 17322: 17299: 17288: 17251: 17247: 17224: 17203: 17194: 17160: 17129: 17125: 17102: 17083: 17079: 17056: 17029: 16839: 16791: 16638: 16540: 16367: 15819: 15780: 15014: 14890: 14862: 14025: 12900: 12766: 12712: 12654: 12384: 12315: 12161: 12098: 11924: 11853: 11408: 11400: 11376: 11251: 11243: 10951: 10780: 10685: 10610: 10225:

and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots,

10100: 9154: 8707: 8382:

shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted.

8199: 7887: 7337: 7179:) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing 6520: 6473: 6273: 6258: 5729: 5109: 4979: 4956: 4383: 4301: 4254: 3998: 3988: 3898: 3880: 3463: 3036: 3008: 2996: 2937: 2929: 2838: 2435: 2412: 2204: 2188: 2137: 1943: 1798: 1751: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1643: 1599: 1575:), particularly after the American colonies gained their independence and formed the 1435: 1410: 1375: 1305: 1280: 1245: 1240: 1214: 876: 273: 22433: 19796: 18807:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–168. 18673:

Graddol, David; Leith, Dick; Swann, Joan; Rhys, Martin; Gillen, Julia, eds. (2007).

18605:

English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language'

14422: 13621: 13599: 13143: 8971:, words formed by pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. 8398:, the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns 5350:: in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel 3855: 3570: 3179:), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. 2943:

The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a

2430:, is written in Northumbrian. Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the 1109: 1088: Countries and territories where English is the native language of the majority 26062: 26030: 25920: 25735: 25565: 25247: 25159: 25097: 24701: 24492: 24426: 24382: 24377: 24337: 24326: 24318: 24123: 24091: 24038: 24027: 23940: 23649: 23588: 23378: 23360: 23195: 22948: 22862: 22815: 22694: 22602: 22592: 22587: 22577: 22423: 22396: 22254: 22174: 22119: 22017: 21999: 21986: 21823: 21818: 21685: 21398: 21261: 21234: 21182: 21152: 21027: 20908: 20882: 20844: 20651: 20490: 20463: 20412: 20385: 20229: 20202: 20175: 20001: 19917: 19890: 19865: 19825: 19774: 19733: 19692: 19632: 19514: 19489: 19472: 19361: 19280: 19207: 19149: 19061: 18808: 18762: 18577: 18430: 18260: 18233: 18216: 18185: 17904: 17823: 17699: 17611: 17435: 17364: 17344:. Vol. 1: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–66. 17243: 17190: 17152: 17121: 17075: 16935: 16827: 16783: 14715: 13737: 13545: 12531: 12307: 12153: 11652: 11632: 11523: 11485: 11396: 11372: 10857: 10843: 10837: 10825: 10574: 10293: 10277: 10226: 10159: 9954: 9874: 9836: 9661: 9136: 9078: 8798: 8012:, both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular 7154: 6477: 6390: 6230: 5981: 5907: 5806: 5689: 5645: 5571: 5552: 5545: 5472: 5436: 5398: 5365: 5303: 5257: 5011: 4737: 4656: 4563: 4367: 3971: 3914: 3805: 3257: 2891: 2675: 2526: 2345: 2228: 2157: 2044: 1982: 1935: 1767: 1592: 1588: 1552: 1425: 1405: 1395: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1340: 1335: 1300: 1275: 1235: 1079: 744: 689: 669: 497: 457: 267: 45: 24538: 20524: 20389: 20335:

Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages

19829: 19589:

Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online | Macquarie Dictionary

19284: 17703: 17574: 17156: 16812: 12820: 12157: 7249:

Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular:

3786:, specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. 3376:

the "inner circle" countries have large communities of native speakers of English,

2991:

English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of

2857:

The transition from Old to Middle English can be placed during the writing of the

26152: 26072: 25021: 24731: 24691: 24524: 24431: 24414: 24399: 24394: 24387: 24096: 24005: 23990: 23945: 23797: 23760: 23752: 23731: 23718: 23698: 23684: 23447: 23424: 23355: 23345: 23337: 23117: 22732: 22634: 22572: 22542: 22350: 22225: 22046: 22022: 21994: 21965: 21938: 21903: 21790: 21514: 21403: 21373: 21069: 20971: 20672: 20610: 20577: 20544: 20074: 19943: 19816:

Mesthrie, Rajend (November 2010). "New Englishes and the native speaker debate".

19737: 19653: 19302:

Lass, Roger (2000). "Chapter 3: Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger (ed.).

19211: 18708: 18148: 18084: 18051: 17966: 17930: 17731: 17538: 16632: 15813: 15774: 14605: 12648: 11628: 11598: 11561: 11375:

and English. A similar code-switching method is used by urban native speakers of

11057: 10901: 10889: 10796: 10768: 10728:(GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including 10713: 10555: 10257: 10222: 10029: 9792: 9707: 9673: 9649: 9621: 9603: 9420: 9140: 8859: 8383: 8329: 8128: 8009: 7898: 7294: 7214: 7210: 7202: 7198: 6456: 6381: 6373:. Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as 6358: 6238: 5860: 5557: 5523: 5347: 5232: 5121: 4963: 4395: 4005: 3993: 3767: 3423: 3209: 2522: 2388: 2349: 2200: 2184: 2123: 2072: 2040: 2032: 2021: 1854: 1731: 1727: 1580: 1455: 1385: 1350: 1330: 1310: 1285: 946: 547: 279: 151: 128: 14128: 8898:

word-formation process is nominal compounding, producing compound words such as

7972:

For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as

3213:

Percentage of native speakers of English and English creoles globally as of 2017

2051:. Some shared features of Germanic languages include the division of verbs into 26176: 26002: 25728: 25699: 25616: 25553: 25411: 24873: 24812: 24706: 24686: 24638: 24530: 24404: 24074: 23841: 23780: 23559: 23516: 23473: 23390: 23385: 23274: 23224: 23075: 23026: 22981: 22974: 22807: 22722: 22682: 22582: 22406: 22159: 22064: 22054: 21970: 21772: 21665: 21546: 21536: 20904: 20886: 20380:

Romaine, Suzanne (1999). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.).

20041: 19402: 19202:(1972). "The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores". 18919: 18865: 18550: 17778:. Vol. Book V: The English Settlements. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. 17516: 16926:

Adegbija, Efurosibina (1989). "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English".

16628: 15728:"What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin?" 13550: 13533: 13173: 11700:(often pronounced with retroflex articulation as and ) and the replacement of 11688: 11660: 11644: 11594: 11565: 11404: 11255: 11143: 10967: 10905: 10653: 10506: 10261: 10241: 10214: 10052: 9991: 9832: 9751: 9669: 9665: 9150: 9113: 9074: 8716: 8526:

can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb

8473: 8195: 7654:

are paired with verbs in the infinitive, past, or progressive forms. They form

7222: 7206: 6903:

the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles

6716:

Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural

6266: 5564: 3902: 3844: 3840: 3775: 3752: 3740: 3732: 3396: 3319: 3108: 3092: 3087: 3032: 3020: 3016: 2964: 2747: 2695: 2687: 2466: 2431: 2317: 2212: 2168: 2153: 2149: 2119: 2115: 2068: 2048: 2036: 2017: 1963: 1959: 1867: 1844: 1782: 1743: 1715: 1699: 1691: 1619: 1583:

in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers, and the

1568: 1548: 1360: 1345: 1290: 1188: 866: 861: 734: 664: 634: 592: 253: 230: 116: 86: 20655: 20290:

Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication

20233: 19636: 18812: 18434: 18220: 17486:

Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses

15866: 15434: 15182: 13781: 13741: 12311: 6920:

The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of

6837:. Historically the -s possessive has been used for animate nouns, whereas the 5250:, and some pairs of words are distinguished by stress. For instance, the word 3578: 2756: 2577:

with other Germanic varieties. Even in the 9th and 10th centuries, amidst the

1762: 26304: 25648: 25594: 25498: 24762: 24604: 24360: 24311: 24128: 24067: 23980: 23885: 23823: 23770: 23654: 23581: 22857: 22772: 22428: 22345: 22286: 22198: 22149: 22027: 22009: 21190: 21186: 21174: 20150: 19501: 19199: 18766: 18631: 18599: 17962: 17926: 17908: 17070:

Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, P.T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English".

16470: 12478: 11835: 11717: 11569: 11103: 11065: 10893: 10756: 10717: 10708:

apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as

10461: 10033: 9915: 9796: 9657: 8842: 8720: 8690: 8215: 8027:

An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition

7637: 7439: 7341: 7325: 7189: 6696: 6402: 6277: 5581: 5519: 4390:

have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are

4379: 3906: 3748: 3427: 3392: 2901: 2606: 2353: 2341: 2301: 2297: 2236: 2232: 2192: 2176: 1971: 1939: 1912: 1875: 1668: 1631: 1576: 1540: 1460: 769: 597: 90: 21429: 20881:. Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. de Gruyter. pp. 87–114. 20407:

Romaine, S. (2006). "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts".

18301: 14857:

Carter, Ronald; McCarthey, Michael; Mark, Geraldine; O'Keeffe, Anne (2016).

14743: 13700: 8967:(1961). Another active word-formation process in English is the creation of 8841:

It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words, or 220,000 if

7032:

does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun.

2947:, meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. 26171: 26008: 25853: 25843: 25623: 24631: 24055: 24019: 23952: 23775: 23598: 23571: 23554: 23498: 23457: 23039: 23018: 22360: 22208: 22087: 21132:. Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics; 4 (Sixth ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. 20951:

Toon, Thomas E. (1992). "Old English Dialects". In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.).

19424:

Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009).

19275:

Lass, Roger (1992). "2. Phonology and Morphology". In Blake, Norman (ed.).

13859:"Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject" 13191: 11759: 11586: 11218: 10897: 10776: 10749: 10514: 10498: 9958: 9840: 9277: 9158: 8882: 8851: 8760:(emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or 8489: 8064: 7891: 7138: 6921: 6543:). Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( 6374: 5514: 5007: 4109: 3779: 3408: 3118: 2864: 2808: 2590: 1884: 1664: 1380: 764: 679: 552: 537: 263: 24830: 24278: 20288:. In Richter, Dagmar; Richter, Ingo; Toivanen, Reeta; et al. (eds.). 19869: 19583: 19493: 18864: 18237: 18147:

Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (17 February 2007).

12578: 12349: 11956: 3247:

working language of government, language of instruction in education, etc.

3100:

Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the

2940:(1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. 1958:

languages, though this grouping remains debated. Old English evolved into

1040: 25950: 25900: 25858: 25722: 25686: 25605: 25518: 25421: 25327: 24869: 24448: 24421: 24239: 24147: 23829: 23790: 23373: 23068: 23032: 22967: 21705: 21700: 21504: 20582:. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. 19939: 18940: 14146: 13534:"'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific" 11343: 10928: 10578: 10465: 10387: 10335: 10177: 9995: 9911: 9878: 9755: 9586: 9273: 9266: 9066: 8954: 8657: 8591: 8481: 7655: 7236:), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. 7218: 7076: 6866: 6702: 6505: 6469: 6444: 6347: 6340: 6069: 5000: 4402:

has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, but not phonemically) than

4248: 3665:

Countries in which English language is a mandatory or an optional subject

3476: 3431: 3416: 3365: 3354: 3261: 3117:, which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, 3000: 2960: 2944: 2570: 2561:), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more 2443: 2404: 2286: 2272: 2252: 2141: 2103: 1920: 1858: 1653: 1544: 841: 749: 714: 557: 517: 502: 477: 342: 225: 106: 24293: 19311:

Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),

19279:. Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–154. 17521:

The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis

15103:, p. 69: "Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case" 15038: 13756:"Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament" 13155: 8676:-word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs: 8150:. Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as 7953:, which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ( 6500:, expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by 6269:

have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents.

3322:, and 1.1 billion spoke it as a secondary language. English is the 3163:

is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in

3155:), and SVO word order is mostly fixed. Some changes, such as the use of 25848: 25793: 25587: 25252: 24288: 24268: 23633: 23303: 23004: 22271: 21763: 21657: 20384:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 01–56. 19179: 19164:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. pp. 532–562. 19131: 17783: 17751: 17151:. Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–91. 16831: 15815:

Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages

14720: 14703: 13638:

French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status.

11961: 11889:

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

11801: 11771: 11454: 11296: 11099: 11025: 10425: 10347: 10253: 10120: 10079: 9919: 9719: 8610: 8554:, although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with 8427: 8191: 7945:

Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily

7246:

acquired a pejorative or inferior tinge of meaning and was abandoned).

7060: 6991: 6706: 6501: 6481: 6329: 3197:

List of countries and territories where English is an official language

3156: 2952: 2834: 2598: 2594: 2446: 2268: 2216: 2180: 2127: 2060: 1967: 1947: 1871: 1827: 1747: 1647: 801: 724: 532: 462: 392: 14224: 13212:, Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). 12686: 12646: 12148:

Burnley, David (1992). "Lexis and Semantics". In Blake, Norman (ed.).

10621: 8063:

English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called

6413:

at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses

2924: 2376:) are both named after the Angles. English may have a small amount of 684: 25972: 25955: 25934: 25823: 25717: 24474: 24222: 23785: 23566: 23521: 23493: 23319: 22873: 21828: 21442: 19655:

The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience

17116:

Alcaraz Ariza, M.Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English".

16759: 15664: 15315: 15313: 11857: 11590: 11360: 10909: 10510: 10379: 10128: 9028: Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin (28.24%) 8985: 8938: 8781:

between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as

7332:(sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form 6833:(also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition 6710: 5657: 4453: 4351: 4161: 4120: 3946:

consonant phonemes. The consonant inventory shown below is valid for

3890: 3886: 3868: 3629:

respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language.

3447: 3404: 2968: 2948: 2873:

In Wycliff'e Bible of the 1380s, the verse Matthew 8:20 was written:

2785: 2683: 2679: 2416: 2172: 2111: 2102:

The earliest varieties of an English language, collectively known as

2005: 1998: 1931: 1848: 1676: 1049: 1033: 1015: 997: 836: 826: 709: 694: 542: 337: 98: 24298: 19608:

Mair, C.; Leech, G. (2006). "14 Current Changes in English Syntax".

19304:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776

18086:

Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention

17542: 15553: 15517: 15298: 15009:

Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022).

13812:

Language Rights and the Law in the United States and Its Territories

12998: 12647:

Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011).

12430: 8845:

are counted; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the

4370:(strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as 3558:, but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international 2130:

vocabulary was incorporated into English over some three centuries.

1650:

estimated that there were over 1.5 billion speakers worldwide.

26159: 26147: 26025: 25945: 25883: 25868: 25788: 25783: 25778: 25674: 25559: 25523: 25507: 24263: 23611: 21855: 21652: 21122:

The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French.

21071:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

21051:

International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English

18964: 16634:

Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English

16498: 15917: 15325: 15162: 14134: 11640: 11601:. Today, about nine percent of the South African population speaks 11180: 10588: 10547: 9564: 9107: 9081:. Many of these words are part of English core vocabulary, such as 8775:, where reference to the girl is established as an "afterthought". 6995: 6826: 5823: 5227: 5034: 4502: 3759: 3451: 3443: 2846: 2830:

in 1066, but it developed further in the period from 1150 to 1500.

2703: 2602: 1121: 821: 704: 639: 612: 567: 487: 432: 382: 377: 367: 357: 347: 26291: 21325: 21320:

Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)

18985: 18469:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. 17294:. Varieties of English around the World. John Benjamins. pp. 16067: 16065: 15337: 15310: 15264: 15262: 15249: 15247: 14927: 14611: 14428: 14398: 14018:

Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition

13215: 12616: 12244: 12095:

Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon

11676:

are monophthongs and or even the reverse diphthongs and (e.g.

8107:). In spite of the idiomatic meaning, some grammarians, including 3167:, appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as 2822:

Middle English is often arbitrarily defined as beginning with the

2387:

Old English was divided into four dialects: the Anglian dialects (

26089: 26078: 25833: 25828: 25813: 25808: 25581: 25571: 25534: 25257: 24304: 23900: 23802: 22792: 22787: 22597: 21943: 21870: 21865: 19629:

Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization

17290:

Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English

16994: 16970: 15742: 15577: 15565: 14951: 14733: 14731: 14248: 14236: 14176: 14089: 12959: 11852:

may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered

11617: 11380: 11368: 11197: 10772: 10755:

The English language is far and away the most widely used in the

10233: 10217:

is today considered a separate language from English, but it has

10139: 10104: 10056: 8968: 8875: 6325: 5247: 4996: 4050: 3894: 3455: 3435: 2859: 2691: 2578: 2420: 2336:. By the 7th century, this Germanic language of the Anglo-Saxons 2313: 2263: 1889: 1390: 1117: 774: 649: 644: 602: 482: 467: 442: 437: 422: 417: 402: 362: 20839:

Swan, M. (2006). "English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900)".

20044:"Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" 20022: 18207:

Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). "The grammar of English phrasal verbs".

18120:(2006). "Overview". In Denison, David; Hogg, Richard M. (eds.). 17791: 16877: 16735: 16711: 16052: 16050: 16048: 16046: 15893: 15541: 15505: 15391: 15232: 15210:"The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious" 14482: 12826: 8874:, foreign words of extremely limited English use, and technical 6960:(pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase. 6558:

The seven word-classes are exemplified in this sample sentence:

3346:

residents for whom English was their primary language as of 2021

2880: 2874: 2794: 2728: 2722: 2613: 2502: 2487: 2472: 2457: 2371: 2365: 2276: 2079:

of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic (see

26084: 25878: 25873: 25838: 25818: 25693: 25576: 25547: 25528: 23607: 21860: 21840: 21103:"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations" 20197:

Patrick, P.L. (2006b). "English, African-American Vernacular".

20149: 18488:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–49. 17668: 17606:

Brutt-Griffler, J. (2006). "Languages of Wider Communication".

17359:

Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English".

17338:"Chapter 2: The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European" 17264: 16062: 15286: 15259: 15244: 14963: 14939: 14856: 14831: 14623: 13345: 13197: 12711:. Early English text society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12280: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11907: 11648: 11364: 10963: 10872:

and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well.

10833: 10245: 10132: 9409: 9124: 9094: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8469: 7559: 6717: 6524: 5510: 3400: 3343: 2765: 2582: 2408: 2321: 2309: 2220: 2031:

English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares

1994: 1928: 1615: 816: 811: 806: 754: 719: 607: 587: 582: 507: 447: 407: 372: 352: 94: 20124: 19509:

Lim, L.; Ansaldo, U. (2006). "Singapore: Language Situation".

19047:

Jespersen, Otto (2007) . "Case: The number of English cases".

16958: 15953: 14728: 14704:"Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English" 13987:"Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language – The Times of India" 13489: 13323: 13321: 13149: 12131: 12129: 9034: Germanic languages (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25%) 8472:

permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present.

3333: 2278:

Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon...

26182: 26067: 26057: 26040: 25985: 25940: 25863: 25803: 25798: 23525: 19856:

Montgomery, M. (1993). "The Southern Accent—Alive and Well".

19239:

Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change

16319: 16245: 16233: 16221: 16101: 16089: 16043: 15150: 14903: 14653: 14581: 14521: 14470: 14458: 14446: 13477: 13441: 13179: 13103: 13101: 12181: 12116: 12114: 12048: 12046: 10860: 9788: 8979: 8684:

can also be fronted when they are the question's theme, e.g.

8198:

mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the

5418: 5380: 4354:(stops, affricates, and fricatives) appear in pairs, such as 3809: 3606:

is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are

3439: 2768:, the world's oldest English-speaking university and world's 2325: 2145: 2013: 1707: 1642:. English accounts for at least 70% of total speakers of the 1607: 951: 911: 831: 572: 562: 527: 492: 472: 452: 427: 412: 397: 19974: 19769:

Meierkord, C. (2006). "Lingua Francas as Second Languages".

16209: 15929: 15708: 15118: 14915: 14545: 13161: 12876: 12874: 12519: 12418: 11975: 8542:, although this construction may be found in older English. 6461:

As is typical of an Indo-European language, English follows

5692: 5407: 5374: 26045: 26019: 26013: 20228:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 323–522. 19237:

Labov, W. (2012). "1. About Language and Language Change".

18557:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. 17818:

Connell, B.A. (2006). "Nigeria : Language Situation".

17523:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. 16561: 15994: 15992: 15867:"L'incroyable histoire des mots français en anglais !" 15849: 15847: 15698: 15696: 15115:: "English has subjective, objective and possessive cases." 14807: 14374: 14338: 14200: 13907: 13465: 13405: 13393: 13333: 13318: 13068:"Which countries are best at English as a second language?" 12126: 10846: 9539:" are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the 9153:(also called Roman alphabet). Earlier Old English texts in 8973: 7242: 5309: 3774:

negotiations in 1919. By the time of the foundation of the

3318:

As of 2016, 400 million people spoke English as their

3004: 2867: 2863:. The oldest Middle English texts that were written by the 2451: 2179:

in many regions and professional contexts such as science,

931: 921: 901: 729: 699: 387: 54: 16307: 15589: 14533: 14386: 13133: 13131: 13098: 12976: 12974: 12454: 12256: 12111: 12043: 7145:. They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison. 5648: 5495: 5481: 5454: 5445: 5266: 2670:

From the 8th to the 11th centuries, Old English gradually

2496: 2380:

influence from Common Brittonic, and a number of possible

2316:

by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the

1120:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

66: 19306:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186. 17006: 16982: 16782:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 49–66. 16502: 16149: 16077: 15683: 15681: 15679: 14593: 14362: 14164: 14077: 13931: 12871: 12861: 12859: 12442: 12222: 12220: 9283:

spelling differences between British and American English

8374:, but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause 7016:

In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to

5498: 5457: 5324: 5278: 3101: 2481: 2424:

is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem,

2152:

words and roots, concurrent with the introduction of the

2081:

Phonological history of Old English § Palatalization

906: 63: 57: 51: 21256:

Wolfram, W. (2006). "Variation and Language: Overview".

20042:

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2012).

18672: 18548: 18327:

Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages

17935:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 16780:

Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives

16765: 16597: 16197: 16173: 15989: 15977: 15965: 15844: 15693: 15529: 15469: 15106: 15008: 14980: 14978: 14771: 14106: 14104: 13943: 13118: 13116: 12808: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12436: 12302:

Short, Ian (1 January 2002). "Language and Literature".

12205: 12092: 11386: 10066:(RP), an educated accent associated originally with the 8043:

is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as

6272:

Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and

3747:

Modern English, sometimes described as the first global

3581:

has no official languages at the federal or state level.

2803:

stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.

1722:. While the majority of English vocabulary derives from 937:

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

25443:

List of countries where English is an official language

21360: 20770: 20108:

Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position

19714:

McCrum, Robert; MacNeil, Robert; Cran, William (2003).

18352:

Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeffrey, eds. (2014).

18332:(Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. Archived from 16813:"Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" 16585: 16573: 16295: 16185: 16125: 16009: 16007: 15941: 14990: 13967: 13513: 13501: 13209: 13128: 13086: 12971: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12674: 12628: 12509: 12507: 12505: 11589:, English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with 10779:, English was ultimately widely adopted throughout the 9430:. The differences in the pronunciations of the letters 9149:

Since the ninth century, English has been written in a

9003:

Lists of English words by country or language of origin

6535:) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as 6480:

retain morphological case more strongly than any other

6424:

There is complex dialectal variation in words with the

3368:

distinguished countries where English is spoken with a

2407:

in the 9th century and the influence of the kingdom of

1663:, from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the 20914:

Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics

20743: 20485:

Rubino, C. (2006). "Philippines: Language Situation".

20170:

Patrick, P.L. (2006a). "Jamaica: Language Situation".

19206:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168–178. 16161: 16019: 15754: 15676: 15601: 14188: 14116: 13955: 13919: 13429: 13282: 13246: 13221: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12856: 12844: 12832: 12555: 12328: 12217: 12004: 10268:

which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP.

10236:, various forms of English have been spoken since the 7265:) in the second person (except in the reflexive form: 6527:(i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs 3789:

Many regional international organisations such as the

3007:, and a new standard form of Middle English, known as 26136: 19885:

Mountford, J. (2006). "English Spelling: Rationale".

19116:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. 19110:

König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994).

17425: 16747: 16723: 16699: 16687: 16137: 15905: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15648: 15646: 15493: 15481: 15457: 15415: 15403: 15274: 14975: 14819: 14569: 14557: 14434: 14410: 14404: 14212: 14101: 13895: 13453: 13369: 13357: 13306: 13236: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13113: 13010: 12599: 12466: 12031: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9162: 8016:), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: 6825:

Possession can be expressed either by the possessive

5410: 5377: 5339: 5327: 5312: 5306: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5263: 5154:, and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) 4456:(pronunciation variants): the clear or plain , as in 2136:

began in the late 15th century with the start of the

1989:

with any continental Germanic language, differing in

20458:

Rowicka, G.J. (2006). "Canada: Language Situation".

