4006:" because it is a mixture of religious communities and their myriad sub-divisions, with a constitutional and political order to match. Yet, the reality on the ground has been more complex than such a conclusion, because as Nadya Sbaiti has shown in her research, in the aftermath of the First World War, the âneed of shaping a collective future that paralleled shifting conceptions of the newly territorialized nation-state of Lebanonâ was clearly present. âOver the course of the Mandate, educational practitioners and the wide range of schools that proliferated helped shape the epistemological infrastructure en route to creating this entity. By âepistemological infrastructureâ, one means the cast array of ideas that become validated as truths and convincing explanations.â In other words, contrary to the colonial sectarian education system, âstudents, parents, and teachers created educational content through curricula, and educational practices so as to produce new âcommunities of knowledgeâ. These communities of knowledge, connected as they were by worlds of ideas and networks of knowledge, often transcended confessional, sociopolitical, and even at times regional subjectivities.â
2838:
2523:
3223:
2092:"rooted in conflicts that dated back millennia", but many pointed out that some sectarian tensions don't even date back a decade. "Sectarianism" is also too ambiguous, which makes it a slogan whose meanings are up to the observers. Scholars argued that the use of term "sectarianism" has become a catch-all explanation to conflicts, which drives analytical attention away from underlying political and socioeconomic issues, lacks coherence, and is often associated with emotional negativity. Many scholars find the term "sectarianism" problematic, and therefore three alternatives are proposed.
3365:
sectarian terms by the regime, as a result of which people started to mobilize along ethnic lines. However, this does not mean that the conflict is solely or primarily a sectarian conflict, as there were also socio-economic factors at play. These socio-economic factors were mainly the result of Basher al-Assad's mismanaged economic restructuring. The conflict has therefore been described as being semi-sectarian, making sectarianism a factor at play in the civil war, but certainly does not stand alone in causing the war and has varied in importance throughout time and place.
2702:. Most of the Irish-Catholic immigrants were unskilled workers and aligned themselves with the Labour party. The Labour-Catholic party saw a larger political electorate in the many Liverpool-Irish, and often ran on the slogan of "Home Rule" - the independence of Ireland, to gain the support of Irish voters. During the first half of the 20th century, Liverpool politics were divided not only between Catholics and Protestants, but between two polarized groups consisting of multiple identities: Catholic-Liberal-Labour and Protestant-Conservative-Tory/Orangeists.
3303:, Alawites, Druzes, Maronite Christians and Sunni Muslims. This focus on minorities was new and part of a divide-and-rule strategy of the French, which enhanced and politicized differences between sects. The restructuring by the French caused the Alawite community to advance itself from their marginalized position. In addition to that, the Alawites were also able to obtain a position of power through granting top level positions to family members of the ruling clan or other tribal allies of the Alawite community.
2726:
2380:
2857:
9976:
3335:, a part of the Sunni Muslims, used those tensions towards the Alawites as a tool to boost their political agenda and plans. Several assassinations were carried out by the Muslim Brothers, mostly against Alawites, but also against some Sunni Muslims. The failed assassination attempt on President Hafez al-Assad is arguably the most well-known. Part of the animosity between the Alawites and the Sunni Islamists of the Muslim Brothers is due to the
3041:. This pattern of sectarianism prevailed throughout the Iranian history. The approach that sectarianism has taken after the Iranian 1979 revolution is shifted compared to the earlier periods. Never before the Iranian 1979 revolution did the Shiite leadership gain as much authority. Due to this change, the sectarian timeline in Iran can be divided in pre- and post-Iranian 1979 revolution where the religious leadership changed course.
54:
2466:
4002:
Ottoman rule. It was subsequently reinforced with the creation of the
Republic of Lebanon in 1920 and its 1926 constitution and in the National Pact of 1943. In 1990, with the Taif Agreement, the constitution was revised but did not structurally change aspects relating to political sectarianism. The dynamic nature of sectarianism in Lebanon has prompted some historians and authors to refer to it as "the sectarian state
2300:, and preserve and perpetuate their power. The sectarianization as a theory and process that extended beyond the middle east was introduced by Saleena Saleem (see and ). Christian communities, and other religious and ethnic minorities in the Middle East, have been socially, economically and politically excluded and harmed primarily by regimes that focus on "securing power and manipulating their base by appeals to
2161:". Sectarian identity is "simultaneously formulated along four overlapping, interconnected and mutually informing dimensions: doctrinal, subnational, national, and transnational". The relevance of these factors is context-dependent and works on four layers in chorus. The multi-layered work provides more clarity and enables more accurate diagnoses of problems at certain dimensions to find more specific solutions.
9986:
2332:, impelled by funds from the Gulf states. Therefore, the process of sectarianization, the mobilization and politicization of sectarian identities, is a political tool for authoritarian regimes to perpetuate their power and justify violence. Western powers indirectly take part in the process of sectarianization by supporting undemocratic regimes in the Middle East. As Nader Hashemi asserts:
2713:) somewhat increased violence between the Irish-Catholic associated Labour party and the Conservative Protestants, the German May Blitz destroyed property of more than 40.000 households. Rebuilding Liverpool after the war created a new sense of community across religious lines. Inter-church relations increased as a response as well, as seen through the warming up of relations between
2133:
state-centric perspective. While religious identity is salient in the Middle East and has contributed to and intensified conflicts across the region, it is the politicization and mobilization of popular sentiments around certain identity markers ("sectarianization") that explains the extent and upsurge of sectarian violence in the Middle East. The
Ottoman
2411:) had ever been a major party presidential nominee, and he had been solidly defeated largely because of claims based on his Catholicism. JFK chose to tackle the sectarian issue head-on during the West Virginia primary, but that only sufficed to win him barely enough Protestant votes to eventually win the presidency by one of the narrowest margins ever.
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emphasizes that ruling elites manipulate identities to create violent conflicts for their interests. Instrumentalists see the Sunni-Shi'a divide as a modern invention and challenge the myths of primordial narratives since sectarian harmony have existed for centuries. Constructivism is in the middle ground of primordialism and instrumentalism.
2287:, Soleimani was the world's most wanted terrorist and had to be assassinated in order to bring more peace to the Middle-East region and the rest of the world. however this was shown to be incorrect as his murder had little effect on Iranian ambitions and only increased support for Iran as it was an illegal act under international law.
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political system but remained socially and economically independent. The monarchial power balance during the
Safavid ere changed every few years, resulting in a changing limit of power of the clergies. The tensions concerning power relations of the religious authorities and the ruling power eventually played a pivotal role in the
2366:. Primordialism sees sectarian identity as rotted in biology and ingrained in history and culture. Makdisi describes the process of bringing the sectarian discourses back to early Islamic history as "pervasive medievalization". The centuries-old narrative is problematic as it treats sectarian identities in the Middle East as
4001:
Sectarianism in
Lebanon has been formalized and legalized within state and non-state institutions and is inscribed in its constitution. Lebanon recognizes 18 different sects, mainly within Muslim and Christian worlds. The foundations of sectarianism in Lebanon date back to the mid-19th century during
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were considered anti-constitutionalist. The establishment of a Shiite government during the
Safavid rule resulted in the increase of power within this religious sect. The religious power establishment increased throughout the years and resulted in fundamental changes within the Iranian society in the
2100:
Hashemi and Postel and other scholars differentiate between "sectarianism" and "sectarianization". While "sectarianism" describes antipathy, prejudice, and discrimination between subdivisions within a group, e.g. based on their religious or ethnic identity, the latter describes a process mobilized by
2039:
is a debated concept. Some scholars and journalists define it as pre-existing fixed communal categories in society, and use it to explain political, cultural, or religious conflicts between groups. Others conceive of sectarianism as a set of social practices where daily life is organised on the basis
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It is a microcosm of the Muslim identity in many ways. The Galle Road that hugs the coast from
Colombo veers inland just ahead of the town and forms the divide. On the left of the road lies China Fort, the area where some of the wealthiest among Sri Lankans Muslims live. The palatial houses with all
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and Ulster loyalists who wish for
Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom. The conflict was primarily fought over the existence of the Northern Irish state rather than religion, though sectarian relations within Northern Ireland fueled the conflict. However, religion is commonly used
2537:
Long before the
Reformation, dating back to the 12th century, there has been sectarian conflict of varying intensity in Ireland. Historically, some Catholic countries once persecuted Protestants as heretics. For example, in Scotland. The Roman Catholic church "arrested" (kidnapped) entire Protestant
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and Iran. Soleimani was responsible for strengthening Iran's ties with foreign powers such as
Hezbollah in Lebanon, Syria's al-Assad, and Shia militia groups in Iraq. Soleimani was seen as the number-one commander of Iran's foreign troops and played a crucial role in the spread of Iran's ideology in
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Across the United
Kingdom, Scottish and Irish sectarian tendencies are often reflected in team-sports competitions. Affiliations are regarded as a latent representation of sectarianism tendencies. (Since the early 1900s, cricket teams were established via patronage of sectarian affiliated landlords.
2174:. For this reason she proposes the term "sextarianism". Sex, sexuality and sect together define citizenship, and, since the concept of citizenship is the basis of the modern nation-state, sextarianism therefore forms the basis for the legal bureaucratic systems of the state and thus for state power.
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As of 2015, the majority of the Syrian population consisted of Sunni Muslims, namely two-thirds of the population, which can be found throughout the country. The Alawites are the second largest group, which make up around 10 percent of the population. This makes them a ruling minority. The Alawites
2705:
From early 1900 onwards, the polarized Catholic Labour and Protestant Conservative affiliations gradually broke apart and created the opportunity for mixed alliances. The Irish National party gained its first electoral victory in 1875, and kept growing until the realization of Irish independence in
2186:
in examining sectarianism has gained increasing prominence in the study of this subject. Intersectionality highlights the nature of religious, ethnic, political, and social identities in contexts marked by sectarian tensions and conflicts. Acknowledging that individuals' experiences of sectarianism
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this notion. Sectarianization is an active, multi-layered process and a set of practices, not a static condition, that is set in motion and shaped by political actors pursuing political goals. The sectarianization thesis focuses on the intersection of politics and sectarian identity from a top-down
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Conservatives fared poorly in Liverpool elections in 1919 which was largely due to the silence and apathy of the Orange Order ⊠Many saw signs of Orangemen turning to the Labour Party at this time ⊠Tory jingoism, it seems, died on the First World War battlefields and the new generation were
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In the silk trade business, European powers formed ties with local sects. They usually opted for a sect that adhered to a religion similar to the one in their home countries, thus not Muslims. These developments caused new social classes to emerge, consisting of mainly Christians, Druzes and Jews.
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Iran has supported rebellious groups throughout the region. Its support for Hamas and Hezbollah has resulted in international condemnation. This desire for Shia expansionism did not disappear after Khomeini's death. It can even be argued that sectarian tone within the Islamic Republic of Iran has
2195:
Intersectionality reveals that factors like sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status intersect with religious identity to shape individuals' experiences of sectarianism. Authors such as Maya Mikdashi introduced the concept of 'Sextarianism', particularly showing how the role of gender is crucially
2043:
While sectarianism is often labelled as 'religious' and/or 'political', the reality of a sectarian situation is usually much more complex. In its most basic form, sectarianism has been defined as, 'the existence, within a locality, of two or more divided and actively competing communal identities,
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led to the creation of a national consensus. In the early aftermath of the Iranian 1979 revolution, Khomeini started to evolve a sectarian tone in his speeches. His focus on Shiism and Shia Islam grew which was also implemented within the changing policies of the country. In one of his speeches
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throughout the Sunni world; not to mention longstanding Western support for highly repressive dictators who manipulate sectarian fears and anxieties as a strategy of control and regime survival â the "ancient hatreds" narrative washes this all away and lays the blame for the regionÊčs problems on
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community, by arming the Maronite Christians. However, it is noteworthy to mention that different sects did not fight the others out of religious motives, nor did Ibrahim Pasha aim to disrupt society among communal lines. This can also be illustrated by the unification of Druzes and Maronites in
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became the ruler of the Zaidi community within this Ottoman entity. Before the agreement, inter-communal battles between Shafiâis and Zaydis never occurred in the Yemen Vilayet. After the agreement, sectarian strife still did not surface between religious communities. Feuds between Yemenis were
2818:
Sectarianism in Australia is a historical legacy from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, between Catholics of mainly Celtic heritage and Protestants of mainly English descent. It has largely disappeared in the 21st century. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, religious tensions were more
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families, including new borns . Subjected them to torture, starvation,rape. For the sole purpose with forcing people of the Protestant faith to renounce their staunch beliefs and say that the Pope's word was God's word. The Papacy then burned alive, publicly at the stake, every single Martyr.
2208:
In the political dimensions, the intersectional lens recognizes the intricate connections between political identities and other social categories. Political parties or other factions may exploit religious divisions for political gain, exacerbating sectarian tensions. Intersectionality helps to
2217:
The intersectionality of sectarianism has profound implications for affected communities, particularly for individuals who belong to multiple marginalized groups such as women, migrants, and marginalized ethnicities living under sectarian systems. The recognition of these intersecting forms of
2091:
Some scholars identify the problems with using the term "sectarianism" in articles. Western mainstream media and politicians often presume "sectarianism" as ancient and long-lasting. For example, Obama in his final State of the Union address phrased the sectarian violence in the Middle East as
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in March 2011, there was no sectarian nature or approach involved. The opposition had national, inclusive goals and spoke in the name of a collective Syria, although the protesters being mainly Sunni Muslims. This changed after the protests and the following civil war began to be portrayed in
3356:
and Damascus. Other groups that can be found in Syria are Christians, among which the Maronite Christians, Druzes and Twelver Shias. Although sectarian identities played a role in the unfolding of events of the Syrian Civil War, the importance of tribal and kinship relationships should not be
3311:
regime was being dominated by the Alawite community, as well as were other institutions of power. As a result of this, the regime was considered to be sectarian, which caused the Alawite community to cluster together, as they feared for their position. This period is actually contradictory as
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Strict Wahabis believe that all those who do not practise their form of religion are heathens and enemies. There are others who say Wahabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam, pointing to the Taliban as well as Osama bin Laden. What has caused concern in intelligence and
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after 1976, a symbol of decreasing religious hostility. The increase in education rates and the rise of trade and labour unions shifted religious affiliation to class affiliation further, which allowed Protestant and catholic affiliates under a Labour umbrella in politics. In the 1980s, class
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had many underlying reasons and sectarianism can be considered one of the main reasons. The tensions between Iran and Iraq are of course not only sectarian related, but religion is often a weapon used by the Iranian regime to justify its actions. Khomeini's words also resonated in other Arab
3058:
Shiism was established as the official ideology. The Safavid rule allowed greater freedom for religious leaders. By establishing Shiism as the state religion, they legitimised the religious authority. After this power establishment, religious leaders started to play a crucial role within the
2944:
Most Muslims in Sri Lanka are Sunnis. There are a few Shia Muslims too from the relatively small trading community of Bohras. Divisiveness is not a new phenomenon to Beruwala. Sunni Muslims in the Kalutara district are split in two different sub groups. One group, known as the Alaviya sect,
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instead of modern collective identities. Scholars should be cautious of sectarian essentialism and Middle East exceptionalism the primordial narrative reinforces since primordialism suggests sectarian tensions persist while theological differences do not guarantee conflicts. Instrumentalism
3092:. The governing body of Iran displays clear elements of sectarianism which are visible within different layers of its system. The 1979 revolution led to changes in political system, leading to the establishment of a bureaucratic clergy-regime which has created its own interpretation of the
2706:
1921, after which it became less reliant on Labour support. On the Protestant side, Tory opposition in 1902 to vote in line with Protestant proposed bills indicated a split between the working class Protestants and the Tory party, which were regarded as "too distant" from its electorate.
