Second Sino-Japanese War

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America's Neutrality Act and its "neutrality policy" was a massive farce which only benefited Japan and that Japan did not have the capability nor could ever have invaded China without the massive amount of raw material America exported to Japan. America exported far more raw material to Japan than to China in the years 1937–1940. According to the United States Congress, the U.S.'s third largest export destination was Japan until 1940 when France overtook it due to France being at war too. Japan's military machine acquired war materials, automotive equipment, steel, scrap iron, copper, oil, that it wanted from the United States in 1937–1940 and was allowed to purchase aerial bombs, aircraft equipment, and aircraft from America up to the summer of 1938. War essentials exports from the United States to Japan increased by 124% along with a general increase of 41% of all American exports from 1936 to 1937 when Japan invaded China. Japan's war economy was fueled by exports to the United States at over twice the rate immediately preceding the war. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, Japan corresponded to the following share of American exports;

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thirties, a strong and somewhat ruthless character as befits a scion of the family which has in recent years produced such outstanding men as Ma An Liang, Ma Ch'i, and Ma Fu Hsiang. He has kept the Province in fair order, since he assumed control a year or two ago; though his relations with the Military Governor, his uncle Ma Shun Cheng, are at the moment none too cordial and trouble threatens. Further, there is a certain movement for independence among these Moslems, and a tendency to break away from Nanking and join up with their fellow-Moslems further west. The latter is much under the influence of Russia, which for years has tried to extend its influence into Kansu, but with very little success, for the Kansu Moslems are a sturdy independent people and make poor material for Bolshevik propaganda. We saw no signs of any Japanese whatever, and strong anti-Japanese feeling was very apparent.

5994: 4791:. Elements of the Eighth Route Army soon attacked the advancing Japanese, inflicting between 3,000 and 5,000 casualties and resulting in a Japanese retreat. As the Japanese military came to understand that the Communists avoided conventional attacks and defense, it altered its tactics. The Japanese military built more roads to quicken movement between strongpoints and cities, blockaded rivers and roads in an effort to disrupt Communists supply, sought to expand militia from its puppet regime to conserve manpower, and use systematic violence on civilians in the Border Region in an effort to destroy its economy. The Japanese military mandated confiscation of the Eighth Route Army's goods and used this directive as a pretext to confiscate goods, including engaging in grave robbery in the Border Region. 6056:

jointly along with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), America's first intelligence agency and forerunner of the CIA while also serving as joint training program between the two nations. Among all the wartime missions that Americans set up in China, SACO was the only one that adopted a policy of "total immersion" with the Chinese. The "Rice Paddy Navy" or "What-the-Hell Gang" operated in the China-Burma-India theater, advising and training, forecasting weather and scouting landing areas for USN fleet and Gen Claire Chennault's 14th AF, rescuing downed American flyers, and intercepting Japanese radio traffic. An underlying mission objective during the last year of war was the development and preparation of the China coast for Allied penetration and occupation.

5581:) have depicted it as a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume total control of Chinese troops and pursue an aggressive strategy, while Chiang preferred a patient and less expensive strategy of out-waiting the Japanese. Chiang continued to maintain a defensive posture despite Allied pleas to actively break the Japanese blockade, because China had already suffered tens of millions of war casualties and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate in the face of America's overwhelming industrial output. For these reasons the other Allies gradually began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the 65: 926: 711: 601: 589: 577: 565: 553: 535: 5417: 4496:(GHQ) in Tokyo, content with the gains acquired in northern China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, initially showed reluctance to escalate the conflict into a full-scale war. Following the shooting of two Japanese officers who were attempting to enter the Hongqiao military airport on 9 August 1937, the Japanese demanded that all Chinese forces withdraw from Shanghai; the Chinese outright refused to meet this demand. In response, both the Chinese and the Japanese marched reinforcements into the Shanghai area. Chiang concentrated his best troops north of Shanghai in an effort to impress the city's large foreign community and increase China's foreign support. 74: 4034:(NRA) formed by the Kuomintang swept through southern and central China until it was checked in Shandong, where confrontations with the Japanese garrison escalated into armed conflict. The conflicts were collectively known as the Jinan incident of 1928, during which time the Japanese military killed several Chinese officials and fired artillery shells into Jinan. According to the investigation results of the Association of the Families of the Victims of the Jinan massacre, it showed that 6,123 Chinese civilians were killed and 1,701 injured. Relations between the Chinese Nationalist government and Japan severely worsened as a result of the Jinan incident. 845: 666: 387: 296: 6801: 6265:

influence in French Indochina and to put pressure on their opponents. Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to maneuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh's forces against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946, he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and to renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for the Chinese withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region. Following France's agreement to these demands, the withdrawal of Chinese troops began in March 1946.

21248: 20650: 7170: 6441: 85: 4175:, the president of the Republic of China at the time. With a widened range of economic privileges in Manchuria, Japan began focusing on developing and protecting matters of economic interests. This included railroads, businesses, natural resources, and a general control of the territory. With its influence growing, the Japanese Army began to justify its presence by stating that it was simply protecting its own economic interests. However militarists in the Japanese Army began pushing for an expansion of influence, leading to the Japanese Army assassinating the warlord of Manchuria, 311: 699: 785: 636: 503: 484: 465: 446: 427: 408: 284: 105: 496: 477: 458: 439: 420: 401: 4650: 271: 755: 4839: 977: 624: 373: 348: 6979:, Japan permitted the use of chemical weapons in China because the Japanese concluded that Chinese forces did not possess the capacity to retaliate in kind. The Japanese incorporated gas warfare into many aspects of their army, which includes special gas troops, infantry, artillery, engineers and air force; the Japanese were aware of basic gas tactics of other armies, and deployed multifarious gas warfare tactics in China. The Japanese were very dependent on gas weapons when they were engaged in chemical warfare. 521: 18686: 6566: 5030: 4481: 21258: 5287:), with American pilots flying American warplanes which were painted with the Chinese flag to attack the Japanese. He headed both the volunteer group and the uniformed U.S. Army Air Forces units that replaced it in 1942. However, it was the Soviets that provided the greatest material help for China's war of resistance against the imperial Japanese invasion from 1937 into 1941, with fighter aircraft for the Nationalist Chinese Air Force and artillery and armour for the Chinese Army through the 5061:, this offensive was defeated. Afterwards Chiang could not risk any more all-out offensive campaigns given the poorly trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within the Kuomintang and in China in general. He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped troops in the Battle of Shanghai and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained a high degree of autonomy from the central KMT government. 336: 19561: 6083:'s car which had Union Jacks on it was attacked by Japanese aircraft with Hugessen being temporarily paralyzed with outrage against the attack from the public and government. The British public were largely supportive of the Chinese and many relief efforts were untaken to help China. Britain at this time was beginning the process of rearmament and the sale of military surplus was banned but there was never an embargo on private companies shipping arms. A number of unassembled 545: 6204: 748: 4814: 5195: 22578: 21201: 15392: 324: 5450: 94: 970: 741: 4354: 15412: 15402: 4140: 4969: 5942: 5597: 4624:(IJA) ultimately committed over 300,000 troops, along with numerous naval vessels and aircraft, to capture the city. After more than three months of intense fighting, their casualties far exceeded initial expectations. On 26 October, the IJA captured Dachang, a key strong-point within Shanghai, and on 5 November, additional reinforcements from Japan landed in Hangzhou Bay. Finally, on 9 November, the NRA began a general retreat. 5309: 5856: 6096: 5408:". The communists also began to focus most of their energy on building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measures favouring poor peasants; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade of areas controlled by CCP and fighting the Japanese at the same time. 20660: 7156: 6653: 5928:. This pact enabled the Soviet Union to avoid fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time. In August 1945, the Soviet Union annulled the neutrality pact with Japan and invaded Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, the Kuril Islands, and northern Korea. The Soviets also continued to support the Chinese Communist Party. In total, 3,665 Soviet advisors and pilots served in China, and 227 of them died fighting there. 4706: 114: 4752: 5956:

Cotton Loan mainly benefited American producers, while aiding to a smaller extent both Chinese and Japanese alike. This policy was due to US fear of breaking off profitable trade ties with Japan, in addition to US officials and businesses perception of China as a potential source of massive profit for the US by absorbing surplus American products, as William Appleman Williams states.

5524:, with the goal of finding the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. The operation started 15 May 1942, with 40 infantry battalions and 15–16 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, the Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and also spread 6995:, during the battle at Hankow, in areas where Japanese artillery or gunboats on the river could not reach Chinese defenders on hilltops, Japanese infantrymen had to fight Chinese troops on the hills. She noted that the Japanese were inferior at hand-to-hand combat against the Chinese, and resorted to deploying poison gas to defeat the Chinese troops. She was told by General 6708:. Disputes over the precise de jure sovereign of Taiwan persist to the present. On a de facto basis, sovereignty over Taiwan has been and continues to be exercised by the ROC. Japan's position has been to avoid commenting on Taiwan's status, maintaining that Japan renounced all claims to sovereignty over its former colonial possessions after World War II, including Taiwan. 5441: 6684:, as neither had shown full and complete legal capacity to enter into an international legally binding agreement. Since China was not present, the Japanese only formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands without specifying to which country Japan relinquished the sovereignty, and the treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952. 6327: 5439: 3691:. From the Japanese perspective, localizing these conflicts was beneficial in preventing intervention from other countries, particularly the United Kingdom and the United States, which were its primary source of petroleum and steel respectively. A formal expression of these conflicts would potentially lead to an American embargo in accordance with the 6941:

North China alone, 18,000 soldiers were evacuated back to Japan for illnesses in 1938, 23,000 in 1939, and 15,000 in 1940. From 1941 to 1945: 202,958 dead; another 54,000 dead after war's end. Chinese forces also report that by May 1945, 22,293 Japanese soldiers were captured as prisoners. Many more Japanese soldiers surrendered when the war ended.

4188:, had been systematically violated and there were "more than 120 cases of infringement of rights and interests, interference with business, boycott of Japanese goods, unreasonable taxation, detention of individuals, confiscation of properties, eviction, demand for cessation of business, assault and battery, and the oppression of Korean residents". 4171:. As a result, the Japanese Army was widely prevalent in Manchuria immediately following the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, where Japan gained significant territory in Manchuria. As a result of their strengthened position, by 1915 Japan had negotiated a significant amount of economic privilege in the region by pressuring 4339:

government officially announced that it would adopt this view. Under this interpretation, the 1931–1937 period is viewed as the "partial" war, while 1937–1945 is a period of "total" war. This view of a fourteen-year war has political significance because it provides more recognition for the role of northeast China in the War of Resistance.

6393:, Ma Buqing and Ma Hushan. Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army against the Japanese. The Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as distinct and different from themselves, and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the 6498:

their former property. In practice, the Nationalist government and its officials retained a great deal of the seized property and embezzling property, particularly from warehouses, was common. Nationalist officials sometimes extorted money from individuals in liberated territories under threat of labeling them as Japanese collaborators.

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support for the communists. To strengthen its legitimacy, CCP forces actively engaged the Japanese early on. These operations weakened Japanese forces in Shanxi and other areas in the North. Mao Zedong was distrustful of Chiang Kai-shek, however, and shifted strategy to guerrilla warfare in order to preserve the CCP's military strength.

4763:, which had become the political, economic and military center of China, in hopes of destroying the fighting strength of the NRA and forcing the KMT government to negotiate for peace. On 6 June, they captured Kaifeng, the capital of Henan, and threatened to take Zhengzhou, the junction of the Pinghan and Longhai railways. 6377:, who prayed for the destruction of the Japanese. Ma became chairman (governor) of Qinghai in 1938 and commanded a group army. He was appointed because of his anti-Japanese inclinations, and was such an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans that he was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent. 6039:(AVG), of which one the "Flying Tigers" reached China, to replace the withdrawn Soviet volunteers and aircraft. The Flying Tigers did not enter actual combat until after the United States had declared war on Japan. Led by Chennault, their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their newly introduced 6257:, through General Stilwell, privately made it clear that they preferred that the French not reacquire French Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek control of all of Indochina. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!" 5982:, led to an agreement by which the United Kingdom recognized Japanese conquests in China. At the same time, the US government extended a trade agreement with Japan for six months, then fully restored it. Under the agreement, Japan purchased trucks for the Kwantung Army, machine tools for aircraft factories, 10273:

The US, the biggest oil supplier for Japan at the time, imposed the oil embargo on Japan in July, 1941, and it helped the Japanese to make up their minds to fight against the Americans. Thus, in a way, the attack on Pearl Harbor was not a surprise one at all; it was a necessary result of the conflict

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The Nationalist Chinese authorities ridiculed Japanese estimates of Chinese casualties. In 1940, the National Herald stated that the Japanese exaggerated Chinese casualties, while deliberately concealing the true number of Japanese casualties, releasing false figures that made them appear much lower.

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An academic study published in the United States in 1959 estimates military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded;

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are notable exceptions). The Nationalists committed their strongest divisions in early battle against the Japanese (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to defend Shanghai and continued to deploy most of their forces to fight the Japanese even as the

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Chiang relied on American help in transporting Nationalist troops to regain control of formerly Japanese-occupied areas. Non-Chinese generally viewed the behavior of these troops as undercutting Nationalist legitimacy, and these troops engaged in corruption and looting, leading to widespread views of

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after the Battle of South Guangxi. Overseas Chinese communities in the U.S. raised money and nurtured talent in response to Imperial Japan's aggressions in China, which helped to fund an entire squadron of Boeing P-26 fighter planes purchased for the looming war situation between China and the Empire

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American and Canadian-born Chinese were recruited to act as covert operatives in Japanese-occupied China. Employing their racial background as a disguise, their mandate was to blend in with local citizens and wage a campaign of sabotage. Activities focused on destruction of Japanese transportation of

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The formation of a united front added to the legality of the CCP, but what kind of support the central government would provide to the communists were not settled. When compromise with the CCP failed to incentivize the Soviet Union to engage in an open conflict against Japan, the KMT withheld further

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upon its capture. After four months of intense combat, the Nationalists were forced to abandon Wuhan by October, and its government and armies retreated to Chongqing. Both sides had suffered tremendous casualties in the battle, with the Chinese losing up to 500,000 soldiers killed or wounded, and the

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At the start of 1938, the leadership in Tokyo still hoped to limit the scope of the conflict to occupy areas around Shanghai, Nanjing and most of northern China. They thought this would preserve strength for an anticipated showdown with the Soviet Union, but by now the Japanese government and GHQ had

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against the Chinese Air Force. At the start of the battle, the local strength of the NRA was around five divisions, or about 70,000 troops, while local Japanese forces comprised about 6,300 marines. On 23 August, the Chinese Air Force attacked Japanese troop landings at Wusongkou in northern Shanghai

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Though it is also worth pointing out that, in practice, Mao's recipe for guerrilla manoeuvres played a limited role in Chinese revolutionary wars during the 1930s and '40s. Nationalist armies carried most of the resistance to the Japanese during the Second World War, and Chinese Communist victory in

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For the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace, time was of the essence. They were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan dependent on the United States and United Kingdom. To them the gambles

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Clodfelter, Micheal "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference", Vol. 2, pp. 956. Includes civilians who died due to famine and other environmental disasters caused by the war. Only includes the 'regular' Chinese army; does NOT include guerrillas and does not include Chinese casualties in