19581: 19160:. In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). 18370: 17115: 16428: 16404: 16392: 16331: 16113: 16004: 15130: 15094: 14795: 14759: 14647: 14326: 14290: 14242: 14065: 14053: 13270: 13174:

Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012

12986: 12942: 12896:

Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education

12692: 12502: 12490: 12397: 12193: 11992: 8793:

refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or

7620:

marks the recipient, or Indirect Object of the verb

5984: 5910: 5815: 5809: 5492: 5484: 5451: 5448: 5421: 5404: 5383: 5371: 5330: 5321: 5318: 5284: 5275: 5272: 3918: 3462:

Those countries have millions of native speakers of

60: 20549:. Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. 19427:

Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study

19423: 19109: 18710:

African American English: a linguistic introduction

18351: 18324: 18146: 17238:Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". 16946: 16853: 16663: 16609: 16452: 16343: 16283: 15923: 15899: 15748: 15670: 15621:"How many words are there in the English language?" 14302: 14230: 14152: 13417: 13351: 13294: 13004: 12925: 12798: 12796: 12286: 12268: 12232: 11616:Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in 8668:appears as the first constituent despite being the 8476:does not allow the addition of the negating adverb 5489: 5478: 5475: 5442: 5439: 5415: 5401: 5368: 5315: 5260: 48: 25368: 25302:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners 20936:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 210–250. 20810: 20773:"Population by first language spoken and province" 20332: 19975:National Records of Scotland (26 September 2013). 19582: 19486:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 19387:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 251–280. 19260:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 324–352. 18707: 18637:English Next India: The future of English in India 18286:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 415–438. 17968:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 17846: 17715:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 177–210. 17069: 16675: 16440: 16380: 16071: 16031: 15643: 15379: 15037: 14783: 13592:"Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)" 13538:Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies 13258: 13227: 12705:Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023). 12650:A Practical Introduction to the History of English 11624:). Over 150 million Nigerians speak English. 11346:to the English language occurred in 1762 when the 10736:. In most American and Canadian English dialects, 9593: 7961:), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ( 6310:is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes 5018:⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of 2876:Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis 2207:pattern with little inflection and a fairly fixed 1934:coast, whose languages gradually evolved into the 25243:Collaborative International Dictionary of English 20787:. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. p. 23. 20722: 20433: 20254:English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy 19718:(Third Revised ed.). London: Penguin Books. 19713: 18486:The Cambridge companion to Old English literature 18412:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 18050:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). 17844: 17733:Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation 17474:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17390:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 84–134. 17265:Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). 16865: 16416: 14268:"Globish – a language of international business?" 14182: 13185: 12965: 12771:The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales 12704: 12543: 12297: 12295: 11986: 10763:, which began with the settlement in present-day 10119:dialects, which include the urban subdialects of 7141:or indefinite. They often agree with the noun in 6365:, but replace them with dental or alveolar stops 5535:Varieties of Standard English and their features 5300:) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ( 5201:can only occur in syllable-initial position, and 3283: "Very High Proficiency" (score 63.07–70.27) 2620:Fox-as habb-að hol-u and heofon-an fugl-as nest-∅ 26302: 25438:List of countries by English-speaking population 20612:Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World 20365:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 56–83. 18885:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). 18884: 17770: 17426:Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo; McMahon, April (2006). 15583: 15571: 15559: 15547: 15523: 15511: 15343: 15331: 15319: 15304: 15292: 15268: 15253: 15238: 15168: 14969: 14957: 14945: 14933: 14837: 13022: 12793: 12424: 12306:. Boydell and Brewer Limited. pp. 191–214. 11856:. This can happen either because they apply the 11367:use or, at the very least, have been exposed to 9108:English loanwords and calques in other languages 8108: 8095:, etc. The phrasal verb frequently has a highly 7625: 7226: 7039:, with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix 5208: 5108:are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the 3691:English Proficiency Index by country as of 2014 3307: "Very Low Proficiency" (score 40.87–48.19) 3295: "Moderate Proficiency" (score 52.50–57.38) 3201:List of countries by English-speaking population 3011:, developed from the dialects of London and the 2661:"Foxes have holes and the birds of heaven nests" 2246: 20903: 20223: 20125:Office for National Statistics (4 March 2013). 19795: 19056:Kachru, B. (2006). "English: World Englishes". 19021:Journal of English as an International Language 18718: 18397: 18356:(Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15734:. Oxford University Press. 2008. Archived from 15124: 14921: 14635: 14551: 14350: 13381: 12622: 12350:How English evolved into a global language 2010 12250: 11800:An example of a Japanese man speaking English ( 8421: 8214:English word order has moved from the Germanic 7075:. Other adjectives have comparatives formed by 6401:after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the 5173:; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in 3640: 3391:English speakers are, in descending order, the 2721:) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with 25358: 21100: 21067: 21048: 20708:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 20053:. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Archived from 19591:. Macmillan Publishers Group Australia. 2015. 19462: 19014:"English Language Imperialism: Points of View" 18917: 18555:New Zealand English: its origins and evolution 18180:Deumert, A. (2006). "Migration and Language". 17605: 17573:Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010). 17572: 17537: 17428:"Chapter 17: English phonology and morphology" 17096: 17000: 16976: 16964: 16883: 16741: 16717: 16567: 16325: 16251: 16239: 16227: 16215: 15959: 15036: 14737: 14659: 14587: 14488: 14476: 14464: 14344: 14254: 14206: 14147:International Civil Aviation Organization 2011 14095: 13495: 13447: 13411: 13399: 13339: 13327: 12460: 12379:Upward, Christopher; Davidson, George (2011). 12378: 12292: 12067:"How the English Language Conquered the World" 11668:vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs 10950:Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class 10744:-fulness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or 10051:A map showing the main dialect regions in the 9281:word is pronounced. There are also systematic 5193:, a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in 3231: Co-official and majority native language 3074:originally meaning "nestling" had replaced OE 2334:the Roman economy and administration collapsed 2156:to London. This era notably culminated in the 25343: 24846: 22889: 21749: 21458: 21434: 21346: 21229:Wojcik, R.H. (2006). "Controlled Languages". 20970:Trask, Larry; Trask, Robert Lawrence (2010). 20953:The Cambridge History of the English Language 20808: 18888:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language 18805:The Cambridge History of the English Language 18737: 18572:Gottlieb, H. (2006). "Linguistic Influence". 18398:Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007). 18228:Donoghue, D. (2008). Donoghue, Daniel (ed.). 18049: 17845:Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (1996). 17689: 17482: 17342:The Cambridge History of the English Language 17050: 17023: 17021: 16107: 16056: 15595: 14909: 14392: 14320: 13913: 13483: 13107: 12448: 12150:The Cambridge History of the English Language 12135: 11925:"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?" 11834:An example of a German man speaking English ( 10775:immigrants, who arrived primarily in eastern 9022: French, including Anglo-Norman (28.30%) 8182:Modern English syntax language is moderately 7808:, and for the strong verbs either the suffix 7148: 6439:, and in Canadian English, they merge to two 5135:), which in RP is realised as (phonemically 3924:The phonetic symbols used below are from the 2702:. The centre of Norsified English was in the 1509: 25631:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 25488:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 24947:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary 22107: 20746:"2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" 19688:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 19651: 18965:International Maritime Organization (2011). 18866:"How English evolved into a global language" 18786:Irish English: History and present-day forms 18230:Old English Literature: A Short Introduction 17971:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 17335: 17214:on 2 January 2011 – via DYLAN project. 17183:International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13937: 12827:Nevalainen & Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2006 12698: 12187: 12120: 11952: 11950: 10974: 9320:used to spell consonant sounds. The letters 8964:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 8773:she was stung by a bee, that girl over there 8769:That girl over there, she was stung by a bee 7574:, the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as 5226:plays an important role in English. Certain 3289: "High Proficiency" (score 58.26–61.86) 3190: 2308:, and originally spoken along the coasts of 1726:, it is considered a member of the Germanic 760:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 24860: 20105: 19948:. Cambridge University Press. p. 477. 18967:"IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases" 18738:Halliday, M. A. K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976). 18354:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics 18115: 17799:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) . 17798: 17097:Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, eds. (1979). 15818:. Cambridge University Press. p. 196. 15112: 15032: 15030: 15011:A student's introduction to English grammar 14527: 14452: 12583:(MA thesis). University of South Carolina. 12572: 12570: 12525: 12093:Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). 10028:An example of a woman with one of the many 9016:Source languages of the English vocabulary 8892: 7063:comparative and superlative forms, such as 6885:) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. 6508:(fronting of question words beginning with 5029:In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically 3595:English is the official second language of 3334:Three circles of English-speaking countries 3301: "Low Proficiency" (score 48.69–52.39) 3237: Official but minority native language 3124:American Dictionary of the English language 3081: 2979:is today, and the second vowel in the word 2525:than in Modern English. Modern English has 1547:owing to the namesake of the language, the 25357: 25350: 25336: 25295:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 24853: 24839: 22896: 22882: 22783:Comparison of American and British English 21756: 21742: 21465: 21451: 21353: 21339: 21258:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 21231:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 21053:(4th ed.). London: Hodder Education. 21024:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20969: 20841:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20641: 20487:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20460:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20409:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20250: 20199:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 20172:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19998:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19914:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19887:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19855: 19771:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19732: 19511:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19508: 19358:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 19058:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18574:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18300: 18257:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 18255:Durrell, M. (2006). "Germanic Languages". 18182:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17879: 17820:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17803:(5th ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers. 17729: 17608:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17576:The linguistic structure of modern English 17404: 17361:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17315:"When did southern American English begin" 17240:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17118:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17072:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics 17018: 16591: 16579: 16479:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148. 16131: 14884: 14539: 14170: 13835:. Central Intelligence Agency. 29 May 2024 13651:"Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland" 13628:. Québec Official Publisher. 26 March 2024 13435: 13288: 12838: 12561: 12037: 11593:and various African languages such as the 9585:English writing also includes a system of 9490:in Greek-derived words. The single letter 8488:—it can only be added to an auxiliary (or 8209: 8146:is derived in this way from the adjective 7461:himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves 7253:Plural and singular are always identical ( 7209:is used in the sense both of the previous 6397:vary in their pronunciation of historical 5057:are noticeably shorter than the vowels of 5045:or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of 5026:. In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive. 2615:Foxas habbað holu and heofonan fuglas nest 2593:from 1000 shows examples of case endings ( 2126:of England, when a considerable amount of 2106:or "Anglo-Saxon", evolved from a group of 1746:, and is then most closely related to the 1624:co-official language of the United Nations 1516: 1502: 1078: 21157:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 21149:Language Myths and the History of English 21127: 20608: 20575: 20514:"Language Use in the United States: 2011" 20382:Cambridge History of the English Language 20110:(2nd ed.). Canada: Broadview Press. 19912:Mufwene, S.S. (2006). "Language Spread". 19884: 19768: 19607: 19540:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes 19277:Cambridge History of the English Language 19082: 19046: 18891:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18464: 18424: 17776:Roman Britain and the English Settlements 17637:The Routledge handbook of world Englishes 17237: 17202: 17149:Cambridge History of the English Language 16627: 16155: 16095: 16083: 16025: 15687: 15607: 15156: 14777: 14719: 14368: 14083: 13961: 13549: 13312: 13016: 12653:. : Universitat de València. p. 21. 12010: 11947: 11102:man with a cultivated Australian accent ( 9953:An example of a man with one of the many 8701: 7799: 7631: 6690: 2665: 2328:. From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons 2187:is the result of a gradual change from a 2122:began in the late 11th century after the 2118:, starting in the 8th and 9th centuries. 22476: 21560: 21021: 21002: 20670: 20327: 20196: 20169: 20072: 19815: 19684: 19562: 19535: 18571: 18281: 18227: 17961: 17925: 17659: 17632: 17405:Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). 16925: 16810: 16753: 16729: 16705: 16693: 16537:Atlas of North American English (online) 16499:"Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead" 16313: 16301: 16203: 16191: 16179: 16143: 15998: 15983: 15971: 15935: 15853: 15714: 15702: 15397: 15027: 14880: 14878: 14416: 14135:International Maritime Organization 2011 14110: 13949: 13809: 13782:"Official language of the United States" 13570:"40 Years of the Official Languages Act" 13459: 13276: 13252: 13092: 12953: 12880: 12567: 12496: 12472: 12334: 12199: 12088: 12086: 12052: 12025:The Rise of English as a Global Language 11998: 10587: 10568: 10046: 9873:An example of a man with a contemporary 9702:An example of a man with a contemporary 9287:proposals for spelling reform in English 8388:I saw the letter that you received today 8366:, the main clause is headed by the verb 8165: 8039:is inflected for time and the main verb 7570:identifies the speaker, and the pronoun 3686: 3660: 3349: 3337: 3270: 3251: 3216: 3208: 2923: 2775: 2755: 2256: 2035:with other Germanic languages including 1894: 1761: 21255: 20809:Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2006). 20542: 20457: 20406: 20379: 20360: 20283: 19945:Learning Vocabulary in Another Language 19911: 19652:Mazrui, Ali A.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998). 19567:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 359–382. 19337:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19091:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18846:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18756: 18630: 18598: 18502: 18379:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18254: 18179: 18128:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18082: 18031:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18022: 17997: 17898: 17817: 17710: 17434:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 382–410. 17012: 16788:10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 16434: 16410: 16337: 16119: 15911: 15811: 15779:. Oxford University Press. p. 34. 15772: 14852: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14612:International Phonetic Association 1999 14503:"IPA transcription systems for English" 14429:International Phonetic Association 1999 14380: 14332: 14296: 14194: 14071: 14059: 13973: 13901: 13598:. Department of Justice. Archived from 13519: 13507: 13423: 13300: 12992: 12980: 12936: 12865: 12850: 12814: 12383:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 84. 12362:English language: Historical background 12274: 12238: 12211: 12147: 11723: 11484:An example of a woman with an educated 11196:Since 1788, English has been spoken in 10581:. according to the 2016–2021 five-year 9052: Derived from proper names (3.28%) 8737:there was a girl who was stung by a bee 7558:Pronouns are used to refer to entities 6387:, and reduction of consonant clusters. 5219:Intonation (linguistics) § English 5041:, but not before lenis consonants like 3487: 3264:, according to the 2016–2021 five-year 2913: 2296:). Old English developed from a set of 2285:The earliest form of English is called 1114:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 26303: 25417:English in the Commonwealth of Nations 22903: 21472: 21228: 21068:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2008). 21049:Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002). 20876: 20804:from the original on 13 November 2015. 20706:Old English: A Linguistic Introduction 20484: 20076:How English Became the Global Language 19938: 19836: 19382: 19355: 19255: 19055: 19011: 18872:from the original on 25 September 2015 18783: 18522:Gordin, Michael D. (4 February 2015). 18521: 18483: 18452:from the original on 19 September 2018 17867:from the original on 24 September 2015 17515: 17430:. In Bas Aarts; April McMahon (eds.). 17312: 17285: 16988: 16952: 16859: 16766:Gordon, Campbell & Hay et al. 2004 16669: 16615: 16603: 16527: 16509:from the original on 14 September 2007 16458: 16349: 16167: 15760: 15535: 15475: 15185:. American Psychological Association. 14701: 14509:from the original on 19 September 2018 14323:, Chapter 12: English into the Future. 14308: 14158: 14122: 13925: 13375: 13363: 13264: 13122: 13065: 12540:, Chapter 3. Phonology and Morphology. 12513: 12437:Graddol, Leith & Swann et al. 2007 11342:The first significant exposure of the 9639: 9388:represent, respectively, the phonemes 8999:Foreign-language influences in English 8534:is the correct answer to the question 8449:is the complement of the negated verb 8340:or in a prepositional phrase, such as 7117:English determiners are words such as 6306:. The voiceless velar fricative sound 5513:, English is generally described as a 3919:§ Dialects, accents and varieties 3795:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 3653:Foreign-language influences in English 3324:largest language by number of speakers 2975:was originally pronounced as the word 2515:nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs 2403:). Through the educational reforms of 2097: 1923:originated from a Germanic tribal and 1543:. Speakers of the language are called 25383: 25331: 24834: 24567: 24181: 22925: 22877: 21737: 21559: 21446: 21433: 21334: 21173: 21146: 20865: 20744:Statistics New Zealand (April 2014). 20703: 20318: 20127:"Language in England and Wales, 2011" 19996:Neijt, A. (2006). "Spelling Reform". 19995: 19799:. Merriam Webster. 26 February 2015. 19401: 19236: 19198: 19155: 19034:from the original on 11 December 2023 18948:from the original on 20 December 2014 18905:from the original on 12 February 2015 18705: 18693:from the original on 24 February 2015 18611:. The British Council. Archived from 18404:: reduced vowels in American English" 18312:from the original on 26 December 2018 18206: 17560:from the original on 21 December 2012 17483:Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999). 17385: 17218: 17173: 17142: 16777: 16681: 16473:; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006). 16446: 16398: 16386: 16289: 16037: 15947: 15881:from the original on 25 November 2020 15658: 15499: 15487: 15463: 15445:from the original on 16 November 2019 15421: 15409: 15385: 15280: 15189:from the original on 14 February 2020 15136: 15100: 14984: 14885:Baugh, Albert; Cable, Thomas (2012). 14875: 14825: 14813: 14789: 14765: 14599: 14575: 14563: 14500: 14440: 14278:from the original on 18 February 2020 14218: 13471: 13074:from the original on 25 November 2016 12899:. Multilingual Matters. p. 311. 12892: 12587:from the original on 16 December 2022 12549: 12403: 12304:A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World 12301: 12262: 12226: 12083: 11387:Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 11283:An example of a male teenager with a 10609:pronunciations found primarily among 10169:is pronounced with a glottal stop as 8688:. The personal interrogative pronoun 8686:To whose house did you go last night? 8018:It is important that he run every day 7279:African-American (Vernacular) English 6974:English adjectives are words such as 6860:The child of the husband of the woman 5529: 5215:Stress and vowel reduction in English 3696: Very high proficiency (80–100%) 1579:. English is the most widely learned 1490:Teaching English as a second language 26189: 25309:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's 24956:A Dictionary of the English Language 22853:Non-native pronunciations of English 20950: 20931: 20838: 20723:Statistics Canada (22 August 2014). 20511: 20445:from the original on 24 October 2015 20251:Phillipson, Robert (28 April 2004). 20157:from the original on 9 February 2015 19697:10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 19626: 19328: 19310: 19301: 19274: 18837: 18802: 18505:Introduction to Early Modern English 17440:10.1111/b.9781405113823.2006.00018.x 17321:. John Benjamins. pp. 255–275. 16871: 16422: 16271:from the original on 11 January 2010 16013: 15367:from the original on 7 December 2019 15207: 15082:from the original on 21 October 2020 15058:participating institution membership 14996: 14843: 14801: 14753: 14749: 13865:from the original on 31 October 2022 13727: 13531: 13198:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 13137: 13034: 13028: 12913:from the original on 6 November 2023 12802: 12777:from the original on 3 December 2019 12746:from the original on 2 February 2017 12731: 12680: 12634: 12610: 12537: 12484: 12064: 11730:Non-native pronunciations of English 9654:English language in Northern England 9390:/b,d,f,h,dʒ,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,v,w,j,z/ 8558:. For example, putting the sentence 8194:as resources for conveying meaning. 8186:. It has developed features such as 8051:, which is in a preterite form, and 7670:, the third person singular form is 3720: Very low proficiency (0.1–20%) 3676: English is an optional subject 3670: English is a mandatory subject 3114:A Dictionary of the English Language 2411:, the West Saxon dialect became the 23458:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 21130:An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 21007:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. 19610:The Handbook of English Linguistics 19565:The Handbook of English Linguistics 18926:(3rd ed.). Arnold Publishers. 17432:The Handbook of English Linguistics 17358: 17267:"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" 17053:The Handbook of English Linguistics 16811:Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). 16476:The Atlas of North American English 15180: 13387: 13240: 13150:Office for National Statistics 2013 13042:"EF English Proficiency Index 2019" 12764: 12576: 12028:. Oxford University Press, pp. 6-7. 11522:An example of a woman and man with 11371:, a form of code-switching between 11210:English of neighbouring New Zealand 10956:African-American Vernacular English 10828:varieties, except for those of the 10820:African-American Vernacular English 10771:was the predominant language among 10607:African-American Vernacular English 10602:The Atlas of North American English 10290:African-American Vernacular English 8959:international scientific vocabulary 8957:attributed many such words to the " 8597:in English are mostly formed using 6291:that contrasts with the voiced in 5254:is stressed on the first syllable ( 5092:in unstressed positions, such that 3938:English phonology § Consonants 3708: Moderate proficiency (40–60%) 2275:script between 975 AD and 1025 AD: 24: 25367: 25183:Dictionary of Newfoundland English 24817:Languages between parentheses are 24182: 21112:from the original on 17 March 2023 21088:from the original on 17 March 2023 20990:from the original on 17 March 2023 20917:. University of California Press. 20691:from the original on 17 March 2023 20629:from the original on 17 March 2023 20596:from the original on 17 March 2023 20563:from the original on 17 March 2023 20306:from the original on 17 March 2023 20271:from the original on 17 March 2023 20093:from the original on 17 March 2023 19962:from the original on 17 March 2023 19803:from the original on 25 March 2015 19756:from the original on 17 March 2023 19672:from the original on 17 March 2023 19483: 19477:10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x 19356:Lawler, J. (2006). "Punctuation". 18987:International Phonetic Association 18721:An introduction to English grammar 18719:Greenbaum, S.; Nelson, G. (2002). 