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sectarian discourses arose in the Middle-East as the Iranian religious regime has attempted and in some cases succeeded to spread its religious and political ideas in the region. These sectarian labeled issues are politically charged. The most notable Religious leaders in Iran are named
3373:, they eventually ended up supporting sectarian militias with money and arms. However, it has to be said that their sectarian nature did not only attract these flows of support, but they also adopted a more sectarian and Islamic appearance in order to attract this support.
3905:, supported by the Joint Meeting Parties. According to Ibrahim Fraihat, âYemenâs conflict has never been about sectarianism, as the Houthis were originally motivated by economic and political grievances. However, in 2014, the regional context substantially changedâ. The
3598:. Both international backings were not based on religious sectarian affiliation. In Yemen however, President Abdullah al-Sallal (a Zaydi) sidelined his vice-president Abdurrahman al-Baidani (a Shaffi'i) for not being a member of the Zaydi sect. Shaffi'i officials of
3431:. However, the situation has changed dramatically after the Houthi takeover in 2014. Most political forces in Yemen are primarily characterized by regional interests and not by religious sectarianism. Regional interests are, for example, the north's proximity to the
2722:
division had outgrown religious division, replacing religious sectarianism with class struggle. Growing rates of non-English immigration from other parts of the Commonwealth near the 21st century also provides new political lines of division in identity affiliation.
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can be seen as a proof of growing sectarian tone within the regime. Khamenei's speeches are extremely political and sectarian. He often mentions extreme wishes such as the removal of Israel from the world map and fatwas directed towards those opposing the regime.
2040:
of communal norms and rules that individuals strategically use and transcend. This definition highlights the co-constitutive aspect of sectarianism and people's agency, as opposed to understanding sectarianism as being fixed and incompatible communal boundaries.
3053:
Shiism was established as the official ideology. The establishment of Shiism as an official government ideology opened the doors for clergies to benefit from new cultural, political and religious rights which were denied prior to the Safavid ruling. During the
2231:
Sectarian tendencies in politics are visible in countries and cities associated with sectarian violence in the present, and the past. Notable examples where sectarianism affects lives are street-art expression, urban planning, and sports club affiliation.
3184:
have targeted Shia civilians in sectarian attacks. Following the civil war, the Sunnis have complained of discrimination by Iraq's Shia majority governments, which is bolstered by the news that Sunni detainees were allegedly discovered to have been
2209:
understand how for instance political affiliations intersect with factors such as socioeconomic status and regional background, providing insights into the motivation behind political mobilization and the dynamics of power in sectarian settings.
2686:
sentiment. These riots were described as being the most destructive in the history of London and resulted in approximately 300-700 deaths. A long history of politically and religious motivated sectarian violence already existed in Ireland (see
3940:, Shiâites face marginalisation socially, politically, religiously, legally and economically, whilst facing discrimination in education and in the workplace. This history dates back to 1744, with the establishment of a coalition between the
3408:, "In todayâs Middle East, activated sectarianism affects the political cost of alliances, making them easier between co-religionists. That helps explain why Sunni-majority states are lining up against Iran, Iraq and Hezbollah over Yemen."
2169:
In her book Sextarianism, Mikdashi emphasizes the relationship between sect, sex and sexuality. She argues that sectarianism cannot be studied in isolation, because the practice of sectarianism always goes hand in hand with the practice of
9002:
2320:, feared that the spread of the revolutionary spirit and ideology would affect their power and dominance in the region. Therefore, efforts were made to undermine the Iranian revolution by labeling it as a Shiâa conspiracy to corrupt the
1011:
3096:
in Iran. Religious differentiation is often used by authoritarian regimes to express hostility towards other groups such as ethnic minorities and political opponents. Authoritarian regimes can use religion as a weapon to create an
5548:"I had a good talk last night over Old Ireland. Walter, there are thousands of Irish boys here and I may tell you it is God help the Boche if they come across them. Then they say Ireland is not doing her fair share in this war." -
3935:
is exemplified through the tensions with its Shiâite population, who constitute up to 15% of the Saudi population. This includes the anti-Shiâite policies and persecution of the Shiâites by the Saudi government. According to
2391:
Wherever people of different religions live in close proximity to each other, religious sectarianism can often be found in varying forms and degrees. In some areas, religious sectarians (for example Protestant and Catholic
3258:
These social classes stripped the previously existing Muslim classes of their privileges. The involvement of another foreign power, though this time non-European, also had its influence on communal relations in Syria.
3063:
which limited the power of the monarch, and increased the power of religious leaders. The 1906 constitutional revolution involved both constitutionalist and anti-constitutionalist clergy leaders. Individuals such as
2396:) now exist peacefully side by side for the most part, although these differences have resulted in violence, death, and outright warfare as recently as the 1990s. Probably the best-known example in recent times were
2241:
In response to the Protestant representation of the sport, many Catholic schools founded their own Cricket schools.) Modern day examples include tensions in sports such as football and have led to the passing of the
3131:
Khomeini quoted: "the Path to Jerusalem passes through Karbala." His phrase lead to many different interpretations, leading to turmoil in the region but also within the country. From a religious historic viewpoint,
3306:
During the period 1961â1980, Syria was not necessarily exclusively ruled by the Alawite sect, but due to efforts of the Sunni Muslim extremist opponents of the Baâth regime in Syria, it was perceived as such. The
3368:
In addition to local forces, the role of external actors in the conflict in general as well as the sectarian aspect of the conflict should not be overlooked. Although foreign regimes were first in support of the
2553:), causing them to be regarded with suspicion. Sometimes this mistrust manifested itself in Catholics being subjected to restrictions and discrimination, which itself led to further conflict. For example, before
2295:
In recent years, authoritarian regimes have been particularly prone to sectarianization. This is because their key strategy of survival lies in manipulating sectarian identities to deflect demands for change and
3482:
into an Ottoman controlled section and an Ottoman-Zaydi controlled section. The former dominated by Sunni Islam and the latter by Zaydi-Shia Islam, thus dividing the Yemen Vilayet along Islamic sectarian lines.
2187:
are shaped not only by their religious affiliation or other sectarian categories but also by other dimensions such as sex, class, and nationality among others, are essentially contributing to those experiences.
5977:
3956:. Though relations underwent a dĂ©tente in the 1990s and the early 2000s, tensions rose again after the 2003 US-led election of Iraq (owing to a broader rise of Shiâism in the region) and peaked during the
4385:
3139:
which are both situated in Iraq, serve as important sites for Shia Muslims around the world. By mentioning these two cities, Khomeini led to the creation of Shia expansionism. Khomeini's war with the
2709:
After the First and Second World War, religiously mixed battalions provided a counterweight to anti-Roman Catholic and anti-Protestant propaganda from either side. While the IRA-bombing in 1939 (see
2698:
Liverpool is an English city sometimes associated with sectarian politics. Halfway through the 19th century, Liverpool faced a wave of mass-immigration from Irish Catholics as a consequence of the
3650:, whose subjects are overwhelmingly Twelver Shias, organically with Houthis is exploited for political purposes. Saudi Arabia emphasized an alleged military support of Iran for the Houthis during
3267:
their revolts to oust Ibrahim Pasha in 1840. This shows the fluidity of communal alliances and animosities and the different, at times non-religious, reasons that may underline sectarianism.
3254:
and non-Muslims living in the Ottoman Empire. These reforms, combined with European interference on behalf of the Ottoman Christians, caused the non-Muslims to gain privileges and influence.
2784:
Muslim. Religious affiliation served as a marker of group identity in this conflict, despite relatively low rates of religious practice and belief among these various groups after decades of
3101:
paradigm. This leads to hostility amongst the involved parties and takes place internally but also externally. A valid example is the suppression of religious minorities like the Sunnis and
8976:
3495:. Shafiâi scholars were compelled to accept the supreme authority of Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din, and the army âinstitutionalized the supremacy of the Zaydi tribesman over the Shafiâisâ.
977:
3323:
Sectarian tensions that later gave rise to the Syrian civil war, had already appeared in society due to events preceding 1970. For example, President Hafez al-Assad's involvement in the
2068:(religious and class-divisions may play major roles as well). It may also refer to general philosophical, political disparity between different schools of thought, such as that between
2157:
in "sectarianism" in scholarly research as it "has overshadowed the root" and direct use of 'sectarian' as a qualifier to "direct our analytical focus towards understanding sectarian
3114:
Their role has proved to be pivotal in the evolvement of sectarianism within the country and in the region. The following part discusses Iran's supreme-leadership in further detail.
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3192:
The Shia majority oppression by the Sunni minority has a long history in Iraq. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the British government placed a Sunni Hashemite monarchy to the
2101:
political actors operating within authoritarian contexts to pursue their political goals that involve popular mobilization around religious or identity markers. The use of the word
3242:, had many causes and reflected long-standing tensions. However, scholars have claimed that the eruptions of violence can also be partly attributed to the modernizing reforms, the
3291:, which had resulted in distrustful sentiments between the members of different sects. In an attempt to protect the minority communities against the majority Sunni population,
2949:
modern conveniences could outdo if not equal those in the Colombo 7 sector. Most of the wealthy Muslims, gem dealers, even have a home in the capital, not to mention property.
2153:
Haddad argues "sectarianism" cannot capture sectarian relations in reality nor represent the complex expressions of sectarian identities. Haddad calls for an abandonment of -
3037:
started to evolve and became established as the official state religion, leading to the creation of the first religiously legitimate government since the occultation of the
2666:
as a marker to differentiate the two sides of the community. The Catholic minority primarily favour the nationalist, and to some degree, republican, goal of unity with the
2079:. Non-sectarians see free association and tolerance of different beliefs as the cornerstones to successful, peaceful human interaction. They adopt political and religious
2932:
In the last two decades, as many as 4,000 people are estimated to have died in sectarian fighting in Pakistan, 300 in 2006. Among the culprits blamed for the killing are
2218:
discrimination and marginalization is decisive for developing inclusive strategies to promote peace, tolerance, and increased social cohesion within diverse societies.
3948:, who equate Shiâism with polytheism. Over the course of the twentieth century clashes and tensions unfolded between the Shiâites and the Saudi regime, including the
9465:
1480:
2737:
Northern Ireland has introduced a Private Day of Reflection, since 2007, to mark the transition to a post- conflict society, an initiative of the cross-community
2997:
2247:
Other general examples include the Gaelic sports in Ireland, established to serve as a counterweight to British traditional sports to preserve an Irish identity.
2052:
The term "sectarianism" is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as "excessive attachment to a particular sect or party, especially in religion". The phrase "
3630:
Ansar Allah movement are Shia, and not all Zaydis are Houthis. Although most Houthis are followers of Shia's Zaydi branch, most Shias in the world are from the
2585:
led to increasing sectarian tensions between Irish Catholics and British Protestants. These tensions eventually boiled over into widespread violence during the
8526:
519:
2200:, she highlights how Sextarian differences are decisive vectors in determining woman's experiences of power and sovereignty in a political sectarian system.
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2545:
was successful, there was persecution of Roman Catholics. This was motivated by the perception that Catholics retained allegiance to a 'foreign' power (the
2797:
8729:
5894:
3205:
2263:. The political authority of the Islamic Republic of Iran has extended into neighboring countries, and has led to an increase of tensions in the region.
730:
3893:, Ali Abdullah Saleh was forced to step down as president in 2012. Subsequently, a complex and violent power struggle broke out between three national
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9243:
8039:
1891:
1252:
8680:
8034:
4181:
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Shiism has been an important factor in shaping the politics, culture and religion within Iran, long before the Iranian 1979 revolution. During the
2023:
681:
2945:
historically holds its annual feast at the Ketchimalai mosque located on the palm-fringed promontory adjoining the fisheries harbour in Beruwala.
5717:
3189:
in a compound used by government forces on 15 November 2005. This sectarianism has fueled a giant level of emigration and internal displacement.
2336:
The U.S. invasion of Iraq; the support of various Western governments for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which commits war crime upon war crime in
7905:
4513:
8601:
7852:
594:
5094:
Saleem, Saleena (2018). "State use of public order and social cohesion concerns in the securitisation of non-mainstream Muslims in Malaysia".
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5070:
2196:
influencing the individual's experience of religious sectarian differences in political sectarian systems such as in Lebanon. In the case of
5978:"Attempted attack on opposition leader KılıçdaroÄlu after tomb visit in Adıyaman: Meeting with Kurdish leader Sırrı SĂŒreyya Ănder cancelled"
5322:
5031:
9248:
5146:
2259:
World leaders have criticised the political ambitions of Iran and have condemned its involvement and support for opposition groups such as
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5686:
9218:
8822:
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and accept all following descendants of him as infallible and divinely guided. Many Sunni religious leaders, including those inspired by
1227:
823:
351:
8511:
3308:
3089:
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is insufficient, as it does not take into account complex political realities. In the past and present, religious identities have been
504:
2589:. At the end of that war the lands of Catholics were confiscated with over ten million acres granted to new English owners under the
5736:
2650:
6847:
3033:, sectarianism started to play an important role in shaping the path of the country. During the Safavid rule between 1501 and 1722,
2044:
resulting in a strong sense of dualism which unremittingly transcends commonality, and is both culturally and physically manifest.'