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and Seiya Matsuno, the chemical weapons were authorized by specific orders given by Hirohito himself, transmitted by the Imperial General Headquarters. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the Battle of Wuhan from August to October 1938. They were

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fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes. The Chinese reported their yearly total battle casualties as 367,362 for 1937, 735,017 for 1938,

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The Nationalists suffered higher casualties because they were the main combatants opposing the Japanese in each of the 22 major battles (involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides) between China and Japan. The Communist forces, by contrast, usually avoided pitched battles with the Japanese, in

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fighters were imported to China via Hong Kong for the Chinese Air Force. Between July 1937 and November 1938 on average 60,000 tons of munitions were shipped from Britain to China via Hong Kong. Attempts by the United Kingdom and the United States to do a joint intervention were unsuccessful as both

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in 1901. These were predominantly Japanese, including the police force, and some ethnic Koreans. The Chinese then set fire to and destroyed much of the city. Only around 60 Japanese civilians survived, who provided both journalists and later historians with firsthand witness accounts. As a result of

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Some Chinese historians believe the 18 September 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria marks the start of the War of Resistance. Although not the conventional Western view, British historian Rana Mitter describes this Chinese trend of historical analysis as "perfectly reasonable". In 2017, the Chinese

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claims that a total of 396,000 Japanese soldiers died in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of this number, the Imperial Japanese Army lost 388,605 soldiers and the Imperial Japanese Navy lost 8,000 soldiers. Another 54,000 soldiers also died after the war had ended, mostly from illness and

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The Chinese Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. With skillful organization and propaganda, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to

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As part of the Yalta Conference, which allowed a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, the Soviets dismantled and removed more than half of the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese before handing over Manchuria to China. Large swathes of the prime farming areas had been ravaged by the

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On 24 July 1941, Roosevelt requested Japan withdraw all its forces from Indochina. Two days later the US and the UK began an oil embargo; two days after that the Netherlands joined them. This was a decisive moment in the Second Sino-Japanese War. The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan

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began training to German standards and were to form a relatively small but well trained Chinese Central Army. By the mid-1930s about 80,000 soldiers had received German-style training. After the KMT lost Nanjing and retreated to Wuhan, Hitler's government decided to withdraw its support of China in

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outlined the preliminary plan for the CCP's eventual seizure of power from Chiang Kai-shek. Mao himself is quoted outlining the "721" policy, saying "We are fighting 70 percent for self development, 20 percent for compromise, and 10 percent against Japan". Mao began his final push for consolidation

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also provided for a group of Soviet volunteer combat aviators to join the Chinese Air Force in the fight against the Japanese occupation from late 1937 through 1939. The United States embargoed Japan in 1941 depriving her of shipments of oil and various other resources necessary to continue the war

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and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up. This tactic was used during the Battle of Shanghai, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank, and at the Battle of Taierzhuang, where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by

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Contemporary studies from the Beijing Central Compilation and Translation Press state that the Japanese suffered a total of 2,227,200 casualties, including 1,055,000 dead and 1,172,341 injured. This Chinese publication analyzes statistics provided by Japanese publications and claimed these numbers

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The problems of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, and the war left the Nationalists severely weakened, and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile, the war strengthened the Communists both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At

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The Nationalist government seized Japanese-held businesses at the time of the Japanese surrender. The Nationalist government made little effort to return these businesses to their original Chinese owners. A mechanism existed through which Chinese and foreign owners could petition for the return of

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directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone by Ma Bufang, who hid in an air-raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in Han being buried in

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were sent by Chiang Kai-shek to northern Indochina (north of the 16th parallel) to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces there, and remained in Indochina until 1946, when the French returned. The Chinese used the VNQDD, the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their

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The United States generally avoided taking sides between Japan and China until 1940, providing virtually no aid to China in this period. For instance, the 1934 Silver Purchase Act signed by President Roosevelt caused chaos in China's economy which helped the Japanese war effort. The 1933 Wheat and

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Over 3,200 overseas Chinese drivers and motor vehicle mechanics embarked to wartime China to support military and logistics supply lines, especially through Indo-China, which became of absolute tantamount importance when the Japanese cut-off all ocean-access to China's interior with the capture of

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to some pilots of the pre-Nationalist Air Force of China. A number of foreign powers, including the Americans, Italians and Japanese, provided training and equipment to different air force units of pre-war China. With the outbreak of full-scale war between China and the Empire of Japan, the Soviet

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The Soviet Red Army performance also stunned the Japanese. Manchuria was central to Japan's East Asia policy. Both the 1921 and 1927 Imperial Eastern Region Conferences reconfirmed Japan's commitment to be the dominant power in the Northeast. The 1929 Red Army victory shook that policy to the core

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Japanese statistics, however, lack complete estimates for the wounded. From 1937 to 1941, 185,647 Japanese soldiers were killed in China and 520,000 were wounded. Disease also incurred critical losses on Japanese forces. From 1937 to 1941, 430,000 Japanese soldiers were recorded as being sick. In

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The Japanese recorded around 1.1 to 1.9 million military casualties during all of World War II (which include killed, wounded and missing). The official death toll of Japanese men killed in China, according to the Japan Defense Ministry, is 480,000. Based on the investigation of the Japanese

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After Ma Buqing left Gansu, Nationalist troops from central China flooded the area, and infiltrated Soviet occupied Xinjiang, gradually reclaiming it and forcing Sheng to break with the Soviets. The Nationalist government ordered Ma Bufang to march his troops into Xinjiang to intimidate Sheng and

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Another phase was set up with lessons learned from the first. Commencing in February 1943 this time valid assistance was given to the Chinese 'Surprise Troops' in various actions against the Japanese. These involved ambushes, attacks on airfields, blockhouses, and supply depots. The unit operated

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After the Tanggu Truce of 1933, Chiang Kai-Shek and the British government would have more friendly relations but were uneasy due to British foreign concessions there. During the Second Sino-Japanese War the British government would initially have an impartial viewpoint toward the conflict urging

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In late November 1944, the Japanese advanced slowed approximately 300 miles from Chongqing as it experienced shortages of trained soldiers and materiel. Although Operation Ichi-Go achieved its goals of seizing United States air bases and establishing a potential railway corridor from Manchukuo to

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Operation Ichi-Go was the largest military campaign of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The campaign mobilized 500,000 Japanese troops, 100,000 horses, 1,500 artillery pieces, and 800 tanks. The 750,000 casualty figure for Nationalist Chinese forces are not all dead and captured, Cox included in the

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After 1940, the Japanese encountered tremendous difficulties in administering and garrisoning the seized territories, and tried to solve their occupation problems by implementing a strategy of creating friendly puppet governments favourable to Japanese interests in the territories conquered, most

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The Japanese forces, numbering some 400,000 men, were faced by over 1,000,000 NRA troops in the Central Yangtze region. Having learned from their defeats at Shanghai and Nanjing, the Chinese had adapted themselves to fight the Japanese and managed to check their forces on many fronts, slowing and

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with a different warlord controlling each province of the country. China was reduced to a fractured state. As a result, China's prosperity began to wither and its economy declined. This instability presented an opportunity for nationalistic politicians in Japan to press for territorial expansion.

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We spent a day resting at Hsining. This is a walled city lying just within the old Tibetan border, and is the capital of the new Province of Ching Hai and the seat of the Provincial Civil Government. The Chairman of the Provincial Council, or Shihehang, is Ma Pu Fang, a young Moslem in the early

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In 1945, China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but economically weak and on the verge of all-out civil war. The economy was sapped by the military demands of a long costly war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by corruption in the Nationalist government that

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After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Chinese public opinion was strongly critical of Manchuria's leader, the "young marshal" Zhang Xueliang, for his non-resistance to the Japanese invasion, even though the Kuomintang central government was also responsible for this policy, giving Zhang an order to

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called this strategy "winning by outlasting". The NRA adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to ambush, flanking attacks, and encirclements in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic was the

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By the fall of 1941 relations between the United States and Japan had reached a critical stage... the Japanese, most of whom were unwilling to pay the American price for peace... were convinced that acceptance of American peace terms would only lead to further demands and ultimately leave Japan

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Mao also began to execute his plan to establish a new China by rapidly moving his forces from Yan'an and elsewhere to Manchuria. This opportunity was available to the Communists because although Nationalist representatives were not invited to Yalta, they had been consulted and had agreed to the

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In a hearing before the United States Congress House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs on Wednesday, 19 April 1939, the acting chairman Sol Bloom and other Congressmen interviewed Maxwell S. Stewart, a former Foreign Policy Association research staff and economist who charged that

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Valley in central China, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, partially due to the Communists' aggressive efforts to expand their military strength by absorbing Chinese guerrilla forces behind Japanese lines. Chinese

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gave a figure of 3,949,000 people in China murdered directly by the Japanese army while giving a figure of 10,216,000 total dead in the war with the additional millions of deaths due to indirect causes like starvation, disease and disruption but not direct killing by Japan. China suffered from

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However, the Soviet occupation of Manchuria was long enough to allow the Communist forces to move in en masse and arm themselves with the military hardware surrendered by the Imperial Japanese Army, quickly establish control in the countryside and move into position to encircle the Nationalist

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The Sino-American Cooperative Organization was an organization created by the SACO Treaty signed by the Republic of China and the United States of America in 1942 that established a mutual intelligence gathering entity in China between the respective nations against Japan. It operated in China

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not to move into southern French Indochina. From bases in Cambodia and southern Vietnam, Japanese planes could attack Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies. As the Japanese occupation of northern French Indochina in 1940 had already cut off supplies from the West to China, the move into

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The poor performance of Chiang Kai-shek's forces in opposing the Japanese advance during Operation Ichigo became widely viewed as demonstrating Chiang's incompetence. It irreparably damaged the Roosevelt administration's view of Chiang and the KMT. The campaign further weakened the Nationalist

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was seen by Chiang as an attempt to use Chinese manpower to defend British colonial possessions. Chiang also believed that China should divert its crack army divisions from Burma to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers that he hoped would defeat Japan through bombing, a

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as the Xinjiang warlord Sheng Shicai had turned anti-Soviet in 1942 with Chiang's approval. For these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount major counter-offensives. Despite the severe shortage of matériel, in 1943, the Chinese were successful in

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pathogens. Chinese estimates allege that as many as 250,000 civilians, the vast majority of whom were destitute Tanka boat people and other pariah ethnicities unable to flee, may have died of disease. It caused more than 16 million civilians to evacuate far away deep inward China. 90% of

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During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese had consistent tactical successes but failed to achieve strategic results. Although it seized the majority of China's industrial capacity, occupied most major cities, and rarely lost a battle, Japan's occupation of China was costly. Japan had

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Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war against Japan, and within days China joined the Allies in formal declaration of war against Japan, Germany and Italy. As the Western Allies entered the war against Japan, the Sino-Japanese War would become part of a greater

4215:, condemning Japan for its incursion into Manchuria, causing Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. No country took action against Japan beyond tepid censure. From 1931 until summer 1937, the Nationalist Army under Chiang Kai-shek did little to oppose Japanese encroachment into China. 4183:

in September 1931. Japanese soldiers set off a bomb on the Southern Manchurian Railroad in order to provoke an opportunity to act in "self defense" and invade outright. Japan charged that its rights in Manchuria, which had been established as a result of its victory in 1905 at the end of the

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The poor performance of Nationalist forces opposing the Ichi-go campaign was largely viewed as reflecting poorly on Chiang's competence. Chiang blamed the failure on the United States, particularly Stilwell, who had used Chinese forces in the Burma Campaign and in Chiang's view, left China

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During the battle in Yichang of October 1941, Japanese troops used chemical munitions in their artillery and mortar fire, and warplanes dropped gas bombs all over the area; since the Chinese troops were poorly equipped and without gas-masks, they were severely gassed, burned and killed.

6812:

The conflict lasted eight years, two months and two days (from 7 July 1937, to 9 September 1945). The total number of casualties that resulted from this war (and subsequently theater) equaled more than half the total number of casualties that later resulted from the entire Pacific War.

6222:, Chinese military leaders were organizing Vietnamese nationalists against the Japanese. The VNQDD had been active in Guangxi and some of their members had joined the KMT army. Under the umbrella of KMT activities, a broad alliance of nationalists emerged. With Ho at the forefront, the 5276:(and froze all Japanese assets) in the summer of 1941. As the Soviets prepared for war against Nazi Germany in June 1941, and all new Soviet combat aircraft was needed in the west, Chiang Kai-shek sought American support through the Lend-Lease Act that was promised in March 1941. 3933:, as temporary prime minister in order to subdue the revolution. Yuan, wanting to remain in power, compromised with the revolutionaries, and agreed to abolish the monarchy and establish a new republican government, under the condition he be appointed president of China. The new 6047:

and very fast diving speeds earned them wide recognition at a time when the Chinese Air Force and Allies in the Pacific and SE Asia were suffering heavy losses, and soon afterwards their "boom and zoom" high-speed hit-and-run air combat tactics would be adopted by the

21410: 6408:

John Scott reported in 1934 that there was both strong anti-Japanese feeling and anti-Bolshevik among the Muslims of Gansu and he mentioned the Muslim generals Ma Fuxiang, Ma Qi, Ma Anliang and Ma Bufang who was chairman of Qinghai province when he stayed in Xining.

7007:

against Chinese troops. Li also added that his forces could not withstand large scale deployments of Japanese poison gas. Since Chinese troops did not have gas-masks, the poison gases provided enough time for Japanese troops to bayonet debilitated Chinese soldiers.

6837:

The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported that the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men (1,797,000 wounded, 1,320,000 killed, and 120,000 missing) and 5,787,352 civilians casualties putting the total number of casualties at 9,025,352. The

6628:

In 2005, a history textbook prepared by the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform which had been approved by the government in 2001, sparked huge outcry and protests in China and Korea. It referred to the Nanjing Massacre and other atrocities such as the

3603:, historians in China are unhappy with the blanket revision, and (despite sustained tensions) the Republic of China did not consider itself to be in an ongoing war with Japan over these six years. It is also referred to as part of the "Global Anti-Fascist War". 6249:, created by KMT founder Dr. Sun and opposition to Japanese and French Imperialists. The Revolutionary League was controlled by Nguyen Hai Than, who was born in China and could not speak Vietnamese. General Zhang shrewdly blocked the Communists of Vietnam, and 6028:

southern French Indochina was viewed as a direct threat to British and Dutch colonies. Many principal figures in the Japanese government and military (particularly the navy) were against the move, as they foresaw that it would invite retaliation from the West.

3953:, and Yuan Shikai was overthrown after only a few months. In the aftermath of Shikai's death in June 1916, control of China fell into the hands of the Beiyang Army leadership. The Beiyang government was a civilian government in name, but in practice it was a 6142:

The first operation commenced in February 1942 from Burma on a long journey to the Chinese front. Due to issues with supporting the Chinese and gradual disease and supply issues, the first phase achieved very little and the unit was withdrawn in September.

4433:

The Japanese gave Sung and his troops "free passage" before moving in to pacify resistance in areas surrounding Beijing (then Beiping) and Tianjin. After 24 days of combat, the Chinese 29th Army was forced to withdraw. The Japanese captured Beijing and the

6738:

Meanwhile, many KMT supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the 60th anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of KMT stronghold

6922:

Another source from Hilary Conroy claims that a total of 447,000 Japanese soldiers died or went missing in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Of the 1,130,000 Imperial Japanese Army soldiers who died during World War II, 39 percent died in China.