18467:English Phonology: An Introduction 18306:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 18167:from the original on 17 March 2023 18103:from the original on 17 March 2023 18070:from the original on 17 March 2023 18010:from the original on 17 April 2008 17985:from the original on 17 March 2023 17949:from the original on 17 March 2023 17801:The Phonetics of English and Dutch 17758:from the original on 17 March 2023 17503:from the original on 17 March 2023 16940:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x 16651:from the original on 17 March 2023 15832:from the original on 20 March 2024 15793:from the original on 17 March 2023 14501:Wells, John C. (8 February 2001). 14356: 13997:from the original on 22 April 2016 13066:Breene, Keith (15 November 2019). 12079:from the original on 1 March 2022. 10783:that ultimately launched both the 10030:accents of the Republic of Ireland 8733:it was the girl that the bee stung 8394:specifies the meaning of the word 7035:Some adjectives are inflected for 6990:that most typically modify nouns, 6361:do not have the dental fricatives 5031:shortened before fortis consonants 3770:as a language of diplomacy at the 2541:) and has a few verb inflections ( 2063:, and the sound changes affecting 25: 26362: 25384: 25149:Webster's Third New International 21284: 20813:English – One Tongue, Many Voices 20731:from the original on 26 July 2018 20521:American Community Survey Reports 20137:from the original on 2 April 2015 20025:A History of the English language 19983:from the original on 2 April 2015 19839:An Introduction to English Syntax 19595:from the original on 21 July 2019 19450:from the original on 2 April 2015 19333:A History of the English language 19186:from the original on 2 April 2015 19138:from the original on 2 April 2015 19087:A History of the English language 18842:A History of the English language 18375:A History of the English language 18325:European Commission (June 2012). 18209:Australian Journal of Linguistics 18124:A History of the English language 18027:A History of the English Language 17882:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 17408:A History of the English Language 16849:from the original on 15 May 2022. 15900:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 15749:Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 15220:from the original on 19 June 2019 15208:Kamm, Oliver (12 December 2015). 14887:A history of the English language 14679:. British Council. Archived from 14405:Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon 2006 14024:. Oxford University Press. 2005. 13162:National Records of Scotland 2013 12174:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 11935:from the original on 18 June 2023 11327:Examples of a man and woman with 11233: 9285:. These situations have prompted 8745:there are many cars on the street 8518:Negation is done with the adverb 7059:. Some adjectives have irregular 5205:only in syllable-final position. 5006:In RP, vowel length is phonemic; 4978: 4962: 4955: 4939: 4923: 4907: 4900: 4885: 4869: 4863: 4847: 4832: 4825: 4809: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4754: 4747: 4684: 4315: 4289: 4280: 4270: 4237: 4227: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4144: 4137: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4080: 4073: 4062: 4055: 4038: 4025: 4012: 3799:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 3395:(at least 231 million), the 2741: 2569:endings. Its closest relative is 2479:, and the modified Latin letters 1757: 1718:borrowings make up an additional 1585:third-most spoken native language 26283: 26266: 26249: 26232: 26215: 26198: 26170: 26158: 26146: 25611:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21074:(5th ed.). London: Arnold. 20226:The Cambridge Grammar of English 19241:. University of Virginia Press. 17195:10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x 16919: 16889: 16804: 16771: 16621: 16521: 16491: 16482: 16464: 16355: 16257: 15859: 15805: 15766: 15720: 15613: 15427: 15349: 15201: 15181:Lee, Chelsea (31 October 2019). 15174: 15064: 15002: 14695: 14665: 14624:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 14494: 14260: 14243:Alcaraz Ariza & Navarro 2006 14009: 13979: 13877: 13851: 13821: 13803: 13774: 13748: 13721: 13693: 13672: 13643: 13622:"Charter of the French language" 13614: 13584: 13562: 13525: 12693:Fischer & van der Wurff 2006 12487:, Chapter: Old English Dialects. 11967: 11908:Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 11822: 11790: 11770:Problems playing this file? See 11747: 11548: 11510: 11473: 11453:Problems playing this file? See 11430: 11315: 11295:Problems playing this file? See 11273: 11164: 11126: 11086: 11044: 11024:Problems playing this file? See 11002: 10856: 10842: 10620: 10535: 10486: 10448: 10408: 10366: 10346:Problems playing this file? See 10315: 10271: 10248:, two extinct dialects known as 10016: 9979: 9942: 9899: 9861: 9819: 9776: 9738: 9718:Problems playing this file? See 9691: 9498:in word-initial position and as 9100:English has formal and informal 9046: No etymology given (4.03%) 8496:is used, to produce a form like 8378:. The subordinating conjunction 8350: 8058: 7053:the boy is smaller than the girl 5980: 5906: 5805: 5688: 5644: 5471: 5435: 5397: 5364: 5302: 5256: 3865:international auxiliary language 3751:, is also regarded as the first 2449:. It included the runic letters 2211:. Modern English relies more on 2162:the works of William Shakespeare 2026:Middle English creole hypothesis 1712:the source for an additional 28% 1694:borrowed words extensively from 523:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 44: 25407:History of the English language 21022:Trudgill, P. (2006). "Accent". 20321:English Phonetics and Phonology 20151:"Oxford Learner's Dictionaries" 19658:. University of Chicago Press. 18000:"Subcontinent Raises Its Voice" 17593:from the original on 1 May 2015 17541:; Toller, T. Northcote (1921). 17489:. Routledge. pp. 285–286. 17317:. In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). 17043: 16364:The Handbook of World Englishes 16265:"Estuary English Q and A – JCW" 15924:Fasold & Connor-Linton 2014 15875:Université Paris Dauphine - PSL 13701:"Recognition for sign language" 13176:, Table KS207NI: Main Language. 13059: 12966:McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003 12886: 12758: 12725: 12640: 12409: 12381:The History of English Spelling 12372: 12355: 12287:König & van der Auwera 1994 12176:(Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973) 12141: 12058: 9594:Dialects, accents and varieties 8992: 8937:Formation of new words, called 8660:. For example, in the question 8154:, which has the adverbial form 7585: 7201:corresponds to the Old English 6547:) and in the inflection of the 5142: 4546:English phonology § Vowels 4448:In RP, the lateral approximant 3926:International Phonetic Alphabet 3791:European Free Trade Association 3784:International Olympic Committee 3702: High proficiency (60–80%) 25011:Dictionary of American English 24931:The New World of English Words 24821:of the language on their left. 22803:English-based creole languages 21266:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 21239:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 21032:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 20976:. Cambridge University Press. 20849:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 20615:. Cambridge University Press. 20495:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 20468:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 20417:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 20207:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 20180:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 20027:. Cambridge University Press. 20006:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 19922:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 19895:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 19841:. Edinburgh University Press. 19779:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 19631:. Cambridge University Press. 19519:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 19433:. Cambridge University Press. 19409:. Edinburgh University Press. 19366:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 19315:, Cambridge University Press, 19066:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 18868:. BBC News. 20 December 2010. 18788:. Cambridge University Press. 18582:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 18507:. Cambridge University Press. 18265:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 18190:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 17828:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 17616:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 17369:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 17248:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 17126:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 17080:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 16530:"Rural White Southern Accents" 16072:Abercrombie & Daniels 2006 15357:"Finite and Nonfinite Clauses" 13861:. The University of Winnipeg. 13814:. Lexington Books. p. 8. 13596:Act current to July 11th, 2010 13572:. Department of Justice Canada 12773:. Louisiana State University. 12016: 11917: 10925:historical non-rhotic prestige 10888:. It was mostly influenced by 10759:. Its roots trace back to the 9612:Dialectologists identify many 9130: 8224:he had hoped to try to open it 8119:are syntactically equivalent. 8105:terminate someone's employment 8035:where only the auxiliary verb 7227:Huddleston & Pullum (2002) 7106: 4382:. Lenis consonants are partly 4343:** Conventionally transcribed 3714: Low proficiency (20–40%) 3588:, English and French share an 3225: Majority native language 3086:By the late 18th century, the 2928:Graphic representation of the 2752:Influence of French on English 2519:inflectional endings and forms 2219:for the expression of complex 2209:subject–verb–object word order 655:British Indian Ocean Territory 13: 1: 26346:Subject–verb–object languages 24712:Germanic substrate hypothesis 24568: 22843:List of English-based pidgins 20872:. Cambridge University Press. 20512:Ryan, Camille (August 2013). 20390:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 20339:. Stanford University Press. 19830:10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 19407:A glossary of English grammar 19285:10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 18714:. Cambridge University Press. 17704:10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 17442:(inactive 2 September 2024). 17340:. In Hogg, Richard M. (ed.). 17336:Bammesberger, Alfred (1992). 17157:10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.003 17147:. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.). 16820:Asia Pacific Education Review 15435:"Cases of Nouns and Pronouns" 14505:. University College London. 13810:Faingold, Eduardo D. (2018). 12158:10.1017/chol9780521264754.006 12065:Chua, Amy (18 January 2022). 11894: 11138:An example of a woman with a 10806:, the English of the coastal 9704:Received Pronunciation accent 9563:), or the historically based 8836: 8743:) or in existential clauses ( 8713:the girl was stung by the bee 8443:the dog did not find its bone 8138:. For example, in the phrase 8109:Huddleston & Pullum (2002 7682:and its gerund-participle is 7626:Huddleston & Pullum (2002 7083:marking the comparative, and 7043:marking the comparative, and 6963: 6909:, where the enclitic follows 6907:The President of India's wife 6447:in which these sounds occur. 6409:, meaning that it pronounces 6335:" lack the glottal fricative 5209:Stress, rhythm and intonation 3931: 3657:Study of global communication 2812: 2605:singular) and a verb ending ( 2340:, replacing the languages of 2290: 2247:Proto-Germanic to Old English 1684: 1657: 1539:originating on the island of 1537:Indo-European language family 972:Organization of Turkic States 25655:United States Virgin Islands 25281:Cambridge Advanced Learner's 24742:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 23433:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 22838:Linguistic purism in English 21310:Resources in other libraries 20781:Census 2011: Census in Brief 20751:. p. 23. Archived from 19212:10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14 18924:English Accents and Dialects 18723:(Second ed.). Longman. 18465:Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). 17932:English as a Global Language 17055:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 16637:. Basic Books. p. 162. 16543:, p. 16, archived from 15584:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15572:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15560:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15548:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15524:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15512:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15439:Guide to Grammar and Writing 15344:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15332:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15320:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15305:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15293:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15269:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15254:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15239:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 15169:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14970:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14958:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14946:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14934:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 14838:Huddleston & Pullum 2002 13210:Statistics South Africa 2012 12425:Collingwood & Myres 1936 11874:Linguistic purism in English 10244:and in the area surrounding 9910:An example of a man with a ( 9831:An example of a man with a ( 9009:Linguistic purism in English 8581: 8512:; grammatical rules require 8422:Auxiliary verb constructions 8364:I think (that) you are lying 8218:to being almost exclusively 7886:. Many varieties also use a 6760:Irregular plural formation: 6421:like RP or keep it like GA. 5185:and a voiceless stop, as in 3874: 3757:controlled natural languages 3641:English as a global language 3422:Estimates of the numbers of 3407:(at least 17 million), 3313: Not included in report 3276:EF English Proficiency Index 2312:, Lower Saxony and southern 2116:Viking invaders and settlers 1818:North Sea Germanic languages 1720:5% of the typical vocabulary 785:United States Virgin Islands 7: 24722:High German consonant shift 21939:London & Thames Estuary 21151:. Oxford University Press. 20934:English as a World Language 20771:Lehohla, Pali, ed. (2012). 20671:Shaywitz, Sally E. (2003). 20576:Schiffrin, Deborah (1988). 20523:. p. 1. Archived from 20363:English as a World Language 19691:. Oxford University Press. 19685:McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992). 19385:English as a World Language 19258:English as a World Language 18284:English as a World Language 18153:. Oxford University Press. 18150:English Vocabulary Elements 18083:Dehaene, Stanislas (2009). 18056:. Oxford University Press. 18053:The World's Writing Systems 17884:(8th ed.). Routledge. 17853:. de Gruyter. p. 261. 17730:Cercignani, Fausto (1981). 17713:English as a World Language 17388:English as a World Language 16903:. Microsoft. Archived from 16366:. Wiley. 2020. p. 45. 15776:English Vocabulary Elements 15125:Greenbaum & Nelson 2002 14922:Payne & Huddleston 2002 14910:Aarts & Haegeman (2006) 14889:(6th ed.). Routledge. 14552:Flemming & Johnson 2007 13222:Statistics New Zealand 2014 12623:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 12251:Thomason & Kaufman 1988 11867: 11850:Non-native English speakers 11716:is pronounced as an Indian 11441:An example of a man with a 11175:An example of a man with a 11012:An example of a man with a 10884:(or Maritimer English) and 10816:Eastern New England English 10509:) and the interviewee from 10497:An example of two men with 10460:An example of a man with a 10420:An example of a man with a 9990:An example of a man with a 9750:An example of a man with a 9646:English language in England 9608:Regional accents of English 9600:List of dialects of English 9494:is generally pronounced as 8787:that is exactly what I mean 8715:. Another way is through a 8672:of the sentence. (When the 8599:subject–auxiliary inversion 8455:Subject–auxiliary inversion 8436:Subject–auxiliary inversion 8216:verb-second (V2) word order 7690:English inflectional forms 6854:The woman's husband's child 6355:African-American Vernacular 6263:Northern Cities Vowel Shift 6253:English has undergone many 4407: 3599:, while Irish is the first. 3003:began using English in its 2983:was pronounced as the word 2300:dialects, often grouped as 2267:, an Old English epic poem 2144:trend of borrowing further 1473:List of dialects of English 10: 26367: 25372:English speaking countries 25176:Dictionary of Canadianisms 24923:The English Schoole-Master 23260:Westlauwers–Terschellings 22913:According to contemporary 22798:English as a lingua franca 21147:Watts, Richard J. (2011). 21128:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010). 20887:10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 20323:(4th ed.). Cambridge. 19979:. Scotland's Census 2011. 18995:Cambridge University Press 18302:"Summary by language size" 17319:Englishes around the world 17001:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16977:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16965:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16884:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16742:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16718:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 16568:Levine & Crockett 1966 16326:Aitken & McArthur 1979 16252:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16240:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16228:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 16216:Hughes & Trudgill 1996 15183:"Welcome, singular "they"" 14738:Trudgill & Hannah 2002 14660:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14588:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14489:Brinton & Brinton 2010 14477:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 14465:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13551:10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 13496:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13448:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13412:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13400:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13340:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 13328:Trudgill & Hannah 2008 12767:"Chaucer's Middle English" 12461:Bosworth & Toller 1921 11862:first language acquisition 11727: 11390: 11237: 10978: 10808:Northeastern United States 10789:American Revolutionary War 10382:woman with a contemporary 10275: 10183:, or the pronunciation of 10072:Survey of English Dialects 9643: 9597: 9134: 9111: 9006: 8996: 8825:expressing disbelief), or 8425: 8354: 8126: 8122: 8117:he ran up in the mountains 7635: 7589: 7349:English personal pronouns 7152: 7149:Pronouns, case, and person 7110: 7077:periphrastic constructions 6967: 6928:marks a definite noun and 6897:, or prepositions such as 6848:Possessive constructions: 6735:Regular plural formation: 6694: 6454: 6450: 6369:or labiodental fricatives 5992:can always be pronounced 5212: 4543: 3935: 3878: 3650: 3647:English as a lingua franca 3644: 3194: 2917: 2745: 2442:was adopted, written with 2395:) and the Saxon dialects ( 2338:became dominant in Britain 2250: 2090: 2086: 1179:English as a lingua franca 26106: 25994: 25964: 25910: 25892: 25771: 25758: 25749: 25708: 25664: 25497: 25477: 25464: 25455: 25451: 25430: 25394: 25390: 25379: 25365: 25316:Oxford Advanced Learner's 25266: 25233: 25199: 25158: 25096: 25020: 24906: 24897:Middle English Dictionary 24890:Dictionary of Old English 24883:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 24868: 24804: 24755: 24679: 24648: 24580: 24576: 24563: 24512: 24485: 24439:Southern Schleswig Danish 24370: 24251: 24207: 24198: 24194: 24177: 24018: 23961: 23849: 23840: 23745: 23717: 23676: 23667: 23642: 23624: 23535: 23507: 23481: 23472: 23423: 23336: 23311: 23302: 23241: 23136: 23085: 23060: 23051: 22947: 22938: 22934: 22921: 22911: 22778:Broad and general accents 22760: 22713: 22688:regional and occupational 22668: 22655: 22648: 22560: 22521: 22469: 22447: 22387: 22319: 22184: 22173: 22118: 22100: 22073: 22045: 22008: 21985: 21924: 21886: 21809: 21800: 21789: 21780: 21638: 21572: 21568: 21555: 21480: 21440: 21435:Links to related articles 21384:Stress and reduced vowels 21369: 21305:Resources in your library 20704:Smith, Jeremy J. (2009). 20656:10.1215/00031283-76-3-259 20609:Schneider, Edgar (2007). 20543:Sailaja, Pingali (2009). 20234:10.1017/9781316423530.006 20106:O'Dwyer, Bernard (2006). 19977:"Census 2011: Release 2A" 19637:10.1017/S1360674307002420 19049:The Philosophy of Grammar 18942:"Personnel Licensing FAQ" 18813:10.1017/CHOL9780521264747 18742:. Pearson Education ltd. 18503:Görlach, Manfred (1991). 18435:10.1017/S0025100306002817 18221:10.1080/07268608208599280 17880:Cruttenden, Alan (2014). 17772:Collingwood, Robin George 17548:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 17411:(5th ed.). Longman. 16108:Daniels & Bright 1996 16057:Daniels & Bright 1996 15596:Halliday & Hasan 1976 15045:Oxford English Dictionary 14752:, pp. 90, 118, 610; 14648:Macquarie Dictionary 2015 14393:Carr & Honeybone 2007 14321:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13914:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13742:10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 13680:"Maori Language Act 1987" 13484:Svartvik & Leech 2006 13108:Svartvik & Leech 2006 12577:Gay, Eric Martin (2014). 12449:Blench & Spriggs 1999 12312:10.1017/9781846150463.011 12136:Svartvik & Leech 2006 12022:Salome, Rosemary (2022). 11609:without aspiration (e.g. 11014:general Australian accent 10975:Australia and New Zealand 10921:Southern American English 10878:Standard Canadian English 10874:Atlantic Canadian English 10804:Southern American English 10619: 10583:American Community Survey 10298:Atlantic Canadian English 10286:Southern American English 9791:man with a working-class 8847:Oxford English Dictionary 8562:into the passive becomes 8161: 8113:he woke up in the morning 8047:, where the main verb is 7988:and the past tense forms 7933: 7923: 7913: 7908: 7906: 7861: 7846: 7831: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7782: 7767: 7752: 7737: 7720: 7705: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7526: 7496: 7466: 7433: 7403: 7373: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7300:In the third person, the 7275:Southern American English 7087:marking the superlative: 7047:marking the superlative: 6994:characteristics of their 6466:morphosyntactic alignment 6200: 6195: 6190: 6178: 6159: 6154: 6130: 6106: 6097: 4977: 4938: 4922: 4862: 4846: 4831: 4808: 4769: 4630: 4617: 4604: 4572: 4539: 4338:can only occur as a coda. 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4247: 4223: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4134: 4128: 4119: 4090: 4070: 4068: 4049: 4045: 4033: 4031: 4020: 4018: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958: 3612:New Zealand Sign Language 3526: South Africa (1.3%) 3266:American Community Survey 3191:Geographical distribution 3070:) and word replacements ( 2879:. Here the plural suffix 1100: 1077: 1063: 1047: 1031: 1013: 995: 990: 623:31 non-sovereign entities 318:Official language in 316: 311: 292: 250: 208: 148: 112: 77: 39: 34: 26052:Northern Mariana Islands 25643:Turks and Caicos Islands 25288:Collins COBUILD Advanced 24939:A New English Dictionary 24717:West Germanic gemination 24671:Ancient Belgian language 24666:Germanic parent language 24610:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 23732:Austrian Standard German 22926: 21597:Changes before historic 21589:Changes before historic 21191:10.1017/CBO9780511611766 21187:10.1017/CBO9780511611759 21003:Trudgill, Peter (1999). 20973:Why Do Languages Change? 20073:Northrup, David (2013). 19627:Mair, Christian (2006). 19313:Language in South Africa 19204:Sociolinguistic patterns 19156:König, Ekkehard (1994). 19012:Jambor, Paul Z. (2007). 18767:10.1017/CBO9780511755071 17909:10.1017/CBO9781139106856 16528:Thomas, Erik R. (2003), 15812:Solodow, Joseph (2010). 14231:European Commission 2012 13938:Mazrui & Mazrui 1998 13352:European Commission 2012 13070:. World Economic Forum. 11687:As a historical legacy, 11490:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 10935:vowel (e.g. pronouncing 10876:, notably distinct from 10793:Kingdom of Great Britain 10734:Western American English 10726:General American English 10710:African American English 10552:Standard Canadian accent 10384:Southern American accent 10282:General American English 10240:of the 11th century. In 10095:), Midlands English and 9272:The spelling system, or 8943:Greek and/or Latin roots 8893:Word-formation processes 8170:In the English sentence 8140:the woman walked quickly 7057:that boy is the smallest 6523:stems inflected through 6476:constructions. Only the 6255:historical sound changes 6064:Dialects and low vowels 5918:-dropping after vowels) 5073:is shorter than that of 3560:standard written English 3415:(4.2 million), and 3359:Three Circles of English 3082:Spread of Modern English 3029:translation of the Bible 2971:. For example, the word 2797:and garryng grisbytting. 2770:second-oldest university 2438:. By the 6th century, a 2413:standard written variety 2382:Brittonicisms in English 1646:branch, and as of 2021, 957:ASEAN Economic Community 780:Turks and Caicos Islands 740:Northern Mariana Islands 25928:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 24862:Dictionaries of English 21500:Anglo-Frisian languages 21101:United Nations (2010). 21005:The Dialects of England 20797:. Report No. 03‑01‑41. 20435:"The Routes of English" 18757:Harbert, Wayne (2006). 18706:Green, Lisa J. (2002). 18643:. The British Council. 17998:Crystal, David (2004). 17899:Crystal, David (2000). 17673:Oxford University Press 15773:Denning, Keith (2007). 15400:, pp. 64, 610–611. 15050:Oxford University Press 14528:Collins & Mees 2003 14453:Collins & Mees 2003 12526:Denison & Hogg 2006 12367:Encyclopædia Britannica 11912:English – Pronunciation 11712:found in words such as 11348:British occupied Manila 11240:Southeast Asian English 11062:broad Australian accent 10960:older Southern dialects 10613:regardless of location. 10501:, the interviewer from 10332:General American accent 10107:dialect (spoken around 8961:" (ISV) when compiling 8432:English auxiliary verbs 8392:that you received today 8210:Basic constituent order 7965:) and present perfect ( 7580:I already told you that 3899:standard pronunciations 3764:international languages 2881: 2875: 2795: 2782:University of Cambridge 2729: 2723: 2614: 2503: 2488: 2473: 2458: 2372: 2366: 2277: 2197:inflectional morphology 1952:Anglo-Frisian languages 1835:West Germanic languages 1789:Anglo-Frisian languages 1681:North Germanic language 1573:Commonwealth of Nations 1133:Part of a series on the 872:Commonwealth of Nations 675:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 284:Unified English Braille 26351:Cultural globalization 26341:Stress-timed languages 25542:British Virgin Islands 25402:English-speaking world 25373: 25359:English-speaking world 25135:Random House Webster's 24778:Preterite-present verb 24661:Proto-Germanic grammar 24615:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 23727:German Standard German 23403:East Frisian Low Saxon 21956:Received Pronunciation 20866:Sweet, Henry (2014) . 