26:
This article is about sectarianism and its different conceptual interpretations. For sectarianism as a characteristic of sects, see
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3331:. This was viewed by many Sunny Muslims as an act of treason, which made them link al-Assad's actions to his Alawite identity. The
3030:
2657:), housing allocation and employment. Also in 1969, 25 years of violence erupted, becoming what is known as âThe Troublesâ between
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Andy Burnham, 28 March 2013, citing a speech made in the House of Commons during a debate on veterans affairs, dated 9 June 2004.
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By naming Jerusalem, Khomeini expressed his desire for liberating Palestine from the hands of what he later often has named
9024:
8339:
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6256:
5605:"Is racism the new sectarianism? Negativity towards immigrants and ethnic minorities in Northern Ireland from 2004 to 2015"
3973:
3960:. Sectarianism in Saudi Arabia has attracted widespread attention by Human Rights groups, including Human Rights Watch and
3844:
3491:
Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the divide between Shafiâis and Zaydis changed with the establishment of the
2016:
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security circles is the manifestation of this new phenomenon in Beruwala. It had earlier seen its emergence in the east.
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1349:
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were originally settled in the highlands of Northwest Syria, but since the twentieth century have spread to places like
2925:. However, this Shia minority forms the second largest Shia population of any country, larger than the Shia majority in
2601:
against Catholic English royalists and Irish civilians. Sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants continued in the
2278:. Soleimani was assassinated in Iraq by an American drone in January 2020 leading to an increase of tension between the
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were incited by Irish Protestants. 63 citizens, mostly Irish Catholics, were massacred in the resulting police-action.
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ruled Syria between 1831 and 1840. His divide-and-rule strategy contributed to the hostilities between the Druze and
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2527:
2509:
887:
718:
192:
170:
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5225:
Makdisi, Ussama. 2017. âThe Problem of Sectarianism in the Middle East in an Age of Western Hegemonyâ. Pp. 23â34 in
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2009:
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276:
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Trust in Polarised Plural Societies: Intersections Across the Ideological Divides of Women's Groups in Malaysia
3866:
to fight against Houthis. Though, Ali Abdullah Saleh also used Houthis as a political counterweight to Yemen's
3825:
3556:
3492:
2898:
2617:. The British response to the rebellion which included the public executions of dozens of suspected rebels in
2558:
2476:
336:
8491:
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7512:
7004:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â312, 43, 149, 152, 194, 199, 215, 216, 259, 261, 262, 294.
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3917:
heavily criticized the Saudi intervention, bolstering the regional Sunni-Shia geopolitical dynamic behind it.
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of the country in early Islamic years and continuing throughout Iranian history until the present. During the
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in Syria, the Syrian territory had already witnessed massacres on the Maronite Christians, other Christians,
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1923:
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twentieth century, eventually leading to the establishment of the Shiite Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979.
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Bahout, Joseph (18 November 2013). "Sectarianism in Lebanon and Syria: The Dynamics of Mutual Spill-Over".
3977:
3926:
3738:
3507:, the region had never been united as one country. In order to create unity and overcome sectarianism, the
3320:, but the regime was still regarded as sectarian and sectarian identities were reproduced and politicized.
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71:
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This reference #25 is to a Letter from the community and one person's opinion, it is not a real citation
1834:
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614:
2345:
supposedly trans-historical religious passions. ItÊčs absurd in the extreme and an exercise in bad faith.
9912:
8697:
8384:
8115:
3250:, who had been ruling Syria since 1516. The Tanzimat reforms attempted to bring about equality between
2056:" usually refers to violent conflict along religious or political lines, such as the conflicts between
1943:
698:
371:
86:
7788:
5836:
4429:, edited by Nader Hashemi and Danny Postel. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. pp. 3, 5, 6, 10.
3674:
of Iran and Hezbollah, so the Houthis seem to have no qualms about a perceived association with them.
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8171:
8105:
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was formed to support civil rights and end discrimination (based on religion) in voting rights (see
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9260:
9029:
8966:
8794:
8749:
8611:
8496:
8478:
8414:
8344:
8228:
7262:
Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power
6415:
The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon
5797:
4493:
The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon
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3906:
3651:
3619:
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2801:
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795:
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331:
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is not the same as Yemen's sectarian rivalry between Salafists and Houthis. Not all supporters of
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9808:
9788:
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9598:
9228:
9069:
8931:
8901:
8896:
8839:
8774:
8759:
8692:
8665:
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8063:
7411:. London: Saqi Books. pp. 37, 49, 50, 56, 70, 72, 81, 82, 86, 125, 126, 149, 155, 159, 160.
5904:
3996:
3773:
3769:
3296:
2670:, while the Protestant majority favour Northern Ireland continuing the union with Great Britain.
2606:
2586:
2574:
2531:
2487:
2403:
Catholic-Protestant sectarianism has also been a factor in U.S. presidential campaigns. Prior to
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1839:
1819:
1673:
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1621:
1237:
1078:
932:
902:
897:
840:
775:
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693:
666:
651:
37:
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The Social Dimensions of Sectarianism: Sects and New Religious Movements in Contemporary Society
877:
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9880:
9870:
9350:
9330:
9193:
9064:
8961:
8911:
8881:
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8789:
8769:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8645:
8616:
8589:
8565:
8560:
8156:
8146:
7365:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2, 46â51, 149â150, 153â157, 165â167, 180â185.
6521:
The Struggle for Power in Syria: Sectarianism, Regionalism and Tribalism in Politics, 1961-1980
5573:
5491:
5441:
5405:
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3765:
3259:
2699:
2578:
2542:
1938:
1911:
1901:
1359:
1339:
1202:
1073:
962:
912:
882:
862:
790:
770:
745:
740:
735:
646:
609:
582:
558:
553:
135:
125:
5561:
5479:
5429:
5395:
3897:: (1) Ali Abdullah Saleh, his political party General People's Congress, and the Houthis; (2)
3531:. The latter established a Jewish kingdom in ancient Yemen, the only one ever created outside
3222:
10010:
9875:
9835:
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9665:
9613:
9540:
9295:
9059:
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8856:
8804:
8764:
8670:
8640:
8543:
8166:
5740:
5430:"Protectionism, paternalism and Protestantism: popular Toryism in early Victorian Liverpool*"
5196:
4450:
4081:
4016:
3961:
3902:
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3567:
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which suppressed various uprisings against its rule by the Christian Assyrians and Shi'ites.
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1906:
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536:
145:
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5148:
Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in Muslim Countries
3488:
nonsectarian in nature, and Zaydis attacked Ottoman officials not because they were Sunnis.
9746:
9280:
9154:
8871:
8829:
8779:
8754:
8575:
8538:
8279:
8141:
7482:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 39â57, 79â83, 112â116, 161â166, 177â182, 224.
6274:
5721:
4790:
4596:"Missing Gender: Conceptual Limitations in the Debate on "Sectarianism" in the Middle East"
3069:
2970:
was brutally suppressed by the Ottomans: 40,000 were massacred on the order of the sultan.
2634:
2609:
against British rule leading to more sectarian violence in the island, most infamously the
1777:
1289:
1163:
872:
830:
780:
755:
568:
531:
266:
120:
5480:"The Diminishing Politics of Sectarianism: How Class Politics Displaced Identity Politics"
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8:
9922:
9783:
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9320:
9300:
9089:
8997:
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8594:
8409:
5922:
Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the
5178:
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4355:
4240:
3980:
3953:
3949:
3898:
3599:
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centered between Muslim immigrants and non-Muslim nationalists, amid the backdrop of the
2667:
2426:; Shias consider Sunnis to be false, due to their refusal to accept the first caliph as
2061:
1953:
1814:
1433:
1329:
1309:
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957:
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9535:
9493:
9403:
9398:
9393:
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6829:
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6709:
6649:
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6148:
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of Zaydi imams across Yemen. In turn, Houthis attacked Yemen's main Salafist center of
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3587:
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1508:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1314:
599:
7820:
Cold war in the Islamic world : Saudi Arabia, Iran and the struggle for supremacy
6211:
5943:
5798:"Being an Aussie Mossie: Muslim and Australian identity among Australian-born Muslims"
5052:
3210:
Although sectarianism has been described as one of the characteristic features of the
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9865:
9793:
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9577:
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7676:
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7483:
7422:
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7366:
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7275:
7265:
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7131:
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7038:
7015:
7005:
6937:
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6889:
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6798:
6757:
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6672:
6653:
6612:
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6524:
6496:
6468:
6443:
6418:
6393:
6368:
6349:
6305:
6152:
6107:
6104:
Iran's first revolution : Shi'ism and the constitutional revolution of 1905-1909
6082:
6057:
5967:
H.A.R. Gibb & H. Bowen, "Islamic society and the West", i/2, Oxford, 1957, p. 189
5848:
5821:
5776:
5626:
5577:
5495:
5445:
5409:
5380:
5368:
5305:
5182:
5152:
5011:
4986:
4956:
4934:
4922:
4857:
4838:"The object of sectarianism: the material reality of sectarianism in Ulster Loyalism"
4822:
4810:
4775:
4763:
4725:
4713:
4656:
4617:
4574:
4547:
4497:
4456:
4430:
4359:
4313:
4301:
4244:
4200:
4046:
4026:
3984:
3890:
3813:
3796:, executed by Yemen's Islamists, damaged the country's international reputation. The
3746:
3440:
3140:
3127:
2936:
working "with local sectarian groups" to kill what they perceive as Shi'a apostates.
2886:
2730:
2658:
2622:
2183:
2057:
1985:
1896:
1824:
1809:
1592:
1535:
1334:
1242:
1133:
1053:
892:
175:
4455:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010. pp. 3, 4, 9â11, 11â128, 127, 129, 229.
2986:
2982:
2804:
in 2013â2014. Nearly 1 million people, a quarter of the population, were displaced.
2349:
9917:
9902:
9830:
9751:
9721:
9552:
9388:
9094:
8660:
8655:
8506:
8404:
7883:
7879:
7760:
7557:
7548:
Dorlian, Samy (2011). "The áčŁa'da War in Yemen: between Politics and Sectarianism".
6821:
6786:
6701:
6641:
6553:
6337:
6140:
5809:
5616:
5569:
5487:
5437:
5401:
5360:
5174:
5128:
5103:
4914:
4849:
4802:
4755:
4705:
4648:
4637:"Ethno-sectarianism in Iraq, diaspora positionality and political transnationalism"
4607:
4539:
4452:
In the Shadow of Sectarianism : Law, Shi`ism, and the Making of Modern Lebanon
4351:
4293:
4281:
4236:
4031:
3914:
3805:
3761:
3659:
3579:
3544:
3370:
3317:
3211:
2873:
2861:
2773:
2770:
2683:
2638:
2301:
2243:"Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012
2142:
2065:
1948:
1933:
1861:
1782:
1752:
1567:
1403:
1103:
661:
656:
499:
391:
7765:
7748:
6825:
6790:
6705:
6645:
6557:
6341:
5621:
5604:
5364:
5107:
4612:
4595:
4423:
Hashemi, Nader, and Danny Postel. "Introduction: The Sectarianization Thesis." In
4297:
3725:(2004â2015) sectarian tensions materialized. Yemen's Salafists attacked the Zaydi
2649:) between the dominant Protestant majority and the Catholic minority. In 1969 the
2117:
and mobilized by state actors inside and outside of the Middle East in pursuit of
9932:
9840:
9736:
9685:
9545:
9530:
9510:
9475:
9188:
9099:
9034:
8834:
8784:
8570:
8429:
6054:
Understanding Shiite Leadership: the Art of the Middle Ground in Iran and Lebanon
5813:
5770:
4918:
4759:
4051:
3879:
3875:
3852:
3801:
3742:
3552:
3459:
3361:
3193:
3085:
3055:
3050:
2733:
by Catholic army in 1631. Of the 30,000 Protestant citizens, only 5,000 survived.
2561:, Catholics were forbidden from voting, becoming MP's or buying land in Ireland.
2404:
2359:
2325:
2275:
2266:
An important figure in this process of expansion was the major general of Iran's
1963:
1871:
1767:
1708:
1560:
1545:
1525:
1490:
1197:
1108:
1043:
835:
785:
563:
414:
7120:. Colorado: Westview Press. pp. 21, 22, 163, 164, 172, 173, 182, 234, 253.
6609:
The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent
6584:
The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent
6465:
The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent
6440:
The Religious Roots of the Syrian Conflict: The Remaking of the Fertile Crescent
6230:"Khamenei: Iran not calling for elimination of Jews, wants non-sectarian Israel"
5348:
9927:
9885:
9855:
9845:
9763:
9756:
9741:
9731:
9567:
9503:
9445:
9440:
9425:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9084:
9019:
8548:
8521:
8374:
8086:
6812:
Phillips, Christopher (1 February 2015). "Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria".
6777:
Phillips, Christopher (1 February 2015). "Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria".
6692:
Phillips, Christopher (1 February 2015). "Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria".
6632:
Phillips, Christopher (1 February 2015). "Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria".
6544:
Phillips, Christopher (1 February 2015). "Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria".
6328:
Phillips, Christopher (1 February 2015). "Sectarianism and Conflict in Syria".
5075:
4902:
4743:
4041:
3817:
3682:
3635:
3475:
3336:
3313:
3247:
3181:
2990:
2718:
2692:
2662:
2654:
2641:
witnessed decades of intensified conflict, tension, and sporadic violence (see
2614:
2598:
2114:
1958:
1916:
1886:
1876:
1794:
1787:
1772:
1762:
1582:
1518:
1460:
1455:
1440:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1093:
1028:
541:
514:
361:
45:
7838:
7690:
5756:"The online dehumanisation of Muslims made the Christchurch massacre possible"
3843:
is a Zaydi from the Hashid's Sanhan clan and founder of the nationalist party
3357:
underestimated, as they can be used to obtain and maintain power and loyalty.
10004:
9939:
9562:
9498:
9483:
9345:
9310:
9290:
9161:
9104:
9039:
8451:
8354:
7891:
7774:
7749:"Religious securitisation and institutionalised sectarianism in Saudi Arabia"
7729:
7569:
7497:
7426:
7380:
7332:
7279:
7237:
7179:
7135:
7085:
7052:
7019:
6941:
6903:
6144:
5852:
5630:
5562:"Ecumenism: 'The Great Mersey Miracle' and a Decline in Religious Observance"
5372:
4960:
4926:
4861:
4837:
4814:
4806:
4767:
4717:
4709:
4660:
4621:
4305:
4076:
3941:
3848:
3821:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3722:
3694:
3639:
3479:
3339:
of Syria, which the later holds the Alawites in power to be responsible for.