5391:

attacked and wiped out a brigade of Chinese militia led by Zhang Yin-wu in Hebei in June 1939. Starting in 1940, open conflict between Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the occupied areas outside of Japanese control, culminating in the

21405: 15213: 6482:), Taiwan and French Indochina north of 16° north latitude to surrender to Chiang Kai-shek, and the Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on 9 September 1945, at 9:00. The ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month was chosen in echo of the 10907: 6829:

statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: NRA 3.2 million;

11733: 5265:. In the occupied areas, Japanese control was mainly limited to railroads and major cities ("points and lines"). They did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside, where Chinese guerrillas roamed freely. 13469: 5735:. With the Chinese army progressing well in training and equipment, Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake Guangdong, thus obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward Shanghai. However, the 4154:

The internecine warfare in China provided excellent opportunities for Japan, which saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of raw materials, a market for its manufactured goods (now excluded from the markets of many Western countries as a result of

11971:

Yang Kuisong, "The Formation and Implementation of the Chinese Communists' Guerrilla Warfare Strategy in the Enemy's Rear during the Sino-Japanese War", paper presented at Harvard University Conference on Wartime China, Maui, January 2004, pp.

6616:

was used by only 0.039% of junior high schools in Japan and despite the efforts of the Japanese nationalist textbook reformers, by the late 1990s the most common Japanese schoolbooks contained references to, for instance, the Nanjing Massacre,

4949:

and the Longhai railway, thereby preventing the Japanese from effectively moving their forces across Northern and Central China. In the short term, the NRA aimed to use the flood to halt the rapid transit of Japanese units from Northern China

6765:

Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China. The majority of these were women, and they married mostly Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin).

7062:. These attacks caused epidemic plague outbreaks. In the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, of the 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with the disease, about 1,700 Japanese troops died when the biological weapons rebounded on their own forces. 5700:

economy and government revenues. Because of the Nationalists' increasing inability to fund the military, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling. The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to

5695:

After Operation Ichigo, Chiang Kai-shek started a plan to withdraw Chinese troops from the Burma theatre against Japan in Southeast Asia for a counter offensive called "White Tower" and "Iceman" against Japanese soldiers in China in 1945.

5260:

By 1941, Japan had occupied much of north and coastal China, but the KMT central government and military had retreated to the western interior to continue their resistance, while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in

4179:. This was done with hopes that it would start a crisis that would allow Japan to expand their power and influence in the region. When this was not as successful as they desired, Japan then decided to invade Manchuria outright after the 4261:

Japan increasingly exploited China's internal conflicts to reduce the strength of its fractious opponents. Even years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government was limited to just the area of the

6986:

Under General Xue Yue, some 100,000 Chinese troops pushed back Japanese forces at Huangmei. At the fortress of Tianjiazhen, thousands of men fought until the end of September, with Japanese victory assured only with the use of poison

6311:

broke out in Xinjiang when the Kuomintang Hui Officer Liu Bin-Di was killed while fighting Turkic Uyghur rebels in November 1944. The Soviet Union supported the Turkic rebels against the Kuomintang, and Kuomintang forces fought back.

6691:

was signed separately between the ROC and Japan that basically followed the same guideline of the Treaty of San Francisco, not specifying which country has sovereignty over Taiwan. However, Article 10 of the treaty states that the

6127:

which later fought in Burma. B.A.A.G. also sent agents to gather intelligence – military, political and economic in Southern China, as well as giving medical and humanitarian assistance to Chinese civilians and military personnel.

5832:

et al., formed the original contingent of foreign volunteer aviators to join the Chinese air forces (some provincial or warlord air forces, but ultimately all integrating into the centralized Chinese Air Force; often called the

4928:

to send supplies to the NRA from August 1937 to March 1941. Secondly, the flooding of significant portions of land and railway sections made it difficult for the Japanese military to enter Shaanxi, thereby preventing them from

4442:, the Konoe government's foreign minister opened negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek's government in Nanjing and stated: "Japan wants Chinese cooperation, not Chinese land." Nevertheless, negotiations failed to move further. The 4674:. Over the next several weeks, Japanese troops perpetrated numerous mass executions and tens of thousands of rapes. The army looted and burned the surrounding towns and the city, destroying more than a third of the buildings. 5202:

During this period, the main Chinese objective was to drag out the war for as long as possible in a war of attrition, thereby exhausting Japanese resources while it was building up China's military capacity. American general

21214: 4090:

and reopened the Manchurian problem. By 1930, the Kwantung Army realized they faced a Red Army that was only growing stronger. The time to act was drawing near and Japanese plans to conquer the Northeast were accelerated.

10785: 6679:

on 25 October 1945. However, due to the unresolved Chinese Civil War, neither the newly established People's Republic of China in mainland China nor the Nationalist ROC that retreated to Taiwan was invited to sign the

5870:

Prior to the war, Germany and China were in close economic and military cooperation, with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials. Germany sent military advisers such as

6587:

Communists changed their strategy to engage mainly in a political offensive against the Japanese while declaring that the CCP should "save and preserve our strength and wait for favourable timing" by the end of 1941.

6633:

as an "incident", glossed over the issue of comfort women, and made only brief references to the death of Chinese soldiers and civilians in Nanjing. A copy of the 2005 version of a junior high school textbook titled

5440: 3948:

However, there was little support for an imperial restoration among the general population, and protests and demonstrations soon broke out across the country. Yuan's attempts at restoring the monarchy triggered the

9620: 6285:. General Ma expected help from Nanjing, but did not receive it. The Nationalist government was forced to deny these maneuvers as "Japanese propaganda", as it needed continued military supplies from the Soviets. 5104:

committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, as well as Japanese refusal to delegate any real power, left the puppets very unpopular and largely ineffective. The only success the Japanese had was to recruit a large

4692:

By January 1938, most conventional Kuomintang forces had either been defeated or no longer offered major resistance to Japanese advances. Communist-led rural resistance to the Japanese remained active, however.

10900: 6789: 6501:

Chiang's focus on his communist opponents prompted him to leave Japanese troops or troops of the Japanese puppet regimes to remain on duty in occupied areas so as to avoid their surrender to Communist forces.

6091:

In February 1941 a Sino-British agreement was forged whereby British troops would assist the Chinese "Surprise Troops" units of guerrillas already operating in China, and China would assist Britain in Burma.

4670:(September–November 1937). Upon the capture of Nanjing, Japanese committed massive war atrocities including mass murder and rape of Chinese civilians after 13 December 1937, which has been referred to as the 5564:

Chiang was named Allied commander-in-chief in the China theater in 1942. American general Joseph Stilwell served for a time as Chiang's chief of staff, while simultaneously commanding American forces in the

3834:

The origins of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced back to the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, in which China, then under the rule of the Qing dynasty, was defeated by Japan and forced to cede

22017: 8193: 5121:

fighting continued in these occupied areas. Japan had suffered high casualties which resulted from unexpectedly stubborn Chinese resistance, and neither side could make any swift progress in the manner of

4257:

province as well as a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beijing-Tianjin region. Japan aimed to create another buffer zone between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government in Nanjing.

20616: 6972:

and a resolution adopted by the League of Nations on 14 May 1938, condemning the use of poison gas by the Empire of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Army frequently used chemical weapons during the war.

10752: 10720: 4438:

at Tianjin on 29 and 30 July respectively, thus concluding the Beijing-Tianjin campaign. However, the Japanese Army had been given orders not to advance further than the Yongding River. In a sudden

11571:

China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society

6032:

to continue operations in China on a long-term basis. It set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attacks against the Allies, including the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.

4677:

The number of Chinese killed in the massacre has been subject to much debate, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to more than 300,000. The numbers agreed upon by most scholars are provided by the

15311: 10384: 5466:, which earned the Chinese government much prestige from the Western Allies. President Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and China as the world's " 3704: 12662: 7465: 21244: 8061: 6952:

himself contested the Communists' claims, finding it impossible for a force of "untrained, undisciplined, poorly equipped" guerrillas of Communist forces to have killed so many enemy soldiers.

6452:, which was the primary Japanese fighting force, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armour, artillery, or air support, had been destroyed by the Soviets. Japanese Emperor 15223: 5916:. Prior to the Western Allies, the Soviets provided the most foreign aid to China: some $ 250 million in credits for munitions and other supplies. The Soviet Union defeated Japan in the 13911:

Multi-year project seeks to expand research by promoting cooperation among scholars and institutions in China, Japan, the United States, and other nations. Includes extensive bibliographies.

5803:

of which China became a beneficiary on 6 May 1941; from there, China's main diplomatic, financial and military supporter came from the U.S., particularly following the attack on Pearl Harbor

4086:

victory over Xueliang's forces not only reasserted Soviet control over the CER in Manchuria but revealed Chinese military weaknesses that Japanese Kwantung Army officers were quick to note.

22067: 21360: 13218: 12915: 11010: 4743:. However the majority of the Chinese forces, some 200,000-300,000 troops in 40 divisions, managed to break out of the encirclement and retreat to defend Wuhan, the Japanese's next target. 4387:

in which Beijing and its port city of Tianjin fell to invading Japanese forces (July–August 1937). On 29 July, some 5,000 troops of the 1st and 2nd Corps of the East Hebei Army mutinied in

13083: 12950: 15208: 12999:

The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Held in Budapest, Hungary, 2001

6982:

Japan used poison gas at Hankow during the Battle of Wuhan to break fierce Chinese resistance after conventional Japanese assaults were repelled by Chinese defenders. Rana Mitter writes,

6638:

found that there is no mention of the "Nanjing Massacre" or the "Nanjing Incident". Indeed, the only one sentence that referred to this event was: "they occupied that city in December".

6553:

government army in major cities of northeast China. Following that, the Chinese Civil War broke out between the Nationalists and Communists, which concluded with the Communist victory in

5966:

and the Nanjing Massacre swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan and increased their fear of Japanese expansion, which prompted the United States, the United Kingdom, and

5223:, organized separately by both the CCP and the KMT, continued their resistance in occupied areas to make Japanese administration over the vast land area of China difficult. In 1940, the 6292:

corridor. Ma had earlier fought against the Japanese, but because the Soviet threat was great, Chiang in July 1942 directed him to move 30,000 of his troops to the Tsaidam marsh in the

5876: 5231:

in north China, destroying railways and a major coal mine. These constant guerilla and sabotage operations deeply frustrated the Imperial Japanese Army and they led them to employ the "

10572:

US Congress. Investigation of Concentracion of Economic Power. Hearings before the Temporary National Economic Committee. 76th Congress, 2nd Session, Pt. 21. Washington, 1940, p. 11241

6948:

Both Nationalist and Communist Chinese sources report that their respective forces were responsible for the deaths of over 1.7 million Japanese soldiers. Nationalist War Minister

5268:

The United States strongly supported China starting in 1937 and warned Japan to get out. However, the United States continued to sell Japan petroleum and scrap metal exports until the

4391:, turning against the Japanese garrison. In addition to Japanese military personnel, some 260 civilians living in Tongzhou were killed during the uprising in scenes reminiscent of the 23696: 4430:

and an air regiment composed of 18 squadrons as reinforcements to Northern China. By 20 July, total Japanese military strength in the Beijing-Tianjin area exceeded 180,000 personnel.

4110:, and they continued to expand during this protracted civil war. The Kuomintang government in Nanjing decided to focus their efforts on suppressing the Chinese Communists through the 21841: 4736:

to overcome Japanese advantages in firepower. The Chinese also severed Japanese supply lines from the rear, forcing the Japanese to retreat in the first Chinese victory of the war.

4331:

was formed on 12 May 1936. Japan provided all the necessary military and economic aid. Afterwards Chinese volunteer forces continued to resist Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and

2173: 7133:

Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up. During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers destroyed four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.

21985: 15142: 4725:

in an attempt to wipe out the Chinese forces in the area. The Japanese managed to overcome Chinese resistance around Bengbu and the Teng xian, but were fought to a halt at Linyi.

21481: 7110: 4102:

broke out across China, involving regional commanders who had fought in alliance with the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition, and the Nanjing government under Chiang. The

22549: 20570: 14180: 10628:

American Neutrality Policy: Hearings Before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Seventy-Sixth Congress, First Session, on Apr. 11–13, 17–21, 24–28, May 2, 1939

12862: 12777: 12748: 10800: 8751: 6822:

Duncan Anderson, Head of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy, UK, writing for BBC states that the total number of casualties was around 20 million.

5665:

achieved very little, but lessons were learned and a second more successful phase, commenced in February 1943 under British Military command, was conducted before the Japanese

13196: 12053: 6253:

from entering the league, as Zhang's main goal was Chinese influence in Indochina. The KMT utilized these Vietnamese nationalists during World War II against Japanese forces.

3941:; it is generally believed Yuan Shikai ordered the assassination. Yuan Shikai then forced the parliament to pass a bill to strengthen the power of the president and sought to 1087: 4684:

The Japanese atrocities in Nanjing, especially following the Chinese defense of Shanghai, increased international goodwill for the Chinese people and the Chinese government.

12538: 5837:) in the "patriotic call to duty for the motherland" to fight against the Imperial Japanese invasion. Several of the original Chinese-American volunteer pilots were sent to 4774:

To overcome Chinese resistance, Japanese forces frequently deployed poison gas and committed atrocities against civilians, such as a "mini-Nanjing Massacre" in the city of

1055:

Including casualties of Japanese puppet forces. The combined toll is most likely around 3,500,000: 2.5 million Japanese, per their own records, and 1,000,000 collaborators.

21927: 21742: 19848: 19766: 15228: 13846: 7193: 5727:, successfully driving the Japanese out of North Burma and securing the Ledo Road, China's vital supply artery. In Spring 1945 the Chinese launched offensives that retook 13265: 8896: 6780:

In China some Korean comfort women stayed behind instead of going back to their native land. Most Korean comfort women who were left behind in China married Chinese men.

22133: 21321: 21236: 20646: 17257: 5684:

750,000 casualties that China incurred in Ichigo soldiers who simply "melted away" and others who were rendered combat ineffective besides killed and captured soldiers.

17002: 19327: 16610: 15218: 3695:. In addition, due to China's fractured political status, Japan often claimed that China was no longer a recognizable political entity on which war could be declared. 10324: 4319:

was signed expelling the KMT from Chahar. Thus, by the end of 1935 the Chinese government had essentially abandoned northern China. In its place, the Japanese-backed

21789: 20565: 18895: 18608: 16626: 15341: 10698: 6321: 5771: 5616:

Long-standing differences in national interest and political stance among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom remained in place. British Prime Minister

10547: 6865:

The property loss suffered by the Chinese was valued at 383 billion US dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times the

6373:

were Hui. The Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang but were unsuccessful in making any agreement with him. Ma Bufang ended up supporting the anti-Japanese Imam

4056:, took over as the leader of the Fengtian clique in Manchuria. Later in the same year, Zhang declared his allegiance to the Nationalist government in Nanjing under 21882: 21772: 21722: 8171: 7866: 6020:. In spite of non-aggression pacts or trade connections, Hitler's assault threw the world into a frenzy of re-aligning political outlooks and strategic prospects. 3524: 16946: 22404: 22324: 21045: 19971: 19080: 16549: 16521: 15665: 15070: 6672: 5300:

and Japan's drive south to procure from the resource-rich European colonies in Southeast Asia by force the resources which the United States had denied to them.