20817:. Palgrave Macmillan. 20284:Richter, Ingo (2012). 20079:. Palgrave Macmillan. 19742:. Simon and Schuster. 19584:"Macquarie Dictionary" 19544:. Routledge. pp. 19162:The Germanic Languages 19113:The Germanic Languages 18759:The Germanic Languages 17641:. Routledge. pp. 17174:Ammon, Ulrich (2006). 17145:"Chapter 2:Vocabulary" 14183:ConradRubal-Lopez 1996 13706:Television New Zealand 13436:Baugh & Cable 2002 13289:Lim & Ansaldo 2006 13186:Statistics Canada 2014 12562:Trask & Trask 2010 11879:English-speaking world 10705:North American English 10614: 10597:North American English 10585: 10064:Received Pronunciation 10059: 9793:Estuary English accent 9626:North American English 9535:). As a result, some " 9408:, but there is also a 8856:scientific terminology 8821:(the idiomatic marker 8755:the girl was stung by 8702:Discourse level syntax 8390:, the relative clause 8179: 8172:The cat sat on the mat 8055:is in the infinitive. 7800:Tense, aspect and mood 7632:Verbs and verb phrases 7366:Independent possessive 6691:Nouns and noun phrases 6395:Received Pronunciation 3911:Received Pronunciation 3849:linguistic imperialism 3762:and Airspeak, used as 3728: 3684: 3538: New Zealand (1%) 3520: Australia (4.7%) 3361: 3347: 3315: 3268: 3249: 3214: 3205:English-speaking world 2933: 2805: 2789: 2773: 2666:Influence of Old Norse 2575:mutual intelligibility 2282: 1909:Indo-European language 1904: 1892: 1738:. English exists on a 1702:make up approximately 1533:West Germanic language 1421:San Andrés–Providencia 1153:English-speaking world 1102:This article contains 660:British Virgin Islands 303:Manually coded English 83:English-speaking world 27:West Germanic language 25980:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 25601:Saint Kitts and Nevis 25371: 25004:World Book Dictionary 24783:Grammatischer Wechsel 23766:Namibian Black German 23737:Swiss Standard German 23706:Early New High German 23264:Mainland West Frisian 23125:Harlingerland Frisian 22150:Multicultural Toronto 21532:Anglo-Norman language 20869:A new English grammar 20319:Roach, Peter (2009). 19870:10.1353/scu.1993.0006 19494:10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 18238:10.1002/9780470776025 17099:Languages of Scotland 14861:. Cambridge Univ Pr. 14859:English Grammar Today 14816:, pp. xviii–xix. 14702:Lunden, Anya (2017). 13532:Ward, Rowena (2019). 13474:, pp. 1537–1539. 13017:Mair & Leech 2006 12893:Baker, Colin (1998). 11987:The Routes of English 11884:English-only movement 11854:English pronunciation 11762:man speaking English. 11603:South African English 11393:South African English 11215:South African English 10812:New York City English 10591: 10572: 10068:South East of England 10050: 9992:Northern Irish accent 8682:Prepositional phrases 8609:), which may require 8357:English clause syntax 8169: 7890:constructed with the 7326:In the singular, the 5246:Stress in English is 5241:weak and strong forms 4517:voiceless sonorants: 3690: 3664: 3552:pluricentric language 3353: 3341: 3274: 3255: 3220: 3212: 2927: 2843:Anglo-Norman language 2828:William the Conqueror 2792: 2779: 2759: 2521:, and word order was 2260: 2233:passive constructions 2067:consonants, known as 2024:—a theory called the 1987:mutually intelligible 1899:A family tree of the 1898: 1838:, which also include 1821:, which also include 1792:, which also include 1765: 1704:28% of the vocabulary 1563:. English became the 1561:early medieval period 1251:Antiguan and Barbudan 856:Various organisations 630:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 513:Saint Kitts and Nevis 24964:Webster's Dictionary 24788:Indo-European ablaut 24768:Germanic strong verb 24737:Germanic spirant law 23874:Southeast Limburgish 23370:Gelders-Overijssels 22999:Irish Middle English 22989:Early Modern English 22311:Western Pennsylvania 21562:Phonological history 21542:Early Modern English 21419:Phonological history 21260:. pp. 333–341. 21233:. pp. 139–142. 20879:Varieties of English 20843:. pp. 149–156. 20489:. pp. 323–326. 20462:. pp. 194–195. 20411:. pp. 584–596. 20201:. pp. 159–163. 20131:2011 Census Analysis 19916:. pp. 613–616. 19889:. pp. 156–159. 19837:Miller, Jim (2002). 19773:. pp. 163–171. 19716:The Story of English 19513:. pp. 387–389. 19465:Sociological Inquiry 19360:. pp. 290–291. 19060:. pp. 195–202. 18576:. pp. 196–206. 18184:. pp. 129–133. 17822:. pp. 635–637. 17610:. pp. 690–697. 17363:. pp. 377–380. 17242:. pp. 610–613. 17143:Algeo, John (1999). 17120:. pp. 752–759. 15361:MyEnglishGrammar.com 14708:Laboratory Phonology 14636:Merriam Webster 2015 13885:"World Factbook CIA" 12152:. pp. 409–499. 11724:Non-native varieties 11443:South African accent 10886:Newfoundland English 10870:voiceless consonants 10761:British colonial era 10722:Newfoundland English 10422:New York City accent 10093:West Country English 9503:of Germanic origin. 8819:no way is that true! 8603:Am I going tomorrow? 8484:lexical verb, as in 8376:(that) you are lying 7592:English prepositions 7363:Dependent possessive 7304:series of pronouns ( 7037:degree of comparison 6339:, and dialects with 4646:Centring diphthongs 4528:syllabic sonorants: 3861:constructed language 3772:Treaty of Versailles 3532: Ireland (1.1%) 3488:Pluricentric English 3468:English-based creole 3411:(4.8 million), 3364:The Indian linguist 3169:had been being built 3097:indigenous languages 2920:Early Modern English 2914:Early Modern English 2897:The Canterbury Tales 2762:University of Oxford 2134:Early Modern English 2059:classes, the use of 1925:linguistic continuum 1565:most spoken language 1158:As a second language 847:United Arab Emirates 236:Early Modern English 25637:Trinidad and Tobago 25514:Antigua and Barbuda 25210:Australian National 25142:Webster's New World 25128:New Oxford American 24988:Imperial Dictionary 24915:Catholicon Anglicum 24756:Synchronic features 24727:Germanic a-mutation 24680:Diachronic features 24030:in the broad sense 23963:East Central German 23917:Lorraine Franconian 23891:Transylvanian Saxon 23851:West Central German 23626:East Low Franconian 23536:West Low Franconian 22848:Mid-Atlantic accent 22439:Trinidad and Tobago 21495:Proto-West-Germanic 21485:Proto-Indo-European 21361:Description of the 20060:on 24 December 2012 20051:Statistics Bulletin 18784:Hickey, R. (2007). 18740:Cohesion in English 18660:on 12 February 2015 18618:on 12 February 2015 17736:. Clarendon Press. 17665:Old English Grammar 17313:Bailey, G. (1997). 16907:on 9 September 2010 16550:on 22 December 2014 16098:, pp. 157–158. 15960:Brutt-Griffler 2006 15938:, pp. 124–127. 15717:, pp. 120–121. 15631:on 9 September 2017 15625:Oxford Dictionaries 15562:, pp. 1365–70. 15526:, pp. 786–790. 15307:, pp. 208–210. 15159:, pp. 173–185. 15048:(Online ed.). 14756:, pp. 80, 656. 14650:, Entry "contract". 14638:, Entry "contract". 14626:, Entry "contract". 14602:, pp. 537–538. 14383:, pp. 334–335. 14345:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14255:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14207:United Nations 2010 14096:Brutt-Griffler 2006 14041:on 11 December 2015 12683:, pp. 103–123. 12637:, pp. 360–361. 12625:, pp. 284–290. 12253:, pp. 264–265. 12055:, pp. 108–109. 11637:Trinidad and Tobago 11413:Bangladeshi English 10985:New Zealand English 10785:American Revolution 10765:Jamestown, Virginia 10648:Aboriginal Canadian 10328:Midwestern American 9955:accents of Scotland 9640:Britain and Ireland 9634:New Zealand English 9400:normally represent 9145:English orthography 9058: Other (5.83%) 9040: Greek (5.32%) 8751:Focus constructions 8626:interrogative words 8220:subject–verb–object 7967:I have been running 7753:Plain (infinitive) 7691: 7456:his/hers/its/theirs 7350: 7267:yourself/yourselves 7113:English determiners 6730:two loaves of bread 6065: 5536: 5120:are realised as an 5069:, and the vowel of 4728: 4647: 4554: 4553:Closing diphthongs 4350:In the table, when 3955: 3954:Consonant phonemes 3847:, and to claims of 3514: Canada (5.3%) 3403:(19 million), 3399:(60 million), 3370:three circles model 3025:William Shakespeare 2995:. Around 1430, the 2824:conquest of England 2589:The translation of 2191:pattern typical of 2098:Overview of history 2065:Proto-Indo-European 1911:and belongs to the 1706:, and earlier from 1688: 12th century 1667:. Late Old English 1604:59 sovereign states 1557:migrated to Britain 967:Caribbean Community 578:Trinidad and Tobago 333:Antigua and Barbuda 216:Proto-Indo-European 26331:Germanic languages 26326:Fusional languages 26316:Analytic languages 25374: 25201:Australian English 24996:Century Dictionary 24773:Germanic weak verb 24582:Language subgroups 23932:Pennsylvania Dutch 23881:Moselle Franconian 23859:Central Franconian 23692:Middle High German 23443:Central Pomeranian 23398:Northern Low Saxon 23111:Wangerooge Frisian 22905:Germanic languages 22371:Pennsylvania Dutch 21630:Trisyllabic laxing 21610:Close front vowels 21474:History of English 21179:Accents of English 20905:Thomason, Sarah G. 20758:on 15 January 2015 20530:on 5 February 2016 20174:. pp. 88–90. 20000:. pp. 68–71. 18536:on 7 February 2015 18524:"Absolute English" 18259:. pp. 53–55. 17661:Campbell, Alistair 17579:. John Benjamins. 17554:Charles University 17273:on 6 November 2015 17074:. pp. 72–75. 17003:, pp. 115–16. 16979:, pp. 117–18. 16897:"Nigerian English" 16832:10.1007/BF03024960 16629:McWhorter, John H. 16267:. Phon.ucl.ac.uk. 15877:. 23 March 2016 . 15738:on 17 August 2008. 15334:, pp. 210–11. 14999:, pp. 148–49. 14721:10.5334/labphon.37 14683:on 3 December 2019 14257:, pp. 694–95. 14233:, pp. 21, 19. 14098:, pp. 690–91. 13991:The Times of India 13833:The World Factbook 13788:. 27 December 2023 13655:Irish Statute Book 12829:, pp. 274–79. 12695:, pp. 111–13. 12072:The New York Times 11379:under the name of 11285:Singaporean accent 11248:Philippine English 11206:General Australian 11202:Australian English 11177:New Zealand accent 11140:New Zealand accent 10981:Australian English 10914:Cape Breton Island 10908:. Regions such as 10830:Atlantic provinces 10615: 10586: 10089:English in England 10060: 8887:linguistic corpora 8765:was stung by a bee 8670:grammatical object 8624:). In most cases, 8180: 7963:I had been running 7768:Gerund–participle 7689: 7616:, the preposition 7348: 7287:Australian English 7079:, with the adverb 7026:many slender girls 6970:English adjectives 6512:-) and word order 6063: 5534: 5530:Regional variation 5010:are marked with a 4726: 4645: 4552: 4460:, and the dark or 3953: 3948:California English 3825:auxiliary language 3818:Chemical Abstracts 3729: 3685: 3544: Other (5.6%) 3362: 3348: 3316: 3269: 3250: 3215: 3095:that had multiple 3059:King James Version 3037:consonant clusters 3005:official documents 2934: 2790: 2774: 2306:North Sea Germanic 2283: 2108:North Sea Germanic 2093:History of English 1956:North Sea Germanic 1917:Germanic languages 1905: 1893: 1661: 5th century 1571:(succeeded by the 306:(multiple systems) 175:North Sea Germanic 18:Vernacular English 26134: 26133: 26128: 26127: 26124: 26123: 26120: 26119: 26102: 26101: 26098: 26097: 25745: 25744: 25325: 25324: 25217:Australian Oxford 25114:American Regional 25107:American Heritage 24828: 24827: 24813:extinct languages 24800: 24799: 24796: 24795: 24747:Great Vowel Shift 24559: 24558: 24555: 24554: 24508: 24507: 24354:Greenlandic Norse 24173: 24172: 24169: 24168: 24165: 24164: 24104:Southern Bavarian 24087:Northern Bavarian 24063:Highest Alemannic 24014: 24013: 23748:standard variants 23663: 23662: 23509:Standard variants 23468: 23467: 23327:Middle Low German 23298: 23297: 23294: 23293: 23098:Saterland Frisian 22871: 22870: 22756: 22755: 22556: 22555: 22465: 22464: 22383: 22382: 22379: 22378: 22304:Pacific Northwest 22165:Standard Canadian 22096: 22095: 22041: 22040: 21981: 21980: 21731: 21730: 21727: 21726: 21723: 21722: 21620:Great Vowel Shift 21605:Close back vowels 21427: 21426: 21291:Library resources 21275:978-0-08-044854-1 21248:978-0-08-044854-1 21166:978-0-19-532760-1 21139:978-1-4051-8668-1 21081:978-0-340-97161-1 21060:978-0-340-80834-4 21041:978-0-08-044854-1 21014:978-0-631-21815-9 20983:978-0-521-83802-3 20962:978-0-521-26474-7 20943:978-3-12-533872-2 20924:978-0-520-91279-3 20909:Kaufman, Terrence 20896:978-3-11-020840-5 20858:978-0-08-044854-1 20824:978-1-4039-1830-7 20794:978-0-621-41388-5 20715:978-0-521-86677-4 20684:978-0-375-40012-4 20622:978-0-521-53901-2 20589:978-0-521-35718-0 20579:Discourse Markers 20556:978-0-7486-2595-6 20504:978-0-08-044854-1 20477:978-0-08-044854-1 20441:. 1 August 2015. 20426:978-0-08-044854-1 20399:978-0-521-26477-8 20372:978-3-12-533872-2 20346:978-0-8047-2221-6 20299:978-3-8305-2809-8 20264:978-1-134-44349-9 20243:978-0-521-43146-0 20216:978-0-08-044854-1 20189:978-0-08-044854-1 20117:978-1-5511-1763-8 20086:978-1-137-30306-6 20034:978-0-521-71799-1 20015:978-0-08-044854-1 19955:978-0-521-80498-1 19931:978-0-08-044854-1 19904:978-0-08-044854-1 19858:Southern Cultures 19818:Language Sciences 19788:978-0-08-044854-1 19749:978-0-684-83161-9 19734:McGuinness, Diane 19725:978-0-14-200231-5 19706:978-0-19-214183-5 19665:978-0-226-51429-1 19619:978-1-405-16425-2 19574:978-1-4051-6425-2 19555:978-0-203-84932-3 19528:978-0-08-044854-1 19440:978-0-521-86722-1 19394:978-3-12-533872-2 19375:978-0-08-044854-1 19348:978-0-521-71799-1 19322:978-0-521-79105-2 19294:978-1-139-05553-6 19267:978-3-12-533872-2 19221:978-0-333-61180-7 19171:978-0-415-28079-2 19123:978-0-415-28079-2 19102:978-0-521-71799-1 19075:978-0-08-044854-1 19004:978-0-521-65236-0 18973:on 3 October 2011 18898:978-0-521-43146-0 18857:978-0-521-71799-1 18822:978-0-521-26474-7 18795:978-0-521-85299-9 18776:978-0-521-80825-5 18749:978-0-582-55041-4 18730:978-0-582-43741-8 18686:978-0-415-37679-2 18650:978-0-86355-627-2 18591:978-0-08-044854-1 18564:978-0-521-10895-9 18514:978-0-521-32529-5 18495:978-0-521-15402-4 18476:978-0-521-33603-1 18390:978-0-521-71799-1 18363:978-1-316-06185-5 18339:on 6 January 2016 18293:978-3-12-533872-2 18274:978-0-08-044854-1 18247:978-0-631-23486-9 18199:978-0-08-044854-1 18160:978-0-19-516803-7 18139:978-0-521-71799-1 18096:978-0-670-02110-9 18063:978-0-19-507993-7 18042:978-0-511-16893-2 17978:978-0-521-53033-0 17942:978-0-521-53032-3 17918:978-0-521-65321-3 17891:978-1-4441-8309-2 17860:978-3-11-087218-7 17837:978-0-08-044854-1 17810:978-90-04-10340-5 17743:978-0-19-811937-1 17722:978-3-12-533872-2 17692:Language Sciences 17682:978-0-19-811943-2 17652:978-0-415-62264-6 17625:978-0-08-044854-1 17586:978-90-272-8824-0 17530:978-1-139-49144-0 17496:978-0-415-11761-6 17449:978-1-4051-6425-2 17418:978-0-13-015166-7 17397:978-3-12-533872-2 17378:978-0-08-044854-1 17351:978-0-521-26474-7 17305:978-1-58811-046-6 17257:978-0-08-044854-1 17230:978-3-11-019425-8 17166:978-0-521-26477-8 17135:978-0-08-044854-1 17108:978-0-550-20261-1 17089:978-0-08-044854-1 17015:, pp. 19–24. 16991:, p. 256–60. 16886:, pp. 30–31. 16797:978-962-209-947-0 16744:, pp. 24–26. 16720:, pp. 16–21. 16644:978-0-7382-0446-8 16541:Mouton de Gruyter 16373:978-1-119-16421-0 16316:, pp. 80–81. 15950:, pp. 80–81. 15825:978-0-5215-1575-7 15786:978-0-1951-6802-0 15673:, pp. 24–50. 15671:Leech et al. 2009 15538:, pp. 26–27. 15478:, pp. 60–69. 15171:, p. 425–26. 15143:case (he) and an 15072:"Singular "They"" 15056:(Subscription or 15020:978-1-316-51464-1 14896:978-0-415-65596-5 14868:978-1-316-61739-7 14673:"Sentence stress" 14530:, pp. 46–50. 14491:, pp. 56–59. 14455:, pp. 47–53. 14431:, pp. 41–42. 14031:978-0-19-806512-8 13993:. 14 March 2010. 13891:on 22 March 2016. 13762:. 26 October 2022 13602:on 5 January 2011 13007:, pp. 18–19. 13005:Leech et al. 2009 12906:978-1-85359-362-8 12883:, pp. 81–86. 12817:, pp. 66–70. 12718:978-0-19-289043-6 12613:, pp. 46–47. 12528:, pp. 30–31. 12390:978-1-405-19024-4 12321:978-1-84615-046-3 12229:, pp. 86–87. 12214:, pp. 56–65. 12190:, pp. 29–30. 12188:Bammesberger 1992 12167:978-1-139-05553-6 12121:Bammesberger 1992 12104:978-3-533-02253-4 11965:(26th ed., 2023) 11847: 11846: 11829: 11795: 11753: 11710:⟨h⟩ 11583: 11582: 11555: 11517: 11479: 11436: 11409:Pakistani English 11401:Caribbean English 11377:Bisayan languages 11340: 11339: 11322: 11278: 11252:Malaysian English 11244:Singapore English 11224:the government is 11194: 11193: 11170: 11133: 11093: 11051: 11007: 10952:African Americans 10781:Thirteen Colonies 10678:ATLANTIC CANADIAN 10630:STANDARD CANADIAN 10611:African Americans 10567: 10566: 10546:An example of an 10541: 10492: 10455: 10415: 10378:An example of an 10373: 10321: 10045: 10044: 10023: 9985: 9948: 9905: 9868: 9826: 9787:An example of an 9782: 9745: 9697: 9265:(which also have 9155:Anglo-Saxon runes 8799:Discourse markers 8662:What did you see? 8607:Where can we eat? 8370:, the subject is 8327: 8326: 8291: 8290: 8174:, the subject is 8004:. There are also 7943: 7942: 7876: 7875: 7797: 7796: 7556: 7555: 7451:his/her/its/their 7238:the chair is mine 6726:one loaf of bread 6688: 6687: 6516:with some verbs. 6478:personal pronouns 6259:Great Vowel Shift 6226: 6225: 6061: 6060: 5948:close vowels for 5110:weak vowel merger 4992: 4991: 4721: 4720: 4643: 4642: 4378:, and are always 4347: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4304: 4257: 3881:English phonology 3841:being assimilated 3009:Chancery Standard 2997:Court of Chancery 2938:Great Vowel Shift 2930:Great Vowel Shift 2907:Le Morte d'Arthur 2865:Augustinian canon 2839:Old Norman French 2772:, founded in 1096 2719:they, them, their 2189:dependent-marking 2138:Great Vowel Shift 1944:Frisian languages 1752:Frisian languages 1740:dialect continuum 1724:Romance languages 1671:some grammar and 1644:Germanic language 1600:official language 1526: 1525: 1199:Linguistic purism 1184:European language 1128: 1127: 1110:rendering support 1106:phonetic symbols. 877:Council of Europe 274:Anglo-Saxon runes 16:(Redirected from 26358: 26321:Anglic languages 26311:English language 26296: 26288: 26287: 26286: 26279: 26278:from Wikiversity 26271: 26270: 26269: 26262: 26254: 26253: 26252: 26245: 26237: 26236: 26235: 26228: 26220: 26219: 26218: 26211: 26203: 26202: 26201: 26191: 26185:English language 26175: 26174: 26163: 26162: 26151: 26150: 26142: 26063:Papua New Guinea 26031:Marshall Islands 25921:Christmas Island 25756: 25755: 25752: 25736:Pitcairn Islands 25566:Falkland Islands 25462: 25461: 25458: 25453: 25452: 25392: 25391: 25381: 25380: 25370: 25352: 25345: 25338: 25329: 25328: 25248:Urban Dictionary 25160:Canadian English 25098:American English 24855: 24848: 24841: 24832: 24831: 24605:Elbe (Irminonic) 24578: 24577: 24565: 24564: 24493:Mainland Gutnish 24383:Swedish dialects 24345:Middle Icelandic 24319:Middle Norwegian 24208:Historical forms 24205: 24204: 24196: 24195: 24179: 24178: 24138:South Franconian 24124:Hutterite German 24092:Central Bavarian 23912:Rhine Franconian 23847: 23846: 23677:Historical forms 23674: 23673: 23589:Surinamese Dutch 23482:Historical forms 23479: 23478: 23312:Historical forms 23309: 23308: 23061:Historical forms 23058: 23057: 22945: 22944: 22936: 22935: 22923: 22922: 22898: 22891: 22884: 22875: 22874: 22768:English language 22653: 22652: 22474: 22473: 22457:Falkland Islands 22356:General American 22329:African-American 22182: 22181: 22116: 22115: 22105: 22104: 21807: 21806: 21798: 21797: 21787: 21786: 21758: 21751: 21744: 21735: 21734: 21625:Open back vowels 21600: 21592: 21570: 21569: 21557: 21556: 21467: 21460: 21453: 21444: 21443: 21431: 21430: 21414:Language history 21363:English language 21355: 21348: 21341: 21332: 21331: 21296:English language 21279: 21252: 21225: 21223: 21222: 21214: 21213: 21205: 21204: 21170: 21143: 21124: 21119: 21117: 21107: 21097: 21095: 21093: 21064: 21045: 21018: 20999: 20997: 20995: 20966: 20947: 20928: 20900: 20873: 20862: 20835: 20833: 20831: 20816: 20805: 20803: 20786: 20777: 20767: 20765: 20763: 20757: 20750: 20740: 20738: 20736: 20719: 20700: 20698: 20696: 20667: 20638: 20636: 20634: 20605: 20603: 20601: 20572: 20570: 20568: 20539: 20537: 20535: 20529: 20518: 20508: 20481: 20454: 20452: 20450: 20430: 20403: 20376: 20357: 20355: 20353: 20338: 20324: 20315: 20313: 20311: 20280: 20278: 20276: 20247: 20220: 20193: 20166: 20164: 20162: 20146: 20144: 20142: 20121: 20102: 20100: 20098: 20069: 20067: 20065: 20059: 20048: 20038: 20019: 19992: 19990: 19988: 19971: 19969: 19967: 19940:Nation, I. S. P. 19935: 19908: 19881: 19852: 19833: 19812: 19810: 19808: 19792: 19765: 19763: 19761: 19729: 19710: 19681: 19679: 19677: 19648: 19623: 19604: 19602: 19600: 19586: 19578: 19559: 19543: 19532: 19505: 19480: 19459: 19457: 19455: 19449: 19432: 19420: 19398: 19379: 19352: 19336: 19325: 19307: 19298: 19271: 19252: 19233: 19195: 19193: 19191: 19150:Ans van Kemenade 19147: 19145: 19143: 19106: 19090: 19079: 19052: 19043: 19041: 19039: 19033: 19018: 19008: 18982: 18980: 18978: 18969:. Archived from 18961: 18955: 18953: 18937: 18918:Hughes, Arthur; 18914: 18912: 18910: 18881: 18879: 18877: 18861: 18845: 18834: 18799: 18780: 18753: 18734: 18715: 18713: 18702: 18700: 18698: 18676:Changing English 18669: 18667: 18665: 18659: 18653:. Archived from 18642: 18627: 18625: 18623: 18617: 18610: 18595: 18568: 18545: 18543: 18541: 18532:. Archived from 18518: 18499: 18480: 18461: 18459: 18457: 18451: 18428: 18408: 18394: 18378: 18367: 18348: 18346: 18344: 18338: 18331: 18321: 18319: 18317: 18297: 18278: 18251: 18224: 18203: 18176: 18174: 18172: 18143: 18127: 18118:Hogg, Richard M. 18116:Denison, David; 18112: 18110: 18108: 18079: 18077: 18075: 18046: 18030: 18019: 18017: 18015: 17994: 17992: 17990: 17958: 17956: 17954: 17922: 17895: 17876: 17874: 17872: 17852: 17841: 17814: 17795: 17767: 17765: 17763: 17726: 17707: 17686: 17656: 17640: 17629: 17602: 17600: 17598: 17569: 17567: 17565: 17539:Bosworth, Joseph 17534: 17512: 17510: 17508: 17479: 17473: 17465: 17463: 17461: 17452:. Archived from 17422: 17401: 17382: 17355: 17332: 17309: 17293: 17282: 17280: 17278: 17269:. Archived from 17261: 17234: 17215: 17213: 17207:. Archived from 17206: 17180: 17170: 17139: 17112: 17093: 17066: 17037: 17025: 17016: 17010: 17004: 16998: 16992: 16986: 16980: 16974: 16968: 16962: 16956: 16950: 16944: 16943: 16923: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16912: 16893: 16887: 16881: 16875: 16869: 16863: 16857: 16851: 16850: 16848: 16817: 16808: 16802: 16801: 16775: 16769: 16763: 16757: 16751: 16745: 16739: 16733: 16727: 16721: 16715: 16709: 16703: 16697: 16691: 16685: 16679: 16673: 16667: 16661: 16660: 16658: 16656: 16625: 16619: 16613: 16607: 16606:, p. 95–96. 16601: 16595: 16589: 16583: 16577: 16571: 16565: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16555: 16549: 16534: 16525: 16519: 16518: 16516: 16514: 16495: 16489: 16486: 16480: 16468: 16462: 16456: 16450: 16444: 16438: 16432: 16426: 16420: 16414: 16408: 16402: 16396: 16390: 16384: 16378: 16377: 16359: 16353: 16347: 16341: 16335: 16329: 16323: 16317: 16311: 16305: 16299: 16293: 16287: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16276: 16261: 16255: 16249: 16243: 16237: 16231: 16225: 16219: 16213: 16207: 16201: 16195: 16189: 16183: 16177: 16171: 16165: 16159: 16153: 16147: 16141: 16135: 16129: 16123: 16117: 16111: 16105: 16099: 16093: 16087: 16081: 16075: 16069: 16060: 16054: 16041: 16035: 16029: 16023: 16017: 16011: 16002: 15996: 15987: 15981: 15975: 15969: 15963: 15957: 15951: 15945: 15939: 15933: 15927: 15921: 15915: 15909: 15903: 15897: 15891: 15890: 15888: 15886: 15863: 15857: 15851: 15842: 15841: 15839: 15837: 15809: 15803: 15802: 15800: 15798: 15770: 15764: 15758: 15752: 15746: 15740: 15739: 15724: 15718: 15712: 15706: 15700: 15691: 15685: 15674: 15668: 15662: 15656: 15641: 15640: 15638: 15636: 15627:. Archived from 15617: 15611: 15605: 15599: 15593: 15587: 15581: 15575: 15569: 15563: 15557: 15551: 15545: 15539: 15533: 15527: 15521: 15515: 15509: 15503: 15497: 15491: 15485: 15479: 15473: 15467: 15461: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15450: 15431: 15425: 15419: 15413: 15407: 15401: 15395: 15389: 15383: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15353: 15347: 15346:, p. 50–51. 15341: 15335: 15329: 15323: 15322:, p. 51–52. 15317: 15308: 15302: 15296: 15290: 15284: 15278: 15272: 15266: 15257: 15251: 15242: 15236: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15205: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15178: 15172: 15166: 15160: 15154: 15148: 15134: 15128: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15104: 15098: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15068: 15062: 15061: 15053: 15041: 15034: 15025: 15024: 15006: 15000: 14994: 14988: 14982: 14973: 14967: 14961: 14960:, pp. 54–5. 14955: 14949: 14943: 14937: 14936:, p. 56–57. 14931: 14925: 14919: 14913: 14907: 14901: 14900: 14882: 14873: 14872: 14854: 14841: 14835: 14829: 14823: 14817: 14811: 14805: 14799: 14793: 14787: 14781: 14775: 14769: 14763: 14757: 14747: 14741: 14735: 14726: 14725: 14723: 14699: 14693: 14692: 14690: 14688: 14669: 14663: 14657: 14651: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14627: 14621: 14615: 14609: 14603: 14597: 14591: 14585: 14579: 14573: 14567: 14561: 14555: 14549: 14543: 14537: 14531: 14525: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14514: 14498: 14492: 14486: 14480: 14474: 14468: 14462: 14456: 14450: 14444: 14438: 14432: 14426: 14420: 14414: 14408: 14402: 14396: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14372: 14366: 14360: 14354: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14330: 14324: 14318: 14312: 14306: 14300: 14294: 14288: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14274:. 2 April 2012. 14264: 14258: 14252: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14210: 14204: 14198: 14192: 14186: 14180: 14174: 14168: 14162: 14156: 14150: 14144: 14138: 14132: 14126: 14120: 14114: 14108: 14099: 14093: 14087: 14081: 14075: 14069: 14063: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14040: 14034:. Archived from 14023: 14013: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14002: 13983: 13977: 13971: 13965: 13959: 13953: 13947: 13941: 13935: 13929: 13923: 13917: 13911: 13905: 13899: 13893: 13892: 13887:. Archived from 13881: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13842: 13840: 13825: 13819: 13818: 13807: 13801: 13800: 13795: 13793: 13778: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13767: 13752: 13746: 13745: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13697: 13691: 13690: 13688: 13686: 13676: 13670: 13669: 13664: 13662: 13647: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13633: 13618: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13579: 13577: 13566: 13560: 13559: 13553: 13529: 13523: 13517: 13511: 13505: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13475: 13469: 13463: 13457: 13451: 13445: 13439: 13433: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13409: 13403: 13397: 13391: 13385: 13379: 13373: 13367: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13343: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13280: 13274: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13244: 13238: 13225: 13219: 13213: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13153: 13147: 13141: 13135: 13126: 13120: 13111: 13105: 13096: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13063: 13057: 13055: 13053: 13051: 13046: 13038: 13032: 13026: 13020: 13014: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12983:, pp. 1–56. 12978: 12969: 12968:, pp. 9–10. 12963: 12957: 12951: 12940: 12934: 12923: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12890: 12884: 12878: 12869: 12863: 12854: 12848: 12842: 12836: 12830: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12806: 12800: 12791: 12790: 12784: 12782: 12765:Horobin, Simon. 