3288:
3180:
and foreign Sunni terrorist organizations who came to Iraq after the fall of
3026:
2820:
2714:
2455:
2355:
2313:
2279:
2129:
1970:
1577:
1513:
1498:
1354:
1319:
1299:
1170:
1113:
1048:
436:
341:
7409:
Yemen in crisis: autocracy, neo-liberalism and the disintegration of a state
5926:
school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shiis, mostly Twelvers.
5665:
4853:
9773:
9660:
9488:
9455:
9435:
9365:
9355:
9335:
9315:
8951:
8849:
8844:
8580:
8555:
8359:
8324:
8294:
7818:
7222:. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 14, 15, 22, 23, 68, 161, 166â171, 173â192.
7162:
Empire, Islam, and politics of difference: Ottoman rule in Yemen, 1849-1919
5808:(4). Routledge/University of Birmingham/University of Notre Dame: 391â407.
5772:
Us & Them: Muslim-Christian Relations and Cultural Harmony in Australia
4693:
4071:
3969:
3932:
3718:
3627:
3623:
3548:
3520:
3471:
3424:
3154:
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2646:
2451:
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2317:
2284:
1804:
1683:
1503:
1470:
1450:
1374:
1364:
1344:
1324:
952:
850:
845:
573:
548:
346:
311:
281:
6754:
Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East
6729:
Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East
6493:
Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East
4543:
4424:
9675:
9635:
9603:
9470:
9430:
9270:
9183:
9134:
9109:
9009:
8702:
8441:
8424:
8379:
8299:
4096:
4036:
3957:
3886:
3871:
3863:
3829:
3721:. Unlike the Bakils, the Hashids adopted Salafist tenets, and during the
3706:
3615:
3603:
3563:
3448:
3214:, the narrative of sectarianism already had its origins in Syria's past.
2725:
2582:
2419:
2321:
2138:
2110:
2073:
1698:
1658:
1626:
1485:
1445:
1279:
1192:
1143:
1118:
1018:
703:
426:
409:
366:
286:
16:
Conflict between groups related to the form of government they live under
6128:
5008:
The battle for Syria : international rivalry in the new Middle East
3851:, he used Sa'dah's Salafist's ideological dissemination against Zaydi's
2856:
2379:
9949:
9944:
9825:
9820:
9716:
9700:
9557:
9450:
9408:
9370:
9178:
9166:
9139:
9129:
9049:
8468:
8463:
8434:
8369:
8218:
8040:
Middle East sectarianism explained: the narcissism of small differences
7480:
Unfinished revolutions: Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring
5718:"One in four Australians has negative attitude towards Muslims: report"
5700:
Eight dead in Central African Republic capital, rebel leaders flee city
5603:
Doebler, Stefanie; McAreavey, Ruth; Shortall, Sally (25 October 2017).
4652:
4106:
3575:
3484:
3452:
3284:
3093:
2907:
2423:
2393:
2341:
2267:
2069:
1980:
1975:
1856:
1851:
1747:
1723:
1572:
1465:
1423:
1379:
1187:
1175:
1148:
1138:
1058:
453:
448:
419:
356:
197:
20:
5132:
3870:. Due to the Houthis persistent opposition to the central government,
3693:. However, Yemen's northern part is still home to the powerful tribal
3126:
called for the participation of all Iranians in the war. His usage of
2354:
Scholars have adopted three approaches to study sectarian discourses:
9850:
9798:
9515:
9114:
8244:
5151:, edited by Kail C. Ellis. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. p. 211.
4101:
3945:
3913:, strengthening the sectarian dimension of the conflict. Hezbollah's
3730:
3643:
3571:
3540:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3300:
3263:
2785:
2781:
2431:
2308:". An example of this is the Middle Eastern regional response to the
2260:
2086:
1881:
1829:
1530:
1123:
231:
7932:"Saudi Arabia's "Reforms" Don't Include Tolerance of Shia Community"
4791:""It'd Just Be Banter": Sectarianism in a Northern Irish Rugby Club"
3602:
also lobbied for "the establishment of a separate Shaffi'i state in
2597:(1649â1653) saw a series of massacres perpetrated by the Protestant
2494:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
9815:
9645:
9572:
9223:
9149:
9054:
9014:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8314:
8309:
8254:
6390:
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
6365:
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
4061:
3894:
3855:
3757:
3686:
3595:
3536:
3528:
3280:
3243:
3239:
3025:
Sectarianism in Iran has existed for centuries, dating back to the
2933:
2903:
2849:
2777:
2762:
2550:
2439:
2408:
2134:
1846:
1668:
1587:
1232:
1158:
1063:
1023:
386:
381:
376:
301:
296:
241:
5644:
4983:
The battle for Syria: international rivalry in the new Middle East
2906:, one of the largest Muslim countries the world, has seen serious
8319:
8223:
8203:
8176:
8151:
8055:
5703:
5687:
Central African Republic: Ethnic cleansing and sectarian killings
4165:
3784:, fuel sectarian tendencies with their animosity towards Yemen's
3781:
3631:
3443:. Yemen's northern population consists for a substantial part of
3428:
3416:
3349:
3328:
3251:
3186:
3132:
3076:
2978:
2750:
2350:
Approaches to Study Sectarian Identities in authoritarian regimes
2297:
306:
202:
182:
155:
130:
53:
8000:
Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East
6257:"Khamenei: Israel a 'cancerous tumor' that 'must be eradicated'"
6033:
Khalaji, Mehdi (1 September 2001). "Iran's Regime of Religion".
6014:
Khalaji, Mehdi (1 September 2001). "Iran's Regime of Religion".
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
9275:
8304:
8208:
8186:
8181:
8131:
7906:"Shia cleric among 47 executed by Saudi Arabia in a single day"
6888:. Berlin: Gerlach Press. pp. 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12, 27, 28.
5923:
5323:"The Gordon Riots of 1780: London in Flames, a Nation in Ruins"
5229:, edited by N. Hashemi and D. Postel. Oxford: University Press.
4535:
Sextarianism: Sovereignty, Secularism, and the State in Lebanon
4282:"Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East"
3726:
3710:
3702:
3663:
3456:
3444:
3401:
3397:
3292:
3235:
3068:
were constitutionalist clergies whereas other clergies such as
3034:
2758:
2710:
2546:
2435:
2171:
2145:
are key in the process of sectarianization in the Middle East.
2076:
1284:
291:
187:
165:
160:
110:
7607:"'Even war discriminates': Yemen's minorities, exiled at home"
7449:"'Even war discriminates': Yemen's minorities, exiled at home"
7298:"'Even war discriminates': Yemen's minorities, exiled at home"
5071:"Remarks by President Trump on the Killing of Qasem Soleimani"
4694:"Transitional optics: Exploring liminal spaces after conflict"
2885:
For the violent conflict between Buddhist sects in Japan, see
9285:
8136:
7068:
Sectarianization: Mapping the new politics of the Middle East
7002:
Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union
5996:
5941:
5227:
Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East
4876:"Anti-sectarian football legislation could face early review"
4426:
Sectarianization: Mapping the New Politics of the Middle East
3777:
3753:
3714:
3698:
3591:
3432:
3420:
3136:
2918:
2911:
2869:
2766:
2415:
2337:
2305:
1294:
115:
7363:
Peripheral visions: publics, power, and performance in Yemen
5436:, Liverpool University Press, pp. 155â176, 1 May 2006,
5032:"Who was Qassem Soleimani, Iran's IRGC's Quds Force leader?"
4744:"Moonbeams and baying dogs: football and Liverpool politics"
4479:
The West's "intellectually lazy" obsession with sectarianism
3882:
and nourished sectarian persuasions within Yemen's society.
9897:
9726:
8011:
8009:
6886:
Rebuilding Yemen: political, economic and social challenges
6079:
Converting Persia: religion and power in the Safavid Empire
5080:
4086:
3874:
was economically marginalized by the state. This policy of
3734:
3667:
3647:
3583:
3508:
3412:
3353:
2926:
2922:
2271:
1928:
1757:
27:
8035:
Sectarianism in Syria (Survey Study), The Day After, 2016.
4496:. California: University of California Press, 2000. p. 2.
4166:
L. Deeb, T. Nalbantian, N. Sbaiti (2022). "Introduction".
3685:
in the southern regions has virtually disappeared through
6198:
Iran Resurgent : The Rise and Rise of the Shia State
5715:
3768:
was founded by Zaydis with the support of Bakil's elite.
2757:
in the 1990s have been heavily tinged with sectarianism.
2427:
8006:
6200:. C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited. p. 27.
6185:. C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited. p. 24.
6129:"Sectarianism as a Factor Shaping Persian Gulf Security"
5867:"Pakistan - International Religious Freedom Report 2008"
5602:
3411:
Historically, divisions in Yemen along religious lines (
3153:
grown since then. The Friday prayers held in Tehran by
7730:"The Shiites of Saudi Arabia:: Riyadh's Ultimate Other"
7070:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 207â228.
6926:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 207â228.
4903:"Sectarianism, anti-sectarianism and Scottish football"
3122:
During the Iran-Iraq war, Iran's first supreme-leader,
8016:
Sbaiti, Nadya; Nalbantian, Tsolin; Deeb, Lara (2022).
7734:
Saudi Arabia, the Gulf, and the New Regional Landscape
6417:. London: University of California Press. p. 55.
4677:
Deeb, Lara; Nalbantian, Tsolin; Sbaiti, Nadya (2022).
7585:"War and pieces: Political divides in southern Yemen"
4481:. Interview by Emran Feroz. Qantara, 17 October 2018.
4199:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 19.
4170:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 1â13.
4152:. Stanford:Stanford University Press. pp. 14â30.
4134:. Stanford:Stanford University Press. pp. 31â51.
3828:, deployed by the United States, compromised Yemen's
3117:
2796:
Over 1,000 Muslims and Christians were killed in the
2418:, there has been dilemmas at various periods between
2148:
8015:
5837:"Pakistan: Sectarian War Scourging an Entire Nation"
4676:
3555:, after which most Teimanim left the country during
2917:. Almost 85-90% of Pakistan's Muslim population is
2695:" influenced local constituent politics in England.
2312:
of 1979. Middle Eastern dictatorships backed by the
2177:
6183:
Iran Resurgent: The Rise and Rise of the Shia State
6168:
Iran Resurgent: The Rise and Rise of the Shia State
5753:
4692:Murphy, Joanne; McDowell, Sara (1 September 2019).
3206:
Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war
2226:
8020:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 16.
7327:. London: The Bodley Head. pp. 76, 103, 104.
7037:. Virginia: Potomac Books. pp. Introduction.
4737:
4735:
4681:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 16.
4148:Sbaiti, Nadya (2022). ""No Room for This Story"".
3987:, Shiâites continue to face discrimination today.
3609:
3415:) used to be less intense than those in Pakistan,
3327:by giving political aid to Maronite Christians in
2981:were targeted in various massacres including 1978
9861:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
7582:
5942:The Christian Science Monitor (2 February 2007).
3901:, supported by the political party Al-Islah; (3)
3705:. These tribal confederations maintain their own
3677:
2569:Protestant-Catholic sectarianism is prominent in
1892:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
10002:
6883:
6611:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 156â157.
6467:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151â152.
5937:
5935:
5737:"Muslims on what it's like to live in Australia"
4130:Sayed, Linda (2022). "Negotiating Citizenship".
3878:executed by Ali Abdullah Saleh worsened Yemen's
3498:
3226:Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo
2864:, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, after
2095:
9521:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
7958:"Saudi Arabia: Further Textbook Reforms Needed"
7675:. London: Hurst & Company. pp. 48â51.
7035:High-value target: countering al Qaeda in Yemen
6731:. London: Hurst & Company. pp. 61â62.
6323:
6321:
5795:
4732:
4286:The Review of Faith & International Affairs
3447:, and its southern population predominantly of
3396:In Yemen, there have been many clashes between
3360:At the start of the protests against President
3299:, created five states for the following sects:
2434:and other ideologies have declared Shias to be
2212:
1536:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
9003:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
7118:Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic
4949:"Why support GAA when it's a sectarian sport?"
4842:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
4691:
4570:Religious Fundamentalism in an Age of Conflict
3780:, particularly active in southern cities like
3470:Sectarianism reached the region once known as
3275:Before the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the
3077:Post-1979 Revolution: Islamic Republic of Iran
1012:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
8071:
7713:European Union Institute for Security Studies
7658:European Union Institute for Security Studies
7065:
5932:
5716:Stephanie Chalkley-Rhoden (29 October 2014).
5349:"Liverpool Sectarianism: the rise and demise"
4350:, Oxford University Press, pp. 167â216,
4279:
3835:
2848:provoked the creation of a military order of
2017:
7220:Yemen: revolution, civil war and unification
6318:
6170:. C. Hurst and Company (Publishers) Limited.
5834:
5734:
4567:Makofsky, David; Unal, Bayram (2022-08-04).
4566:
4538:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1â23.
4280:Hashemi, Nader; Postel, Danny (2017-07-03).
4180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3804:groups impact on Yemen's politics. The 2000
3547:. In modern times, the establishment of the
3523:of Yemen fit in this narrative, such as the
2613:, in which Protestants were burned alive in
2164:
9219:List of people killed for being transgender
7583:Al-Hamdani, Raiman; Lackner, Helen (2020).
6756:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 68.
6671:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 81.
6586:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 156.
6495:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 65.
6442:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 151.
6304:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 99.
5689:". Amnesty International. 12 February 2014.
5096:Journal of Religious and Political Practice
5047:
5045:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4445:
4443:
4235:, Oxford University Press, pp. 11â36,
4197:Liverpool Sectarianism: The Rise and Demise
3539:of Christians, executed by the Jewish king
2691:). The sectarian divisions related to the "
1228:List of people killed for being transgender
8078:
8064:
7851:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6056:. Cambridge University Press. p. 43.
5768:
5290:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 29.
5053:"Top Iranian general killed by US in Iraq"
3749:and threatened various Teimanim families.
3620:sectarian rivalry between Sunnis and Shias
2024:
2010:
7764:
7264:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
7213:
7211:
7209:
6126:
5944:"Shiite-Sunni conflict rises in Pakistan"
5620:
5560:Roberts, Keith Daniel (1 December 2017),
5478:Roberts, Keith Daniel (1 December 2017),
5394:Roberts, Keith Daniel (1 December 2017).