19105: 5133:

By 1943, Guangdong had experienced famine. As the situation worsened, New York Chinese compatriots received a letter stating that 600,000 people were killed in

3362:, resulting in the Communists losing around 90% of their men. As a Japanese invasion became imminent, Chiang still refused to form a united front before he was 23691: 23358: 22414: 20736: 18587: 17266: 16953: 16087: 3355: 2065: 5544:

Most of China's industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union refused to allow the United States to supply China through the

17569: 16932: 16241: 15866: 2523: 2166: 6385:

Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons. Many Hui fought in the war against the Japanese such as Bai Chongxi, Ma Hongbin, Ma Hongkui, Ma Bufang,

5367:

and Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region were created. They were controlled by CCP. To raise funds, the CCP in the Shaan-Gan-Ning Base Area fostered and taxed

5072:

routed the Imperial Japanese Army and their puppet Inner Mongol forces and prevented the planned Japanese advance into northwest China. Ma Hongbin's father

21821: 21675: 21513: 20753: 20001: 19508: 18890: 18844: 16582: 16528: 15714: 13122: 12080: 10759: 10727: 5085: 6533:

fighting and there was starvation and famine in the wake of the war. Many towns and cities were destroyed, and millions were rendered homeless by floods.

6139:), was initialized to provide training to Chinese guerrilla troops. The mission conducted two operations, mostly in the provinces of Yunnan and Jiangxi. 21571: 20638: 20454: 19402: 17039: 16535: 16151: 11761: 8773: 1980: 10376: 22399: 21179: 15561: 15198: 13946: 12658: 8833: 7462: 7213: 6696:

and the juridical person should be the people and the juridical person of the ROC. Both the PRC and ROC governments base their claims to Taiwan on the

6516: 2325: 2258: 1612: 1080: 8053: 3772:

is considered derogatory by China and therefore the media in Japan often paraphrase with other expressions like "The Japan–China Incident" (Japanese:

21493: 21316: 21288: 21278: 20893: 20888: 20758: 19382: 19347: 16925: 16372: 16248: 6601: 3532: 3287:, and often regarded as the beginning of World War II in Asia. It was the largest Asian war in the 20th century and has been described as "the Asian 1652: 12303: 8223: 7897: 7058:

the accused, such as Major General Kiyashi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, some 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague-contaminated fleas on

6400:

Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941, causing all ethnicities in Qinghai to unite against the Japanese. General

22613: 21331: 21326: 20600: 18739: 16225: 15605: 10886: 8811: 5624:; Stilwell, on the other hand, believed that reopening the road was vital, as all China's mainland ports were under Japanese control. The Allies' " 5470:"; his primary reason for elevating China to such a status was the belief that after the war it would serve as a bulwark against the Soviet Union. 4678: 2159: 13226: 12948: 12923: 12097: 11022: 6541:

to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts.

6245:

created the league to further Chinese influence in Indochina, against the French and Japanese. Its stated goal was for unity with China under the

5780:, provided much equipment and training to crack units of the National Revolutionary Army of China, including some aerial-combat training with the 4575:"Claude" fighters into the Shanghai-Nanjing theater of operations, beginning on 18 September 1937, helped the Japanese achieve a certain level of 21705: 21311: 21229: 20746: 19535: 16662: 15974: 15336: 13075: 4556:

fighter squadrons; suffering heavy (50%) losses from the defending Chinese pilots (14 August was subsequently commemorated by the KMT as China's

4511:

were ordered to capture or destroy the Japanese strongholds in Shanghai, leading to bitter street fighting. In an attack on the Japanese cruiser

10354: 10230: 9535: 5387:

militia who refused to switch their allegiance were often labelled "collaborators" and attacked by CCP forces. For example, the Red Army led by

23062: 22993: 22153: 21508: 19412: 19218: 19188: 19171: 16481: 15783: 15203: 10410: 10200: 9723: 7203: 6177:

was finished in early 1945, the majority of US and British supplies to the Chinese had to be delivered via airlift over the eastern end of the

2036: 18480: 11366: 6198: 5481:. Philippine and Japanese ocean weather was affected by weather originating near northern China. The base of SACO was located in Yangjiashan. 5347:, hoping to force an end to the conflict between KMT and CCP. To secure the release of Chiang, the KMT agreed to a temporary ceasefire of the 4803: 2688: 1825: 23666: 23003: 22792: 22374: 22032: 21336: 19213: 17273: 17236: 17213: 16734: 15656: 15626: 15075: 13387:

Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang,中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations (Jiangsu People's Publishing House, 2005)

11851: 9313:

Muscolino, Micah S. (2014). The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950. Cambridge University Press.

6895:

that led to starvation deaths of 2 to 3 million people, Guangdong famine caused more than 3 million people to flee or die, and the

5993: 5633:

strategy that American general Claire Lee Chennault supported but which Stilwell strongly opposed. In addition, Chiang voiced his support of

5371:

production and dealing, selling to Japanese-occupied and KMT-controlled provinces. The CCP's Red Army fought alongside KMT forces during the

3937:

of China was proclaimed in March 1912, after which Yuan Shikai began to amass power for himself. In 1913, the parliamentary political leader

3851:, which Japan claims were uninhabited, in early 1895 as a result of its victory at the end of the war. Japan had also attempted to annex the 3421:, and with Japan's lines of communications stretched deep into the interior, the war reached a stalemate. The Japanese were unable to defeat 1073: 16988: 12719: 11585: 6238:, later to be Ho's Prime Minister. The front was later broadened and renamed the Viet Nam Giai Phong Dong Minh (Vietnam Liberation League). 23507: 22191: 22107: 21892: 21111: 20472: 19146: 19011: 17366: 17222: 17206: 17178: 16426: 15633: 15366: 15244: 14541: 14185: 12333: 11803: 6748: 6728: 5920:

in May – September 1939, leaving the Japanese reluctant to fight the Soviets again. In April 1941, Soviet aid to China ended with the

5756: 5628:" policy did not sit well with Chiang, while the later British insistence that China send more and more troops to Indochina for use in the 5273: 6241:

The Viet Nam Revolutionary League was a union of various Vietnamese nationalist groups, run by the pro Chinese VNQDD. Chinese KMT General

5978:

exports in 1938. However, in July 1939, negotiations between Japanese Foreign Minister Arita Khatira and the British Ambassador in Tokyo,

23681: 22817: 22429: 22384: 22379: 22235: 20726: 20605: 19991: 19922: 19228: 18123: 17190: 17102: 17046: 17009: 16291: 14817: 13895: 13052: 11624: 10666: 9875: 9836: 9797: 9466: 8030: 7975: 7232:

This number does not include the casualties of the large numbers of Chinese collaborator government troops fighting on the Japanese side.

6282: 6185:". Flying over the Himalayas was extremely dangerous, but the airlift continued daily to August 1945, at great cost in men and aircraft. 5646: 4916:. There were three long-term strategic intentions behind the decision to cause the flooding: firstly, the flood in Henan safeguarded the 3481: 2048: 1540: 18875: 13859: 13396: 13145: 13013: 12229: 12210: 12191: 12172: 11702: 11279: 9977: 7936: 7288: 6850:

According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the "kill all, loot all, burn all" operation (

5986:(steel and scrap iron up to 16 October 1940, petrol and petroleum products up to 26 June 1941), and various other much-needed supplies. 22743: 22581: 21222: 19407: 19387: 17095: 15827: 14204: 14132: 10165: 7142: 5704:

peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units. Approximately 10% of these peasants died before reaching their units.

5586: 3587:

issued a directive stating that textbooks were to refer to the war as the "Fourteen Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese:

2477: 2405: 1897: 1747: 1037:

This number does not include Japanese killed by Chinese forces in the Burma campaign and does not include Japanese killed in Manchuria.

10506: 7446: 4587:, and Capt. Chan Kee-Wong, even in their older and slower biplanes, proved more than able to hold their own against the sleek A5Ms in 3788:

The name "Second Sino-Japanese War" is not commonly used in Japan as the China it fought a war against in 1894 to 1895 was led by the

23676: 23276: 22855: 22439: 22221: 22097: 20856: 20701: 20320: 19935: 19817: 19445: 18601: 17229: 15619: 15577: 14023: 12856: 12771: 12742: 8735: 7208: 6549:

Soviet invasion of Manchuria in the belief that the Soviet Union would cooperate only with the Nationalist government after the war.

6423: 5736: 5566: 5296:

in China. This pressure, which was intended to disparage a continuation of the war and bring Japan into negotiation, resulted in the

4990: 4794:

With Japanese casualties and costs mounting, the Imperial General Headquarters attempted to break Chinese resistance by ordering the

4787:

After its fall 1938 victory in the Battle of Wuhan, Japan advanced deep into Communist territory and redeployed 50,000 troops to the

4332: 3504: 2041: 1167: 13180: 12045: 7662: 7114:

Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the

5336:. This resulted in great casualties for his Northeast Army, which received no support in manpower or weaponry from Chiang Kai-shek. 22469: 22057: 21343: 21186: 19718: 19708: 19342: 18450: 16269: 16043: 15806: 15672: 15483: 9497: 9032: 5620:

was reluctant to devote British troops, many of whom had been routed by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to the reopening of the

4579:. However the few experienced Chinese veteran pilots, as well as several Chinese-American volunteer fighter pilots, including Maj. 2516: 2489: 1936: 1861: 1788: 17: 12148: 10128: 9434:

Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945". In Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John (eds.).

8249: 23212: 21747: 21648: 21523: 21296: 21014: 20997: 20631: 19197: 17345: 17142: 16179: 15679: 15591: 15527: 12289: 10827:"Powerless and Frustrated: Britain's Relationship With China During the Opening Years of the Second Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1939" 6747:

regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters. Whereas the KMT won the

6215: 5404:

of CCP power under his authority, and his teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as "

2612: 19513: 13740: 6060:

was scouted as a potential staging area and springboard for the future military landing of the Allies of World War II in Japan.

23671: 22507: 22005: 21957: 21851: 21831: 20518: 20492: 18767: 17548: 17060: 15910: 15448: 13939: 13249: 12508: 11991: 11485: 8996: 8888: 7629: 7557: 6300:. Chiang further named Ma as Reclamation Commissioner, to threaten Sheng's southern flank in Xinjiang, which bordered Tsaidam. 5474: 2318: 9643: 23108: 22733: 22389: 22196: 21980: 21528: 21283: 21131: 21040: 20992: 20711: 20675: 20462: 19085: 18144: 18049: 17576: 17322: 17197: 16283: 16257: 16114: 15820: 15737: 15285: 13723: 13637: 13579: 13440: 13411: 13315: 13190: 13116: 12705: 12596: 12393: 12261: 11944: 11399: 11312: 11273: 11246: 10294: 10113: 10048: 9931: 9869: 9830: 9791: 9764: 9606: 9102: 8976: 8872: 8702: 8655: 8583: 8292: 8024: 7969: 7930: 7428: 7343: 7319: 7282: 7198: 6604:. Issues regarding the current historical outlook on the war exist. For example, the Japanese government has been accused of 6194: 5269: 4930: 4537: 2622: 2472: 2287: 1795: 1708: 1674: 1645: 1520: 1431: 13767: 13643: 12530: 11892: 11663: 11546: 11517: 11433: 11405: 8538: 7688: 7385: 6600:

Today, the war is a major point of contention and resentment between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for

3976:

to extort further political and commercial privilege from China, which was accepted by the regime of Yuan Shikai. Following

3338:. This is sometimes marked as the beginning of the war. From 1931 to 1937, China and Japan engaged in skirmishes, including 22606: 21826: 21757: 21437: 21030: 20878: 20290: 20051: 19927: 19827: 19812: 19723: 19683: 18732: 18377: 17784: 17670: 16835: 16302: 16298: 16276: 15880: 14847: 14727: 13891:

Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950– . Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.

10316: 5900:. In September 1937, they signed the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and approved Operation Zet, the formation of a secret 5573:) have suggested it was largely due to the corruption and inefficiency of the Kuomintang government, while others (such as 4612: 4606: 4415: 3519:. The war resulted in the deaths of around 20 million people, mostly Chinese civilians. China was recognized as one of the 2538: 2509: 1951: 1909: 1742: 1593: 1287: 1228: 13002:. Vol. 150 of NATO science series: Mathematics, physics, and chemistry (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 19. 10688: 5186:. Up until the mid-1930s, China had hoped that the League of Nations would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. 4503:

positions in Shanghai, with Japanese army troops and marines in turn crossing into the city with naval gunfire support at

22434: 22409: 21811: 21498: 21301: 20851: 20741: 20691: 20590: 20585: 20305: 19807: 19021: 18292: 17756: 17088: 17074: 16287: 14263: 12659:"Washington Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare — World War I Document Archive" 6123:. It's aim was to assist prisoners of war and internees to escape from Japanese camps. This led to the formation of the 5921: 5850: 4635:

system. Japan moved into these areas after its 1941 declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom.

2668: 2053: 1718: 1486: 1233: 20731: 12969:

of a film showing imperial planes loading germ bombs for bubonic dissemination over Ningbo in 1940. (Daniel Barenblatt,

12830: 12461: 12022: 7858: 4048:

As the National Revolutionary Army approached Beijing, Zhang Zuolin decided to retreat back to Manchuria, before he was

4000:

and was unable to resist foreign incursions. For the purpose of unifying China and defeating the regional warlords, the

23761: 23751: 23189: 23040: 23024: 22395:

United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party

22206: 22112: 22012: 21872: 21518: 21273: 21204: 20846: 20763: 20624: 20162: 20157: 20056: 19996: 19787: 19777: 19468: 19300: 19176: 18787: 18501: 18370: 18248: 17826: 17541: 17492: 17250: 16805: 16057: 15896: 15744: 15598: 14797: 14301: 14291: 14053: 11960:

the final years of the civil war up to 1949 was won through field battles that the Soviets taught the CCP how to fight.

10531: 10260: 9971: 9460: 8669: 6965: 6009:

in September 1940 to prevent China from receiving the 10,000 tons of materials delivered monthly by the Allies via the

4799: 4795: 4596:

with Hawk III fighter-attack planes and P-26/281 fighter escorts, and the Japanese intercepted most of the attack with

4500: 4324: 2629: 2203: 1713: 1480: 13828:

Issue 40 of China, a collection of pamphlets. Original from Pennsylvania State University. Digitized 15 September 2009

6023:

On 21 July, Japan occupied the southern part of French Indochina (southern Vietnam and Cambodia), contravening a 1940

5974:. Australia also prevented a Japanese government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned 5170:: 25 October 1938 (following the Fall of Wuhan) – December 1941 (before the Allies' declaration of war on Japan). 23656: 23336: 22201: 22165: 21388: 21252: 21002: 20900: 20801: 19478: 19473: 19397: 19322: 19268: 19248: 19016: 18958: 18925: 18849: 18782: 18617: 17499: 17471: 17288: 16870: 16589: 16556: 15395: 15351: 14120: 13932: 13885:, China 1:250,000, Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954– . Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War. 13794: 13761: 13595: 13547: 13519: 13489: 13459: 13392: 13361: 13300: 13259: 13046: 13007: 12502: 12430: 11981:

Sven Saaler: Politics, Memory and Public Opinion: The History Textbook Controversy and Japanese Society. Munich: 2005

11696: 11657: 11618: 11579: 11346: 11219: 11186: 11159: 11132: 11095: 11062: 10959: 10551: 9906: 9587:

Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (2015). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade".