12762: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12745: 12738: 12732:Wycliffe, John. 12729: 12723: 12722: 12702: 12696: 12690: 12684: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12574: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12500: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12422: 12416: 12413: 12407: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12376: 12370: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12325: 12299: 12290: 12284: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12254: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12224: 12215: 12209: 12203: 12197: 12191: 12185: 12179: 12178: 12145: 12139: 12133: 12124: 12118: 12109: 12108: 12090: 12081: 12080: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12041: 12035: 12029: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11954: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11921: 11915: 11905: 11831: 11830: 11797: 11796: 11758:An example of a 11755: 11754: 11734: 11733: 11718:voiced aspirated 11711: 11707: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11675: 11671: 11653:Jamaican English 11633:Windward Islands 11608: 11562:Northeast Indian 11560:An example of a 11557: 11556: 11524:Jamaican accents 11519: 11518: 11481: 11480: 11438: 11437: 11417: 11416: 11397:Nigerian English 11352:Seven Years' War 11329:Filipino accents 11324: 11323: 11280: 11279: 11260: 11259: 11172: 11171: 11135: 11134: 11098:An example of a 11095: 11094: 11058:South Australian 11056:An example of a 11053: 11052: 11009: 11008: 10989: 10988: 10934: 10882:Maritime English 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10853: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10826:Canadian English 10795:, then ruled by 10695: 10688: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10633: 10632: 10624: 10575:Washington, D.C. 10543: 10542: 10494: 10493: 10457: 10456: 10417: 10416: 10375: 10374: 10326:An example of a 10323: 10322: 10302: 10301: 10294:Canadian English 10278:American English 10238:Norman invasions 10227:Scottish English 10202: 10190: 10175: 10157: 10097:Northern English 10025: 10024: 9987: 9986: 9950: 9949: 9907: 9906: 9875:Liverpool accent 9870: 9869: 9837:Yorkshire accent 9828: 9827: 9784: 9783: 9747: 9746: 9699: 9698: 9678: 9677: 9662:Scottish English 9618:regional accents 9614:English dialects 9501: 9497: 9489: 9481: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9453: 9445: 9429: 9418: 9407: 9403: 9391: 9137:English alphabet 9102:speech registers 9079:northern England 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 8678:Who saw the cat? 8658:fronted position 8622:Where did he go? 8618:Do you like her? 8588:yes–no questions 8536:Do you know him? 8532:I don't know him 8514:Do you know him? 8384:Relative clauses 8342:I gave the book 8330:Indirect objects 8297: 8296: 8233: 8232: 8202:and progressive 8010:imperative moods 7904: 7903: 7819: 7818: 7783:Past participle 7692: 7688: 7614:I gave it to him 7351: 7347: 7155:English pronouns 7028:, the adjective 6561: 6560: 6545:he/him, who/whom 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430:open back vowels 6420: 6416: 6412: 6400: 6391:General American 6372: 6368: 6364: 6338: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6286: 6222: 6217: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6176: 6157: 6152: 6133: 6128: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6066: 6062: 6033: 6025: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5951: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5537: 5533: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5403: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5357: 5353: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5204: 5200: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5138: 5134: 5119: 5115: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5044: 5040: 5017: 5012:triangular colon 4982: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4927: 4911: 4904: 4889: 4873: 4867: 4851: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4797: 4790: 4774: 4758: 4751: 4729: 4725: 4711: 4706: 4693: 4688: 4673: 4668: 4648: 4644: 4633: 4620: 4607: 4593: 4588: 4575: 4555: 4551: 4512: 4508: 4451: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4319: 4300: 4293: 4284: 4274: 4253: 4241: 4231: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4148: 4141: 4112: 4104: 4097: 4084: 4077: 4066: 4059: 4042: 4029: 4016: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3915:General American 3806:foreign language 3741:English language 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3508: UK (16.7%) 3507: 3502: US (64.3%) 3501: 3466:ranging from an 3464:dialect continua 3372:. In his model, 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3278:2019 in Europe: 3258:Washington, D.C. 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3041: 3031:commissioned by 2892:Geoffrey Chaucer 2884: 2878: 2837:, in particular 2818: 2817: 2814: 2799: 2732: 2726: 2700:Northern English 2676:language contact 2658: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2508: 2506: 2493: 2491: 2478: 2476: 2463: 2461: 2375: 2369: 2346:Common Brittonic 2295: 2292: 2289:or Anglo-Saxon ( 2280: 2158:King James Bible 1966:and the extinct 1936:Anglic languages 1882: 1865: 1842: 1825: 1796: 1780: 1774: 1768:Anglic languages 1689: 1686: 1662: 1659: 1589:Standard Chinese 1518: 1511: 1504: 1321:Falkland Islands 1139:English language 1130: 1129: 1093: 1087: 1082: 1073: 1059: 1043: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1018: 1009: 1008: 1000: 795:Working language 745:Pitcairn Islands 690:Falkland Islands 670:Christmas Island 498:Papua New Guinea 458:Marshall Islands 307: 298: 268:English alphabet 256: 154: 134: 122: 85:, including the 73: 72: 69: 68: 65: 62: 59: 56: 53: 50: 32: 31: 21: 26366: 26365: 26361: 26360: 26359: 26357: 26356: 26355: 26301: 26300: 26299: 26289: 26284: 26282: 26272: 26267: 26265: 26255: 26250: 26248: 26238: 26233: 26231: 26221: 26216: 26214: 26210:from Wiktionary 26204: 26199: 26197: 26194: 26190:sister projects 26187:at Knowledge's 26181: 26169: 26157: 26145: 26137: 26135: 26130: 26129: 26116: 26094: 26073:Solomon Islands 25990: 25960: 25906: 25888: 25767: 25750: 25741: 25704: 25660: 25493: 25473: 25456: 25447: 25426: 25386: 25375: 25361: 25356: 25326: 25321: 25262: 25229: 25195: 25169:Canadian Oxford 25154: 25092: 25022:British English 25016: 24902: 24864: 24859: 24829: 24824: 24792: 24751: 24732:Germanic umlaut 24697:Holtzmann's law 24675: 24644: 24572: 24551: 24504: 24481: 24415:South Jutlandic 24400:Danish dialects 24366: 24247: 24190: 24161: 24143:East Franconian 24097:Viennese German 24010: 23991:Silesian German 23957: 23946:Central Hessian 23836: 23761:Namibian German 23750: 23741: 23719:Standard German 23713: 23699:New High German 23685:Old High German 23659: 23638: 23620: 23531: 23503: 23464: 23448:East Pomeranian 23438:Brandenburgisch 23425:East Low German 23419: 23346:Dutch Low Saxon 23338:West Low German 23332: 23290: 23256:Schiermonnikoog 23237: 23132: 23118:Wursten Frisian 23081: 23047: 22930: 22917: 22907: 22902: 22872: 22867: 22752: 22709: 22664: 22644: 22552: 22548:Solomon Islands 22517: 22461: 22443: 22375: 22366:New York Latino 22341:American Indian 22321: 22315: 22176: 22169: 22110: 22092: 22078:Channel Islands 22069: 22037: 22004: 21977: 21920: 21882: 21792: 21776: 21762: 21732: 21719: 21689:-glottalization 21634: 21564: 21551: 21476: 21471: 21436: 21428: 21423: 21394:Spelling reform 21365: 21359: 21316: 21315: 21314: 21299: 21298: 21294: 21287: 21282: 21276: 21249: 21220: 21211: 21202: 21167: 21140: 21115: 21113: 21105: 21091: 21089: 21082: 21061: 21042: 21015: 20993: 20991: 20984: 20963: 20944: 20925: 20897: 20859: 20829: 20827: 20825: 20801: 20795: 20784: 20775: 20761: 20759: 20755: 20748: 20734: 20732: 20716: 20694: 20692: 20685: 20644:American Speech 20632: 20630: 20623: 20599: 20597: 20590: 20566: 20564: 20557: 20533: 20531: 20527: 20516: 20505: 20478: 20448: 20446: 20427: 20400: 20373: 20351: 20349: 20347: 20329:Robinson, Orrin 20309: 20307: 20300: 20274: 20272: 20265: 20244: 20217: 20190: 20160: 20158: 20140: 20138: 20118: 20096: 20094: 20087: 20063: 20061: 20057: 20046: 20035: 20016: 19986: 19984: 19965: 19963: 19956: 19932: 19905: 19849: 19806: 19804: 19789: 19759: 19757: 19750: 19726: 19707: 19675: 19673: 19666: 19620: 19598: 19596: 19575: 19556: 19529: 19453: 19451: 19447: 19441: 19430: 19417: 19395: 19376: 19349: 19323: 19295: 19268: 19249: 19222: 19189: 19187: 19172: 19141: 19139: 19124: 19103: 19076: 19037: 19035: 19031: 19016: 19005: 18976: 18974: 18951: 18949: 18934: 18920:Trudgill, Peter 18908: 18906: 18899: 18875: 18873: 18858: 18823: 18796: 18777: 18750: 18731: 18696: 18694: 18687: 18663: 18661: 18657: 18651: 18640: 18621: 18619: 18615: 18608: 18592: 18565: 18551:Trudgill, Peter 18539: 18537: 18515: 18496: 18477: 18455: 18453: 18449: 18426:10.1.1.536.1989 18406: 18391: 18364: 18342: 18340: 18336: 18329: 18315: 18313: 18294: 18275: 18248: 18200: 18170: 18168: 18161: 18140: 18106: 18104: 18097: 18073: 18071: 18064: 18043: 18013: 18011: 17988: 17986: 17979: 17952: 17950: 17943: 17919: 17892: 17870: 17868: 17861: 17838: 17811: 17761: 17759: 17744: 17723: 17683: 17653: 17626: 17596: 17594: 17587: 17563: 17561: 17531: 17517:Boberg, Charles 17506: 17504: 17497: 17467: 17466: 17459: 17457: 17456:on 3 April 2017 17450: 17419: 17398: 17379: 17352: 17329: 17306: 17276: 17274: 17258: 17231: 17211: 17178: 17167: 17136: 17109: 17090: 17063: 17046: 17041: 17040: 17026: 17019: 17011: 17007: 16999: 16995: 16987: 16983: 16975: 16971: 16963: 16959: 16951: 16947: 16928:World Englishes 16924: 16920: 16910: 16908: 16895: 16894: 16890: 16882: 16878: 16870: 16866: 16858: 16854: 16846: 16815: 16809: 16805: 16798: 16776: 16772: 16764: 16760: 16752: 16748: 16740: 16736: 16728: 16724: 16716: 16712: 16704: 16700: 16692: 16688: 16680: 16676: 16668: 16664: 16654: 16652: 16645: 16626: 16622: 16614: 16610: 16602: 16598: 16592:Montgomery 1993 16590: 16586: 16580:Schönweitz 2001 16578: 16574: 16566: 16562: 16553: 16551: 16547: 16532: 16526: 16522: 16512: 16510: 16497: 16496: 16492: 16487: 16483: 16469: 16465: 16457: 16453: 16445: 16441: 16433: 16429: 16421: 16417: 16409: 16405: 16397: 16393: 16385: 16381: 16374: 16361: 16360: 16356: 16348: 16344: 16336: 16332: 16324: 16320: 16312: 16308: 16300: 16296: 16288: 16284: 16274: 16272: 16263: 16262: 16258: 16250: 16246: 16238: 16234: 16226: 16222: 16214: 16210: 16202: 16198: 16190: 16186: 16178: 16174: 16166: 16162: 16154: 16150: 16142: 16138: 16132:McGuinness 1997 16130: 16126: 16118: 16114: 16106: 16102: 16094: 16090: 16082: 16078: 16070: 16063: 16055: 16044: 16036: 16032: 16024: 16020: 16012: 16005: 15997: 15990: 15982: 15978: 15970: 15966: 15958: 15954: 15946: 15942: 15934: 15930: 15922: 15918: 15910: 15906: 15898: 15894: 15884: 15882: 15865: 15864: 15860: 15852: 15845: 15835: 15833: 15826: 15810: 15806: 15796: 15794: 15787: 15771: 15767: 15759: 15755: 15747: 15743: 15732:Ask the experts 15726: 15725: 15721: 15713: 15709: 15701: 15694: 15686: 15677: 15669: 15665: 15657: 15644: 15634: 15632: 15619: 15618: 15614: 15606: 15602: 15594: 15590: 15586:, p. 1366. 15582: 15578: 15574:, p. 1370. 15570: 15566: 15558: 15554: 15550:, pp. 7–8. 15546: 15542: 15534: 15530: 15522: 15518: 15510: 15506: 15498: 15494: 15486: 15482: 15474: 15470: 15462: 15458: 15448: 15446: 15433: 15432: 15428: 15420: 15416: 15408: 15404: 15396: 15392: 15384: 15380: 15370: 15368: 15355: 15354: 15350: 15342: 15338: 15330: 15326: 15318: 15311: 15303: 15299: 15291: 15287: 15279: 15275: 15267: 15260: 15252: 15245: 15237: 15233: 15223: 15221: 15206: 15202: 15192: 15190: 15179: 15175: 15167: 15163: 15155: 15151: 15135: 15131: 15123: 15119: 15111: 15107: 15099: 15095: 15085: 15083: 15070: 15069: 15065: 15055: 15035: 15028: 15021: 15007: 15003: 14995: 14991: 14983: 14976: 14968: 14964: 14956: 14952: 14944: 14940: 14932: 14928: 14920: 14916: 14908: 14904: 14897: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14855: 14844: 14836: 14832: 14824: 14820: 14812: 14808: 14800: 14796: 14788: 14784: 14776: 14772: 14764: 14760: 14748: 14744: 14740:, pp. 4–6. 14736: 14729: 14700: 14696: 14686: 14684: 14671: 14670: 14666: 14658: 14654: 14646: 14642: 14634: 14630: 14622: 14618: 14610: 14606: 14598: 14594: 14586: 14582: 14574: 14570: 14562: 14558: 14550: 14546: 14540:Cruttenden 2014 14538: 14534: 14526: 14522: 14512: 14510: 14499: 14495: 14487: 14483: 14475: 14471: 14463: 14459: 14451: 14447: 14439: 14435: 14427: 14423: 14415: 14411: 14403: 14399: 14391: 14387: 14379: 14375: 14367: 14363: 14355: 14351: 14343: 14339: 14331: 14327: 14319: 14315: 14307: 14303: 14295: 14291: 14281: 14279: 14266: 14265: 14261: 14253: 14249: 14241: 14237: 14229: 14225: 14217: 14213: 14205: 14201: 14193: 14189: 14181: 14177: 14171:Phillipson 2004 14169: 14165: 14157: 14153: 14145: 14141: 14133: 14129: 14121: 14117: 14109: 14102: 14094: 14090: 14082: 14078: 14070: 14066: 14058: 14054: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14021: 14015: 14014: 14010: 14000: 13998: 13985: 13984: 13980: 13976:, pp. 2–9. 13972: 13968: 13960: 13956: 13948: 13944: 13936: 13932: 13924: 13920: 13912: 13908: 13900: 13896: 13883: 13882: 13878: 13868: 13866: 13857: 13856: 13852: 13838: 13836: 13829:"United States" 13827: 13826: 13822: 13808: 13804: 13791: 13789: 13780: 13779: 13775: 13765: 13763: 13754: 13753: 13749: 13730:Language Policy 13726: 13722: 13712: 13710: 13699: 13698: 13694: 13684: 13682: 13678: 13677: 13673: 13660: 13658: 13649: 13648: 13644: 13631: 13629: 13620: 13619: 13615: 13605: 13603: 13590: 13589: 13585: 13575: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13563: 13530: 13526: 13518: 13514: 13506: 13502: 13498:, pp. 5–6. 13494: 13490: 13482: 13478: 13470: 13466: 13458: 13454: 13450:, pp. 8–9. 13446: 13442: 13434: 13430: 13422: 13418: 13410: 13406: 13398: 13394: 13386: 13382: 13374: 13370: 13362: 13358: 13350: 13346: 13338: 13334: 13326: 13319: 13311: 13307: 13299: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13275: 13271: 13263: 13259: 13251: 13247: 13239: 13228: 13220: 13216: 13208: 13204: 13196: 13192: 13184: 13180: 13172: 13168: 13160: 13156: 13148: 13144: 13136: 13129: 13121: 13114: 13106: 13099: 13091: 13087: 13077: 13075: 13064: 13060: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13040: 13039: 13035: 13027: 13023: 13015: 13011: 13003: 12999: 12991: 12987: 12979: 12972: 12964: 12960: 12952: 12943: 12935: 12926: 12916: 12914: 12907: 12891: 12887: 12879: 12872: 12864: 12857: 12849: 12845: 12839:Cercignani 1981 12837: 12833: 12825: 12821: 12813: 12809: 12801: 12794: 12780: 12778: 12763: 12759: 12749: 12747: 12743: 12736: 12730: 12726: 12719: 12703: 12699: 12691: 12687: 12679: 12675: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12645: 12641: 12633: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12609: 12600: 12590: 12588: 12575: 12568: 12560: 12556: 12548: 12544: 12536: 12532: 12524: 12520: 12512: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12483: 12479: 12471: 12467: 12459: 12455: 12447: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12414: 12410: 12402: 12398: 12391: 12377: 12373: 12360: 12356: 12348: 12341: 12333: 12329: 12322: 12300: 12293: 12285: 12281: 12273: 12269: 12261: 12257: 12249: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12225: 12218: 12210: 12206: 12198: 12194: 12186: 12182: 12168: 12146: 12142: 12134: 12127: 12119: 12112: 12105: 12091: 12084: 12063: 12059: 12051: 12044: 12038:Ethnologue 2010 12036: 12032: 12021: 12017: 12009: 12005: 11997: 11993: 11985: 11976: 11966: 11955: 11948: 11938: 11936: 11923: 11922: 11918: 11906: 11902: 11897: 11870: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11832: 11823: 11820: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11805: 11798: 11791: 11788: 11777: 11776: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11756: 11748: 11745: 11732: 11726: 11709: 11657:Jamaican Creole 11599:Bantu languages 11577: 11576: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11558: 11549: 11546: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11520: 11511: 11508: 11497: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11493: 11486:Nigerian accent 11482: 11474: 11471: 11460: 11459: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11439: 11431: 11428: 11415: 11389: 11336: 11335: 11334: 11333: 11332: 11325: 11316: 11313: 11311:Speech examples 11302: 11301: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11281: 11274: 11271: 11258: 11238:Main articles: 11236: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11173: 11165: 11162: 11151: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11136: 11127: 11124: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11096: 11087: 11084: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11054: 11045: 11042: 11031: 11030: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11017: 11010: 11003: 11000: 10987: 10979:Main articles: 10977: 10902:Scottish Gaelic 10859: 10855: 10845: 10841: 10797:King George III 10767:in 1607. While 10714:Chicano English 10701: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10628: 10627: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10559: 10556:Margaret Atwood 10544: 10536: 10533: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10495: 10487: 10484: 10473: 10472: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10458: 10449: 10446: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10418: 10409: 10406: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10391: 10376: 10367: 10364: 10353: 10352: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10324: 10316: 10313: 10300: 10276:Main articles: 10274: 10250:Forth and Bargy 10163:-glottalisation 10041: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10026: 10017: 10014: 10003: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9988: 9980: 9977: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9951: 9943: 9940: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9908: 9900: 9897: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9882: 9871: 9862: 9859: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9829: 9820: 9817: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9785: 9777: 9774: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9748: 9739: 9736: 9725: 9724: 9716: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9711: 9708:Alain de Botton 9700: 9692: 9689: 9676: 9674:Hiberno-English 9650:Estuary English 9642: 9622:British English 9610: 9604:World Englishes 9598:Main articles: 9596: 9305:, or the words 9147: 9141:English Braille 9133: 9116: 9110: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9011: 9005: 8997:Main articles: 8995: 8895: 8860:botanical terms 8839: 8827:boy! I'm hungry 8704: 8584: 8540:*I know him not 8480:to an ordinary 8438: 8426:Main articles: 8424: 8359: 8353: 8212: 8196:Auxiliary verbs 8164: 8131: 8129:English adverbs 8125: 8085:to get together 8061: 8045:I saw him leave 7899:going-to future 7802: 7722: 7674:, and the form 7640: 7634: 7594: 7588: 7446:him/her/it/them 7357:Subjective case 7295:Hiberno-English 7215:indirect object 7211:accusative case 7203:nominative case 7199:subjective case 7157: 7151: 7115: 7109: 7022:the slender boy 6972: 6966: 6865:Nouns can form 6699: 6693: 6459: 6457:English grammar 6453: 6359:Estuary English 6324:. Accents like 6215: 6186: 6174: 6150: 6126: 6088: 5983: 5979: 5909: 5905: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5700:is pronounced 5691: 5687: 5647: 5643: 5600: 5588: 5566: 5559: 5547: 5541: 5532: 5524:vowel reduction 5488: 5474: 5470: 5438: 5434: 5414: 5400: 5396: 5367: 5363: 5348:vowel reduction 5341: 5305: 5301: 5294: 5259: 5255: 5221: 5211: 5145: 5125:-coloured vowel 4993: 4723: 4722: 4548: 4542: 4472:in most cases. 4452:, has two main 4366:, the first is 3983: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3883: 3877: 3863:proposed as an 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3590:official status 3548: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3424:second language 3336: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3248: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3207: 3193: 3084: 3019:introduced the 2922: 2916: 2820: 2815: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2754: 2746:Main articles: 2744: 2735:Norse loanwords 2668: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2625: 2624: 2500: 2485: 2470: 2455: 2350:Celtic language 2330:settled Britain 2294: 450–1150 2293: 2261:The opening of 2255: 2249: 2213:auxiliary verbs 2201:free word order 2199:and relatively 2183:, and law. Its 2124:Norman Conquest 2100: 2095: 2089: 2010:French dialects 1942:, and into the 1903:language family 1887: 1880: 1878: 1863: 1852: 1840: 1831: 1823: 1814: 1794: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1760: 1728:language family 1696:French dialects 1687: 1673:core vocabulary 1660: 1581:second language 1553:Germanic tribes 1522: 1171:Advanced topics 1108:Without proper 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1069: 1055: 1039: 1032: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1004: 1003: 996: 986: 947:UKUSA Agreement 858: 857: 852: 851: 798: 797: 790: 789: 626: 625: 618: 617: 548:Solomon Islands 329: 328: 319: 312:Official status 305: 299: 294: 288: 280:English Braille 257: 252: 246: 211: 204: 155: 152:Language family 150: 144: 141:: 1.457 billion 132: 124: 120: 47: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26364: 26354: 26353: 26348: 26343: 26338: 26336:Lingua francas 26333: 26328: 26323: 26318: 26313: 26298: 26297: 26280: 26263: 26261:from Wikibooks 26246: 26244:from Wikiquote 26229: 26212: 26183: 26180: 26179: 26167: 26155: 26132: 26131: 26126: 26125: 26122: 26121: 26118: 26117: 26107: 26104: 26103: 26100: 26099: 26096: 26095: 26093: 26092: 26087: 26082: 26075: 26070: 26065: 26060: 26055: 26048: 26043: 26038: 26033: 26028: 26023: 26016: 26011: 26006: 26003:American Samoa 25998: 25996: 25992: 25991: 25989: 25988: 25983: 25976: 25968: 25966: 25962: 25961: 25959: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 25931: 25924: 25916: 25914: 25908: 25907: 25905: 25904: 25896: 25894: 25890: 25889: 25887: 25886: 25881: 25876: 25871: 25866: 25861: 25856: 25851: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25821: 25816: 25811: 25806: 25801: 25796: 25791: 25786: 25781: 25775: 25773: 25769: 25768: 25766: 25765: 25753: 25747: 25746: 25743: 25742: 25740: 25739: 25732: 25729:Norfolk Island 25725: 25720: 25714: 25712: 25706: 25705: 25703: 25702: 25700:United Kingdom 25697: 25690: 25683: 25678: 25670: 25668: 25662: 25661: 25659: 25658: 25651: 25646: 25639: 25634: 25627: 25620: 25617:Sint Eustatius 25613: 25608: 25603: 25598: 25591: 25584: 25579: 25574: 25569: 25562: 25557: 25554:Cayman Islands 25550: 25545: 25538: 25531: 25526: 25521: 25516: 25511: 25503: 25501: 25495: 25494: 25492: 25491: 25483: 25481: 25475: 25474: 25472: 25471: 25459: 25449: 25448: 25446: 25445: 25440: 25434: 25432: 25428: 25427: 25425: 25424: 25419: 25414: 25412:British Empire 25409: 25404: 25398: 25396: 25388: 25387: 25377: 25376: 25366: 25363: 25362: 25355: 25354: 25347: 25340: 25332: 25323: 25322: 25320: 25319: 25312: 25305: 25298: 25291: 25284: 25276: 25274: 25264: 25263: 25261: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25239: 25237: 25231: 25230: 25228: 25227: 25220: 25213: 25205: 25203: 25197: 25196: 25194: 25193: 25186: 25179: 25172: 25164: 25162: 25156: 25155: 25153: 25152: 25145: 25138: 25131: 25124: 25117: 25110: 25102: 25100: 25094: 25093: 25091: 25090: 25083: 25082: 25081: 25074: 25067: 25060: 25053: 25041: 25034: 25026: 25024: 25018: 25017: 25015: 25014: 25007: 25000: 24992: 24984: 24981:New Dictionary 24976: 24968: 24960: 24951: 24943: 24935: 24927: 24919: 24910: 24908: 24904: 24903: 24901: 24900: 24893: 24886: 24878: 24876: 24874:Middle English 24866: 24865: 24858: 24857: 24850: 24843: 24835: 24826: 24825: 24823: 24822: 24815: 24805: 24802: 24801: 24798: 24797: 24794: 24793: 24791: 24790: 24785: 24780: 24775: 24770: 24765: 24759: 24757: 24753: 24752: 24750: 24749: 24744: 24739: 24734: 24729: 24724: 24719: 24714: 24709: 24704: 24699: 24694: 24689: 24683: 24681: 24677: 24676: 24674: 24673: 24668: 24663: 24658: 24656:Proto-Germanic 24652: 24650: 24646: 24645: 24643: 24642: 24635: 24628: 24620: 24619: 24618: 24617: 24612: 24607: 24597: 24592: 24586: 24584: 24574: 24573: 24561: 24560: 24557: 24556: 24553: 24552: 24550: 24549: 24542: 24535: 24531:Crimean Gothic 24520: 24518: 24510: 24509: 24506: 24505: 24503: 24502: 24501: 24500: 24495: 24486: 24483: 24482: 24480: 24479: 24478: 24477: 24467: 24466: 24465: 24458: 24451: 24446: 24441: 24436: 24435: 24434: 24429: 24419: 24418: 24417: 24407: 24405:Insular Danish 24402: 24392: 24391: 24390: 24388:Rinkebysvenska 24385: 24374: 24372: 24368: 24367: 24365: 24364: 24357: 24350: 24349: 24348: 24341: 24329: 24324: 24323: 24322: 24315: 24308: 24302: 24296: 24291: 24286: 24281: 24276: 24271: 24266: 24255: 24253: 24249: 24248: 24246: 24245: 24244: 24243: 24236: 24234:Old East Norse 24231: 24229:Old West Norse 24219: 24211: 24209: 24202: 24192: 24191: 24175: 24174: 24171: 24170: 24167: 24166: 24163: 24162: 24160: 24159: 24152: 24151: 24150: 24140: 24135: 24134: 24133: 24132: 24131: 24126: 24121: 24116: 24111: 24109:South Tyrolean 24101: 24100: 24099: 24089: 24079: 24078: 24077: 24072: 24071: 24070: 24060: 24059: 24058: 24051:High Alemannic 24048: 24047: 24046: 24041: 24024: 24022: 24016: 24015: 24012: 24011: 24009: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23967: 23965: 23959: 23958: 23956: 23955: 23950: 23949: 23948: 23938: 23937: 23936: 23935: 23934: 23929: 23919: 23909: 23908: 23907: 23906: 23905: 23904: 23903: 23893: 23888: 23878: 23877: 23876: 23871: 23855: 23853: 23844: 23842:Central German 23838: 23837: 23835: 23834: 23833: 23832: 23827: 23820: 23815: 23810: 23800: 23795: 23794: 23793: 23783: 23781:Barossa German 23778: 23773: 23768: 23763: 23757: 23755: 23743: 23742: 23740: 23739: 23734: 23729: 23723: 23721: 23715: 23714: 23712: 23711: 23710: 23709: 23695: 23688: 23680: 23678: 23671: 23665: 23664: 23661: 23660: 23658: 23657: 23652: 23646: 23644: 23640: 23639: 23637: 23636: 23630: 23628: 23622: 23621: 23619: 23618: 23601: 23596: 23591: 23585: 23584: 23579: 23574: 23569: 23564: 23563: 23562: 23560:French Flemish 23552: 23551: 23550: 23539: 23537: 23533: 23532: 23530: 23529: 23519: 23513: 23511: 23505: 23504: 23502: 23501: 23496: 23491: 23485: 23483: 23476: 23474:Low Franconian 23470: 23469: 23466: 23465: 23463: 23462: 23461: 23460: 23450: 23445: 23440: 23435: 23429: 23427: 23421: 23420: 23418: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23406: 23405: 23395: 23394: 23393: 23388: 23383: 23382: 23381: 23376: 23368: 23363: 23358: 23353: 23342: 23340: 23334: 23333: 23331: 23330: 23323: 23315: 23313: 23306: 23300: 23299: 23296: 23295: 23292: 23291: 23289: 23288: 23287: 23286: 23281: 23280: 23279: 23278: 23277: 23275:Westereendersk 23269: 23258: 23253: 23247: 23245: 23239: 23238: 23236: 23235: 23234: 23233: 23228: 23221: 23216: 23215: 23214: 23209: 23206: 23198: 23193: 23192: 23191: 23180: 23179: 23178: 23173: 23168: 23167: 23166: 23161: 23153: 23142: 23140: 23134: 23133: 23131: 23130: 23129: 23128: 23121: 23114: 23102: 23101: 23100: 23091: 23089: 23083: 23082: 23080: 23079: 23076:Middle Frisian 23072: 23064: 23062: 23055: 23049: 23048: 23046: 23045: 23044: 23043: 23036: 23024: 23023: 23022: 23015: 23008: 22996: 22995: 22994: 22993: 22992: 22982:Modern English 22978: 22975:Middle English 22971: 22964: 22953: 22951: 22942: 22932: 22931: 22919: 22918: 22912: 22909: 22908: 22901: 22900: 22893: 22886: 22878: 22869: 22868: 22866: 22865: 22860: 22855: 22850: 22845: 22840: 22835: 22830: 22825: 22824: 22823: 22818: 22810: 22808:Englishisation 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22780: 22775: 22770: 22764: 22762: 22758: 22757: 22754: 22753: 22751: 22750: 22745: 22740: 22735: 22730: 22725: 22719: 22717: 22715:Southeast Asia 22711: 22710: 22708: 22707: 22702: 22697: 22692: 22691: 22690: 22680: 22674: 22672: 22666: 22665: 22663: 22662: 22656: 22650: 22646: 22645: 22643: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22630:South Atlantic 22627: 22626: 22625: 22620: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22570: 22564: 22562: 22558: 22557: 22554: 22553: 22551: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22539: 22538: 22528: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22516: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22494: 22493: 22482: 22480: 22471: 22467: 22466: 22463: 22462: 22460: 22459: 22454: 22448: 22445: 22444: 22442: 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22420: 22419: 22412:Cayman Islands 22409: 22404: 22399: 22393: 22391: 22385: 22384: 22381: 22380: 22377: 22376: 22374: 22373: 22368: 22363: 22358: 22353: 22348: 22343: 22338: 22337: 22336: 22325: 22323: 22322:ethno-cultural 22317: 22316: 22314: 22313: 22308: 22307: 22306: 22301: 22291: 22290: 22289: 22284: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22259: 22258: 22257: 22247: 22246: 22245: 22240: 22230: 22229: 22228: 22218: 22217: 22216: 22211: 22206: 22201: 22191: 22185: 22179: 22171: 22170: 22168: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22146: 22145: 22140: 22130: 22124: 22122: 22113: 22102: 22098: 22097: 22094: 22093: 22091: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22074: 22071: 22070: 22068: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22051: 22049: 22043: 22042: 22039: 22038: 22036: 22035: 22030: 22025: 22020: 22014: 22012: 22006: 22005: 22003: 22002: 21997: 21991: 21989: 21983: 21982: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21975: 21974: 21973: 21968: 21958: 21953: 21952: 21951: 21946: 21936: 21930: 21928: 21922: 21921: 21919: 21918: 21917: 21916: 21914:Stoke-on-Trent 21911: 21906: 21896: 21890: 21888: 21884: 21883: 21881: 21880: 21875: 21874: 21873: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21848: 21843: 21838: 21833: 21832: 21831: 21821: 21815: 21813: 21804: 21795: 21784: 21778: 21777: 21773:Modern English 21761: 21760: 21753: 21746: 21738: 21729: 21728: 21725: 21724: 21721: 21720: 21718: 21717: 21710: 21709: 21708: 21703: 21691: 21683: 21678: 21671: 21663: 21655: 21650: 21644: 21642: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21607: 21602: 21594: 21586: 21578: 21576: 21566: 21565: 21553: 21552: 21550: 21549: 21547:Modern English 21544: 21539: 21537:Middle English 21534: 21529: 21528: 21527: 21522: 21517: 21512: 21502: 21497: 21492: 21490:Proto-Germanic 21487: 21481: 21478: 21477: 21470: 21469: 21462: 21455: 21447: 21441: 21438: 21437: 21425: 21424: 21422: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21370: 21367: 21366: 21358: 21357: 21350: 21343: 21335: 21329: 21328: 21323: 21313: 21312: 21307: 21301: 21300: 21289: 21288: 21286: 21285:External links 21283: 21281: 21280: 21274: 21253: 21247: 21226: 21175:Wells, John C. 21171: 21165: 21144: 21138: 21125: 21098: 21080: 21065: 21059: 21046: 21040: 21026:. p. 14. 