5285:
5006:Phillips, Christopher (25 October 2016).
4981:Phillips, Christopher (25 October 2016).
4795:Cultural Studies â Critical Methodologies
4611:
4593:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4229:"Beyond Sectarianism in the Middle East?"
3465:
2973:
2651:Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association
2510:Learn how and when to remove this message
2374:
2328:across the region and a deterioration of
2221:
8335:Social determinants of health in poverty
7865:
7670:
7604:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7446:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7295:
7207:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6811:
6776:
6691:
6631:
6543:
6523:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 111â113.
6327:
5574:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0007
5492:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0006
5442:10.5949/liverpool/9781846310102.003.0006
5406:10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.001.0001
5261:"Lahore bomb raises sectarian questions"
5042:
5005:
4980:
4788:
4531:
4506:
4484:
4466:
4440:
3586:of the Kingdom of Yemen. His adversary,
3221:
2855:
2836:
2724:
2678:In June 1780 a series of riots (see the
2577:, Protestant settlers from Britain were
2521:
2378:
2290:
2087:Polemics against the term "sectarianism"
322:Social determinants of health in poverty
7976:
7547:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7477:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7406:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7164:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 28, 201â247.
7115:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6884:Brehony, Noel; Al-Sarhan, Saud (2015).
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6669:Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present
6518:
6412:
6302:Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present
6076:
6032:
6013:
5835:Bhattacharya, Sanchita (30 June 2019).
5559:
5477:
5393:
5320:
5127:(PhD thesis). University of Liverpool.
4900:
4741:
4194:
3008:was attacked with sectarian insults in
10003:
7982:
7812:
7810:
7724:
7722:
7673:Yemen and the world: beyond insecurity
7360:
7291:
7289:
7259:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7066:Hashemi, Nader; Postel, Danny (2017).
6924:Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf
6921:
6917:
6915:
6913:
6751:
6726:
6666:
6606:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6514:
6512:
6490:
6486:
6484:
6462:
6437:
6299:
6195:
6180:
6165:
6051:
5887:
5754:Rita Jabri-Markwell (31 August 2020).
5538:The First World War Belchem Chapter 10
5346:
5221:
5219:
5168:
5120:
5093:
5010:. Yale University Press. p. 158.
4985:. Yale University Press. p. 158.
4835:
4672:
4670:
4634:
4527:
4525:
4400:
4341:
4147:
3146:Palestinian liberation against Israel.
3044:
2625:, also inflamed sectarian sentiments.
2591:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
2203:
2190:
8059:
7997:
7592:European Council on Foreign Relations
7462:
7387:
7186:
7159:
7092:
6848:"How sectarianism shapes Yemen's war"
6387:
6362:
6101:
5859:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5294:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4226:
4161:
4159:
4143:
4141:
4129:
4125:
4123:
3745:. Houthis also attacked the Salafist
3691:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
3270:
2340:and disseminates poisonous sectarian
9985:
9025:Capital punishment for homosexuality
8340:Social determinants of mental health
7816:
7706:"Whatever happened to Yemen's army?"
7703:
7697:
7664:
7651:"Whatever happened to Yemen's army?"
7648:
7626:
7598:
7576:
7526:
7510:
7504:
7433:
7339:
7311:
7217:
7032:
6948:
6858:
5802:Islam and ChristianâMuslim Relations
5169:Wehrey, Frederic, ed. (2018-02-01).
4383:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
3709:without state interference, such as
3543:, eventually led to the fall of the
3455:in Yemen's southeast has a distinct
3144:countries who had been fighting for
2966:In 1511, a pro-Shia revolt known as
2459:
1034:Capital punishment for homosexuality
327:Social determinants of mental health
9145:Genital modification and mutilation
7866:Mazaheri, Nimah (1 November 2017).
7807:
7746:
7719:
7642:
7620:
7614:Minority Rights Group International
7456:Minority Rights Group International
7305:Minority Rights Group International
7286:
7244:
7142:
7059:
6999:
6910:
6572:
6509:
6481:
6392:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 23.
6367:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 22.
6275:"Iraqi Sunnis demand abuse inquiry"
6254:
5796:Rachel Woodlock (12 October 2011).
5302:Rebellions: Memoir, Memory and 1798
5216:
4667:
4522:
3847:. During his decades long reign as
3342:
3230:The hostilities that took place in
2741:organization and research project.
2628:
2283:the region. According to President
1154:Genital modification and mutilation
13:
8085:
8028:
7789:"Saudi Arabia: Treat Shia Equally"
6077:Abisaab, Rula (26 February 2004).
5464:
5179:10.1093/oso/9780190876050.001.0001
4901:Bradley, Joseph M. (28 May 2015).
4356:10.1093/oso/9780197510629.003.0006
4320:
4262:
4241:10.1093/oso/9780190876050.003.0002
4156:
4138:
4120:
3638:not in proximity of the so-called
3118:Ruhollah Khomeini and Ali Khamenei
3002:2023 Turkish presidential election
2765:have traditionally been Catholic,
2682:) occurred in London motivated by
2149:Alternative: Sectarian as a prefix
14:
10022:
5900:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
5872:United States Department of State
5347:Walker, Graham (2 January 2018).
4789:Kavanagh, Thomas (October 2020).
4573:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
4213:
2961:
2324:. This was followed by a rise of
2235:
2178:Intersectionality in Sectarianism
9984:
9975:
9974:
9624:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
9461:Law for Protection of the Nation
9361:White genocide conspiracy theory
7991:
7985:United States Institute of Peace
7950:
7924:
7898:
7868:"Oil, Dissent, and Distribution"
7859:
7781:
7740:
7562:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01352.x
7026:
6035:Journal of International Affairs
6016:Journal of International Affairs
5645:"HTR - Day of Reflection - Home"
4836:Cairns, David (September 2000).
2833:Sectarian violence among Muslims
2575:English (and later British) rule
2464:
2227:Sectarianism in the 21st century
1647:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1476:Law for Protection of the Nation
1370:White genocide conspiracy theory
52:
9466:MSM blood donation restrictions
9214:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
8052:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990
6840:
6805:
6770:
6745:
6720:
6685:
6660:
6625:
6600:
6537:
6456:
6431:
6406:
6381:
6356:
6293:
6267:
6248:
6222:
6204:
6189:
6174:
6159:
6120:
6095:
6070:
6045:
6026:
5970:
5961:
5828:
5789:
5762:
5747:
5728:
5709:
5692:
5679:
5658:
5637:
5596:
5553:
5541:
5532:
5514:
5422:
5387:
5340:
5314:
5279:
5253:
5232:
5162:
5139:
5114:
5087:
5063:
5024:
4999:
4974:
4941:
4894:
4868:
4829:
4782:
4685:
4628:
4594:Aldoughli, Rahaf (2023-08-07).
4587:
4560:
4067:Narcissism of small differences
3972:in 2016, who was active in the
3920:
3610:Contemporary Sunni-Shia rivalry
3391:
3387:Yemeni Civil War (2015âpresent)
3217:
2595:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
1481:MSM blood donation restrictions
1223:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
9479:(as religious or racial quota)
7884:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.028
6413:Makdisi, Ussama Samir (2000).
6212:"Profile: Lebanon's Hezbollah"
6196:Abedin, Mahan (15 July 2015).
6181:Abedin, Mahan (15 July 2015).
6166:Abedin, Mahan (15 July 2015).
6052:Mishal, Shaul (5 March 2015).
5568:, Liverpool University Press,
5486:, Liverpool University Press,
5400:. Liverpool University Press.
5240:"John F. Kennedy and Religion"
5145:Ellis, Kail C. "Epilogue." In
5121:Saleem, Saleena Begum (2023).
4742:Kennedy, David (1 July 2011).
4377:
4195:Roberts, Keith Daniel (2017).
4188:
3678:Tribes and political movements
3566:interests surfaced during the
3435:, the south's coast along the
3061:1906 constitutional revolution
2899:Sectarian violence in Pakistan
2744:
2559:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
2528:St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
1494:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
9893:Second-generation gender bias
9609:Constitutional colorblindness
8330:Social determinants of health
7766:10.1080/21624887.2020.1795479
7747:Neo, Ric (1 September 2020).
6826:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
6791:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
6706:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
6667:Sahner, Christian C. (2014).
6646:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
6558:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
6342:10.1080/01436597.2015.1015788
6300:Sahner, Christian C. (2014).
5948:The Christian Science Monitor
5775:. Australian Academic Press.
5666:"Healing Through Remembering"
5622:10.1080/01419870.2017.1392027
5365:10.1080/03071022.2017.1397369
5108:10.1080/20566093.2018.1525899
4613:10.1080/19436149.2023.2243178
4532:Mikdashi, Maya (2022-05-03).
4514:"Understanding Sectarianism."
4298:10.1080/15570274.2017.1354462
4113:
3952:and the repercussions of the
3656:slogan of the Houthi movement
3499:Unification period, 1918â1990
3088:and the establishment of the
2096:Alternative: Sectarianization
2047:
1924:Second-generation gender bias
1632:Constitutional colorblindness
317:Social determinants of health
7753:Critical Studies on Security
7636:Council on Foreign Relations
7520:Council on Foreign Relations
6388:Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1994).
6363:Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (1994).
6127:Grabowski, Wojciech (2017).
5814:10.1080/09596410.2011.606187
5304:. The Lilliput Press, 2004.
4919:10.1080/17430437.2014.976008
4760:10.1080/14660970.2011.593792
4348:Understanding 'Sectarianism'
4342:Haddad, Fanar (2020-03-15),
3927:Sectarianism in Saudi Arabia
3574:Saudi Arabia and other Arab
3238:and subsequently in 1860 in
3107:the Islamic Republic of Iran
3105:. With the establishment of
3084:led to the overthrow of the
2939:
2807:
2541:In some countries where the
2213:Implications for Communities
2182:The analytical framework of
2109:and its upsurge in i.e. the
7:
9804:Medical model of disability
9656:Hate speech laws by country
6106:. Oxford University Press.
5984:(in Turkish). 21 April 2023
5735:Beau Donelly (2 May 2016).
4635:Kadhum, Oula (April 2019).
4009:
3485:Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din
3439:route, and the southeast's
3168:Civil war in Iraq (2006-07)
3082:The Iranian 1979 revolution
3020:
2892:
2844:of rival ascetics in 1567.
2739:Healing Through Remembering
2490:the claims made and adding
1835:Medical model of disability
1679:Hate speech laws by country
10:
10027:
9913:Social model of disability
8385:Discrimination against men
8042:Victor Argo 13 April 2015
8002:. Nation Books. p. 2.
7671:Bonnefoy, Laurent (2018).
6519:van Dam, Nikolaos (1981).
4227:Dixon, Paul (2018-02-01),
4168:In Practicing sectarianism
4150:In Practising Sectarianism
4132:In Practising Sectarianism
3994:
3990:
3924:
3836:Ali Abdullah Saleh's reign
3515:was used as a nationalist
3380:
3246:, taking place within the
3203:
3165:
3090:Islamic Government of Iran
2896:
2830:
2811:
2673:
2564:
2449:
1944:Social model of disability
372:Discrimination against men
25:
18:
9970:
9709:
9586:
9379:
9266:Opposition to immigration
8990:
8630:
8477:
8237:
8187:Race / Ethnicity
8124:
8093:
7478:Fraihat, Ibrahim (2016).
6922:Potter, Lawrence (2014).
6752:Wehrey, Frederic (2017).
6727:Wehrey, Frederic (2017).
6491:Wehrey, Frederic (2017).
5609:Ethnic and Racial Studies
5286:Gallagher, Frank (1957).
3845:General People's Congress
3788:, Zaydis, and others. An
3739:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'I
3316:tried to create a Syrian
3066:Sayyid Jamal al-Din Va'iz
3015:
2956:
2921:, and another 10-15% are
2814:Sectarianism in Australia
2791:
2611:Scullabogue Barn massacre
2445:
2165:Alternative: Sextarianism
1275:Opposition to immigration
166:Race / Ethnicity
9261:Occupational segregation
9030:Compulsory sterilization
7605:El Rajji, Rania (2016).
7447:El Rajji, Rania (2016).
7296:El Rajji, Rania (2016).
7116:Stookey, Robert (1978).
6145:10.1177/0020881717715550
4807:10.1177/1532708619886330
4710:10.1177/0042098018788988
4022:Communalism (South Asia)
3909:in 2014-2015 provoked a
3770:Violent non-state actors
3652:Operation Scorched Earth
3590:, received support from
3383:Shia insurgency in Yemen
3376:
3199:
2880:
2802:Central African Republic
2643:The Troubles (1920â1922)
2557:was introduced with the
2280:United States of America
2270:(the foreign arm of the
1270:Occupational segregation
1039:Compulsory sterilization
19:Not to be confused with
9789:Internalized oppression
9651:Fighting Discrimination
9641:Fat acceptance movement
9599:Anti-discrimination law
9239:Native American mascots
8018:Practicing Sectarianism
7704:Gaub, Florence (2015).
7649:Gaub, Florence (2015).
7407:Lackner, Helen (2017).
5905:Oxford University Press
5171:"Beyond Sunni and Shia"
4854:10.1111/1467-9655.00025
4679:Practicing Sectarianism
4512:Makdisi, Ussama Samir.
4490:Makdisi, Ussama Samir.
4344:"SunniâShi'a Relations"
3997:Sectarianism in Lebanon
3964:, especially after the
3764:and, as a counterpart,
3161:
3031:Safavid dynasty's reign
2826:
2700:Great Famine in Ireland
2607:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2587:Irish Rebellion of 1641
2581:, which along with the
2573:; during the period of
2532:French Wars of Religion
2322:Sunni Islamic tradition
2254:
2198:Sectarianism in Lebanon
1820:Internalized oppression
1674:Fighting Discrimination
1664:Fat acceptance movement
1622:Anti-discrimination law
1248:Native American mascots
9908:Social identity threat
9881:Reverse discrimination
9871:Racial color blindness
9351:Violence against women
9331:Sex-selective abortion
7627:Laub, Zachary (2015).
7511:Laub, Zachary (2015).
7325:Yemen: the unknown war
7323:Schmidt, Dana (1968).
7260:Ferris, Jesse (2012).
7160:Kuehn, Thomas (2011).
6102:Bayat, Mangol (1991).