8745: 7730: 7597: 7503: 7379: 5971: 5016: 4788: 4518: 3272: 2550: 2311: 982: 760: 275: 243: 15772: 7125: 5355:

with the communists against Japan. The alliance having salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP, agreed to form the

4998: 23346: 23306: 23217: 22494: 22282: 22175: 22022: 21799: 21084: 21062: 20905: 20841: 20497: 20482: 20477: 20192: 19951: 19884: 19673: 19493: 19488: 19354: 19090: 19038: 19028: 18654: 17812: 17749: 16884: 16720: 15843: 15356: 15280: 15060: 14170: 13675:

Steiner, Zara. "Thunder from the East: The Sino-Japanese Conflict and the European Powers, 1933=1938": in Steiner,

11829: 9998:

Hans Van de Ven, "Stilwell in the Stocks: The Chinese Nationalists and the Allied Powers in the Second World War",

8389: 6697: 6431: 5545: 4288:), more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. The northern provinces affected by this policy were 3500: 2347: 2263: 1638: 64: 19288: 16397: 7032:

were used more than 2,000 times against Chinese soldiers and civilians in the war in China in the 1930s and 1940s

2678: 23405: 22998: 22760: 22748: 22599: 22521: 22444: 22309: 22027: 21643: 21612: 21096: 21050: 20185: 19043: 18725: 18178: 18019: 18008: 17844: 17603: 17562: 17455: 17393: 16780: 16050: 15919: 15887: 13377: 12885:

Dokugasusen Kankei Shiryō II (Materials on poison gas warfare), Kaisetsu, Hōkan 2, Jugonen Sensō Gokuhi Shiryōshu

10645:

American Neutrality Policy: Hearings ... on Present Neutrality Law (public Res. No. 27)... April 11 – May 2, 1939

6010: 5752: 5688:

Hanoi, it did so too late to impact the result of the broader war. American bombers in Chengdu were moved to the

5288: 3942: 3528: 3402: 2653: 2597: 2446: 2429: 1963: 19223: 16567: 16135: 13466: 13370: 13106: 8355: 6968:, article V of the Treaty in Relation to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare, article 171 of the 6578:

which their guerrilla tactics were less effective, and generally limited their combat to guerrilla actions (the

5661:

which attempted to provide assistance to the Chinese Nationalist Army. The first phase in 1942 under command of

2673: 23584: 23522: 23410: 22738: 22500: 22077: 21638: 21503: 21393: 21116: 20560: 20207: 19908: 19678: 19483: 19377: 19332: 18915: 18905: 18564: 18536: 18414: 18207: 17444: 16895: 16821: 16617: 15988: 15707: 15612: 15497: 14842: 14762: 14281: 14239: 13993: 8834:"Mitsubishi A5M (Claude) – Development and Operational History, Performance Specifications and Picture Gallery" 7082: 6976: 6246: 5054: 4994: 4913: 4859: 4235: 4134: 3596: 3552: 3434: 3327: 3308: 3073: 3006: 2939: 2872: 2805: 2724: 2602: 2277: 2238: 1890: 1880: 1390: 1118: 11755: 10457: 8781: 7753: 5504:". In Burma, on 16 April 1942, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the 5057:

against the IJA in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity and limited experience in

23661: 23420: 23373: 23316: 23201: 23114: 22454: 21877: 21398: 21106: 20863: 20487: 19917: 19832: 19822: 19438: 19065: 19050: 18973: 18943: 18920: 18762: 18624: 18557: 18508: 18439: 18264: 17770: 17721: 17485: 17478: 17081: 16842: 16633: 15686: 15295: 14999: 14954: 14767: 14747: 14348: 13613: 11794:. Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.: 385. 7990: 7183: 7090: 6919:, the military death toll of Japan in China is about 700,000 since 1937 (excluding the deaths in Manchuria). 6888: 6826: 6609: 6483: 6079:

both to reach an agreement and prevent war. British public opinion would swing in favor of the Chinese after

6049: 5582: 5106: 5038: 4942: 4851: 4739:

The Japanese then attempted to surround and destroy the Chinese armies in the Xuzhou region with an enormous

4493: 4409: 4384: 4320: 3584: 3544: 3457: 3300: 3087: 3020: 2953: 2886: 2819: 2738: 2573: 2555: 2080: 1805: 1416: 1355: 1201: 1140: 21411:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China

10441: 10425: 8841: 6487: 5692:

where, along with bombers from bases in Saipan and Tinian, they could still bomb the Japanese home islands.

5416: 23378: 23301: 23233: 23207: 22894: 22424: 22339: 22062: 21685: 21348: 21121: 20816: 20467: 20338: 19797: 19738: 19728: 19392: 19273: 19263: 19253: 19141: 18989: 18963: 18953: 18839: 18698: 18594: 17969: 17930: 16849: 16684: 16669: 16596: 16575: 16393: 16071: 15857: 15850: 15834: 15545: 15504: 15476: 15264: 15137: 15080: 15050: 14903: 14321: 13602:- Book about the Chinese from Canada as well as Americans who fought against Japan in the Second World War. 13476:: Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2015. Chapters on military, economic, diplomatic aspects of the war. 11122: 11052: 9078: 6724: 6671:

islands were put under the administrative control of the Republic of China (ROC) government in 1945 by the

6427: 6334:

Japan attempted to reach out to Chinese ethnic minorities in order to rally them to their side against the

6151: 5925: 5740: 5662: 5634: 5364: 4485: 4043: 3692: 3453: 3381:, which prompted a full-scale Japanese invasion of the rest of China. The Japanese captured the capital of 2634: 2441: 2390: 2120: 1830: 1735: 1686: 1585: 5776:

Before the start of full-scale warfare of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Germany had since the time of the

4759:

Following Xuzhou, the IJA changed its strategy and deployed almost all of its existing armies in China to

2663: 23766: 23721: 23686: 23527: 23368: 23321: 23286: 23255: 22664: 22542: 22484: 22369: 22359: 22143: 21860: 21595: 20975: 20147: 19966: 19837: 19283: 19243: 19238: 18968: 18900: 18661: 17985: 17937: 17555: 17527: 17380: 16995: 16974: 16495: 16158: 16064: 15554: 14969: 14772: 14248: 14229: 14219: 12307: 11018: 8098: 7889: 7124:

was also used against the Japanese. A Chinese soldier detonated a grenade vest and killed 20 Japanese at

7055: 6831: 6579: 6124: 5352: 5228: 5037:

From the beginning of 1939, the war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at

4899: 4541: 4069: 4031: 3477: 3438: 3410: 2617: 2545: 1985: 1424: 1218: 176: 141: 9560:

Tai-Chun Kuo, "A Strong Diplomat in a Weak Polity: TV Soong and wartime US–China relations, 1940–1943."

9403: 8803: 8215: 4383:, a crucial access-route to Beijing. What began as confused, sporadic skirmishing soon escalated into a 4266:. Other sections of China were essentially in the hands of local Chinese warlords. Japan sought various 73: 23363: 23227: 23222: 23195: 23085: 23029: 22976: 22479: 21600: 21583: 21432: 21172: 21035: 20826: 20429: 20398: 19359: 19317: 19305: 19278: 19233: 19166: 18910: 18885: 18812: 18797: 18792: 18459: 17955: 17874: 17819: 17707: 17663: 17313: 16939: 16863: 16765: 16642: 16514: 16507: 16467: 16440: 16172: 16105: 15700: 15511: 15441: 14949: 14802: 14078: 14038: 13432: 12104: 10105: 8968: 6937:

starvation. Of the 1,740,955 Japanese soldiers who died during World War II, 22 percent died in China.

6625:

of World War II, all historical issues which have faced challenges from ultranationalists in the past.

6570: 6235: 5872: 5638: 5493: 5489: 5157: 4810:

and most other major cities in unoccupied China, leaving many people either dead, injured, or homeless.

4628: 4372: 4348: 4316: 3374: 2568: 2434: 2412: 2075: 1904: 1875: 1759: 1196: 22807: 4443: 2658: 23736: 23532: 23331: 23281: 22652: 22474: 22419: 22329: 22299: 21474: 21406:

Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China

20654: 20388: 20383: 20310: 20270: 20061: 19748: 19295: 19060: 18880: 18834: 18361: 18278: 18063: 17923: 17895: 17728: 17633: 17423: 16856: 15930: 15584: 15024: 14883: 14807: 14792: 14752: 14619: 14331: 14306: 14008: 13998: 13421:

Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide".

12624:

ed. Coox, Alvin and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 296.

12369:

Ho Ping-ti. Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959.

11785:"Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration" 10346: 10222: 9527: 7188: 7042:'s units were also profusely used. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force bombed 7021: 6744: 6226:(Vietnamese Independence League, usually known as the Viet Minh) was formed and based in the town of 6080: 5979: 5521: 5463: 5368: 5213: 5183: 5042: 4946: 4941:

were located. Thirdly, the floods in Henan and Anhui destroyed much of the tracks and bridges of the

4246: 4238:

that arose from widespread outrage over the policy of non-resistance to Japan. On 15 April 1932, the

4231: 4107: 3818: 3516: 3414: 3232: 2451: 2417: 1975: 1574: 1514: 1473: 1369: 1172: 1162: 581: 23542: 20250: 19540: 16128: 12128: 10406: 10196: 9733: 5569:. For many reasons, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down. Many historians (such as 3766:

Although the Japanese government still uses the term "China Incident" in formal documents, the word

23756: 23746: 23741: 23512: 22954: 22850: 21917: 21089: 20970: 20502: 20232: 20180: 19802: 19630: 19431: 19310: 19095: 19070: 18870: 18100: 18077: 17130: 17123: 16787: 16447: 16419: 15249: 15009: 14919: 13914: 13554:

Laureau, Patrick (June 1993). "Des Français en Chine (2ème partie)" [The French in China].

13353: 12253: 11362: 10826: 10040: 9343: 8647: 6760: 6163: 6036: 6024: 5393: 4979: 4544:. However, the Imperial Japanese Navy encountered unexpected resistance from the defending Chinese 4075: 3616: 3206: 1921: 1781: 1441: 23271: 16144: 16121: 13335: 12973:, 2004, p. 32.) All these weapons were experimented with on humans before being used in the field. 12077: 11855: 7624: 6612:

omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past, although the most recent controversial book, the

5791:

through the Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact from 1937 to 1941. When the Imperial Japanese invaded

5484:

Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the United States. However, in contrast to the

3871:. The Qing dynasty was on the brink of collapse due to internal revolts and the imposition of the 2270: 23731: 23726: 23716: 23711: 23706: 23446: 23441: 23326: 22899: 22556: 22344: 21816: 21554: 21166: 21101: 20873: 20779: 20696: 20325: 20202: 20132: 19941: 19693: 19620: 19337: 19258: 19208: 19203: 19193: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19136: 19126: 18827: 18807: 18748: 18522: 18466: 18336: 18196: 17881: 17534: 17430: 17336: 16904: 16772: 16742: 16706: 16691: 16563: 16455: 16433: 16379: 16365: 16347: 16011: 15792: 15520: 15469: 15147: 14944: 14857: 14757: 14634: 14326: 14316: 14137: 12685: 12423:

War, nation, memory : international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks

12329: 11569: 7803:

Bix, Herbert P. (1992), "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility",

7742:

Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 1368–1953, Harvard University Press, 1953. p. 252

6681: 6001:" issued to American Volunteer Group pilots requesting all Chinese to offer rescue and protection 5917: 5732: 5609: 5590: 5093: 5046: 4983: 4847: 4831: 4818: 4620:

in his P-26/281; the Japanese Army reinforcements succeeded in landing in northern Shanghai. The

4616:, shooting down several of the Chinese planes while losing a single A4N in the dogfight with Lt. 4576: 4239: 4218:

Incessant fighting followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese troops fought the

4103: 3950: 3829: 3806: 3736: 3543:

In China, the war is most commonly known as the "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression" (

3508: 3493: 3422: 3418: 2504: 2363: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2106: 1926: 1605: 1453: 1436: 1376: 1340: 1310: 850: 671: 300: 18717: 13919: 12357:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

11784: 11471:"Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China" 9262:

Di Wu, "The cult of geography: Chinese riverine defence during the Battle of Wuhan, 1937-1938".

9250:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

6800: 4114:, following the policy of "first internal pacification, then external resistance" (Chinese: 2385: 23079: 22622: 22514: 22449: 22349: 22148: 22082: 22052: 21727: 20946: 20821: 20042: 20006: 19982: 19879: 19864: 19713: 19625: 18994: 18948: 18865: 18817: 18214: 18107: 17909: 17860: 17763: 17656: 17626: 17409: 17297: 17023: 16814: 16405: 16386: 16356: 15903: 15873: 15259: 15127: 15085: 14787: 14296: 14286: 14234: 14224: 14033: 13147:

Angry Monk: Reflections on Tibet: Literary, Historical, and Oral Sources for a Documentary Film

11211: 11087: 9408:. 朝雲新聞社. pp. 77–78, 125 – via ebook on Japan National Institute for Defense Studies. 6866: 6705: 6647: 6605: 6583: 6112: 6073: 5901: 5297: 5146: 4621: 4553: 4525: 4513: 4379:

On the night of 7 July 1937, Chinese and Japanese troops exchanged fire in the vicinity of the

4312: 4111: 3445: 3406: 3394: 2607: 2533: 1970: 1681: 1466: 1396: 1247: 270: 128: 21442: 13899: 13036: 11608: 11236: 11176: 11149: 10660: 10643: 10626: 10609: 10592: 10481:

To the Banks of the Halha: The Nomohan Incident and the Northern Limits of the Japanese Empire

10467: 9859: 9820: 9781: 9756: 9450: 8692: 8014: 8000: 7959: 6440: 5473:

Knowledge of Japanese naval movements in the Pacific was provided to the American Navy by the

5382:

Despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich

5324:"improvise" while not offering support. After losing Manchuria to the Japanese, Zhang and his 5279:

After the Lend-Lease Act was passed, American financial and military aid began to trickle in.

4207:, as its puppet ruler. Militarily too weak to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the 3358:

the Chinese Communists in an attempt to finally destroy them, forcing the Communists into the

23635: 23547: 23482: 23250: 23045: 23018: 23008: 22987: 22915: 22717: 22692: 22102: 22092: 22087: 22000: 21905: 21836: 21658: 21578: 21549: 21463: 20784: 20066: 19528: 19100: 19075: 19033: 18802: 18772: 18705: 18428: 18271: 18167: 18137: 18093: 17833: 17798: 17791: 17714: 17612: 17053: 17030: 16877: 16488: 16025: 15765: 15751: 15434: 14934: 14929: 14832: 14777: 14048: 14028: 13863: 13154: 12997: 12854: 12769: 12740: 12226: 12207: 12188: 12169: 11936: 11932: 11686: 11336: 11302: 11263: 10451: 10435: 9961: 7920: 7272: 7115: 6896: 6467:

on 2 September 1945, in a ceremony where several Allied commanders including Chinese general

6254: 5967: 5708: 5601: 5505: 4733: 4729: 4714: 3954: 3860: 3844: 3488:

linking India to China. China launched large counteroffensives in South China and repulsed a

2683: 2125: 1885: 1728: 1506: 1447: 1382: 1280: 251: 219: 84: 20931: 16323: 13683:

Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".