21019: 21013: 21000: 20982: 20967: 20961: 20948: 20942: 20929: 20923: 20901: 20895: 20874: 20863: 20857: 20836: 20823: 20806: 20793: 20768: 20741: 20720: 20714: 20701: 20683: 20677:. A.A. Knopf. 20668: 20650:(3): 259–285. 20639: 20621: 20606: 20588: 20573: 20555: 20546:Indian English 20540: 20509: 20503: 20482: 20476: 20455: 20431: 20425: 20404: 20398: 20377: 20371: 20358: 20345: 20325: 20316: 20298: 20292:. BWV Verlag. 20286:"Introduction" 20281: 20263: 20248: 20242: 20221: 20215: 20194: 20188: 20167: 20147: 20122: 20116: 20103: 20085: 20070: 20039: 20033: 20020: 20014: 19993: 19972: 19954: 19936: 19930: 19909: 19903: 19882: 19853: 19847: 19834: 19824:(6): 594–601. 19813: 19793: 19787: 19766: 19748: 19730: 19724: 19711: 19705: 19682: 19664: 19649: 19624: 19618: 19605: 19579: 19573: 19560: 19554: 19533: 19527: 19506: 19488:(164): 33–63. 19481: 19471:(2): 204–226. 19460: 19439: 19421: 19415: 19399: 19393: 19380: 19374: 19353: 19347: 19326: 19321: 19308: 19299: 19293: 19272: 19266: 19253: 19247: 19234: 19220: 19196: 19170: 19153: 19122: 19107: 19101: 19080: 19074: 19053: 19044: 19009: 19003: 18983: 18962: 18938: 18932: 18915: 18897: 18882: 18862: 18856: 18835: 18821: 18800: 18794: 18781: 18775: 18754: 18748: 18735: 18729: 18716: 18703: 18685: 18670: 18649: 18632:Graddol, David 18628: 18600:Graddol, David 18596: 18590: 18569: 18563: 18546: 18519: 18513: 18500: 18494: 18481: 18475: 18462: 18395: 18389: 18368: 18362: 18349: 18322: 18298: 18292: 18279: 18273: 18252: 18246: 18225: 18204: 18198: 18177: 18159: 18144: 18138: 18113: 18095: 18080: 18062: 18047: 18041: 18020: 17995: 17977: 17963:Crystal, David 17959: 17941: 17927:Crystal, David 17923: 17917: 17901:Language Death 17896: 17890: 17877: 17859: 17842: 17836: 17815: 17809: 17796: 17768: 17742: 17727: 17721: 17708: 17698:(2): 117–153. 17687: 17681: 17657: 17651: 17630: 17624: 17603: 17585: 17570: 17535: 17529: 17513: 17495: 17480: 17448: 17423: 17417: 17402: 17396: 17383: 17377: 17356: 17350: 17333: 17327: 17310: 17304: 17283: 17262: 17256: 17235: 17229: 17216: 17189:(3): 319–338. 17171: 17165: 17140: 17134: 17113: 17107: 17094: 17088: 17067: 17061: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17039: 17038: 17017: 17005: 16993: 16981: 16969: 16967:, p. 115. 16957: 16945: 16934:(2): 165–177. 16918: 16888: 16876: 16864: 16852: 16826:(2): 226–233. 16803: 16796: 16770: 16758: 16746: 16734: 16722: 16710: 16698: 16686: 16674: 16662: 16643: 16620: 16608: 16596: 16584: 16572: 16560: 16520: 16490: 16481: 16471:Labov, William 16463: 16451: 16439: 16427: 16415: 16403: 16391: 16379: 16372: 16354: 16342: 16330: 16318: 16306: 16294: 16282: 16256: 16244: 16232: 16220: 16208: 16206:, p. 125. 16196: 16184: 16182:, p. 107. 16172: 16170:, p. 290. 16160: 16158:, p. 159. 16156:Mountford 2006 16148: 16136: 16124: 16112: 16110:, p. 654. 16100: 16096:Mountford 2006 16088: 16086:, p. 156. 16084:Mountford 2006 16076: 16061: 16059:, p. 653. 16042: 16030: 16026:Mountford 2006 16018: 16016:, p. 149. 16003: 16001:, p. 202. 15988: 15986:, p. 198. 15976: 15974:, p. 197. 15964: 15962:, p. 692. 15952: 15940: 15928: 15926:, p. 302. 15916: 15904: 15892: 15858: 15856:, p. 196. 15843: 15824: 15804: 15785: 15765: 15763:, p. 265. 15753: 15741: 15719: 15707: 15705:, p. 129. 15692: 15688:Kastovsky 2006 15675: 15663: 15642: 15612: 15608:Schiffrin 1988 15600: 15588: 15576: 15564: 15552: 15540: 15528: 15516: 15514:, p. 114. 15504: 15502:, p. 557. 15492: 15490:, p. 545. 15480: 15468: 15466:, p. 551. 15456: 15426: 15424:, p. 550. 15414: 15412:, p. 553. 15402: 15390: 15378: 15348: 15336: 15324: 15309: 15297: 15285: 15283:, p. 541. 15273: 15258: 15243: 15241:, p. 426. 15231: 15200: 15173: 15161: 15157:Jespersen 2007 15149: 15129: 15117: 15105: 15093: 15063: 15026: 15019: 15001: 14989: 14987:, p. 540. 14974: 14962: 14950: 14938: 14926: 14914: 14912:, p. 118. 14902: 14895: 14874: 14867: 14842: 14830: 14828:, p. 493. 14818: 14806: 14804:, p. 114. 14794: 14782: 14778:Giegerich 1992 14770: 14758: 14742: 14727: 14694: 14664: 14652: 14640: 14628: 14616: 14604: 14592: 14580: 14578:, p. 121. 14568: 14566:, p. 167. 14556: 14544: 14542:, p. 138. 14532: 14520: 14493: 14481: 14469: 14457: 14445: 14443:, p. 534. 14433: 14421: 14409: 14397: 14385: 14373: 14371:, p. 163. 14369:Meierkord 2006 14361: 14349: 14337: 14325: 14313: 14301: 14289: 14259: 14247: 14235: 14223: 14221:, p. 321. 14211: 14199: 14187: 14185:, p. 261. 14175: 14163: 14151: 14139: 14127: 14125:, p. 139. 14115: 14100: 14088: 14086:, p. 165. 14084:Meierkord 2006 14076: 14064: 14052: 14030: 14008: 13978: 13966: 13962:Annamalai 2006 13954: 13952:, p. 594. 13942: 13930: 13928:, p. 195. 13918: 13906: 13894: 13876: 13850: 13820: 13802: 13773: 13747: 13736:(2): 141–160. 13720: 13709:. 6 April 2006 13692: 13671: 13657:. January 2020 13642: 13613: 13583: 13561: 13524: 13522:, p. 131. 13512: 13510:, p. 130. 13500: 13488: 13486:, p. 122. 13476: 13464: 13452: 13440: 13428: 13416: 13404: 13392: 13380: 13378:, p. 198. 13368: 13366:, p. 197. 13356: 13344: 13332: 13317: 13313:Schneider 2007 13305: 13293: 13281: 13269: 13257: 13245: 13243:, p. 377. 13226: 13214: 13202: 13190: 13178: 13166: 13154: 13142: 13127: 13125:, p. 196. 13112: 13097: 13095:, p. 106. 13085: 13058: 13033: 13021: 13009: 12997: 12985: 12970: 12958: 12941: 12924: 12905: 12885: 12870: 12868:, p. 614. 12855: 12853:, p. 586. 12843: 12831: 12819: 12807: 12792: 12757: 12739:. Wesley NNU. 12724: 12717: 12697: 12685: 12673: 12659: 12639: 12627: 12615: 12598: 12566: 12554: 12542: 12530: 12518: 12501: 12489: 12477: 12465: 12453: 12441: 12429: 12417: 12408: 12406:, p. 539. 12396: 12389: 12371: 12354: 12339: 12327: 12320: 12291: 12279: 12267: 12255: 12243: 12231: 12216: 12204: 12192: 12180: 12166: 12140: 12125: 12110: 12103: 12082: 12057: 12042: 12030: 12015: 12011:Wardhaugh 2010 12003: 11991: 11974: 11946: 11916: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11869: 11866: 11845: 11844: 11833: 11821: 11818:Speech example 11816: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11799: 11789: 11786:Speech example 11784: 11783: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11767: 11757: 11746: 11743:Speech example 11741: 11740: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11728:Main article: 11725: 11722: 11689:Indian English 11661:code-switching 11645:Cayman Islands 11581: 11580: 11578: 11564:woman with an 11559: 11547: 11544:Speech example 11542: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11521: 11509: 11506:Speech example 11504: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11483: 11472: 11469:Speech example 11467: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11450: 11440: 11429: 11426:Speech example 11424: 11423: 11422: 11421: 11420: 11405:Indian English 11388: 11385: 11338: 11337: 11326: 11314: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11292: 11282: 11272: 11269:Speech example 11267: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11256:Brunei English 11235: 11234:Southeast Asia 11232: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11174: 11163: 11160:Speech example 11158: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11144:Eleanor Catton 11137: 11125: 11122:Speech example 11120: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11097: 11085: 11082:Speech example 11080: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11055: 11043: 11040:Speech example 11038: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11021: 11011: 11001: 10998:Speech example 10996: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10992: 10976: 10973: 10968:Creole English 10945:pin–pen merger 10929:glide-deleting 10906:Acadian French 10840:of the vowels 10691: 10684: 10673: 10666: 10659: 10652: 10645: 10636: 10625: 10618: 10617: 10616: 10565: 10564: 10545: 10534: 10531:Speech example 10529: 10528: 10527: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10507:D. J. Shockley 10496: 10485: 10482:Speech example 10480: 10479: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10474: 10459: 10447: 10444:Speech example 10442: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10419: 10407: 10404:Speech example 10402: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10396: 10377: 10365: 10362:Speech example 10360: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10343: 10325: 10314: 10311:Speech example 10309: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10273: 10270: 10262:Ulster English 10242:County Wexford 10151:is pronounced 10103:dialects, the 10053:United Kingdom 10043: 10042: 10027: 10015: 10012:Speech example 10010: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10004: 9989: 9978: 9975:Speech example 9973: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9952: 9941: 9938:Speech example 9936: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9909: 9898: 9895:Speech example 9893: 9892: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9872: 9860: 9857:Speech example 9855: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9830: 9818: 9815:Speech example 9813: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9786: 9775: 9772:Speech example 9770: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9752:Cockney accent 9749: 9737: 9734:Speech example 9732: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9715: 9701: 9690: 9687:Speech example 9685: 9684: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9670:Ulster English 9666:Scots language 9641: 9638: 9595: 9592: 9392:. The letters 9151:Latin alphabet 9132: 9129: 9114:Englishization 9112:Main article: 9109: 9106: 9075:orthographical 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9014: 9013: 9012: 8994: 8991: 8894: 8891: 8883:lexicographers 8843:obsolete words 8838: 8835: 8717:cleft sentence 8703: 8700: 8656:) appear in a 8583: 8580: 8510:*Know you him? 8474:Modern English 8423: 8420: 8414:as well as by 8355:Main article: 8352: 8349: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8289: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8211: 8208: 8163: 8160: 8127:Main article: 8124: 8121: 8093:to put up with 8060: 8057: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7924:Second person 7921: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7907: 7874: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7847:Second person 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7721:3rd person sg. 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7706:Plain present 7703: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7636:Main article: 7633: 7630: 7590:Main article: 7587: 7584: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7435: 7434:3rd, singular 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7404:2nd, singular 7401: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7374:1st, singular 7371: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7360:Objective case 7358: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7338:gender-neutral 7298: 7223:Otto Jespersen 7207:objective case 7153:Main article: 7150: 7147: 7111:Main article: 7108: 7105: 6968:Main article: 6965: 6962: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6823: 6822: 6792: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6695:Main article: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6682: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6455:Main article: 6452: 6449: 6407:rhotic dialect 6267:Canadian Shift 6224: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6110: 6105: 6096: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6072: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5993: 5976: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5531: 5528: 5210: 5207: 5144: 5141: 5131:(phonemically 5022:as opposed to 4990: 4989: 4983: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4890: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4550: 4549: 4544:Main article: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4499: 4498: 4484: 4468:. GA has dark 4446: 4445: 4428:fortis stops: 4426: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4278: 4276: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3950:, and for RP. 3936:Main article: 3933: 3930: 3903:United Kingdom 3879:Main article: 3876: 3873: 3845:language death 3834:Simple English 3778:at the end of 3776:United Nations 3753:world language 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3645:Main article: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3619:United Kingdom 3615: 3600: 3593: 3582: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3397:United Kingdom 3384: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3342:Percentage of 3335: 3332: 3320:first language 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3192: 3189: 3121:published the 3111:published his 3109:Samuel Johnson 3088:British Empire 3083: 3080: 3021:printing press 3017:William Caxton 2918:Main article: 2915: 2912: 2791: 2748:Middle English 2743: 2742:Middle English 2740: 2733:). Other core 2730:hie, him, hera 2688:North Germanic 2667: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2621: 2618: 2517:had many more 2440:Latin alphabet 2432:Scots language 2251:Main article: 2248: 2245: 2237:interrogatives 2185:modern grammar 2169:British Empire 2154:printing press 2120:Middle English 2099: 2096: 2091:Main article: 2088: 2085: 2077:palatalisation 2049:Proto-Germanic 2018:mixed language 1960:Middle English 1907:English is an 1879: 1862: 1847:in Europe and 1839: 1822: 1793: 1777: 1771: 1759: 1758:Classification 1756: 1700:Modern English 1692:Middle English 1634:of diplomacy, 1628:European Union 1620:United Kingdom 1598:English is an 1569:British Empire 1524: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1513: 1506: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1446:South Atlantic 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189:Modern English 1186: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1112:, you may see 1098: 1097: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1019: 1011: 1010: 1001: 993: 992: 991:Language codes 988: 987: 985: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 867:European Union 864: 862:United Nations 855: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 793: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 735:Norfolk Island 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 665:Cayman Islands 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 635:American Samoa 632: 621: 620: 619: 616: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 593:United Kingdom 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 324: 323: 322: 320: 317: 314: 313: 309: 308: 300: 293: 290: 289: 287: 286: 277: 271: 260: 258: 254:Writing system 251: 248: 247: 245: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 238: 231:Middle English 221:Proto-Germanic 214: 212: 209: 206: 205: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 158: 156: 149: 146: 145: 143: 142: 136: 125: 114: 110: 109: 87:United Kingdom 79: 78:Native to 75: 74: 41: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26363: 26352: 26349: 26347: 26344: 26342: 26339: 26337: 26334: 26332: 26329: 26327: 26324: 26322: 26319: 26317: 26314: 26312: 26309: 26308: 26306: 26295:from Wikidata 26294: 26293: 26281: 26277: 26276: 26264: 26260: 26259: 26247: 26243: 26242: 26230: 26226: 26225: 26213: 26209: 26208: 26196: 26195: 26192: 26186: 26178: 26173: 26168: 26166: 26161: 26156: 26154: 26149: 26144: 26143: 26140: 26114: 26110: 26105: 26091: 26088: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26080: 26076: 26074: 26071: 26069: 26066: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26056: 26054: 26053: 26049: 26047: 26044: 26042: 26039: 26037: 26034: 26032: 26029: 26027: 26024: 26022: 26021: 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26004: 26000: 25999: 25997: 25993: 25987: 25984: 25982: 25981: 25977: 25975: 25974: 25970: 25969: 25967: 25963: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25936: 25932: 25930: 25929: 25925: 25923: 25922: 25918: 25917: 25915: 25913: 25909: 25903: 25902: 25898: 25897: 25895: 25891: 25885: 25882: 25880: 25877: 25875: 25872: 25870: 25867: 25865: 25862: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25850: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25825: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25815: 25812: 25810: 25807: 25805: 25802: 25800: 25797: 25795: 25792: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25780: 25777: 25776: 25774: 25770: 25764: 25761: 25760: 25757: 25754: 25748: 25738: 25737: 25733: 25731: 25730: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25716: 25715: 25713: 25711: 25707: 25701: 25698: 25696: 25695: 25691: 25689: 25688: 25684: 25682: 25679: 25677: 25676: 25672: 25671: 25669: 25667: 25663: 25657: 25656: 25652: 25650: 25649:United States 25647: 25645: 25644: 25640: 25638: 25635: 25633: 25632: 25628: 25626: 25625: 25621: 25619: 25618: 25614: 25612: 25609: 25607: 25604: 25602: 25599: 25597: 25596: 25592: 25590: 25589: 25585: 25583: 25580: 25578: 25575: 25573: 25570: 25568: 25567: 25563: 25561: 25558: 25556: 25555: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25543: 25539: 25537: 25536: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25525: 25522: 25520: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25509: 25505: 25504: 25502: 25500: 25496: 25490: 25489: 25485: 25484: 25482: 25480: 25476: 25470: 25467: 25466: 25463: 25460: 25454: 25450: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25435: 25433: 25429: 25423: 25420: 25418: 25415: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25399: 25397: 25393: 25389: 25385:Further links 25382: 25378: 25364: 25360: 25353: 25348: 25346: 25341: 25339: 25334: 25333: 25330: 25318: 25317: 25313: 25311: 25310: 25306: 25304: 25303: 25299: 25297: 25296: 25292: 25290: 25289: 25285: 25283: 25282: 25278: 25277: 25275: 25273: 25269: 25265: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25240: 25238: 25236: 25232: 25226: 25225: 25221: 25219: 25218: 25214: 25212: 25211: 25207: 25206: 25204: 25202: 25198: 25192: 25191: 25190:Gage Canadian 25187: 25185: 25184: 25180: 25178: 25177: 25173: 25171: 25170: 25166: 25165: 25163: 25161: 25157: 25151: 25150: 25146: 25144: 25143: 25139: 25137: 25136: 25132: 25130: 25129: 25125: 25123: 25122: 25118: 25116: 25115: 25111: 25109: 25108: 25104: 25103: 25101: 25099: 25095: 25089: 25088: 25084: 25080: 25079: 25075: 25073: 25072: 25068: 25066: 25065: 25061: 25059: 25058: 25054: 25052: 25051: 25047: 25046: 25045: 25042: 25040: 25039: 25035: 25033: 25032: 25028: 25027: 25025: 25023: 25019: 25013: 25012: 25008: 25006: 25005: 25001: 24998: 24997: 24993: 24990: 24989: 24985: 24983: 24982: 24979:Richardson's 24977: 24975: 24974: 24969: 24966: 24965: 24961: 24958: 24957: 24952: 24949: 24948: 24944: 24941: 24940: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24928: 24925: 24924: 24920: 24917: 24916: 24912: 24911: 24909: 24905: 24899: 24898: 24894: 24892: 24891: 24887: 24885: 24884: 24880: 24879: 24877: 24875: 24871: 24867: 24863: 24856: 24851: 24849: 24844: 24842: 24837: 24836: 24833: 24820: 24816: 24814: 24810: 24807: 24806: 24803: 24789: 24786: 24784: 24781: 24779: 24776: 24774: 24771: 24769: 24766: 24764: 24763:Germanic verb 24761: 24760: 24758: 24754: 24748: 24745: 24743: 24740: 24738: 24735: 24733: 24730: 24728: 24725: 24723: 24720: 24718: 24715: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24702:Sievers's law 24700: 24698: 24695: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24684: 24682: 24678: 24672: 24669: 24667: 24664: 24662: 24659: 24657: 24654: 24653: 24651: 24649:Reconstructed 24647: 24641: 24640: 24636: 24634: 24633: 24629: 24627: 24626: 24622: 24621: 24616: 24613: 24611: 24608: 24606: 24603: 24602: 24601: 24598: 24596: 24593: 24591: 24588: 24587: 24585: 24583: 24579: 24575: 24571: 24566: 24562: 24548: 24547: 24543: 24541: 24540: 24536: 24533: 24532: 24527: 24526: 24522: 24521: 24519: 24517: 24516: 24511: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24491: 24490: 24488: 24487: 24484: 24476: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24468: 24464: 24463: 24462:Middle Danish 24459: 24457: 24456: 24452: 24450: 24447: 24445: 24442: 24440: 24437: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24425: 24424: 24423: 24420: 24416: 24413: 24412: 24411: 24408: 24406: 24403: 24401: 24398: 24397: 24396: 24393: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24381: 24380: 24379: 24376: 24375: 24373: 24369: 24363: 24362: 24358: 24356: 24355: 24351: 24347: 24346: 24342: 24340: 24339: 24338:Old Icelandic 24335: 24334: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24321: 24320: 24316: 24314: 24313: 24312:Old Norwegian 24309: 24306: 24303: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24277: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24265: 24262: 24261: 24260: 24257: 24256: 24254: 24250: 24242: 24241: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24227: 24226: 24225: 24224: 24220: 24218: 24217: 24213: 24212: 24210: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24197: 24193: 24189: 24185: 24180: 24176: 24158: 24157: 24153: 24149: 24146: 24145: 24144: 24141: 24139: 24136: 24130: 24129:Gottscheerish 24127: 24125: 24122: 24120: 24117: 24115: 24112: 24110: 24107: 24106: 24105: 24102: 24098: 24095: 24094: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24084: 24083: 24080: 24076: 24073: 24069: 24068:Walser German 24066: 24065: 24064: 24061: 24057: 24054: 24053: 24052: 24049: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24036: 24035: 24034:Low Alemannic 24032: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24025: 24023: 24021: 24017: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23996:High Prussian 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23981:Erzgebirgisch 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23968: 23966: 23964: 23960: 23954: 23951: 23947: 23944: 23943: 23942: 23939: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23924: 23923: 23920: 23918: 23915: 23914: 23913: 23910: 23902: 23899: 23898: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23886:Luxembourgish 23884: 23883: 23882: 23879: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23866: 23865: 23862: 23861: 23860: 23857: 23856: 23854: 23852: 23848: 23845: 23843: 23839: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23825: 23824:Klezmer-loshn 23821: 23819: 23818:Scots Yiddish 23816: 23814: 23811: 23809: 23806: 23805: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23792: 23789: 23788: 23787: 23784: 23782: 23779: 23777: 23774: 23772: 23769: 23767: 23764: 23762: 23759: 23758: 23756: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23724: 23722: 23720: 23716: 23708: 23707: 23703: 23702: 23701: 23700: 23696: 23694: 23693: 23689: 23687: 23686: 23682: 23681: 23679: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23666: 23656: 23655:Meuse-Rhenish 23653: 23651: 23648: 23647: 23645: 23641: 23635: 23632: 23631: 23629: 23627: 23623: 23617: 23613: 23609: 23605: 23602: 23600: 23597: 23595: 23592: 23590: 23587: 23586: 23583: 23582:Kleverlandish 23580: 23578: 23575: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23561: 23558: 23557: 23556: 23553: 23549: 23546: 23545: 23544: 23543:Central Dutch 23541: 23540: 23538: 23534: 23527: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23515: 23514: 23512: 23510: 23506: 23500: 23497: 23495: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23486: 23484: 23480: 23477: 23475: 23471: 23459: 23456: 23455: 23454: 23451: 23449: 23446: 23444: 23441: 23439: 23436: 23434: 23431: 23430: 23428: 23426: 23422: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23404: 23401: 23400: 23399: 23396: 23392: 23389: 23387: 23384: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23371: 23369: 23367: 23364: 23362: 23359: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23351:Stellingwarfs 23349: 23348: 23347: 23344: 23343: 23341: 23339: 23335: 23329: 23328: 23324: 23322: 23321: 23317: 23316: 23314: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23301: 23285: 23282: 23276: 23273: 23272: 23271:Wood Frisian 23270: 23267: 23266: 23265: 23262: 23261: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23248: 23246: 23244: 23240: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23226: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23213: 23210: 23207: 23204: 23203: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23189: 23188: 23187: 23184: 23183: 23181: 23177: 23174: 23172: 23169: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23156: 23154: 23152: 23151: 23147: 23146: 23144: 23143: 23141: 23139: 23138:North Frisian 23135: 23127: 23126: 23122: 23120: 23119: 23115: 23113: 23112: 23108: 23107: 23106: 23103: 23099: 23096: 23095: 23093: 23092: 23090: 23088: 23084: 23078: 23077: 23073: 23071: 23070: 23066: 23065: 23063: 23059: 23056: 23054: 23050: 23042: 23041: 23037: 23035: 23034: 23030: 23029: 23028: 23025: 23021: 23020: 23016: 23014: 23013: 23009: 23007: 23006: 23002: 23001: 23000: 22997: 22991: 22990: 22986: 22985: 22984: 22983: 22979: 22977: 22976: 22972: 22970: 22969: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22959: 22958: 22955: 22954: 22952: 22950: 22946: 22943: 22941: 22940:Anglo-Frisian 22937: 22933: 22929: 22924: 22920: 22916: 22910: 22906: 22899: 22894: 22892: 22887: 22885: 22880: 22879: 22876: 22864: 22861: 22859: 22856: 22854: 22851: 22849: 22846: 22844: 22841: 22839: 22836: 22834: 22831: 22829: 22828:International 22826: 22822: 22819: 22817: 22814: 22813: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22784: 22781: 22779: 22776: 