5566:Liverpool Sectarianism
5484:Liverpool Sectarianism
5397:Liverpool Sectarianism
5288:The Indivisible Island
5204:Cite journal requires
4519:8, no.1 (2001), p. 19.
4057:Ingroups and outgroups
3974:2011 domestic protests
3911:Saudi-led intervention
3557:Operation Magic Carpet
3466:Ottoman era, 1849â1918
3295:, with the command of
3260:Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
3227:
2974:Republican era (1923-)
2877:
2853:
2846:Hindu-Muslim conflicts
2749:The civil wars in the
2734:
2583:Protestant Reformation
2534:
2388:
2375:Religious sectarianism
2347:
2222:Political sectarianism
1939:Social identity threat
1912:Reverse discrimination
1902:Racial color blindness
1360:Violence against women
1340:Sex-selective abortion
9876:Religious intolerance
9836:Political correctness
9666:Intersex human rights
9614:Cultural assimilation
9296:Religious persecution
9060:Disability hate crime
8845:Jewish / Antisemitism
7998:Hirst, David (2011).
7361:Wedeen, Lisa (2008).
7033:Hull, Edmund (2011).
7000:Day, Stephen (2012).
6814:Third World Quarterly
6779:Third World Quarterly
6694:Third World Quarterly
6634:Third World Quarterly
6607:Tomass, Mark (2016).
6582:Tomass, Mark (2016).
6546:Third World Quarterly
6463:Tomass, Mark (2016).
6438:Tomass, Mark (2016).
6330:Third World Quarterly
6261:www.timesofisrael.com
6133:International Studies
5741:Sydney Morning Herald
5527:Keith Daniel Roberts,
4544:10.1515/9781503631564
4233:Beyond Sunni and Shia
4082:Religious segregation
4017:Collective narcissism
3962:Amnesty International
3903:Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
3860:Armed Forces of Yemen
3800:further strengthened
3568:North Yemen Civil War
3225:
3150:"the enemy of Islam."
2859:
2840:
2755:breakup of Yugoslavia
2728:
2555:Catholic Emancipation
2525:
2407:, only one Catholic (
2382:
2334:
2330:Shi'a-Sunni relations
2326:anti-Shiâa sentiments
2291:Authoritarian regimes
1907:Religious intolerance
1867:Political correctness
1689:Intersex human rights
1637:Cultural assimilation
1305:Religious persecution
1069:Disability hate crime
846:Jewish / Antisemitism
9281:Political repression
8290:Anti-left handedness
8280:Anti-intellectualism
7817:Hiro, Dilip (2018).
5895:"Pakistan, Islam in"
5523:joining trade unions
4748:Soccer & Society
4600:Middle East Critique
4384:Adam, Karla (2016).
3954:1987 Makkah Incident
3752:Members of Hashid's
3582:, the deposed Zaydi
3070:Mohammed Kazem Yazdi
2717:and Anglican Bishop
2635:Partition of Ireland
2579:"planted" in Ireland
2383:In 1871, New York's
2139:European colonialism
1290:Political repression
277:Anti-left handedness
267:Anti-intellectualism
9784:Historical eugenics
9321:Segregation academy
9301:Religious terrorism
9090:Enemy of the people
8998:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
8517:Jehovah's Witnesses
8410:Perpetual foreigner
7938:. 21 September 2018
6852:The Washington Post
5875:. 19 September 2008
5769:Abe W. Ata (2009).
3981:Mohammed bin Salman
3950:1979 Qatif Uprising
3899:Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
3858:. In addition, the
3810:military operations
3792:attempt in 1995 on
3666:, a curse upon the
3519:. Although not all
3406:The Washington Post
3045:Pre-1979 Revolution
2753:which followed the
2668:Republic of Ireland
2204:Political Dimension
2191:Religious Dimension
1815:Historical eugenics
1330:Segregation academy
1310:Religious terrorism
1099:Enemy of the people
1007:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
510:Jehovah's Witnesses
397:Perpetual foreigner
9696:Social integration
9691:Self-determination
9681:Racial integration
9629:Diversity training
9619:Cultural pluralism
9594:Affirmative action
9494:Racial segregation
9404:Crime of apartheid
9306:Religious violence
8809:Indigenous people
8214:Sexual orientation
7964:. 15 February 2021
7962:Human Rights Watch
7936:Human Rights Watch
7795:. 3 September 2009
7793:Human Rights Watch
7218:Rabi, Uzi (2015).
7077:978-0-19-937-726-8
6933:978-0-19-937-726-8
6281:. 16 November 2005
6236:. 15 November 2019
5706:. 26 January 2014.
4653:10.1111/glob.12222
4435:978-0-19-937-726-8
4092:Sectarian violence
3968:of Shi'ite cleric
3938:Human Rights Watch
3868:Muslim Brotherhood
3862:used Salafists as
3841:Ali Abdullah Saleh
3756:founded the Sunni
3606:" in this period.
3588:Abdullah al-Sallal
3505:Yemeni unification
3441:oil and gas fields
3437:Indian Ocean trade
3325:Lebanese civil war
3271:After Ottoman rule
3228:
3172:Shia Islam in Iraq
3124:Ayatollah Khomeini
3006:Kemal KılıçdaroÄlu
2915:sectarian violence
2878:
2854:
2798:sectarian violence
2735:
2715:Archbishop Worlock
2603:Kingdom of Ireland
2535:
2530:, an event in the
2475:possibly contains
2389:
2310:Iranian revolution
2107:sectarian violence
2054:sectarian conflict
1719:Social integration
1714:Self-determination
1704:Racial integration
1652:Diversity training
1642:Cultural pluralism
1617:Affirmative action
1509:Racial segregation
1419:Crime of apartheid
1315:Religious violence
810:Indigenous people
193:Sexual orientation
9998:
9997:
9866:Racism by country
9794:Intersectionality
9779:Heteronormativity
9578:Voter suppression
9326:Sexual harassment
9125:Forced conversion
9045:Cultural genocide
8708:African Americans
8527:postâCold War era
8512:Eastern Orthodoxy
8275:Anti-drug addicts
8270:Anti-homelessness
8197:Scientific racism
8048:Bryan R. Wilson,
7872:World Development
7830:978-0-19-005022-1
7682:978-1-849-04966-5
7629:"Yemen in Crisis"
7513:"Yemen in Crisis"
7489:978-0-300-21563-2
7418:978-0-86356-193-1
7372:978-0-226-87791-4
7271:978-1-4008-4523-1
7229:978-1-78076-946-2
7171:978-90-04-21131-5
7044:978-1-59797-679-4
7011:978-1-139-42415-8
6895:978-3-940924-69-8
6618:978-1-137-53149-0
6593:978-1-137-53149-0
6474:978-1-137-53149-0
6449:978-1-137-53149-0
5615:(14): 2426â2444.
5583:978-1-78694-010-0
5501:978-1-78694-010-0
5451:978-1-84631-010-2
5415:978-1-78694-010-0
5310:978-1-84351-039-0
5267:. 10 January 2008
5188:978-0-19-087605-0
5157:978-3-319-71203-1
5133:10.17638/03172024
5081:National Archives
5059:. 3 January 2020.
5036:www.aljazeera.com
4882:. 5 November 2013
4704:(12): 2499â2514.
4580:978-1-5275-8599-7
4553:978-1-5036-3156-4
4461:978-0-674-05298-7
4386:"Washington Post"
4365:978-0-19-751062-9
4250:978-0-19-087605-0
4206:978-1-78694-010-0
4047:Identity politics
4027:Cybersectarianism
3891:Yemeni Revolution
3814:Collateral damage
3812:on Yemen's soil.
3802:Salafist-jihadist
3747:Bin Salman Mosque
3634:branch. Yemen is
3478:. It divided the
3141:Iraqi Bath Regime
2968:Ćahkulu Rebellion
2887:Japanese Buddhism
2731:sack of Magdeburg
2659:Irish Republicans
2520:
2519:
2512:
2477:original research
2184:intersectionality
2034:
2033:
1897:Racism by country
1825:Intersectionality
1810:Heteronormativity
1593:Voter suppression
1335:Sexual harassment
1134:Forced conversion
1054:Cultural genocide
709:African Americans
520:postâCold War era
505:Eastern Orthodoxy
262:Anti-drug addicts
257:Anti-homelessness
176:Scientific racism
10018:
9988:
9987:
9978:
9977:
9918:Social privilege
9903:Social exclusion
9831:Police brutality
9752:Multiculturalism
9722:Amatonormativity
9553:Social exclusion
9389:Age of candidacy
9189:Homeless dumping
9095:Ethnic cleansing
8080:
8073:
8066:
8057:
8056:
8044:Your Middle East
8022:
8021:
8013:
8004:
8003:
7995:
7989:
7988:
7980:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7969:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7912:. 2 January 2016
7902:
7896:
7895:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7850:
7842:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7768:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7710:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7655:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7633:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7611:
7602:
7596:
7595:
7589:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7550:The Muslim World
7545:
7524:
7523:
7517:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7475:
7460:
7459:
7453:
7444:
7431:
7430:
7404:
7385:
7384:
7358:
7337:
7336:
7320:
7309:
7308:
7302:
7293:
7284:
7283:
7257:
7242:
7241:
7215:
7184:
7183:
7157:
7140:
7139:
7113:
7090:
7089:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7030:
7024:
7023:
6997:
6946:
6945:
6919:
6908:
6907:
6881:
6856:
6855:
6854:. 13 April 2015.
6844:
6838:
6837:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6724:
6718:
6717:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6488:
6479:
6478:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6325:
6316:
6315:
6297:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6255:Pileggi, Tamar.
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6218:. 15 March 2016.
6208:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6011:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5918:
5916:
5911:on June 18, 2013
5907:. Archived from
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5713:
5707:
5696:
5690:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5536:
5530:
5520:Day, 2011: 65: "
5518:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5318:
5312:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5230:
5223:
5214:
5213:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5166:
5160:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4953:belfasttelegraph
4945:
4939:
4938:
4907:Sport in Society
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4529:
4520:
4510:
4504:
4488:
4482:
4477:Hashemi, Nader.
4475:
4464:
4447:
4438:
4421:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4339:
4318:
4317:
4277:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4224:
4211:
4210:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4032:Ethnic cleansing
3931:Sectarianism in
3915:Hassan Nasrallah
3806:USS Cole bombing
3660:Death to America
3618:, the perceived
3580:Muhammad al-Badr
3551:resulted in the
3545:Homerite Kingdom
3503:Before the 1990
3493:Kingdom of Yemen
3371:Free Syrian Army
3343:Syrian Civil War
3318:Arab nationalism
3212:Syrian civil war
3178:Iraqi insurgency
3112:Supreme-leaders.
3027:Islamic conquest
2874:Al-Qaeda in Iraq
2866:the first attack
2862:Al-Askari Mosque
2774:Eastern Orthodox
2689:Irish Rebellions
2661:whose goal is a
2639:Northern Ireland
2629:Northern Ireland
2526:Painting of the
2515:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:inline citations
2468:
2467:
2460:
2302:Arab nationalism
2143:authoritarianism
2127:sectarianization
2066:Northern Ireland
2026:
2019:
2012:
1949:Social privilege
1934:Social exclusion
1862:Police brutality
1783:Multiculturalism
1753:Amatonormativity
1568:Social exclusion
1404:Age of candidacy
1198:Homeless dumping
1104:Ethnic cleansing
56:
33:
32:
10026:
10025:
10021:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10001:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9966:
9841:Polyculturalism
9737:Civil liberties
9705:
9686:Reappropriation
9587:Countermeasures
9582:
9511:Racial steering
9477:Numerus clausus
9381:
9375:
9100:Ethnic conflict
9035:Corrective rape
8986:
8626:
8473:
8365:HIV/AIDS stigma
8233:
8182:Mental disorder
8120:
8089:
8084:
8031:
8029:Further reading
8026:
8025:
8014:
8007:
7996:
7992:
7981:
7977:
7967:
7965:
7956:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7915:
7913:
7910:www.amnesty.org
7904:
7903:
7899:
7864:
7860:
7844:
7843:
7831:
7815:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7787:
7786:
7782:
7745:
7741:
7728:
7727:
7720:
7708:
7702:
7698:
7683:
7669:
7665:
7653:
7647:
7643:
7631:
7625:
7621:
7609:
7603:
7599:
7587:
7581:
7577:
7546:
7527:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7490:
7476:
7463:
7451:
7445:
7434:
7419:
7405:
7388:
7373:
7359:
7340:
7321:
7312:
7300:
7294:
7287:
7272:
7258:
7245:
7230:
7216:
7187:
7172:
7158:
7143:
7128:
7114:
7093:
7078:
7064:
7060:
7045:
7031:
7027:
7012:
6998:
6949:
6934:
6920:
6911:
6896:
6882:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6841:
6810:
6806:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6725:
6721:
6690:
6686:
6679:
6665:
6661:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6580:
6573:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6461:
6457:
6450:
6436:
6432:
6425:
6411:
6407:
6400:
6386:
6382:
6375:
6361:
6357:
6326:
6319:
6312:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6194:
6190:
6179:
6175:
6164:
6160:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6081:. I.B. Tauris.