10975:

Stevens, Keith (March 2005). "A token operation: 204 military mission to China, 1941–1945".

10624: 10590: 10173: 2151: 23701: 23604: 23577: 23552: 23502: 23291: 23035: 22981: 22920: 22659: 22294: 21995: 21932: 21865: 21653: 21072: 20197: 20021: 20011: 19523: 19110: 18529: 18384: 18035: 17992: 17962: 17888: 17698: 17677: 16603: 16080: 15758: 14989: 14893: 14852: 14822: 14722: 14476: 14338: 14175: 14043: 11852:"Leavenworth Papers No. 7 (August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria)" 10504: 9515: 9288: 7443: 6969: 6805: 6538: 6461: 6040: 6017: 5949: 5913: 5728: 5654: 5554: 5488:

to the Soviet Union which stayed open through most of the war, sea routes to China and the

5280: 4807: 4768: 4545: 4423: 3489: 2639: 2070: 2058: 1946: 1752: 1599: 1551: 1533: 1323: 1304: 171: 21447: 14506: 14446: 13660:

The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945

10932: 6231: 5880:

1938 in favour of an alliance with Japan as its main anti-Communist partner in East Asia.

4230:, which forbade the Chinese to deploy troops in their own city. In Manchukuo there was an 8: 23630: 23311: 23167: 23155: 23143: 23119: 23013: 22970: 22812: 22765: 22289: 21952: 21762: 21752: 21732: 21633: 21607: 21588: 21486: 21457: 21383: 20963: 20926: 20831: 20806: 20424: 20371: 20344: 20334: 20280: 20275: 20260: 20137: 19961: 19640: 19635: 19518: 18647: 18421: 18299: 18255: 17777: 16911: 16677: 16204: 16034: 16018: 15967: 15122: 14959: 14924: 14190: 14073: 14003: 11120: 9279:

Dutch, Steven I. (November 2009). "The Largest Act of Environmental Warfare in History".

8575: 7659: 6732: 6701: 6486:(on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month) and because "nine" is a 6460:

to the Allies on 15 August 1945. The official surrender was signed aboard the battleship

6274: 6178: 6108: 5889: 5453:

A United States poster from the United China Relief organization advocating aid to China.

5220: 5101: 4453:", which—with slightly reworked lyrics—became the National Revolutionary Army's standard 4263: 4219: 4049: 4009: 3993: 3985: 3856: 3367: 3339: 3292: 2693: 2580: 2223: 1941: 1815: 1157: 754: 353: 23097: 20212: 14481: 13502:, New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946. Critical account of Chiang's government by 12098:"Disputes over Taiwan Sovereignty and the Sino-Japanese Peace Treaty Since World War II" 11726:"The Chinese Islamic 'Goodwill Mission to the Middle East' During the Anti-Japanese War" 9378: 9376: 9292: 9036: 5399:

Afterwards, the Second United Front completely broke down and Chinese Communists leader

23477: 23425: 23244: 23181: 23161: 23137: 22942: 22845: 22775: 22687: 22647: 22354: 22334: 22211: 22072: 21922: 21782: 21373: 21126: 20716: 20393: 20330: 20152: 20122: 19663: 18640: 18473: 18398: 18352: 18322: 18230: 18070: 17735: 17619: 17513: 17464: 17402: 17158: 17109: 16918: 16542: 16197: 15995: 15157: 15090: 15055: 15034: 15029: 14979: 14898: 14888: 14782: 14742: 14707: 13924: 13700: 13670: 13346: 12711: 12140: 11204: 11080: 10992: 10880: 10846: 9674: 9489: 9116: 9108: 8718: 8606: 8337: 8245: 8153: 8145: 8016:

The New York Times Living History: World War II, 1942–1945: The Allied Counteroffensive

7828: 7035: 6457: 6417: 6207: 6159: 5983: 5904:, in which Soviet technicians upgraded and ran some of China's transportation systems. 5570: 5425: 5405: 4584: 4507:, leading to the Battle of Shanghai. On 14 August, Chinese forces under the command of 4475: 4185: 4099: 3997: 3973: 3967: 3934: 3888: 3852: 3720:), the first step of the "eight corners of the world under one roof" slogan (Japanese: 3688: 3652: 2353: 2233: 2099: 2092: 2031: 2021: 1995: 1847: 1769: 1619: 1579: 1546: 1459: 1348: 1328: 1212: 1135: 136: 104: 22591: 14629: 11610:

Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication

11124:

The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: History of the Indochina incident, 1940–1954

6735:

DPP does not see the relevancy of celebrating events that happened in mainland China.

23497: 23148: 22959: 22888: 22489: 22464: 22364: 22216: 22042: 21561: 21425: 21378: 21368: 21007: 20953: 20434: 20127: 20107: 19874: 19503: 18822: 18631: 18515: 18405: 18345: 18306: 18239: 18221: 18187: 18130: 18084: 18028: 17853: 17591: 17583: 17520: 17373: 16967: 16499: 15960: 15939: 15649: 15411: 15401: 15331: 15014: 14994: 14939: 14878: 14873: 14837: 14827: 14717: 14712: 14253: 14068: 14058: 13983: 13790: 13784: 13757: 13737: 13719: 13713: 13704: 13633: 13591: 13575: 13559: 13543: 13515: 13485: 13455: 13436: 13407: 13388: 13357: 13311: 13296: 13255: 13186: 13112: 13042: 13003: 12958: 12715: 12701: 12592: 12568:

and Hilary Conroy "China and Japan: A Search for Balance since World War I", pp. 308.

12498: 12436: 12426: 12389: 12267: 12257: 11950: 11940: 11795: 11692: 11653: 11614: 11575: 11395: 11342: 11308: 11269: 11242: 11215: 11182: 11155: 11128: 11091: 11058: 10996: 10955: 10850: 10662:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress, Volume 113, Part 1

10527: 10109: 10044: 9967: 9927: 9902: 9865: 9826: 9787: 9760: 9749: 9678: 9666: 9612: 9602: 9456: 9373: 9120: 9112: 9098: 9072: 8972: 8917:

Fu Jing-hui, An Introduction of Chinese and Foreign History of War, 2003, pp. 109–111

8868: 8741: 8720:"New Songs of the Battlefield": Songs and Memories of the Chinese Cultural Revolution 8698: 8661: 8651: 8579: 8329: 8288: 8185: 8157: 8020: 7965: 7926: 7820: 7726: 7619: 7593: 7549: 7499: 7424: 7375: 7339: 7315: 7278: 6928: 6851: 6712: 6537:

Yan'an and elsewhere in the communist controlled areas, Mao Zedong was able to adapt

6511: 6475: 6084: 5838: 5678: 5666: 5617: 5605: 5558: 5445:

On 18 February 1943, Madame Chiang Kai-shek addressed both houses of the US Congress.

5372: 5348: 5340: 5312: 5232: 5224: 5118: 5081: 4895: 4663: 4617: 4592: 4419: 4388: 4380: 4208: 3743: 3607: 3465: 3430: 3382: 3363: 3351: 3342:

and in Northern China. Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces, respectively led by

2585: 2424: 2400: 2253: 2132: 2085: 1990: 1835: 1820: 1764: 1567: 1559: 1501: 1491: 1292: 1260: 1241: 1150: 1145: 132: 19583: 14649: 14471: 13607:

Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations' Proxy War with Japan, 1935–1941

13322:

Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan",

12484: 11995: 11470: 9588: 8992: 4315:, which forbade the KMT to conduct party operations in Hebei. In the same year, the 4270:

and helped them establish governments friendly to Japan. This policy was called the

3746:. When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by " 3575:). It was also called the "Eight Years' War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese: 1006:

c. 3,000,000–3,600,000 military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and

23614: 23487: 23353: 23131: 23051: 22965: 22822: 22797: 22563: 22304: 22272: 21777: 21737: 21695: 21452: 21415: 21151: 20958: 20883: 20836: 20721: 20575: 20295: 20016: 19688: 18777: 18550: 18543: 18487: 18151: 17916: 17902: 17805: 17742: 17693: 17506: 17359: 17306: 17116: 17067: 16981: 16211: 16188: 15721: 15152: 15132: 15065: 14984: 14974: 14737: 14436: 14063: 13692: 13526:– Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war. 12693: 12490: 11456:

War, Leadership and Ethnopolitics: Chiang Kai-shek and China's frontiers, 1941–1945

11338:

The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher

10984: 10838: 9658: 9594: 9296: 9090: 9082: 8321: 8137: 7890:"Breaking Silence: Exhibit on 'Forgotten Holocaust' Focuses on Japanese War Crimes" 7812: 7066: 7016: 6775: 6720: 6693: 6688: 6676: 6261: 6230:. The pro-VNQDD nationalist Ho Ngoc Lam, a KMT army officer and former disciple of 6100: 6006: 5909: 5792: 5533: 5375:, and the high point of their cooperation came in 1938 during the Battle of Wuhan. 5329: 5179: 5127: 4722: 4671: 4667: 4649: 4644: 4549: 4454: 4223: 4200: 4156: 3872: 3626:) is most commonly used because of its perceived objectivity. When the invasion of 3560: 3448:

and declared war on the United States. The US increased its aid to China under the

3386: 3043: 2976: 2909: 2842: 2761: 2395: 2373: 2026: 1854: 1840: 1810: 1723: 1703: 1496: 1401: 1361: 1335: 1274: 1266: 1252: 1206: 1182: 902:

3,800,000–10,600,000+ military casualties after July 1937 (excluding Manchuria and

539: 214: 167: 151: 20550: 15730: 13512:

Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo

12591:

Liu Feng, (2007). "血祭太阳旗: 百万侵华日军亡命实录". Central Compilation and Translation Press.

12078:

World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Taiwan : Overview

10286: 7020:

also used during the invasion of Changde. Those orders were transmitted either by

6788:

Three major museums in China commemorate China's War of Resistance, including the

6731:

in 2000, these national holidays commemorating the war have been cancelled as the

5820:

of Japan; over a dozen Chinese-American aviators, including John "Buffalo" Huang,

5257:). It was during this period that the bulk of Japanese war crimes were committed. 2246: 23238: 23103: 22948: 22802: 22780: 22753: 22671: 22319: 22314: 22277: 22257: 22158: 22128: 21964: 21806: 21767: 21680: 21544: 20982: 20921: 20868: 20706: 20595: 20300: 20222: 20142: 19615: 19454: 19055: 18573: 18285: 18200: 18158: 18056: 17999: 17867: 17649: 17640: 17169: 16751: 16727: 15981: 15326: 15316: 14964: 14812: 14732: 14624: 14496: 14491: 14456: 14390: 14375: 14343: 14258: 14155: 13988: 13888: 13852: 13813: 13751: 13744: 13627: 13617: 13473: 13426:

A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945

13381: 12996:

Chevrier, Marie Isabelle; Chomiczewski, Krzysztof; Garrigue, Henri, eds. (2004).

12954: 12697: 12634: 12603:: This Chinese publication analyses statistics provided by Japanese publications. 12233: 12214: 12195: 12176: 12084: 11896: 11889: 11647: 11540: 11511: 11427: 11389: 10842: 10510: 9728: 8542: 8535: 8181: 7682: 7666: 7469: 7450: 7369: 7121: 7025: 6915: 6630: 6227: 5829: 5777: 5689: 5578: 5428: 5356: 5325: 5204: 5161: 5077: 5050: 4951: 4921: 4838: 4760: 4740: 4397: 4368: 4360: 4289: 4180: 4148: 4079: 4057: 3922: 3912: 3848: 3635: 3531:. The Chinese Civil War resumed in 1946, ending with a communist victory and the 3390: 3343: 3319: 3276: 2563: 2484: 2228: 2184: 1956: 1931: 1800: 1317: 1123: 931: 716: 605: 378: 315: 310: 247: 161: 43: 22770: 20217: 18685: 13482:從大歷史的角度讀蔣介石日記 (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's Diary from a Macro History Perspective) 13295:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. xxxiii, 555p. 12821: 11606: 9316: 9300: 7778: 6808:. More than 5,000 civilians died during the first two days of air raids in 1939. 6565: 6437:

approximately 50,000 military fatalities each year and 200,000 wounded per year.

6288:

As the war went on, Nationalist General Ma Buqing was in virtual control of the

5117:

By 1941, Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, but

3595:), reflecting a focus on the broader conflict with Japan going back to the 1931 1046:

Excluding more than 1 million who were disarmed following the surrender of Japan

593: 23537: 23456: 23415: 23296: 23091: 22829: 22787: 22037: 21900: 21700: 21628: 21469: 21141: 20987: 20545: 20439: 20265: 20255: 20112: 20076: 19498: 18580: 18116: 18042: 16094: 15953: 15019: 14526: 14441: 14013: 13978: 13341: 12901: 11484:(1). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program: 115–135. 10641: 10097: 9510:

John McVickar Haight, "Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Naval Quarantine of Japan."

8960: 8141: 7615: 7129: 7051: 6879: 6859: 6554: 6468: 6394: 6351: 5960: 5825: 5800: 5629: 5509: 5467: 5421: 5360: 5058: 5029: 4909: 4903: 4572: 4533: 4508: 4458: 4392: 4308: 4053: 4025: 3925:

that swept across China's southern provinces. The Qing responded by appointing

3884: 3868: 3739: 3520: 3449: 2499: 2494: 2014: 1868: 1776: 1698: 1299: 1177: 1007: 957: 903: 730: 569: 209: 20580: 20555: 13753:

China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937–1952

13696: 12966: 12271: 11954: 10988: 9094: 8665: 7039: 5645:

supplies (signaling bomber destruction of railroads, bridges). Chinese forces

5641:, which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom. 5462:. Almost immediately, Chinese troops achieved another decisive victory in the 4627:

Japan did not immediately occupy the Shanghai International Settlement or the

3730: 23650: 23340: 22936: 22697: 22267: 22169: 22047: 21947: 21942: 21937: 21420: 21257: 21146: 20071: 19792: 19782: 19610: 19575: 18391: 16316: 16165: 16004: 15361: 15254: 15004: 14551: 14516: 14501: 14486: 14466: 14410: 14395: 13882: 13563: 13310:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. xxx, 674p. 12962: 12440: 12018: 11799: 10102:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

9693: 9670: 9616: 9436:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 13: Republican China 1912-1949, part 2

9267: 9017:

Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History",

8965:

The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War

8610: 8600: 8333: 8189: 8176: 7824: 6933: 6657: 6622: 6449: 6339: 6308: 6210:

retreating to the Chinese border after the Japanese coup d'état in March 1945

5945: 5897: 5485: 5432: 5383: 5292: 5284: 4806:

on civilian targets. Japanese raiders hit the Kuomintang's newly established

4710: 4427: 4357: 4254: 4212: 4139: 3981: 3900: 3880: 3864: 3288: 1128: 557: 544: 155: 20172: 13321: 10256: 6862:

and authorized on 3 December 1941, by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.