22774: 22771: 22769: 22766: 22765: 22763: 22759: 22749: 22746: 22744: 22741: 22739: 22736: 22734: 22731: 22729: 22726: 22724: 22721: 22720: 22718: 22716: 22712: 22706: 22703: 22701: 22698: 22696: 22693: 22689: 22686: 22685: 22684: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22675: 22673: 22671: 22667: 22661: 22658: 22657: 22654: 22651: 22647: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22615: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22565: 22563: 22559: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22537: 22534: 22533: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22523: 22520: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22508:Torres Strait 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22492: 22489: 22488: 22487: 22484: 22483: 22481: 22479: 22475: 22472: 22468: 22458: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22449: 22446: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22418: 22415: 22414: 22413: 22410: 22408: 22405: 22403: 22400: 22398: 22395: 22394: 22392: 22390: 22386: 22372: 22369: 22367: 22364: 22362: 22359: 22357: 22354: 22352: 22349: 22347: 22344: 22342: 22339: 22335: 22332: 22331: 22330: 22327: 22326: 22324: 22318: 22312: 22309: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22296: 22295: 22292: 22288: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22264: 22263: 22260: 22256: 22253: 22252: 22251: 22248: 22244: 22243:North-Central 22241: 22239: 22236: 22235: 22234: 22231: 22227: 22224: 22223: 22222: 22221:New York City 22219: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22196: 22195: 22192: 22190: 22187: 22186: 22183: 22180: 22178: 22172: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22155:Ottawa Valley 22153: 22151: 22148: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22135: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22125: 22123: 22121: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22106: 22103: 22099: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22075: 22072: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22052: 22050: 22048: 22044: 22034: 22031: 22029: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22015: 22013: 22011: 22007: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21992: 21990: 21988: 21984: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21963: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21950: 21949:Multicultural 21947: 21945: 21942: 21941: 21940: 21937: 21935: 21932: 21931: 21929: 21927: 21923: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21909:Black Country 21907: 21905: 21902: 21901: 21900: 21899:West Midlands 21897: 21895: 21894:East Midlands 21892: 21891: 21889: 21885: 21879: 21876: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21853: 21852: 21849: 21847: 21844: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21830: 21827: 21826: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21816: 21814: 21812: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21799: 21796: 21794: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21779: 21774: 21770: 21766: 21759: 21754: 21752: 21747: 21745: 21740: 21739: 21736: 21716: 21715: 21711: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21698: 21697: 21696: 21692: 21690: 21688: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21676: 21672: 21670: 21669:-vocalization 21668: 21664: 21662: 21660: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21645: 21643: 21641: 21637: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21618: 21616: 21613: 21611: 21608: 21606: 21603: 21601: 21595: 21593: 21587: 21585: 21584: 21580: 21579: 21577: 21575: 21571: 21567: 21563: 21558: 21554: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21526: 21523: 21521: 21518: 21516: 21513: 21511: 21508: 21507: 21506: 21503: 21501: 21498: 21496: 21493: 21491: 21488: 21486: 21483: 21482: 21479: 21475: 21468: 21463: 21461: 21456: 21454: 21449: 21448: 21445: 21439: 21432: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21371: 21368: 21364: 21356: 21351: 21349: 21344: 21342: 21337: 21336: 21333: 21327: 21324: 21321: 21318: 21317: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21277: 21271: 21267: 21263: 21259: 21254: 21250: 21244: 21240: 21236: 21232: 21227: 21218: 21209: 21200: 21196: 21192: 21188: 21184: 21180: 21176: 21172: 21168: 21162: 21158: 21154: 21150: 21145: 21141: 21135: 21131: 21126: 21123: 21111: 21104: 21099: 21087: 21083: 21077: 21073: 21072: 21066: 21062: 21056: 21052: 21047: 21043: 21037: 21033: 21029: 21025: 21020: 21016: 21010: 21006: 21001: 20989: 20985: 20979: 20975: 20974: 20968: 20964: 20958: 20954: 20949: 20945: 20939: 20935: 20930: 20926: 20920: 20916: 20915: 20910: 20906: 20902: 20898: 20892: 20888: 20884: 20880: 20875: 20871: 20870: 20864: 20860: 20854: 20850: 20846: 20842: 20837: 20826: 20820: 20815: 20814: 20807: 20800: 20796: 20790: 20783: 20782: 20774: 20769: 20754: 20747: 20742: 20730: 20726: 20721: 20717: 20711: 20707: 20702: 20690: 20686: 20680: 20676: 20675: 20669: 20665: 20661: 20657: 20653: 20649: 20645: 20640: 20628: 20624: 20618: 20614: 20613: 20607: 20595: 20591: 20585: 20581: 20580: 20574: 20562: 20558: 20552: 20548: 20547: 20541: 20526: 20522: 20515: 20510: 20506: 20500: 20496: 20492: 20488: 20483: 20479: 20473: 20469: 20465: 20461: 20456: 20444: 20440: 20436: 20432: 20428: 20422: 20418: 20414: 20410: 20405: 20401: 20395: 20391: 20387: 20383: 20378: 20374: 20368: 20364: 20359: 20348: 20342: 20337: 20336: 20330: 20326: 20322: 20317: 20305: 20301: 20295: 20291: 20287: 20282: 20270: 20266: 20260: 20257:. Routledge. 20256: 20255: 20249: 20245: 20239: 20235: 20231: 20227: 20222: 20218: 20212: 20208: 20204: 20200: 20195: 20191: 20185: 20181: 20177: 20173: 20168: 20156: 20152: 20148: 20136: 20132: 20128: 20123: 20119: 20113: 20109: 20104: 20092: 20088: 20082: 20078: 20077: 20071: 20056: 20052: 20045: 20040: 20036: 20030: 20026: 20021: 20017: 20011: 20007: 20003: 19999: 19994: 19982: 19978: 19973: 19961: 19957: 19951: 19947: 19946: 19941: 19937: 19933: 19927: 19923: 19919: 19915: 19910: 19906: 19900: 19896: 19892: 19888: 19883: 19879: 19875: 19871: 19867: 19863: 19859: 19854: 19850: 19844: 19840: 19835: 19831: 19827: 19823: 19819: 19814: 19802: 19798: 19794: 19790: 19784: 19780: 19776: 19772: 19767: 19755: 19751: 19745: 19741: 19740: 19735: 19731: 19727: 19721: 19717: 19712: 19708: 19702: 19698: 19694: 19690: 19689: 19683: 19671: 19667: 19661: 19657: 19656: 19650: 19646: 19642: 19638: 19634: 19630: 19625: 19621: 19615: 19612:. Blackwell. 19611: 19606: 19594: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19576: 19570: 19566: 19561: 19557: 19551: 19547: 19542: 19541: 19534: 19530: 19524: 19520: 19516: 19512: 19507: 19503: 19499: 19495: 19491: 19487: 19482: 19478: 19474: 19470: 19466: 19461: 19446: 19442: 19436: 19429: 19428: 19422: 19418: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19400: 19396: 19390: 19386: 19381: 19377: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19359: 19354: 19350: 19344: 19340: 19335: 19334: 19327: 19324: 19318: 19314: 19309: 19305: 19300: 19296: 19290: 19286: 19282: 19278: 19273: 19269: 19263: 19259: 19254: 19250: 19248:9780813933276 19244: 19240: 19235: 19231: 19227: 19223: 19217: 19213: 19209: 19205: 19201: 19197: 19185: 19181: 19177: 19173: 19167: 19163: 19159: 19158:"17. English" 19154: 19151: 19137: 19133: 19129: 19125: 19119: 19115: 19114: 19108: 19104: 19098: 19094: 19089: 19088: 19081: 19077: 19071: 19067: 19063: 19059: 19054: 19050: 19045: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19015: 19010: 19006: 19000: 18996: 18993:. Cambridge: 18992: 18988: 18984: 18972: 18968: 18963: 18960: 18947: 18943: 18939: 18935: 18933:9780340614457 18929: 18925: 18921: 18916: 18904: 18900: 18894: 18890: 18889: 18883: 18871: 18867: 18863: 18859: 18853: 18849: 18844: 18843: 18836: 18832: 18828: 18824: 18818: 18814: 18810: 18806: 18801: 18797: 18791: 18787: 18782: 18778: 18772: 18768: 18764: 18760: 18755: 18751: 18745: 18741: 18736: 18732: 18726: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18711: 18704: 18692: 18688: 18682: 18679:. Routledge. 18678: 18677: 18671: 18656: 18652: 18646: 18639: 18638: 18633: 18629: 18614: 18607: 18606: 18601: 18597: 18593: 18587: 18583: 18579: 18575: 18570: 18566: 18560: 18556: 18552: 18547: 18535: 18531: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18516: 18510: 18506: 18501: 18497: 18491: 18487: 18482: 18478: 18472: 18468: 18463: 18448: 18444: 18440: 18436: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18418: 18414: 18413: 18405: 18403: 18396: 18392: 18386: 18382: 18377: 18376: 18369: 18365: 18359: 18355: 18350: 18335: 18328: 18323: 18311: 18307: 18303: 18299: 18295: 18289: 18285: 18280: 18276: 18270: 18266: 18262: 18258: 18253: 18249: 18243: 18239: 18235: 18231: 18226: 18222: 18218: 18214: 18210: 18205: 18201: 18195: 18191: 18187: 18183: 18178: 18166: 18162: 18156: 18152: 18151: 18145: 18141: 18135: 18131: 18126: 18125: 18119: 18114: 18102: 18098: 18092: 18088: 18087: 18081: 18069: 18065: 18059: 18055: 18054: 18048: 18044: 18038: 18034: 18029: 18028: 18021: 18009: 18005: 18001: 17996: 17984: 17980: 17974: 17970: 17969: 17964: 17960: 17948: 17944: 17938: 17934: 17933: 17928: 17924: 17920: 17914: 17910: 17906: 17902: 17897: 17893: 17887: 17883: 17878: 17866: 17862: 17856: 17851: 17850: 17843: 17839: 17833: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17816: 17812: 17806: 17802: 17797: 17793: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17745: 17739: 17735: 17734: 17728: 17724: 17718: 17714: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17697: 17693: 17688: 17684: 17678: 17674: 17670: 17666: 17662: 17658: 17654: 17648: 17644: 17639: 17638: 17631: 17627: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17604: 17592: 17588: 17582: 17578: 17577: 17571: 17559: 17555: 17551: 17549: 17544: 17540: 17536: 17532: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17514: 17502: 17498: 17492: 17488: 17487: 17481: 17477: 17471: 17455: 17451: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17433: 17429: 17424: 17420: 17414: 17410: 17409: 17403: 17399: 17393: 17389: 17384: 17380: 17374: 17370: 17366: 17362: 17357: 17353: 17347: 17343: 17339: 17334: 17330: 17328:9789027248763 17324: 17320: 17316: 17311: 17307: 17301: 17297: 17292: 17291: 17284: 17272: 17268: 17263: 17259: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17236: 17232: 17226: 17222: 17217: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17177: 17172: 17168: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17141: 17137: 17131: 17127: 17123: 17119: 17114: 17110: 17104: 17100: 17095: 17091: 17085: 17081: 17077: 17073: 17068: 17064: 17062:9781405164252 17058: 17054: 17049: 17048: 17035: 17034:9780878400997 17031: 17024: 17022: 17014: 17009: 17002: 16997: 16990: 16985: 16978: 16973: 16966: 16961: 16954: 16949: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16929: 16922: 16906: 16902: 16898: 16892: 16885: 16880: 16873: 16868: 16861: 16856: 16845: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16814: 16807: 16799: 16793: 16789: 16785: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16762: 16755: 16754:Maclagan 2010 16750: 16743: 16738: 16731: 16730:Burridge 2010 16726: 16719: 16714: 16707: 16706:Eagleson 1982 16702: 16695: 16694:Patrick 2006b 16690: 16683: 16678: 16671: 16666: 16650: 16646: 16640: 16636: 16635: 16630: 16624: 16617: 16612: 16605: 16600: 16593: 16588: 16581: 16576: 16569: 16564: 16546: 16542: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16494: 16485: 16478: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16460: 16455: 16448: 16443: 16436: 16431: 16424: 16419: 16412: 16407: 16401:, p. 34. 16400: 16395: 16388: 16383: 16375: 16369: 16365: 16358: 16351: 16346: 16339: 16334: 16328:, p. 81. 16327: 16322: 16315: 16314:Trudgill 1999 16310: 16304:, p. 80. 16303: 16302:Trudgill 1999 16298: 16291: 16286: 16270: 16266: 16260: 16254:, p. 31. 16253: 16248: 16242:, p. 40. 16241: 16236: 16230:, p. 37. 16229: 16224: 16217: 16212: 16205: 16204:Trudgill 1999 16200: 16194:, p. 10. 16193: 16192:Trudgill 1999 16188: 16181: 16180:Crystal 2003b 16176: 16169: 16164: 16157: 16152: 16145: 16144:Shaywitz 2003 16140: 16133: 16128: 16121: 16116: 16109: 16104: 16097: 16092: 16085: 16080: 16073: 16068: 16066: 16058: 16053: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16039: 16034: 16027: 16022: 16015: 16010: 16008: 16000: 15999:Gottlieb 2006 15995: 15993: 15985: 15984:Gottlieb 2006 15980: 15973: 15972:Gottlieb 2006 15968: 15961: 15956: 15949: 15944: 15937: 15936:Crystal 2003b 15932: 15925: 15920: 15913: 15908: 15901: 15896: 15880: 15876: 15873:(in French). 15872: 15868: 15862: 15855: 15854:Gottlieb 2006 15850: 15848: 15831: 15827: 15821: 15817: 15816: 15808: 15792: 15788: 15782: 15778: 15777: 15769: 15762: 15757: 15750: 15745: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15723: 15716: 15715:Crystal 2003b 15711: 15704: 15703:Crystal 2003b 15699: 15697: 15689: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15672: 15667: 15660: 15655: 15653: 15651: 15649: 15647: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15616: 15609: 15604: 15597: 15592: 15585: 15580: 15573: 15568: 15561: 15556: 15549: 15544: 15537: 15532: 15525: 15520: 15513: 15508: 15501: 15496: 15489: 15484: 15477: 15472: 15465: 15460: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15430: 15423: 15418: 15411: 15406: 15399: 15398:McArthur 1992 15394: 15387: 15382: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15352: 15345: 15340: 15333: 15328: 15321: 15316: 15314: 15306: 15301: 15295:, p. 50. 15294: 15289: 15282: 15277: 15271:, p. 51. 15270: 15265: 15263: 15256:, p. 58. 15255: 15250: 15248: 15240: 15235: 15219: 15215: 15211: 15204: 15188: 15184: 15177: 15170: 15165: 15158: 15153: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15133: 15126: 15121: 15114: 15109: 15102: 15097: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15067: 15059: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15040: 15033: 15031: 15022: 15016: 15012: 15005: 14998: 14993: 14986: 14981: 14979: 14972:, p. 57. 14971: 14966: 14959: 14954: 14948:, p. 55. 14947: 14942: 14935: 14930: 14923: 14918: 14911: 14906: 14898: 14892: 14888: 14881: 14879: 14870: 14864: 14860: 14853: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14840:, p. 22. 14839: 14834: 14827: 14822: 14815: 14810: 14803: 14798: 14791: 14786: 14780:, p. 36. 14779: 14774: 14768:, p. 53. 14767: 14762: 14755: 14751: 14746: 14739: 14734: 14732: 14722: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14698: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14668: 14662:, p. 66. 14661: 14656: 14649: 14644: 14637: 14632: 14625: 14620: 14614:, p. 42. 14613: 14608: 14601: 14596: 14590:, p. 60. 14589: 14584: 14577: 14572: 14565: 14560: 14553: 14548: 14541: 14536: 14529: 14524: 14508: 14504: 14497: 14490: 14485: 14479:, p. 41. 14478: 14473: 14467:, p. 13. 14466: 14461: 14454: 14449: 14442: 14437: 14430: 14425: 14418: 14417:MacMahon 2006 14413: 14406: 14401: 14394: 14389: 14382: 14377: 14370: 14365: 14358: 14353: 14346: 14341: 14334: 14329: 14322: 14317: 14310: 14305: 14298: 14293: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14263: 14256: 14251: 14244: 14239: 14232: 14227: 14220: 14215: 14208: 14203: 14197:, p. 29. 14196: 14191: 14184: 14179: 14173:, p. 47. 14172: 14167: 14160: 14155: 14148: 14143: 14136: 14131: 14124: 14119: 14112: 14111:Northrup 2013 14107: 14105: 14097: 14092: 14085: 14080: 14073: 14068: 14061: 14056: 14037: 14033: 14027: 14020: 14019: 14012: 13996: 13992: 13988: 13982: 13975: 13970: 13963: 13958: 13951: 13950:Mesthrie 2010 13946: 13939: 13934: 13927: 13922: 13915: 13910: 13903: 13898: 13890: 13886: 13880: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13847: 13834: 13830: 13824: 13817: 13813: 13806: 13799: 13787: 13783: 13777: 13761: 13757: 13751: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13731: 13724: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13696: 13681: 13675: 13668: 13656: 13652: 13646: 13639: 13627: 13623: 13617: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13587: 13571: 13565: 13558: 13552: 13547: 13544:(1/2): 83–4. 13543: 13539: 13535: 13528: 13521: 13516: 13509: 13504: 13497: 13492: 13485: 13480: 13473: 13468: 13461: 13460:Trudgill 2006 13456: 13449: 13444: 13437: 13432: 13425: 13420: 13413: 13408: 13401: 13396: 13389: 13384: 13377: 13372: 13365: 13360: 13353: 13348: 13341: 13336: 13329: 13324: 13322: 13314: 13309: 13302: 13297: 13290: 13285: 13278: 13277:Patrick 2006a 13273: 13266: 13261: 13255:, p. 69. 13254: 13253:Crystal 2003a 13249: 13242: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13223: 13218: 13211: 13206: 13199: 13194: 13187: 13182: 13175: 13170: 13163: 13158: 13152:, Key Points. 13151: 13146: 13139: 13134: 13132: 13124: 13119: 13117: 13109: 13104: 13102: 13094: 13093:Crystal 2003b 13089: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13043: 13037: 13030: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13006: 13001: 12994: 12989: 12982: 12977: 12975: 12967: 12962: 12955: 12954:Crystal 2003a 12950: 12948: 12946: 12938: 12933: 12931: 12929: 12912: 12908: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12889: 12882: 12881:Northrup 2013 12877: 12875: 12867: 12862: 12860: 12852: 12847: 12840: 12835: 12828: 12823: 12816: 12811: 12804: 12799: 12797: 12789: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12761: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12709: 12701: 12694: 12689: 12682: 12677: 12662: 12660:9788437083216 12656: 12652: 12651: 12643: 12636: 12631: 12624: 12619: 12612: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12586: 12582: 12581: 12573: 12571: 12563: 12558: 12551: 12546: 12539: 12534: 12527: 12522: 12516:, p. 23. 12515: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12498: 12497:Donoghue 2008 12493: 12486: 12481: 12474: 12473:Campbell 1959 12469: 12462: 12457: 12450: 12445: 12438: 12433: 12426: 12421: 12412: 12405: 12400: 12392: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12369: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12351: 12346: 12344: 12337:, p. 30. 12336: 12335:Crystal 2003b 12331: 12323: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12298: 12296: 12288: 12283: 12276: 12271: 12264: 12259: 12252: 12247: 12240: 12235: 12228: 12223: 12221: 12213: 12208: 12201: 12200:Robinson 1992 12196: 12189: 12184: 12177: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12144: 12138:, p. 39. 12137: 12132: 12130: 12123:, p. 30. 12122: 12117: 12115: 12106: 12100: 12097:. C. Winter. 12096: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12061: 12054: 12053:Crystal 2003b 12049: 12047: 12039: 12034: 12027: 12026: 12019: 12013:, p. 55. 12012: 12007: 12000: 11999:Crystal 2003a 11995: 11988: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11951: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11920: 11913: 11909: 11904: 11900: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11871: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11837: 11836:Werner Herzog 11819: 11811: 11803: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11773: 11761: 11744: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11690: 11685: 11683: 11679: 11665: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11579: 11571: 11570:Arundhati Roy 11567: 11566:Indian accent 11563: 11545: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11525: 11507: 11499: 11491: 11487: 11470: 11462: 11458: 11456: 11444: 11427: 11419: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11374: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11357: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11330: 11312: 11304: 11300: 11298: 11286: 11270: 11262: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11190: 11182: 11178: 11161: 11153: 11145: 11141: 11123: 11115: 11114: 11105: 11104:Geoffrey Rush 11101: 11083: 11075: 11067: 11066:Julia Gillard 11063: 11060:woman with a 11059: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11027: 11015: 10999: 10991: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10894:Irish English 10891: 10887: 10883: 10880:, comprises 10879: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10851: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10757:United States 10753: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10718:Cajun English 10715: 10711: 10706: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10679: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10634: 10631: 10623: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10598: 10595:dominates in 10594: 10590: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10557: 10553: 10550:woman with a 10549: 10532: 10524: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10483: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10462:Boston accent 10445: 10437: 10436: 10427: 10423: 10405: 10397: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10349: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10312: 10304: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10272:North America 10269: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10258:Irish English 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10162: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10054: 10049: 10035: 10034:Mary Robinson 10031: 10013: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9976: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9939: 9931: 9930: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9896: 9888: 9880: 9876: 9858: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9816: 9808: 9807: 9798: 9797:Russell Brand 9794: 9790: 9773: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9735: 9727: 9723: 9721: 9709: 9705: 9688: 9680: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9658:Welsh English 9655: 9651: 9647: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9591: 9588: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9493: 9485: 9477: 9469: 9457: 9449: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9425: 9424: 9414: 9413: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9279: 9278:sound changes 9275: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121:lingua franca 9115: 9105: 9103: 9098: 9096: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9068: 9017: 9010: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8945:(for example 8944: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8852:species names 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8815:stance taking 8812: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8759: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8741:it is raining 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8721:dummy subject 8718: 8714: 8709: 8708:topic-comment 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8632:-words; e.g. 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8594: 8589: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8447:find its bone 8445:, the clause 8444: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8351:Clause syntax 8348: 8346: 8345: 8339: 8337: 8331: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8201: 8200:passive voice 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8142:, the adverb 8141: 8137: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8065:phrasal verbs 8059:Phrasal verbs 8056: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8023: 8020:; imperative 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7959:I was running 7956: 7952: 7948: 7939: 7938:John will run 7936: 7934:Third person 7932: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7914:First person 7912: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862:Third person 7860: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832:First person 7830: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7704: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7638:English verbs 7629: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7602:for my friend 7599: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7564:anaphorically 7561: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7352: 7343: 7342:LGBTQ culture 7339: 7336:) serve as a 7335: 7331: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7008:the child is 7005: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6697:English nouns 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486:subordinators 6483: 6479: 6475: 6472:in favour of 6471: 6467: 6464: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6408: 6404: 6403:syllable coda 6396: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6379: 6377: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6219: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6185: 6184: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6083:Sound change 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5989: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5820: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520:vowel quality 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5468: 5462: 5432: 5426: 5394: 5388: 5361: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5335: 5299: 5298: 5289: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5140: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4727:Monophthongs 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4547: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414:lenis stops: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4369: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4267: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3939: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907:United States 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3797:(ASEAN), and 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:lingua franca 3745: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3726: No data 3689: 3682: No data 3663: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3635: 3634:United States 3631: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3550:English is a 3497: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3428:David Crystal 3425: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3393:United States 3388: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3219: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013:East Midlands 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2902:Thomas Malory 2899: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2819: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2660: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529:in pronouns ( 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2427:Cædmon's Hymn 2423: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354:British Latin 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:Roman Britain 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302:Anglo-Frisian 2299: 2298:West Germanic 2288: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231:, as well as 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:Indo-European 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:lingua franca 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:Verner's laws 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1972:Yola language 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1940:British Isles 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915:group of the 1914: 1913:West Germanic 1910: 1902: 1901:West Germanic 1897: 1891: 1886: 1877: 1876:Luxembourgish 1873: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1775: English 1770: 1769: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632:lingua franca 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:United States 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:, one of the 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Great Britain 1538: 1534: 1530: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1441:South African 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 999: 994: 989: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 796: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 770:South Georgia 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598:United States 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 327: 321: 315: 310: 304: 301: 297: 291: 285: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 261: 259: 255: 249: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 228: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 218: 217: 213: 207: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180:Anglo-Frisian 178: 177: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170:West Germanic 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160:Indo-European 157: 153: 147: 140: 137: 133:1.077 billion 130: 127: 126: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:United States 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 42: 40:Pronunciation 38: 33: 30: 19: 26290: 26273: 26256: 26239: 26227:from Commons 26222: 26205: 26184: 26112: 26109:Dependencies 26077: 26050: 26018: 26009:Cook Islands 26001: 25978: 25971: 25933: 25926: 25919: 25899: 25854:South Africa 25844:Sierra Leone 25762: 25734: 25727: 25692: 25685: 25673: 25653: 25641: 25629: 25624:Sint Maarten 25622: 25615: 25593: 25586: 25564: 25552: 25540: 25533: 25506: 25486: 25468: 25314: 25307: 25300: 25293: 25286: 25279: 25222: 25215: 25208: 25188: 25181: 25174: 25167: 25147: 25140: 25133: 25126: 25119: 25112: 25105: 25085: 25076: 25069: 25062: 25055: 25048: 25043: 25036: 25029: 25009: 25002: 24994: 24986: 24980: 24972: 24971:Worcester's 24962: 24955: 24945: 24937: 24929: 24921: 24913: 24895: 24888: 24881: 24808: 24692:Verner's law 24637: 24632:Gotho-Nordic 24630: 24623: 24544: 24537: 24529: 24523: 24513: 24498:Fårö Gutnish 24460: 24453: 24359: 24352: 24343: 24336: 24317: 24310: 24238: 24233: 24228: 24221: 24214: 24154: 24056:Swiss German 24020:Upper German 23953:Amana German 23927:Volga German 23896:Hunsrückisch 23822: 23776:Unserdeutsch 23771:Berlinerisch 23704: 23697: 23690: 23683: 23643:Cover groups 23599:Mohawk Dutch 23594:Jersey Dutch 23572:East Flemish 23555:West Flemish 23499:Middle Dutch 23453:Low Prussian 23325: 23318: 23284:Terschelling 23268:Clay Frisian 23243:West Frisian 23231:Wiedingharde 23223: 23211: 23171:Heligolandic 23148: 23123: 23116: 23109: 23104: 23087:East Frisian 23074: 23067: 23040:Middle Scots 23038: 23031: 23017: 23010: 23003: 22998: 22987: 22980: 22973: 22966: 22956: 22767: 22613:South Africa 22608:Sierra Leone 22361:Miami Latino 22250:Philadelphia 22238:Inland North 22143:Newfoundland 21961:West Country 21775:by continent 21713: 21694: 21686: 21674: 21666: 21658: 21582: 21520:Northumbrian 21362: 21295: 21257: 21230: 21217:0-52128541-0 21208:0-52128540-2 21199:0-52129719-2 21178: 21148: 21129: 21121: 21114:. 