6075:
6071:
6064:
6050:
6046:
6031:
6027:
6012:
5997:
5987:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5940:
5933:
5914:
5912:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5841:Liberal Studies
5833:
5829:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5767:
5763:
5752:
5748:
5733:
5729:
5714:
5710:
5697:
5693:
5684:
5680:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5601:
5597:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5519:
5515:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5476:
5465:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5392:
5388:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5327:Gresham College
5319:
5315:
5299:
5295:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5224:
5217:
5205:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5167:
5163:
5144:
5140:
5119:
5115:
5092:
5088:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5018:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4963:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4834:
4830:
4787:
4783:
4740:
4733:
4690:
4686:
4675:
4668:
4641:Global Networks
4633:
4629:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4530:
4523:
4517:ISIM Newsletter
4511:
4507:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4467:
4448:
4441:
4422:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4340:
4321:
4278:
4263:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4225:
4214:
4207:
4193:
4189:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4157:
4146:
4139:
4128:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4052:Identitarianism
4012:
3999:
3993:
3929:
3923:
3907:Houthi takeover
3880:social cohesion
3876:divide and rule
3853:Islamic revival
3838:
3818:cruise missiles
3808:resulted in US
3774:Ansar al-Sharia
3743:Siege of Dammaj
3680:
3612:
3594:and other Arab
3553:1947 Aden riots
3501:
3468:
3404:. According to
3394:
3389:
3381:Main articles:
3379:
3362:Basher al-Assad
3345:
3333:Muslim Brothers
3273:
3220:
3208:
3202:
3174:
3164:
3120:
3086:Pahlavi dynasty
3079:
3056:Safavid dynasty
3051:Safavid dynasty
3047:
3023:
3018:
2976:
2964:
2959:
2942:
2901:
2895:
2883:
2835:
2829:
2816:
2810:
2794:
2747:
2676:
2631:
2567:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2481:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2448:
2405:John F. Kennedy
2377:
2360:instrumentalism
2352:
2293:
2276:Qasem Soleimani
2257:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2151:
2098:
2089:
2050:
2030:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1872:Polyculturalism
1768:Civil liberties
1740:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1709:Reappropriation
1609:
1608:Countermeasures
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1526:Racial steering
1492:Numerus clausus
1396:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1109:Ethnic conflict
1044:Corrective rape
999:
991:
990:
989:
988:
987:
634:
623:
622:
621:
620:
619:
472:
462:
461:
460:
459:
458:
352:HIV/AIDS stigma
224:
216:
215:
214:
213:
212:
161:Mental disorder
103:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
64:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10024:
10014:
10013:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9982:
9971:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9964:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9886:Reverse racism
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9856:Prisoner abuse
9853:
9848:
9846:Power distance
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9796:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9764:Ethnic penalty
9761:
9760:
9759:
9757:Neurodiversity
9754:
9744:
9742:Dehumanization
9739:
9734:
9732:Cisnormativity
9729:
9724:
9719:
9713:
9711:
9710:Related topics
9707:
9706:
9704:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9590:
9588:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9568:State religion
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9504:Nuremberg Laws
9501:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9446:Ghetto benches
9443:
9441:Gerrymandering
9438:
9433:
9428:
9426:Gender pay gap
9423:
9422:
9421:
9416:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9380:Discriminatory
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9209:Lavender scare
9206:
9204:Kill Haole Day
9201:
9199:Indian rolling
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9164:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9085:Eliminationism
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9020:Cancel culture
9017:
9012:
9007:
9006:
9005:
8994:
8992:
8991:Manifestations
8988:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8887:Middle Eastern
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8635:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8624:
8622:Zoroastrianism
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8584:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8549:Untouchability
8546:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8460:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8432:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8375:Leprosy stigma
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8200:
8199:
8194:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8128:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8095:
8091:
8090:
8087:Discrimination
8083:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8046:
8037:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8005:
7990:
7975:
7949:
7923:
7897:
7858:
7829:
7806:
7780:
7759:(3): 203â222.
7739:
7736:: 37â42. 2017.
7718:
7696:
7681:
7663:
7641:
7619:
7597:
7575:
7556:(2): 182â201.
7525:
7503:
7488:
7461:
7432:
7417:
7386:
7371:
7338:
7310:
7285:
7270:
7243:
7228:
7185:
7170:
7141:
7126:
7091:
7076:
7058:
7043:
7025:
7010:
6947:
6932:
6909:
6894:
6857:
6839:
6804:
6769:
6762:
6744:
6737:
6719:
6684:
6677:
6659:
6640:(2): 357â376.
6624:
6617:
6599:
6592:
6571:
6536:
6529:
6508:
6501:
6480:
6473:
6455:
6448:
6430:
6423:
6405:
6398:
6380:
6373:
6355:
6317:
6310:
6292:
6266:
6247:
6221:
6203:
6188:
6173:
6158:
6119:
6112:
6094:
6087:
6069:
6063:978-1107632677
6062:
6044:
6025:
5995:
5969:
5960:
5931:
5886:
5858:
5827:
5788:
5781:
5761:
5746:
5727:
5708:
5691:
5678:
5657:
5636:
5595:
5582:
5552:
5540:
5531:
5513:
5500:
5463:
5450:
5421:
5414:
5386:
5359:(1): 140â142.
5353:Social History
5339:
5313:
5293:
5278:
5252:
5231:
5215:
5206:|journal=
5187:
5161:
5138:
5113:
5102:(3): 314â335.
5086:
5076:whitehouse.gov
5062:
5041:
5023:
5016:
4998:
4991:
4973:
4940:
4913:(5): 588â603.
4893:
4867:
4848:(3): 437â452.
4828:
4801:(5): 485â495.
4781:
4754:(4): 510â522.
4731:
4684:
4666:
4647:(2): 158â178.
4627:
4586:
4579:
4559:
4552:
4521:
4505:
4483:
4465:
4439:
4399:
4376:
4364:
4319:
4261:
4249:
4212:
4205:
4187:
4155:
4137:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:Group conflict
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:par excellence
3995:Main article:
3992:
3989:
3925:Main article:
3922:
3919:
3885:Following the
3837:
3834:
3733:and destroyed
3695:confederations
3683:Tribal culture
3679:
3676:
3636:geographically
3611:
3608:
3500:
3497:
3476:Treaty of Daan
3474:with the 1911
3467:
3464:
3393:
3390:
3378:
3375:
3344:
3341:
3337:secularization
3314:Hafez al-Assad
3277:French Mandate
3272:
3269:
3248:Ottoman Empire
3219:
3216:
3201:
3198:
3182:Saddam Hussein
3163:
3160:
3128:Shia martyrdom
3119:
3116:
3099:"us and them"
3078:
3075:
3046:
3043:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
2991:Sivas massacre
2987:Ăorum massacre
2983:MaraĆ massacre
2975:
2972:
2963:
2962:Ottoman Empire
2960:
2958:
2955:
2941:
2938:
2897:Main article:
2894:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2850:Hindu ascetics
2831:Main article:
2828:
2825:
2812:Main article:
2809:
2806:
2793:
2790:
2746:
2743:
2719:David Sheppard
2693:Irish question
2675:
2672:
2663:United Ireland
2655:Gerrymandering
2630:
2627:
2615:County Wexford
2599:New Model Army
2566:
2563:
2518:
2517:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2447:
2444:
2376:
2373:
2364:constructivism
2351:
2348:
2292:
2289:
2256:
2253:
2237:
2236:United Kingdom
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2192:
2189:
2179:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2150:
2147:
2130:conceptualizes
2119:political gain
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2049:
2046:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:Reverse racism
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Prisoner abuse
1884:
1879:
1877:Power distance
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Ethnic penalty
1792:
1791:
1790:
1788:Neurodiversity
1785:
1775:
1773:Dehumanization
1770:
1765:
1763:Cisnormativity
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:Related topics
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:State religion
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1519:Nuremberg Laws
1516:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:Ghetto benches
1458:
1456:Gerrymandering
1453:
1448:
1443:
1441:Gender pay gap
1438:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Lavender scare
1215:
1213:Kill Haole Day
1210:
1208:Indian rolling
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:Eliminationism
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1029:Cancel culture
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
998:Manifestations
997:
996:
993:
992:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
888:Middle Eastern
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
854:
853:
843:
838:
833:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
701:
696:
691:
690:
689:
684:
679:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
638:
637:
636:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
618:
617:
615:Zoroastrianism
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
591:
590:
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
546:
545:
544:
542:Untouchability
539:
529:
524:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
492:
487:
482:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
467:
464:
463:
457:
456:
451:
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
424:
423:
422:
417:
407:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
362:Leprosy stigma
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
227:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
179:
178:
173:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
107:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
90:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
46:Discrimination
42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10023:
10012:
10009:
10008:
10006:
9991:
9983:
9981:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9963:
9960:
9956:
9953:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9940:Social stigma
9938:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9714:
9712:
9708:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9639:
9637:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9585:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9563:State atheism
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9499:Jim Crow laws
9497:
9496:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9484:One-drop rule
9482:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9399:Blood quantum
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9378:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9346:Victimisation
9344:
9342:
9341:Trans bashing
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9311:Religious war
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9291:Racialization
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9162:Glass ceiling
9160:
9156:
9153:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9105:Ethnic hatred
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9040:Counter-jihad
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8989:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8824:
8823:United States
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8686:United States
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8629:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8607:Protestantism
8605:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8522:LDS or Mormon
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8452:Transmisogyny
8450:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8355:Gerontophobia
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8285:Anti-intersex
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:Anti-albinism
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8101:Institutional
8099:
8098:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8076:
8074:
8069:
8067:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8051:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8019:
8012:
8010:
8001:
7994:
7986:
7979:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7854:
7848:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7813:
7811:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7743:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7723:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7678:
7674:
7667:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7615:
7608:
7601:
7593:
7586:
7579:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7521:
7514:
7507:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7414:
7410:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7368:
7364:
7357:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7290:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7127:0-89158-300-9
7123:
7119:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7073:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7036:
7029:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6925:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6763:9781849048149
6759:
6755:
6748:
6740:
6738:9781849048149
6734:
6730:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6688:
6680:
6678:9781849044004
6674:
6670:
6663:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6595:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6576:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6530:0-7099-2601-4
6526:
6522:
6515:
6513:
6504:
6502:9781849048149
6498:
6494:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6470:
6466:
6459:
6451:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6424:0-520-21845-0
6420:
6416:
6409:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6384:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6324:
6322:
6313:
6311:9781849044004
6307:
6303:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6270:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6115:
6113:0-19-506822-X
6109:
6105:
6098:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5964:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5890:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5854:
5850:
5847:(1): 87â105.
5846:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5782:9781921513190
5778:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5701:
5695:
5688:
5682:
5667:
5661:
5646:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5599:
5585:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5544:
5535:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5417:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5328:
5324:
5321:Ian Haywood.
5317:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5289:
5282:
5266:
5262:
5256:
5241:
5235:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5211:
5198:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5017:9780300217179
5013:
5009:
5002:
4994:
4992:9780300217179
4988:
4984:
4977:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4738:
4736:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4698:Urban Studies
4695:
4688:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4528:
4526:
4518:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4502:0-520-21845-0
4499:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4388:. pp. np
4387:
4380:
4367:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4252:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4169:
4162:
4160:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4126:
4124:
4119:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4077:Pillarization
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4005:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:House of Saud
3939:
3934:
3928:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:head of state
3846:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3826:drone attacks
3823:
3822:cluster bombs
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:war on terror
3795:
3794:Hosni Mubarak
3791:
3790:assassination
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3673:
3670:'. This is a
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:Shia Crescent
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:According to
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:(1962â1970).
3569:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:ethnic groups
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3480:Yemen Vilayet
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:Henri Gouraud
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2821:War on Terror
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2684:anti-Catholic
2681:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Irish history
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2503:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:This section
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2456:Balkanization
2453:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2386:
2381:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2356:primordialism
2346:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:, especially
2315:
2314:United States
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2233:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2188:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Social stigma
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:State atheism
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Jim Crow laws
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:One-drop rule
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Blood quantum
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Victimisation
1353:
1351:
1350:Trans bashing
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Religious war
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Racialization
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1171:Glass ceiling
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Ethnic hatred
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Counter-jihad
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
995:
994:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
849:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
825:
824:United States
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
688:
687:United States
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
633:
627:
626:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:Protestantism
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
515:LDS or Mormon
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
466:
465:
455:
452:
450:
447:
443:
440:
438:
437:Transmisogyny
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
342:Gerontophobia
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
272:Anti-intersex
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
247:Anti-albinism
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
220:
219:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
99:
98:
88:
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10011:Sectarianism
9774:Gender-blind
9661:Human rights
9489:Racial quota
9476:
9456:Jewish quota
9436:Gerontocracy
9431:Gender roles
9409:Disabilities
9394:Blood purity
9366:Wife selling
9356:White flight
9336:Slut-shaming
9316:Scapegoating
9234:Murder music
8907:Palestinians
8850:Anti-Zionism
8718:South Africa
8703:Black people
8681:South Africa
8502:Christianity
8492:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
8420:Sectarianism
8419:
8360:Heterosexism
8325:Ephebiphobia
8295:Anti-Masonry
8162:Hair texture
8049:
8043:
8017:
7999:
7993:
7984:
7978:
7966:. Retrieved
7961:
7952:
7940:. Retrieved
7935:
7926:
7914:. Retrieved
7909:
7900:
7875:
7871:
7861:
7823:. New York.
7819:
7797:. Retrieved
7792:
7783:
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6283:. Retrieved
6278:
6269:
6260:
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6238:. Retrieved
6233:
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5986:. Retrieved
5981:
5972:
5963:
5951:. Retrieved
5947:
5921:
5920:
5913:. Retrieved
5909:the original
5898:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5870:
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5844:
5840:
5830:
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5764:
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5660:
5648:. Retrieved
5639:
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5598:
5587:, retrieved
5565:
5555:
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5455:, retrieved
5433:
5424:
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5352:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5326:
5316:
5301:
5300:Dunne, Tom;
5296:
5287:
5281:
5269:. Retrieved
5264:
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5243:. Retrieved
5234:
5226:
5197:cite journal
5164:
5147:
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5123:
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5089:
5079:– via
5074:
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5056:
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4964:. Retrieved
4952:
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4884:. Retrieved
4879:
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4831:
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4449:Weiss, Max.
4425:
4390:. Retrieved
4379:
4369:, retrieved
4347:
4289:
4285:
4254:, retrieved
4232:
4196:
4190:
4167:
4149:
4131:
4072:Partisanship
4003:
4000:
3978:Crown Prince
3970:Nimr al-Nimr
3933:Saudi Arabia
3930:
3921:Saudi Arabia
3884:
3839:
3766:Hizb al-Haqq
3751:
3729:of Razih in
3719:armed forces
3707:institutions
3681:
3624:Muslim world
3613:
3564:geopolitical
3562:Conflicting
3561:
3549:Jewish state
3502:
3490:
3472:Arabia Felix
3469:
3425:Saudi Arabia
3410:
3405:
3395:
3392:Introduction
3367:
3359:
3346:
3322:
3305:
3274:
3256:
3229:
3218:Ottoman rule
3209:
3194:Iraqi throne
3191:
3175:
3155:Ali Khamenei
3121:
3111:
3098:
3080:
3048:
3039:Twelfth imam
3024:
2995:
2977:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2931:
2902:
2884:
2817:
2795:
2748:
2736:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2680:Gordon Riots
2677:
2647:The Troubles
2632:
2568:
2540:
2536:
2506:
2497:
2474:
2452:The Troubles
2413:
2402:
2398:The Troubles
2390:
2385:Orange Riots
2367:
2353:
2335:
2318:Saudi Arabia
2294:
2285:Donald Trump
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2216:
2207:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2126:
2103:sectarianism
2102:
2099:
2090:
2058:Nationalists
2051:
2042:
2037:Sectarianism
2036:
2035:
1805:Gender-blind
1684:Human rights
1504:Racial quota
1491:
1471:Jewish quota
1451:Gerontocracy
1446:Gender roles
1424:Disabilities
1409:Blood purity
1375:Wife selling
1365:White flight
1345:Slut-shaming
1325:Scapegoating
1243:Murder music
908:Palestinians
851:Anti-Zionism
719:South Africa
704:Black people
682:South Africa
495:Christianity
485:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
406:Sectarianism
347:Heterosexism
312:Ephebiphobia
282:Anti-Masonry
141:Hair texture
9676:Nonviolence
9671:LGBT rights
9636:Empowerment
9604:Anti-racism
9526:Segregation
9471:No kid zone
9271:Persecution
9184:Hate speech
9135:Gay bashing
9110:Ethnic joke
9065:Dog whistle
9010:Blood libel
8698:Azerbaijani
8602:Neopaganism
8595:Persecution
8561:Persecution
8544:Persecution
8507:Catholicism
8442:Transphobia
8425:Supremacism
8380:Lesbophobia
8300:Aporophobia
8265:Anti-autism
8116:Taste-based
8111:Statistical
7878:: 186â202.