6790:

Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

6569:

China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where the

5363:

and place them under the nominal control of the NRA. In agreement with KMT,

4480: 3921:

In 1911, factions of the Qing Army uprose against the government, staging a

2303: 23609: 22865: 22860: 22642: 22535: 22459: 22138: 21990: 21794: 21715: 21710: 21055: 20936: 19668: 19545: 19183: 18690: 18494: 16794: 16699: 16330: 15693: 15457: 15415: 15405: 14644: 14639: 14531: 14451: 14018: 12688:. In Friedrich, B.; Hoffmann, D.; Renn, J.; Schmaltz, F.; Wolf, M. (eds.). 12408: 12386:

Concerning the Three Alls Strategy/Three Alls Policy By the Japanese Forces

12247: 11924: 11830:"A SHORT JOURNEY THROUGH NORTHWESTERN KANSU AND THE TIBETAN BORDER COUNTRY" 11568:

Frederick Roelker Wulsin; Joseph Fletcher (1979). Mary Ellen Alonso (ed.).

8641: 7718: 7585: 7175: 7161: 6390: 6293: 5863: 5625: 5459: 5303: 5242: 5123: 5097: 4925: 4891: 4632: 4601: 4597: 4250: 4192: 4176: 4164: 4013: 3938: 3930: 3789: 3768: 3665: 3627: 3331: 3284: 3050: 2983: 2916: 2849: 2768: 2336: 2197: 2005: 2000: 1914: 1065: 488: 51: 20242: 19859: 12686:"No Retaliation in Kind: Japanese Chemical Warfare Policy in World War II" 12494: 12455: 9662: 9598: 9335: 9086: 6203: 5799:

against Japan and froze all Japanese assets in 1941, and with it came the

5053:. These outcomes encouraged the Chinese to launch their first large-scale 4446:

on 9 August escalated the skirmishes and battles into full scale warfare.

23589: 23517: 23451: 22702: 22262: 22245: 22018:

United States–Hong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders

21668: 21156: 21136: 20941: 20315: 19869: 18329: 18315: 17977: 16653: 16474: 16459: 15813: 15321: 14603: 14588: 14556: 14536: 14461: 14415: 13623: 12690:

One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences

12284: 12141:"Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo" 12130:

FOCUS: Taiwan–Japan ties back on shaky ground as Taipei snubs Tokyo envoy

11910: 11574:. The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press. p. 50. 10377:"Remembering Hazel Lee, the first Chinese-American female military pilot" 7521:

Hsu Long-hsuen "History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945)" Taipei 1972

7004: 6992: 6884: 6716: 6386: 6374: 6362: 6335: 6250: 6242: 6132: 6069: 6044: 5841:

in Germany for aerial-gunnery training by the Chinese Air Force in 1936.

5821: 5796: 5716: 5701: 5658: 5500:

in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over "

5308: 4886:

from June 1938 to January 1947 created by the intentional destruction of

4813: 4450: 4275: 4172: 3977: 3926: 3916: 3876: 3747: 3600: 2460: 2378: 2292: 1691: 1662: 646: 469: 180: 47: 9412: 5194: 4902:(NRA) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The first wave of floods hit 4106:(CCP) previously fought openly against the Nanjing government after the 4060:, and consequently, China was nominally reunified under one government. 3855:

following the war, though was forced to return it to China following an

23461: 22250: 21846: 21566: 21077: 20117: 19733: 17684: 17437: 17416: 16309: 15642: 15570: 15290: 14664: 14654: 14598: 14593: 14561: 14546: 14521: 14405: 14400: 14380: 14125: 13847:

Full text of the Chinese declaration of war against Japan on Wikisource

12565: 11567: 10548:"Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940" 8341: 8149: 8128:

Linebarger, Paul M. A. (May 1941). "The Status of the China Incident".

8054:"China rewrites history books to extend Sino-Japanese war by six years" 7421:

Avoiding Armageddon: From the Great Wall to the Fall of France, 1918–40

7029: 6996: 6949: 6839: 6401: 6366: 6358: 6170: 6099:

British and Australian troops from 'Mission 204' march to the front in

6035:

In mid-1941, the United States government financed the creation of the

5998: 5859: 5712: 5621: 5449: 5400: 5333: 5065: 4938: 4655: 4439: 4435: 4364: 4001: 3655:

the following month, it was changed to "The China Incident" (Japanese:

3359: 3347: 3323: 2368: 2358: 790: 641: 507: 450: 431: 412: 392: 288: 145: 20026: 13877: 12855:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

12770:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

12741:

United States. War Department. Military Intelligence Division (1944).

10581:Д. Г. Наджафов. Нейтралитет США. 1935–1941. М., "Наука", 1990. стр.157 10223:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years" 9575:

Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942

9528:"HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Strategy and Command: The First Two Years" 8285:

Struggle for democracy: Sung Chiao-jen and the 1911 Chinese revolution

7832: 7130:

strapped explosives, such as grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies

5743:

hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.

4662:

Building on the hard-won victory in Shanghai, the IJA advanced on and

4353: 4078:(CER) further increased the tensions in the Northeast that led to the 93: 23492: 23056: 22240: 22227: 22068:

Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act

21663: 20811: 20796: 20444: 20419: 20414: 20227: 20098: 20031: 19703: 19131: 19004: 17947: 17352: 17149: 16960: 16758: 16713: 14420: 14165: 14160: 13384:

Historiographical overview of major books from the 1970s through 2006

13108:

Modern China: the fall and rise of a great power, 1850 to the present

12249:

China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

11265:

The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis

10693: 10625:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).

10591:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1939).

8643:

China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

8455:(China University of Political Science and Law Press, 1987), pp. 238. 8309: 6956:

The article reports on the casualty situation of the war up to 1940.

6479: 6370: 6278: 6223: 6174: 6155: 5893: 5892:, the Soviet Union hoped to keep China fighting, in order to deter a 5782: 5650: 5574: 5537: 5497: 5175: 5069: 4934: 4917: 4568: 4328: 4196: 4005: 3512: 3485: 3398: 3335: 3280: 2114: 956:

2,500,000+ military casualties (1937 to 1945 excluding Manchuria and

340: 335: 328: 323: 16234: 13715:

The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China

12916:"Okunoshima Journal; A Museum to Remind Japanese of Their Own Guilt" 11538: 8325: 6505: 6418:

End of the Pacific War and the surrender of Japanese troops in China

4968: 4126: 23572: 22528: 20523: 19956: 19647: 19591: 16218: 15946: 12046:"History Education: The Source of Conflict Between China and Japan" 11725: 7816: 7070: 7000: 6618: 6453: 6182: 5975: 5941: 5596: 5549: 5513: 5501: 5344: 5209: 5084:

led Hui, Salar and Dongxiang cavalry to defeat the Japanese at the

4775: 4588: 4580: 4449:

The 29th Army's resistance (and poor equipment) inspired the 1937 "

4307:

This Japanese policy was most effective in the area of what is now

4227: 4211:

for help. The League's investigation led to the publication of the

4144: 4083: 3989: 3896: 3473: 3461: 3171: 3145: 2782: 526: 19423: 13610: 11121:

United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff. Historical Division (1982).

6723:) and Taiwan's Retrocession Day on 25 October. However, after the 6218:(VNQDD) in its battle against French and Japanese imperialism. In 6095: 5855: 23174: 22712: 22707: 19698: 18747: 14659: 14385: 13677:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

11908:

Hans Van De Ven, "A call to not lead humanity into another war",

9452:

Brokering Belonging: Chinese in Canada's Exclusion Era, 1885–1945

7059: 6883:

famines during the war caused by drought affected both China and

6873: 6347: 6343: 6297: 6219: 6120: 5816: 5760: 5724: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5388: 5262: 5145:

The basis of Chinese strategy before the entrance of the Western

5073: 4958: 4751: 4564: 4293: 4267: 4168: 3631: 3426: 3378: 15143:

Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance

13860:"World War II Newspaper Archives – War in China, 1937–1945" 13786:

When Tigers Fight: The story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1945

11542:

Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 4–5

10134: 9549:

of war seemed preferable to the ignominy of a disgraceful peace.

7620:"Estimates, Sources, and Calculations, July 1937 to August 1945" 6652: 5198:

National Revolutionary Army soldiers march to the front in 1939.

4653:

A Chinese POW about to be beheaded by a Japanese officer with a

3370:

in late 1936 in order to resist the Japanese invasion together.

23599: 22637: 20376: 19550: 16828: 15426: 15346: 13424:

In Roger Chickering, Stig Förster and Bernd Greiner, eds.,

13153:(PhD thesis). University of Zurich. p. 518. Archived from 11509: 9235:

Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9205:

Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9190:

Wuhan 1938 : War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

8085:

China's Good War: how World War II is shaping a new nationalism

7098: 7043: 6900: 6740: 6668: 6661: 6490:

in Chinese (to suggest that the peace won would last forever).

6116: 6057: 5905: 5720: 5512:, the Imperial Japanese Army conducted a massive sweep through 5478: 5316: 5250: 4867: 4529: 4504: 4301: 4160: 4004:(KMT, alternatively known as the Chinese Nationalist Party) in 3892: 3840: 3836: 23223:

Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)

13915:

Photographs of the war from a Presbyterian mission near Canton

11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 10607: 8574:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 8409:

Hoyt, Edwin P., Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict, p. 45

5088:. Ma Biao fought against the Japanese in the Boxer Rebellion. 5033:

Map showing the extent of Japanese occupation in 1940 (in red)

4705: 4311:

and Hebei. In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the

3559:), and shortened to "Resistance against Japanese Aggression" ( 3279:

between 1937 and 1945, following a period of war localized to

1630: 23594: 21690: 21482:

Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations

21247: 21161: 21067: 20659: 20649: 19743: 17016: 13041:. Jeffrey A. Larsen, Managing Editor. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. 11834:

Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society – Vol.21; Pt. 1- 4

11607:

Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006).

9924:

In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War

9272: 9256: 8164: 7650:

Meng Guoxiang & Zhang Qinyuan, 1995. "关于抗日战争中我国军民伤亡数字问题".

6892: 6326: 6289: 5875:

to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces.

5657:. The British and Commonwealth forces had their operation in 5189: 4887: 4883: 4767:

sometimes reversing the Japanese advances, as in the case of

4732:(March–April 1938), where the Chinese used night attacks and 4462: 4297: 3469: 3119: 2181: 113: 22550:

Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept

13840: 12995: 12904:, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, 2001, pp. 360–364 9494:

Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942

9395: 8246:"How uninhabited islands soured China-Japan ties – BBC News" 8172:"The Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands: Narrative of an empty space" 7194:

List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War

5541:

Ningbo's population had already fled before battle started.

4681:, which estimate at least 200,000 murders and 20,000 rapes. 3364:

placed under house arrest by his subordinates who forced him

22134:

United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission

14511: 12411:, Who Actually Fought the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945? 1978 11688:

Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise

11037: 9011: 8602:

The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific

7838: 7047: 6847:

335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks.

6751:

in 2008, the ROC government resumed commemorating the war.

6162:

who also operated in China, mostly while on their way into

5134: 5064:

During the offensive, Hui forces in Suiyuan under generals

4204: 3452:, becoming its main financial and military supporter. With 13896:"Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War, Harvard University" 13570:

MacKinnon, Stephen R., Diana Lary and Ezra F. Vogel, eds.

12486:

China's Bloody Century Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900

11760:. China Information Publishing Company. 1940. p. 16. 10195:

Chan, Andy; Gong, John; Little, Michael (7 October 2015).

9963:

Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

9694:"How the War with Japan Saved the Chinese Communist Party" 9354: 9136:

Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China

8526:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), pp. 290–291. 5283:

commanded the 1st American Volunteer Group (nicknamed the

4571:

combat-aircraft designs. The introduction of the advanced

4563:

The skies of China had become a testing zone for advanced

4484:

A baby sits in the remains of a Shanghai train station on

3687:) was used by Japan, as neither country had made a formal 21842:

Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States

21790:

Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks

15342:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

11516:. Printed by the Human Relations Area Files. p. 74. 10873:

The War against Japan, Vol 2: India's Most Dangerous Hour

10407:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story" 10197:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story" 9142: 7303: 6959: 6322:

Chinese ethnic minorities in the Second Sino-Japanese War

5772:

Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan

5339:

On 12 December 1936, a deeply disgruntled Zhang Xueliang

4631:, areas which were outside of China's control due to the 4327:

were established. There in the empty space of Chahar the

21928:

Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)

21883:

Chinese interference in the 2024 United States elections

21773:

Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals

21723:

United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade

13954: 13804:

Zarrow, Peter (2005). "The War of Resistance, 1937–45".

13308:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

13254:(illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish. p. 94. 11334: 11174: 10642:

United States. Congress. House. Foreign AFfairs (1939).

10017: 5304:

Relationship between the Nationalists and the Communists

5216:), in which heavy casualties were inflicted on the IJA. 4882:'Huayuankou Dam Burst Incident') was a man-made 4697:

effectively lost control of the Japanese army in China.

4414:

On 11 July, in accordance with the Goso conference, the

4082:

and eventually the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Soviet

3393:

in 1938, then China's de facto capital at the time, the

22621: 22325:

Air route authority between the United States and China

21046:

Differences between Shinjitai and Simplified characters

15071:

United Nations Conference on International Organization

13540:

The Scars of War: The Impact of Warfare on Modern China

11684: 10906:. Hong Kong Volunteer & Ex.PoW Association of NSW. 10658: 10257:"Inventory of Conflict and Environment (ICE), Template" 8310:"The Rise of Military Power in Modern China, 1895–1912" 6804:

Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese

6673:

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

6557:

and the retreat of the Nationalists to Taiwan in 1949.

6361:

on their side failed, as many Chinese generals such as

5970:

to provide loan assistance for war supply contracts to

4524:

In the three days from 14 August through 16, 1937, the

3523:, regained all territories lost, and became one of the 3295:

against Chinese civilians. It is known in China as the

22415:

Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction

20737:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China

16088:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

13732:

Van de Ven, Hans, Diana Lary, Stephen MacKinnon, eds.

13718:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 13658:

Peattie, Mark. Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds.

12945:

Japan triggered bubonic plague outbreak, doctor claims

12792: 11992:"Foreign Correspondent – 22/04/2003: Japan – Unit 731" 11391:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

10952:

Escape to Fight on: With 204 Military Mission in China

8118:. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1935. Pp 164. 7859:"Douglas Todd: Lest we overlook the 'Asian Holocaust'" 7358:丁星, 《新四军初期的四个支队—新四军组织沿革简介(2)》【J】, 铁军, 2007年第2期, 38–40页 7338:(in Chinese). 中国人民解放军历史资料丛书编审委员会. 1994. pp. 第3页. 5746: 5477:(SACO) which was run by the Chinese intelligence head 5332:

of the Chinese Communist Party in Shaanxi after their

4721:

With many victories achieved, Japanese field generals

3800: 3792:, and thus is called the Qing-Japanese War (Japanese: 3780: 3758: 3728: 3715: 3682: 3663: 3646: 3621: 3567:) or the "War of Resistance" (simplified Chinese: 3237: 3211: 23697:

Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)

13855:

Links to selected documents, photos, maps, and books.

13452:

China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945

13450:

Hsiung, James Chieh; Levine, Steven I., eds. (1992),

13293:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945

12359:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393. 11994:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 10933:"BADGE, UNIT, BRITISH, BRITISH ARMY AID GROUP (BAAG)" 10005: 9822:

The Rice Paddy Navy: U.S. Sailors Undercover in China

9751:

Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950

9716: 9252:(4th ed.). McFarland & Company. p. 393. 8513:(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2017), p. 290. 7371:

China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945

6975:

According to Walter E. Grunden, history professor at

6304:

provide protection for Chinese settling in the area.