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Retrieved 19426: 19406: 19403:Leech, G. N. 19384: 19357: 19332: 19312: 19303: 19276: 19257: 19238: 19203: 19188:. Retrieved 19161: 19140:. Retrieved 19112: 19086: 19057: 19051:. Routledge. 19048: 19036:. Retrieved 19024: 19020: 18990: 18975:. Retrieved 18971:the original 18957: 18950:. Retrieved 18923: 18907:. Retrieved 18887: 18874:. Retrieved 18841: 18804: 18785: 18758: 18739: 18720: 18709: 18695:. Retrieved 18675: 18662:. Retrieved 18655:the original 18636: 18620:. Retrieved 18613:the original 18604: 18573: 18554: 18538:. Retrieved 18534:the original 18527: 18504: 18485: 18466: 18454:. Retrieved 18419:(1): 83–96. 18416: 18410: 18402:Rosa's roses 18401: 18374: 18353: 18341:. Retrieved 18334:the original 18314:. Retrieved 18305: 18283: 18256: 18229: 18212: 18208: 18181: 18169:. Retrieved 18149: 18123: 18105:. Retrieved 18085: 18072:. Retrieved 18052: 18026: 18012:. Retrieved 18004:The Guardian 18003: 17987:. Retrieved 17967: 17951:. Retrieved 17931: 17900: 17881: 17869:. Retrieved 17848: 17819: 17800: 17775: 17760:. Retrieved 17732: 17712: 17695: 17691: 17664: 17636: 17607: 17595:. Retrieved 17575: 17562:. Retrieved 17546: 17543:"Engla land" 17520: 17505:. Retrieved 17485: 17458:. Retrieved 17454:the original 17431: 17407: 17387: 17360: 17341: 17318: 17289: 17275:. Retrieved 17271:the original 17239: 17220: 17209:the original 17186: 17182: 17148: 17117: 17098: 17071: 17052: 17044:Bibliography 17013:Sailaja 2009 17008: 16996: 16984: 16972: 16960: 16948: 16931: 16927: 16921: 16909:. Retrieved 16905:the original 16900: 16891: 16879: 16867: 16855: 16823: 16819: 16806: 16779: 16773: 16761: 16749: 16737: 16725: 16713: 16701: 16689: 16677: 16665: 16653:. Retrieved 16633: 16623: 16611: 16599: 16587: 16575: 16563: 16552:, retrieved 16545:the original 16536: 16523: 16511:. Retrieved 16493: 16484: 16474: 16466: 16454: 16442: 16435:Cassidy 1982 16430: 16418: 16411:Rowicka 2006 16406: 16394: 16382: 16363: 16357: 16345: 16338:Romaine 1982 16333: 16321: 16309: 16297: 16292:, p. 4. 16285: 16273:. Retrieved 16259: 16247: 16235: 16223: 16218:, p. 3. 16211: 16199: 16187: 16175: 16163: 16151: 16139: 16127: 16120:Dehaene 2009 16115: 16103: 16091: 16079: 16033: 16021: 15979: 15967: 15955: 15943: 15931: 15919: 15914:, p. 4. 15912:Romaine 1999 15907: 15895: 15883:. Retrieved 15870: 15861: 15834:. Retrieved 15814: 15807: 15795:. Retrieved 15775: 15768: 15756: 15751:, p. 7. 15744: 15736:the original 15731: 15722: 15710: 15666: 15635:13 September 15633:. Retrieved 15629:the original 15624: 15615: 15603: 15591: 15579: 15567: 15555: 15543: 15531: 15519: 15507: 15495: 15483: 15471: 15459: 15447:. Retrieved 15438: 15429: 15417: 15405: 15393: 15381: 15369:. Retrieved 15360: 15351: 15339: 15327: 15300: 15288: 15276: 15234: 15222:. Retrieved 15213: 15203: 15191:. Retrieved 15176: 15164: 15152: 15144: 15140: 15132: 15120: 15113:O'Dwyer 2006 15108: 15096: 15084:. Retrieved 15075: 15066: 15043: 15010: 15004: 14992: 14965: 14953: 14941: 14929: 14917: 14905: 14886: 14858: 14833: 14821: 14809: 14797: 14785: 14773: 14761: 14745: 14711: 14707: 14697: 14685:. Retrieved 14681:the original 14676: 14667: 14655: 14643: 14631: 14619: 14607: 14595: 14583: 14571: 14559: 14547: 14535: 14523: 14511:. Retrieved 14496: 14484: 14472: 14460: 14448: 14436: 14424: 14412: 14400: 14388: 14381:Wolfram 2006 14376: 14364: 14352: 14340: 14333:Crystal 2006 14328: 14316: 14304: 14297:Crystal 2000 14292: 14280:. Retrieved 14272:Global Lingo 14271: 14262: 14250: 14238: 14226: 14214: 14202: 14195:Richter 2012 14190: 14178: 14166: 14154: 14142: 14130: 14118: 14091: 14079: 14072:Graddol 2010 14067: 14060:Crystal 2004 14055: 14043:. Retrieved 14036:the original 14017: 14011: 13999:. Retrieved 13990: 13981: 13974:Sailaja 2009 13969: 13957: 13945: 13933: 13921: 13916:, p. 1. 13909: 13904:, p. 5. 13902:Romaine 1999 13897: 13889:the original 13879: 13867:. Retrieved 13853: 13844: 13837:. Retrieved 13832: 13823: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13797: 13790:. Retrieved 13785: 13776: 13764:. Retrieved 13759: 13750: 13733: 13729: 13723: 13711:. Retrieved 13704: 13695: 13683:. Retrieved 13674: 13666: 13659:. Retrieved 13654: 13645: 13637: 13630:. Retrieved 13626:Légis Québec 13625: 13616: 13604:. Retrieved 13600:the original 13595: 13586: 13574:. Retrieved 13564: 13555: 13541: 13537: 13527: 13520:Deumert 2006 13515: 13508:Deumert 2006 13503: 13491: 13479: 13467: 13455: 13443: 13431: 13424:Romaine 1999 13419: 13414:, p. 2. 13407: 13402:, p. 7. 13395: 13383: 13371: 13359: 13347: 13342:, p. 4. 13335: 13330:, p. 5. 13308: 13301:Connell 2006 13296: 13284: 13272: 13260: 13248: 13217: 13205: 13193: 13181: 13169: 13157: 13145: 13110:, p. 2. 13088: 13076:. Retrieved 13061: 13048:. Retrieved 13036: 13024: 13012: 13000: 12993:Romaine 1999 12988: 12981:Romaine 1999 12961: 12937:Graddol 2006 12915:. Retrieved 12895: 12888: 12866:Mufwene 2006 12851:Romaine 2006 12846: 12834: 12822: 12815:Görlach 1991 12810: 12788:Northernisms 12786: 12779:. Retrieved 12770: 12760: 12748:. Retrieved 12727: 12707: 12700: 12688: 12676: 12664:. Retrieved 12649: 12642: 12630: 12618: 12589:. Retrieved 12579: 12557: 12545: 12533: 12521: 12492: 12480: 12475:, p. 4. 12468: 12456: 12444: 12432: 12420: 12411: 12399: 12380: 12374: 12365: 12357: 12330: 12303: 12282: 12275:Durrell 2006 12270: 12265:, Chapter 4. 12258: 12246: 12239:Harbert 2006 12234: 12212:Romaine 1982 12207: 12195: 12183: 12171: 12149: 12143: 12094: 12070: 12060: 12033: 12023: 12018: 12006: 12001:, p. 6. 11994: 11960: 11937:. Retrieved 11928: 11919: 11903: 11858:speech rules 11848: 11769: 11760:Hispanophone 11713: 11686: 11681: 11677: 11666: 11626: 11621: 11615: 11610: 11587:South Africa 11584: 11452: 11356:street signs 11341: 11294: 11227: 11226:rather than 11223: 11219:South Island 11195: 11023: 10949: 10940: 10939:almost like 10936: 10918: 10832:and perhaps 10824: 10801: 10791:against the 10777:Pennsylvania 10754: 10750:World War II 10745: 10741: 10702: 10694:Newfoundland 10677: 10629: 10600: 10515:Russell Gage 10499:AAVE accents 10345: 10231: 10223:Scots Gaelic 10213: 10208: 10204: 10196: 10192: 10184: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10137: 10087: 10080: 10076: 10061: 9959:Alex Salmond 9916:Wales accent 9841:Damien Hirst 9717: 9611: 9584: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9491: 9483: 9475: 9467: 9455: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9422: 9411: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9310: 9306: 9303:photographic 9302: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9271: 9159:Latin script 9148: 9120: 9117: 9099: 9091: 9086: 9082: 9071: 9063: 9015: 8993:Word origins 8984: 8978: 8972: 8962: 8950: 8946: 8936: 8932:Greek origin 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8880: 8846: 8840: 8830: 8829:(the marker 8826: 8822: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8777: 8772: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8712: 8705: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8611: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8585: 8575: 8572:he gets seen 8571: 8567: 8563: 8560:she sees him 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8477: 8465: 8461: 8459: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8343: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8328: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8292: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8228: 8223: 8213: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8116: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8033:he has to go 8032: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7944: 7937: 7928:You will run 7927: 7917: 7894: 7892:phrasal verb 7883: 7879: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7850: 7840: 7835: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7803: 7791: 7786: 7776: 7771: 7761: 7756: 7746: 7741: 7731: 7726: 7714: 7709: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7641: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7598:with the dog 7597: 7595: 7586:Prepositions 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7527:3rd, plural 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7497:2nd, plural 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7467:1st, plural 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7437: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7290: 7282: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7231: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7158: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7116: 7100: 7097:the happiest 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7001: 6999: 6987: 6984:interesting, 6983: 6979: 6975: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6922:definiteness 6919: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6867:noun phrases 6864: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6703:proper nouns 6700: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6518: 6509: 6497: 6493: 6490:coordinators 6460: 6445:lexical sets 6423: 6389: 6385:-coalescence 6382: 6375: 6348: 6341: 6330: 6318: 6311: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6271: 6252: 6247:South Africa 6227: 6206: 6202: 6165: 6161: 6141: 6137: 6117: 6113: 5865: 5861: 5773: 5769: 5734: 5730: 5612: 5608: 5540:Phonological 5515:stress-timed 5509:In terms of 5508: 5466: 5430: 5392: 5359: 5251: 5245: 5236: 5222: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5146: 5143:Phonotactics 5128: 5122: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5033:in the same 5028: 5023: 5019: 5005: 5001:lexical sets 4994: 4986: 4970: 4947: 4931: 4915: 4893: 4877: 4855: 4840: 4817: 4801: 4778: 4762: 4715: 4697: 4677: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4597: 4579: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4500: 4495: 4491: 4490:: RP and GA 4487: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4403: 4399: 4349: 4341: 4334:* The sound 4332: 3941: 3923: 3884: 3867:, including 3853: 3838: 3822: 3817: 3814: 3803: 3788: 3780:World War II 3746: 3737: 3730: 3568: 3564: 3549: 3494: 3482: 3473: 3461: 3421: 3409:South Africa 3389: 3385: 3363: 3358: 3328: 3317: 3244: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3119:Noah Webster 3112: 3106: 3085: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057:In the 1611 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3033:King James I 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2961:close vowels 2942: 2935: 2905: 2895: 2886: 2885:on the verb 2872: 2858: 2856: 2832: 2821: 2809:John Trevisa 2806: 2793: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2669: 2591:Matthew 8:20 2588: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2511: 2495: 2480: 2465: 2450: 2436:runic script 2425: 2419: 2393:Northumbrian 2386: 2364:(originally 2361: 2357: 2284: 2262: 2203:to a mostly 2195:with a rich 2166: 2132: 2101: 2030: 2003: 1976: 1974:of Ireland. 1970:dialect and 1906: 1833: 1816: 1787: 1766: 1665:Anglo-Saxons 1652: 1597: 1528: 1527: 1470: 1431:Sierra Leone 1138: 1101: 1065:Linguasphere 1048: 765:Sint Maarten 680:Cook Islands 553:South Africa 538:Sierra Leone 326:57 countries 296:Signed forms 276:(historical) 189: 123: (2021) 29: 26207:Definitions 26165:Linguistics 25951:Philippines 25901:Puerto Rico 25859:South Sudan 25723:New Zealand 25687:Isle of Man 25606:Saint Lucia 25519:The Bahamas 25422:Anglosphere 24999:(1889–1891) 24991:(1847–1850) 24707:Kluge's law 24687:Grimm's law 24470:Dalecarlian 24449:Perkerdansk 24422:East Danish 24240:Old Gutnish 24216:Proto-Norse 24156:Langobardic 24148:Vogtlandian 23976:Upper Saxon 23830:Lachoudisch 23791:Lotegorisch 23669:High German 23415:Westphalian 23410:Eastphalian 23374:Achterhooks 23251:Hindeloopen 23186:Bökingharde 23155:Föhr–Amrum 23069:Old Frisian 23033:Early Scots 22968:Old English 22738:Philippines 22531:New Zealand 22417:Bay Islands 22397:The Bahamas 22320:Social and 22277:New Orleans 22194:New England 22088:Isle of Man 22033:Port Talbot 21934:East Anglia 21851:Northumbria 21505:Old English 21389:Orthography 21116:10 December 20534:16 December 20275:15 February 20161:25 February 20141:16 December 20064:16 December 19807:26 February 19676:15 February 19599:15 February 19190:26 February 19142:26 February 19038:11 December 19027:: 103–123. 18977:16 December 18952:16 December 18909:10 February 18697:11 February 18540:16 February 18456:2 September 18343:12 February 18316:10 February 18215:(1): 1–42. 18171:25 February 18074:23 February 16989:Lawton 1982 16953:Lawton 1982 16860:Lanham 1982 16670:Bailey 2001 16655:22 November 16616:Bailey 1997 16604:Thomas 2008 16554:11 November 16459:Boberg 2010 16350:Hickey 2007 16168:Lawler 2006 15761:Nation 2001 15536:Miller 2002 15476:Miller 2002 15449:24 November 15224:24 November 15193:24 November 15147:case (him)" 15086:24 November 14687:24 November 14513:3 September 14309:Jambor 2007 14282:24 November 14159:Gordin 2015 14123:Wojcik 2006 13926:Kachru 2006 13685:18 December 13376:Kachru 2006 13364:Kachru 2006 13265:Rubino 2006 13123:Kachru 2006 13078:29 November 12781:24 November 12666:19 December 12591:16 December 12514:Gneuss 2013 11622:senior wife 11607:/p,t,t͡ʃ,k/ 11350:during the 11344:Philippines 10904:, and some 10810:—including 10579:Puerto Rico 10466:Marty Walsh 10388:Martha Roby 10336:Emery Emery 10330:man with a 10219:its origins 10207:pronounced 10195:pronounced 10145:intrusive R 10113:Northumbria 9996:George Best 9879:John Bishop 9756:Danny Baker 9587:punctuation 9537:long vowels 9426:pronounced 9415:pronounced 9307:electricity 9299:photography 9274:orthography 9131:Orthography 9067:Old English 8955:Philip Gove 8941:, based on 8664:, the word 8486:*I know not 8188:modal verbs 8089:to hang out 8006:subjunctive 7895:be going to 7888:near future 7560:deictically 7219:Henry Sweet 7107:Determiners 7049:a small boy 6707:count nouns 6529:speak/spoke 6506:wh-movement 6470:case system 6405:). GA is a 6243:New Zealand 6070:Lexical set 5393:to burn out 5008:long vowels 4509:and nasals 4249:Approximant 3967:Labiodental 3917:(GA). (See 3604:New Zealand 3477:Netherlands 3432:Philippines 3417:New Zealand 3366:Braj Kachru 3355:Braj Kachru 3262:Puerto Rico 3183:instead of 3181:more polite 3175:instead of 3015:. In 1476, 3001:Westminster 2953:open vowels 2945:chain shift 2816: 1385 2672:transformed 2641:and heaven- 2571:Old Frisian 2447:letterforms 2444:half-uncial 2405:King Alfred 2287:Old English 2273:half-uncial 2269:handwritten 2253:Old English 2239:, and some 2142:Renaissance 2104:Old English 2061:modal verbs 2033:innovations 1921:Old English 1832:within the 1815:within the 1786:within the 1710:, which is 1698:, which in 1654:Old English 1622:). It is a 1545:Anglophones 1401:New Zealand 1296:Cameroonian 1271:Bay Islands 1266:Bangladeshi 1116:instead of 842:Timor-Leste 750:Puerto Rico 715:Isle of Man 558:South Sudan 518:Saint Lucia 503:Philippines 478:New Zealand 343:The Bahamas 226:Old English 210:Early forms 121:380 million 107:New Zealand 26305:Categories 26241:Quotations 26036:Micronesia 25849:Somaliland 25794:The Gambia 25588:Montserrat 25253:Wiktionary 24973:Dictionary 24954:Johnson's 24539:Burgundian 24455:Old Danish 24444:Gøtudanskt 24427:Bornholmsk 24289:Vestlandsk 24269:Kebabnorsk 24006:Halcnovian 23971:Thuringian 23634:Limburgish 23604:Stadsfries 23577:Brabantian 23304:Low German 23150:Eiderstedt 23005:Fingallian 22678:Bangladesh 22670:South Asia 22623:Cape Flats 22573:The Gambia 22498:Aboriginal 22334:vernacular 22299:California 22272:High Tider 22267:Appalachia 22128:Aboriginal 22060:South-West 21904:Birmingham 21861:Sunderland 21846:Manchester 21836:Lancashire 21640:Consonants 21615:Diphthongs 21525:West Saxon 20153:. Oxford. 19966:4 February 19848:0748612548 19416:0748624066 18664:7 February 18622:7 February 18089:. Viking. 18014:4 February 17989:4 February 17953:4 February 16682:Green 2002 16447:Labov 1972 16399:Wells 1982 16387:Labov 2012 16290:Roach 2009 16038:Neijt 2006 15948:Algeo 1999 15885:14 January 15836:6 December 15659:Algeo 1999 15500:König 1994 15488:König 1994 15464:König 1994 15422:König 1994 15410:König 1994 15386:Dixon 1982 15371:7 December 15281:König 1994 15141:nominative 15137:Sweet 2014 15101:Leech 2006 15060:required.) 14985:König 1994 14826:Wells 1982 14814:Wells 1982 14790:Wells 1982 14766:Roach 2009 14677:ESOL Nexus 14600:König 1994 14576:Wells 1982 14564:Wells 1982 14441:König 1994 14219:Ammon 2006 13869:30 October 13766:27 October 13713:30 October 13472:Ammon 2008 13140:, Table 1. 13056:(pp. 6–7). 12550:Smith 2009 12404:König 1994 12263:Watts 2011 12227:Barry 1982 11962:Ethnologue 11929:Ethnologue 11895:References 11802:Shinzo Abe 11772:media help 11664:register. 11455:media help 11391:See also: 11297:media help 11100:Queensland 11026:media help 10426:Chuck Zito 10348:media help 10254:Fingallian 10156:/ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/ 10121:Manchester 10117:Lancashire 10115:) and the 9920:Rob Brydon 9720:media help 9644:See also: 9630:Australian 9624:(BrE) and 9555:, and the 9311:electrical 9295:photograph 9135:See also: 9007:See also: 8947:television 8939:neologisms 8900:babysitter 8837:Vocabulary 8595:-questions 8538:, but not 8428:Do-support 8192:word order 8081:to give up 8077:to back up 8073:to ask out 7955:I have run 7918:I will run 7827:Preterite 7738:Preterite 7695:Inflection 7610:in England 7551:themselves 7521:yourselves 7438:he/she/it/ 7369:Reflexive 7322:themselves 7285:(found in 7273:(found in 7205:, and the 7101:most happy 7093:more happy 7061:suppletive 6964:Adjectives 6956:(sg.) but 6764:Singular: 6739:Singular: 6711:mass nouns 6605:politician 6600:loquacious 6541:hand/hands 6537:love/loved 6502:do-support 6482:word class 6463:accusative 6426:open front 5902:non-rhotic 5560:of Ireland 5213:See also: 5166:/strɛŋkθs/ 5100:rhyme and 5080:The vowel 4454:allophones 4396:unreleased 4352:obstruents 3932:Consonants 3921:, below.) 3651:See also: 3195:See also: 3157:do-support 2969:diphthongs 2852:possession 2835:Old French 2599:accusative 2595:nominative 2581:and other 2527:case forms 2523:much freer 2401:West Saxon 2344:(43–409): 2217:word order 2181:navigation 2128:Old French 2114:-speaking 1991:vocabulary 1968:Fingallian 1948:Low German 1927:along the 1828:Low German 1648:Ethnologue 1471:see also: 1466:Zimbabwean 1451:Sri Lankan 1416:Philippine 1256:Australian 1241:Anguillian 802:Bangladesh 725:Montserrat 533:Seychelles 463:Micronesia 393:The Gambia 26275:Resources 26258:Textbooks 26111:shown in 25973:Gibraltar 25956:Singapore 25935:Hong Kong 25824:Mauritius 25718:Australia 25224:Macquarie 24819:varieties 24811:indicate 24625:Northwest 24570:Philology 24475:Elfdalian 24410:Jutlandic 24332:Icelandic 24307:(written) 24301:(written) 24279:Trøndersk 24259:Norwegian 24223:Old Norse 24044:Coloniero 24028:Alemannic 24001:Wymysorys 23869:Colognian 23864:Ripuarian 23786:Rotwelsch 23616:Midslands 23567:Zeelandic 23548:Hollandic 23522:Afrikaans 23494:Old Dutch 23320:Old Saxon 23219:Karrharde 23201:Goesharde 23182:Mainland 22915:philology 22743:Singapore 22705:Sri Lanka 22660:Hong Kong 22486:variation 22478:Australia 22389:Caribbean 22255:Baltimore 22138:Lunenburg 22083:Gibraltar 22000:Highlands 21878:Yorkshire 21841:Liverpool 21681:Rhoticity 21661:-dropping 21379:Phonology 20664:144403823 19878:143984864 19797:"English" 19645:120824612 19502:0165-2516 19230:107967883 19200:Labov, W. 18831:161881054 18443:145535175 18421:CiteSeerX 18232:. Wiley. 17965:(2003b). 17929:(2003a). 17470:cite book 17204:142692741 16872:Lass 2002 16840:145684166 16513:15 August 16423:Toon 1982 16275:16 August 16014:Swan 2006 15214:The Times 15145:objective 15076:APA Style 14997:Mair 2006 14802:Lass 2000 14754:Lass 2000 14750:Lass 1992 14045:5 January 14001:5 January 13606:15 August 13557:language. 13138:Ryan 2013 13050:15 August 13029:Mair 2006 12917:27 August 12803:Lass 2000 12681:Lass 1992 12635:Hogg 2006 12611:Lass 2006 12538:Hogg 1992 12485:Toon 1992 11939:3 October 11910:, Entry: 11591:Afrikaans 11361:Filipinos 10910:Miramichi 10738:rhoticity 10687:Lunenburg 10641:Northwest 10593:Rhoticity 10511:Louisiana 10380:Alabamian 10266:rhoticity 10181:-fronting 10129:Liverpool 10125:Mancunian 10109:Newcastle 10101:Yorkshire 10083:-dropping 8951:optometry 8904:ice cream 8582:Questions 8460:The verb 8097:idiomatic 8069:to get up 7866:John runs 7606:to school 7491:ourselves 7328:they/them 7302:they/them 7190:they/them 7177:they/them 6996:referents 6915:President 6858:With of: 6852:With -s: 6615:violently 6585:committee 6533:foot/feet 6514:inversion 6378:-dropping 6351:-fronting 6344:-stopping 6333:-dropping 6287:sound in 6278:voiceless 6235:Australia 5658:unrounded 5594:Australia 5467:a hot dog 5465:) versus 5391:) versus 5360:a burnout 5228:syllables 5163:strengths 5133:/ˈfɜrðər/ 4505:(liquids 4503:sonorants 4462:velarised 4408:see below 4392:aspirated 4380:voiceless 4162:Fricative 4121:Affricate 3913:(RP) and 3891:phonology 3887:phonetics 3875:Phonology 3869:Esperanto 3856:koineised 3579:Australia 3571:koineised 3448:Singapore 3405:Australia 2847:loanwords 2786:Cambridge 2684:Old Norse 2680:Old Norse 2609:plural): 2417:epic poem 2378:substrate 2367:Ænglaland 2173:discourse 2112:Old Norse 2006:Old Norse 1999:phonology 1979:Icelandic 1932:North Sea 1851:in Africa 1849:Afrikaans 1811:Saterland 1748:Low Saxon 1736:phonology 1677:Old Norse 1656:emerged, 1606:(such as 1436:Singapore 1411:Pakistani 1376:Malaysian 1306:Caribbean 1281:Bermudian 1246:Antarctic 1215:Phonology 1207:Phonology 1194:Loanwords 1050:Glottolog 1034:ISO 639-3 1016:ISO 639-2 998:ISO 639-1 837:Sri Lanka 827:Mauritius 710:Hong Kong 695:Gibraltar 543:Singapore 338:Australia 99:Australia 26153:Language 26026:Kiribati 25946:Pakistan 25893:Americas 25884:Zimbabwe 25869:Tanzania 25789:Eswatini 25784:Cameroon 25779:Botswana 25675:Guernsey 25560:Dominica 25524:Barbados 25508:Anguilla 25499:Americas 25395:Articles 25268:Learners 25031:Chambers 24907:Historic 24546:Vandalic 24489:Gutnish 24294:Vikværsk 24274:Sognamål 24264:Bergensk 24114:Cimbrian 24082:Bavarian 24039:Alsatian 23986:Lusatian 23922:Palatine 23612:Amelands 23489:Frankish 23379:Sallaans 23361:Gronings 23212:Southern 23205:Northern 23196:Halligen 23145:Insular 22962:dialects 22863:Standard 22833:Learning 22821:Nerrière 22812:Globish 22728:Malaysia 22700:Pakistan 22640:Zimbabwe 22568:Cameroon 22402:Barbados 22133:Atlantic 22101:Americas 22018:Abercraf 21987:Scotland 21966:Cornwall 21887:Midlands 21871:Teesside 21866:Tyneside 21856:Pitmatic 21819:Cheshire 21765:Dialects 21706:stopping 21701:fronting 21653:Flapping 21648:Clusters 21409:Dialects 21399:Alphabet 21177:(1982). 21110:Archived 21092:26 March 21086:Archived 20988:Archived 20911:(1988). 20799:Archived 20762:25 March 20735:25 March 20729:Archived 20689:Archived 20627:Archived 20594:Archived 20561:Archived 20449:9 August 20443:Archived 20331:(1992). 20304:Archived 20269:Archived 20155:Archived 20135:Archived 20097:25 March 20091:Archived 19987:25 March 19981:Archived 19960:Archived 19942:(2001). 19801:Archived 19754:Archived 19736:(1997). 19670:Archived 19593:Archived 19445:Archived 19405:(2006). 19184:Archived 19136:Archived 19029:Archived 18989:(1999). 18946:Archived 18922:(1996). 18903:Archived 18876:9 August 18870:Archived 18691:Archived 18634:(2010). 18602:(2006). 18553:(2004). 18447:Archived 18310:Archived 18165:Archived 18101:Archived 18068:Archived 18008:Archived 17983:Archived 17947:Archived 17865:Archived 17792:37002621 17762:14 March 17756:Archived 17663:(1959). 17591:Archived 17558:Archived 17550:(Online) 17519:(2010). 17501:Archived 17277:25 March 16844:Archived 16649:Archived 16631:(2001). 16507:Archived 16269:Archived 15879:Archived 15830:Archived 15791:Archived 15443:Archived 15365:Archived 15218:Archived 15187:Archived 15080:Archived 14507:Archived 14276:Archived 13995:Archived 13863:Archived 13760:BBC News 13576:24 March 13388:Bao 2006 13241:Bao 2006 13072:Archived 12911:Archived 12775:Archived 12741:Archived 12585:Archived 12077:Archived 11933:Archived 11931:. 2023. 11868:See also 11641:Barbados 11181:John Key 10639:Pacific 10548:Ontarian 10153:drawring 9419:, and a 9318:digraphs 8969:acronyms 8908:homesick 8876:acronyms 8868:suffixed 8864:prefixed 8801:such as 8783:anaphora 8779:Cohesion 8763:The girl 8723:such as 8614:-support 8498:I do not 8338:the book 8184:analytic 8103:meaning 7871:John ran 7723:present 7701:Regular 7428:yourself 7334:themself 7234:my chair 7139:definite 6992:denoting 6988:Canadian 6924:, where 6913:and not 6827:enclitic 6794:Plural: 6749:Plural: 6570:chairman 6474:analytic 6433:/æɑːɒɔː/ 6041:possibly 6038:possibly 5879:possibly 5876:possibly 5834:possibly 5824:flapping 5747:possibly 5741:possibly 5572:Scotland 5565:Northern 5558:Republic 5542:features 5431:a hotdog 5252:contract 5248:phonemic 5159:/aŋksts/ 5152:/sprɪnt/ 5137:/ˈfɜːðə/ 5127:, as in 5035:syllable 5014:⟨ 4997:phonemes 4525:RP , GA 4464:, as in 3984:alveolar 3977:Alveolar 3962:Bilabial 3905:and the 3895:phonemes 3760:Seaspeak 3452:Malaysia 3444:Pakistan 3245:de facto 3040:/knɡnsw/ 3027:and the 2704:Midlands 2674:through 2603:genitive 2601:plural, 2597:plural, 2551:speaking 2507:⟩ 2501:⟨ 2492:⟩ 2486:⟨ 2477:⟩ 2471:⟨ 2462:⟩ 2456:⟨ 2241:negation 2205:analytic 2175:and the 2140:and the 1853:...... 1683:. 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