5982:Sendika.org
5758:. ABC News.
5434:Merseypride
5332:24 February
4606:: 143â162.
4292:(3): 1â13.
4097:Supremacism
4037:Exclusivism
3958:Arab Spring
3887:Arab Spring
3872:Upper Yemen
3864:mercenaries
3830:sovereignty
3741:during the
3662:, death to
3616:Lisa Wedeen
3604:Lower Yemen
3600:North Yemen
2996:During his
2872:affiliated
2771:Macedonians
2745:The Balkans
2605:, with the
2551:the Vatican
2543:Reformation
2368:sui generis
2125:. The term
2115:politicized
2111:Middle East
2105:to explain
1699:Nonviolence
1694:LGBT rights
1659:Empowerment
1627:Anti-racism
1541:Segregation
1486:No kid zone
1280:Persecution
1193:Hate speech
1144:Gay bashing
1119:Ethnic joke
1074:Dog whistle
1019:Blood libel
699:Azerbaijani
595:Neopaganism
588:Persecution
554:Persecution
537:Persecution
500:Catholicism
427:Transphobia
410:Supremacism
367:Lesbophobia
287:Aporophobia
252:Anti-autism
87:Taste-based
82:Statistical
9950:Stereotype
9945:Speciesism
9826:Oppression
9821:Oikophobia
9717:Allophilia
9701:Toleration
9558:Sodomy law
9451:Internment
9371:Witch-hunt
9249:Blackhawks
9179:Hate group
9167:Hate crime
9140:Gendercide
9130:Freak show
9120:Excellence
9080:Employment
9050:Defamation
8982:Vietnamese
8977:Venezuelan
8867:Lithuanian
8534:Falun Gong
8469:Xenophobia
8464:Vegaphobia
8447:Non-binary
8405:Pedophobia
8370:Homophobia
8192:Skin color
8152:Disability
8125:Attributes
8106:Structural
7839:1083471952
7691:1089454196
6820:(2): 370.
6785:(2): 358.
6700:(2): 359.
6552:(2): 366.
6399:1850432015
6374:1850432015
6336:(2): 364.
6139:(1â4): 1.
6088:186064970X
4371:2022-05-23
4256:2022-05-23
4114:References
4107:Xenophobia
3976:. Despite
3816:caused by
3772:Al-Qaeda,
3723:Saâdah War
3642:. To link
3578:supported
3576:monarchies
3453:Hadhramaut
3289:Ismailiyas
3204:See also:
3166:See also:
2633:After the
2484:improve it
2450:See also:
2394:Christians
2342:propaganda
2304:and/or to
2268:Quds Force
2048:Definition
1981:Stereotype
1976:Speciesism
1857:Oppression
1852:Oikophobia
1748:Allophilia
1724:Toleration
1573:Sodomy law
1466:Internment
1380:Witch-hunt
1258:Blackhawks
1188:Hate group
1176:Hate crime
1149:Gendercide
1139:Freak show
1129:Excellence
1089:Employment
1059:Defamation
983:Vietnamese
978:Venezuelan
868:Lithuanian
527:Falun Gong
454:Xenophobia
449:Vegaphobia
432:Non-binary
392:Pedophobia
357:Homophobia
171:Skin color
131:Disability
102:Attributes
77:Structural
21:Secularism
9923:Christian
9851:Prejudice
9799:Masculism
9747:Diversity
9541:religious
9516:Redlining
9115:Ethnocide
9075:Education
8967:Ukrainian
8902:Pakistani
8892:Mongolian
8813:Australia
8795:Hungarian
8750:Colombian
8730:Bulgarian
8612:Rastafari
8566:Ahmadiyya
8479:Religious
8457:Trans men
8415:Pregnancy
8350:Gayphobia
8345:Fatphobia
8250:Acephobia
8245:Arophobia
8229:Viewpoint
7892:0305-750X
7847:cite book
7775:2162-4887
7570:1478-1913
7498:945662865
7427:975123669
7381:435911844
7333:963440070
7280:845246859
7238:900948571
7180:812943066
7136:912527363
7086:957133611
7053:759401914
7020:795895697
6942:889813086
6904:954337262
6834:144558644
6799:144558644
6714:144558644
6654:144558644
6566:144558644
6350:144558644
6153:158923334
6041:(1): 134.
6022:(1): 131.
5853:2688-9374
5822:145322962
5631:0141-9870
5381:148655463
5373:0307-1022
4961:0307-1235
4935:144517890
4927:1743-0437
4862:1359-0987
4823:210493062
4815:1532-7086
4776:154131595
4768:1466-0970
4726:158601093
4718:0042-0980
4661:1470-2266
4622:1943-6149
4314:149047635
4306:1557-0274
4176:cite book
4102:Tribalism
3966:execution
3895:alliances
3786:Isma'ilis
3644:Hezbollah
3596:republics
3572:Wahhabist
3541:Dhu Nuwas
3533:Palestine
3525:Al-Akhdam
3517:narrative
3513:Qahtanite
3462:profile.
3400:and Shia
3301:Armenians
3094:Shia sect
2989:and 1993
2940:Sri Lanka
2852:in India.
2808:Australia
2786:communism
2782:Albanians
2780:and most
2637:in 1922,
2500:July 2016
2488:verifying
2440:apostates
2432:Wahhabism
2261:Hezbollah
2081:pluralism
2062:Unionists
1954:Christian
1882:Prejudice
1830:Masculism
1778:Diversity
1556:religious
1531:Redlining
1124:Ethnocide
1084:Education
968:Ukrainian
903:Pakistani
893:Mongolian
814:Australia
796:Hungarian
751:Colombian
731:Bulgarian
605:Rastafari
559:Ahmadiyya
470:Religious
442:Trans men
402:Pregnancy
337:Gayphobia
332:Fatphobia
237:Acephobia
232:Arophobia
208:Viewpoint
10005:Category
9980:Category
9962:The talk
9898:Snobbery
9816:Net bias
9646:Feminism
9573:Ugly law
9414:Catholic
9382:policies
9229:Mortgage
9224:Lynching
9155:examples
9150:Genocide
9070:Economic
9055:Democide
9015:Bullying
8932:Romanian
8897:Nigerian
8840:Japanese
8775:Georgian
8760:Filipino
8693:Assyrian
8666:Armenian
8656:American
8651:Albanian
8633:National
8617:Yazidism
8539:Hinduism
8497:Buddhism
8400:Nepotism
8395:Misogyny
8390:Misandry
8315:Clannism
8310:Biphobia
8255:Adultism
8172:Language
6279:BBC News
6216:BBC News
5915:19 April
5879:19 April
5722:ABC News
5265:BBC News
5057:BBC News
4880:BBC News
4062:Jingoism
4010:See also
3946:Wahhabis
3944:and the
3889:and the
3856:advocacy
3762:Al-Islah
3758:Islamist
3687:policies
3628:Houthi's
3537:massacre
3529:Teimanim
3527:and the
3460:BaâAlawi
3449:Shafiâis
3423:, Iraq,
3281:Alawites
3264:Maronite
3244:Tanzimat
3240:Damascus
3187:tortured
3021:Overview
3010:Adıyaman
3000:for the
2998:campaign
2934:Al Qaeda
2904:Pakistan
2893:Pakistan
2778:Bosniaks
2763:Slovenes
2619:Dunlavin
2436:heretics
2409:Al Smith
2159:identity
2135:Tanzimat
1993:The talk
1929:Snobbery
1847:Net bias
1669:Feminism
1588:Ugly law
1429:Catholic
1395:Policies
1238:Mortgage
1233:Lynching
1164:examples
1159:Genocide
1079:Economic
1064:Democide
1024:Bullying
933:Romanian
898:Nigerian
841:Japanese
776:Georgian
761:Filipino
694:Assyrian
667:Armenian
657:American
652:Albanian
632:national
610:Yazidism
532:Hinduism
490:Buddhism
387:Nepotism
382:Misogyny
377:Misandry
302:Clannism
297:Biphobia
242:Adultism
151:Language
38:a series
36:Part of
9990:Commons
9769:Figleaf
9194:Housing
8962:Turkish
8912:Pashtun
8882:Mexican
8862:Kurdish
8835:Italian
8785:Haitian
8770:Finnish
8745:Chinese
8740:Chechen
8735:Catalan
8725:Bengali
8646:African
8631:Ethnic/
8590:Judaism
8581:Sunnism
8571:Shi'ism
8487:Atheism
8320:Elitism
8219:Species
8157:Genetic
8147:Dialect
6234:Reuters
5953:29 July
5704:Reuters
5671:29 July
5650:29 July
5525:." (in
5245:29 July
4392:May 24,
3991:Lebanon
3985:reforms
3782:Mukalla
3711:prisons
3689:of the
3632:Twelver
3622:in the
3429:Bahrain
3417:Lebanon
3402:Houthis
3398:Salafis
3350:Latakia
3329:Lebanon
3252:Muslims
3133:Karbala
3103:Baha-Ăs
2985:, 1980
2876:in 2006
2800:in the
2751:Balkans
2674:England
2565:Ireland
2482:Please
2414:Within
2298:justice
2077:Muslims
1800:Figleaf
1203:Housing
963:Turkish
913:Pashtun
883:Mexican
863:Kurdish
836:Italian
786:Haitian
771:Finnish
746:Chinese
741:Chechen
736:Catalan
726:Bengali
647:African
630:Ethnic/
583:Judaism
574:Sunnism
564:Shi'ism
480:Atheism
307:Elitism
198:Species
136:Genetic
126:Dialect
9955:threat
9809:autism
9546:sexual
9536:racial
9419:Jewish
9276:Pogrom
9254:Chiefs
9244:Braves
8972:Uyghur
8947:Somali
8942:Slavic
8927:Romani
8922:Quebec
8917:Polish
8857:Korean
8818:Canada
8805:Indian
8790:Hazara
8765:Fulani
8676:France
8641:Afghan
8576:Sufism
8305:Audism
8238:Social
8167:Height
7968:12 May
7942:12 May
7916:12 May
7890:
7837:
7827:
7799:12 May
7773:
7689:
7679:
7568:
7496:
7486:
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7369:
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7278:
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6446:
6421:
6396:
6371:
6348:
6308:
6285:12 May
6151:
6110:
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6060:
5988:23 May
5924:Hanafi
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5820:
5779:
5629:
5580:
5529:p.157)
5498:
5448:
5412:
5379:
5371:
5308:
5271:23 May
5185:
5155:
5014:
4989:
4959:
4933:
4925:
4860:
4821:
4813:
4774:
4766:
4724:
4716:
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4620:
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4550:
4500:
4459:
4433:
4362:
4312:
4304:
4247:
4203:
3824:, and
3760:party
3731:Saâdah
3727:Mosque
3717:, and
3715:courts
3703:Hashid
3664:Israel
3654:. The
3445:Zaydis
3427:, and
3309:Baâath
3293:France
3236:Aleppo
3176:Sunni
3035:Shiism
2979:Alevis
2957:Turkey
2842:Battle
2792:Africa
2776:, and
2759:Croats
2711:S-Plan
2623:Carnew
2593:. The
2547:papacy
2446:Europe
2420:Sunnis
2362:, and
2172:sexism
1986:threat
1840:autism
1561:sexual
1551:racial
1434:Jewish
1285:Pogrom
1263:Chiefs
1253:Braves
973:Uyghur
948:Somali
943:Slavic
928:Romani
923:Quebec
918:Polish
858:Korean
819:Canada
806:Indian
791:Hazara
766:Fulani
677:France
642:Afghan
569:Sufism
292:Audism
223:Social
146:Height
9933:white
9286:Purge
8952:Tatar
8877:MÄori
8872:Malay
8830:Irish
8780:Greek
8755:Croat
8713:China
8671:Asian
8556:Islam
8430:White
8177:Looks
8142:Class
8137:Caste
8094:Forms
7709:(PDF)
7654:(PDF)
7632:(PDF)
7610:(PDF)
7588:(PDF)
7516:(PDF)
7452:(PDF)
7301:(PDF)
6830:S2CID
6795:S2CID
6710:S2CID
6650:S2CID
6562:S2CID
6346:S2CID
6240:8 May
6149:S2CID
5818:S2CID
5589:3 May
5507:3 May
5457:3 May
5377:S2CID
4966:3 May
4931:S2CID
4886:3 May
4819:S2CID
4772:S2CID
4722:S2CID
4310:S2CID
3778:Daesh
3754:elite
3735:tombs
3699:Bakil
3672:trope
3592:Egypt
3433:Hejaz
3421:Syria
3413:sects
3377:Yemen
3285:Shias
3200:Syria
3137:Najaf
2919:Sunni
2912:Sunni
2881:Japan
2870:Sunni
2767:Serbs
2645:and
2424:Shias
2416:Islam
2338:Yemen
2306:Islam
2123:power
2074:Sunni
1964:white
1295:Purge
953:Tatar
878:MÄori
873:Malay
831:Irish
781:Greek
756:Croat
714:China
672:Asian
549:Islam
415:White
156:Looks
121:Class
116:Caste
63:Forms
9928:male
9727:Bias
9172:LGBT
8957:Thai
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