6214:

The Chinese Kuomintang also supported the Vietnamese

4342: 4191:

After five months of fighting, Japan established the

3055: 2988: 2921: 2854: 2787: 2773: 21822:

United States Department of Defense China Task Force

13251:

China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture

11151:

The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tự Đức to Bảo Đại

11082:

The endless war: Vietnam's struggle for independence

10172:. United states Army. 3 October 2003. Archived from 9033:""The Nanjing Incident: Recent Research and Trends"" 8804:"War hero's son seeks to establish museum in Taiwan" 8740:. University of California Press. pp. 280–281. 8418:

Palmer and Colton, A History of Modern World, p. 725

7151: 6858:) implemented in May 1942 in north China by general 6478:

ordered all Japanese forces within China (excluding

6444:

WWII victory parade at Chongqing on 3 September 1945

6260:

After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General

5508:

and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. After the

4700: 4253:

established in its aftermath, gave Japan control of

3996:

in China. The country remained fragmented under the

3906: 3839:

and recognize the full and complete independence of

3707:, the invasion of China became a crusade (Japanese: 3437:, and in August 1940, communist forces launched the 22405:

National Committee on United States–China Relations

21572:

Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War

11206:

America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history

11011:"A Look Back ... "Free Thai" Movement is Born" 9857: 9779: 8733: 8572:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

7610: 7608: 7606: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7270: 6088:countries had rocky relations in the interwar era. 5492:had been closed since 1940. Therefore, between the 5109:to maintain public security in the occupied areas. 4012:from 1926 to 1928 with limited assistance from the 3883:measures. In 1905, Japan successfully defeated the 3785:), which were used by media as early as the 1930s. 22400:Kissinger Institute on China and the United States 21180:The Most Recent Biographies of Chinese Dignitaries 13371:Gordon, David M. "The China–Japan War, 1931–1945" 13345: 12829:. London: Faber and Faber. pp. 110–112, 170. 12090: 11203: 11201: 11079: 10786:"Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service" 10486: 10069: 10057: 9748: 8536:Political Strategy Prior to Outbreak of War Part I 8282: 7677: 7675: 7214:Women in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War 7204:Timeline of events leading to World War II in Asia 5888:After Germany and Japan signed the anti-communist 4728:The Japanese were then decisively defeated at the 21676:1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an 21494:State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States 20894:China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands 20889:Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands 19086:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 12330:"Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan" 12252:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of 11077: 11050: 10244:dependent on the United States and Great Britain. 10146: 9864:. University of California Press. pp. 497–. 9786:. University of California Press. pp. 309–. 9704: 9192:. University of California Press. pp. 39–41. 8690: 8646:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of 7437: 6525:included profiteering, speculation and hoarding. 6506:Post-war struggle and resumption of the civil war 6474:After the Allied victory in the Pacific, General 6147:successfully before withdrawal in November 1944. 5411: 4638: 4127:Prelude: invasion of Manchuria and Northern China 3373:The full-scale war began on 7 July 1937 with the 23648: 21514:2015 United States–China Cybersecurity Agreement 20601:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 13574:. Stanford University Press, 2007. xviii, 380p. 12560: 12558: 12556: 11645: 11513:A regional handbook on Northwest China, Volume 1 11261: 10949: 10665:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 474. 10122: 9861:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service 9783:Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service 9169: 8491: 8488:Boorman, Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1, p. 121 8470: 8458: 8433: 8421: 8130:American Academy of Political and Social Science 7603: 7537: 7475: 7367: 6005:Japan invaded and occupied the northern part of 5178:and had little military-industrial strength, no 4817:National Revolutionary Army soldiers during the 4679:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 4521:, which led to more than 3,000 civilian deaths. 4499:On 13 August 1937, Kuomintang soldiers attacked 4037: 3606:In Japan, nowadays, the name "Japan–China War" ( 3389:. After failing to stop the Japanese capture of 21706:1996 United States campaign finance controversy 20571:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation 15337:Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War 13818:. China Information Committee. 1938. p. 66 13629:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945 13185:(illustrated ed.). Casemate. p. 112. 13035:Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J., eds. (2005). 12815: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12606: 11300: 11238:Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6 10631:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266. 10614:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 266. 10526:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 591–597, 601. 9586: 8264: 7672: 6754: 6277:accompanied by Soviet troops to defeat General 5787:Union became the primary supporter for China's 3494:recaptured Japanese occupied regions of Guangxi 3433:. In November 1939, Chinese nationalist forces 3283:that started in 1931. It is considered part of 23063:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden 22994:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885) 21509:State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States 19560: 15204:Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army 13420: 12425:. Charlotte, NC: Information Age. p. 90. 12421:Crawford, Keith A.; Foster, Stuart J. (2007). 12420: 11468: 11387: 11307:. University of California Press. p. 41. 10194: 9851: 7498:(in Chinese). Haichao chubanshe. p. 312. 6273:In 1937, then pro-Soviet General Sheng Shicai 5140: 4959:1939–1940: Chinese counterattack and stalemate 4908:NRA commanders intended the flood to act as a 3992:province, leading to nationwide anti-Japanese 3533:Proclamation of the People's Republic of China 3318:On 18 September 1931, the Japanese staged the 826:3,000,000–4,000,000+ military dead and missing 23692:Military history of China during World War II 23004:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885 22607: 22375:Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy 21230: 20632: 19439: 18749:History of World War II by region and country 18733: 15442: 15076:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 13940: 13348:The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 13219:"Chinese Tank Forces and Battles before 1949" 12553: 12073: 12071: 11539:Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs (1982). 11363:"The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960" 11234: 11147: 11054:The rise of nationalism in Vietnam, 1900–1941 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10084: 9419:傅應川; 洪小夏 (2015). "第十章重探徐州會戰". In 郭岱君 (ed.). 9237:. University of California Press. p. 42. 9207:. University of California Press. p. 39. 9138:. University of California Press. p. 32. 8727: 8524:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew 8511:The 1929 Sino-Soviet War: The War Nobody Knew 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7529: 7527: 7400: 7081:Chinese armies deployed "dare to die corps" ( 6945:were largely based on Japanese publications. 6872:In addition, the war created 95 million 6869:of Japan at that time (US$ 7.7 billion). 6769: 6715:government has held celebrations marking the 4536:medium-heavy land-based bombers and assorted 4242:led by the communists declared war on Japan. 3297:War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression 3176: 3150: 3124: 3092: 3078: 3025: 3011: 2958: 2944: 2891: 2877: 2824: 2810: 2743: 2729: 2333: 2319: 2167: 1646: 1081: 197:7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945 22108:United States Innovation and Competition Act 21112:Japan-China Joint History Research Committee 20754:China–Japan–South Korea Free Trade Agreement 15367:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists 15245:Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China 13662:(Stanford University Press, 2011); 614 pages 13556:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 13532:History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945) 13449: 13324:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 12804: 11880:, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 154–201 11649:China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1942–1945 10885:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 10140: 9773: 9490:"Chinese Nationalist Armour in World War II" 8724:University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh), 2004. 8307: 8180:. No. Christmas Specials 2012. London: 7844: 7107:) or "suicide squads" against the Japanese. 5757:History of the cooperative movement in China 5149:can be divided into two periods as follows: 4517:, Kuomintang planes accidentally bombed the 4403: 3444:In December 1941, Japan launched a surprise 1095: 22385:Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association 22380:Congressional-Executive Commission on China 22236:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States 20747:Japan–South Korea Joint Declaration of 1998 20727:Sino-Japanese Journalist Exchange Agreement 19923:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office 14818:Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 13734:Negotiating China's Destiny in World War II 13538:Lary, Diana and Stephen R. Mackinnon, eds. 13034: 12087:United Nations High Commission for Refugees 11691:. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 232. 9401: 9074:People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam 8862: 8697:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 152–. 7964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 123. 6412: 6268: 6115:(B.A.A.G.) was set up and headquartered in 5912:, supplies and advisors arrived, headed by 5420:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and his wife 5319:with a KMT "Blue Sky, White Sun" emblem cap 4997:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4877: 3638:used "The North China Incident" (Japanese: 22614: 22600: 22154:U.S.–China Strategic and Economic Dialogue 21237: 21223: 20639: 20625: 19446: 19432: 18740: 18726: 15449: 15435: 13947: 13933: 13749: 13736:(Stanford University Press, 2014) 336 pp. 13404:Retribution: The Battle for Japan, 1944–45 12639:. Millard Publishing Co. 1940. p. 187 12354: 12068: 11883: 11545:. King Abdulaziz University. p. 299. 11341:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 63. 10875:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 10081: 9818: 9590:New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution 9438:. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. 9281:Environmental & Engineering Geoscience 9268:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344520961548 9247: 8127: 7709:He Yingqin, "Eight Year Sino-Japanese War" 7572: 7524: 7143:Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War 5649:in late 1943, besieged Japanese troops in 5236: 5190:Second phase: October 1938 – December 1941 4824: 4093: 3354:since 1927. In late 1933, Chiang Kai-shek 2326: 2312: 2174: 2160: 1653: 1639: 1088: 1074: 729:1,124,900 (1945) (excluding Manchuria and 22856:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees 22440:Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China 22222:Anti-American sentiment in mainland China 22098:Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act 22033:United States–China Relations Act of 2000 21289:Ambassadors of the United States to China 21279:Ambassadors of China to the United States 20857:Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine 20759:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 20702:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty 20321:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 19936:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors 13841:Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China 13572:China at War: Regions of China, 1937–1945 13143: 12582:Dower, John "War Without Mercy", pp. 297. 12578: 12576: 12574: 12019:"What Japanese history lessons leave out" 11730:DÎVÂN DİSİPLİNLERARASI ÇALIŞMALAR DERGİSİ 11057:. Cornell University Press. p. 272. 10950:Whitehead, John; Bennett, George (1990). 10893: 10871:Kirby, Major General Woodburn, S (1958). 9959: 9812: 9232: 9202: 9187: 9133: 7951: 7912: 7687:(in Japanese). 読売新聞社. 1983. p. 186. 7264: 7251: 7209:Timeline of events preceding World War II 7076: 6424:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6131:A British-Australian commando operation, 5737:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 5274:scrap metal and oil embargo against Japan 5017:Learn how and when to remove this message 4924:, a major northwestern route used by the 4074:The July–November 1929 conflict over the 3505:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 995:Middle estimate: 960,000 dead and wounded 839:3,211,000–10,000,000+ military casualties 22470:Human Rights Record of the United States 22192:History of China–United States relations 22058:Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act 21344:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 19709:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement 13530:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang Ming-kai (1972). 13401: 13182:Shanghai 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze 11510:Human Relations Area Files, inc (1956). 11178:The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam 10860:– via Taylor & Francis Online. 10689:"Ace served with Flying Tigers in China" 10521: 9926:. Harvard University Press. p. 28. 9825:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 206–. 9266:Volume: 29 issue: 1, page(s): 185-204. 9220:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941 9163:Storm Clouds over the Pacific, 1931-1941 8684: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8308:Nihart, F. B.; Powell, Ralph L. (1955). 8283:Liew, Kit Siong; Sung Chiao-jen (1971). 8012: 7783:Faculty of History, University of Oxford 7277:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 14–15. 7109: 6799: 6651: 6595: 6564: 6515: 6488:homophone of the word for "long lasting" 6439: 6325: 6202: 6199:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 6094: 5992: 5940: 5854: 5669:offensive in 1944 compelled evacuation. 5595: 5448: 5437: 5415: 5351:and, on 24 December, the formation of a 5307: 5193: 5028: 4837: 4812: 4755:Chinese troops advancing near Wanjialing 4750: 4704: 4648: 4479: 4400:strongly shook public opinion in Japan. 4352: 4138: 2278:Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936) 2219:Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895) 22430:US–China Peoples Friendship Association 21748:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 21187:New Life+: Young Again in Another World 21015:2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations 20998:Japanese history textbook controversies 13853:IBIBLIO World War II: China Burma India 13553: 13534:. Chung Wu Publishers. ASIN B00005W210. 13178: 13073: 12914:Kristof, Nicholas D. (12 August 1995). 12913: 12683: 12388:]. Iwanami Bukkuretto. p. 43. 12290:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan 11876:Robert A. Pape. Why Japan Surrendered. 11782: 10974: 10608:United States. Congress. House (1939). 9921: 9433: 9423:. Taipei: 聯經. p. 437-440, 447-449. 9217: 9160: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8694:Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 8103:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 6899:that killed about 3 million Indians in 6843:346,543 for 1939, and 299,483 for 1941. 6357:The Japanese attempt to get the Muslim 5959:From December 1937, events such as the 5174:Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for 4933:, where the Chinese wartime capital of 4782: 4540:with the expectation of destroying the 4063: 4052:by the Kwantung Army in 1928. His son, 3435:launched a large scale winter offensive 3429:, who waged a campaign of sabotage and 14: 23649: 22582:Category:China–United States relations 22508:A Great Wall: Six Presidents and China 22006:Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992 21958:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 21852:Timeline of the Cox Report controversy 21832:Chinese espionage in the United States 20519:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 17296: 17274:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 13889:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 13883:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 13622: 13588:Canadians Behind Enemy Lines 1939–1945 13498:Annalee Jacoby and Theodore H. White, 13340: 12798: 12585: 12571: 12482: 12453: 12379: 12245: 11923: 10783: 10463: 10447: 10431: 10035: 9746: 9487: 9418: 9148: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8814:from the original on 24 September 2021 8774:"-Brief history of military airplanes" 8639: 8082: 7996: 7922:Pan-Asianism and Japan's War 1931–1945 7751: 7517: 7515: 7309: 6960:Use of chemical and biological weapons 6520:Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in 1945 5715:attacking from India, and those under 5475:Sino-American Cooperative Organization 4371:on 10 July 1937, three days after the 4367:policy of resistance against Japan at 3490:failed Japanese invasion of West Hunan 3413:. By 1939, after Chinese victories at 23109:Soviet deportations of Chinese people 22595: 22390:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 21981:United States sanctions against China 21284:Embassy of the United States, Beijing 21218: 21132:Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China 21041:Chinese influence on Japanese culture 20993:Mao Zedong thanking Japan controversy 20712:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement 20620: 19427: 18721: 18145:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17577:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17223:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 17179:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16284:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15430: 15174: 15111: 14689: 14095: 13967: 13928: 13806:China in War and Revolution 1895–1949 13104: 12819: 12541:from the original on 30 December 2014 12336:from the original on 28 November 2015 12145:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 12056:from the original on 11 November 2017 11827: 11613:. 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Trump 21649:Twain–Ament indemnities controversy 21524:United States–China talks in Alaska 21499:Presidential Rule of Law Initiative 20852:Association of Returnees from China 20742:State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan 20692:Japanese missions to Imperial China 20591:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 19838:East Asia Development Board (Kōain) 19453: 15214:Japanese armoured fighting vehicles 14264:Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army 13682: 13326:, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107–134. 13247: 13074:Morgans, Julian (22 October 2015). 12665:from the original on 4 October 2009 12535:The International Churchill Society 11899:(page visited on 3 September 2015). 11723: 10075: 10063: 9644:"Opium, Empire, and Modern History" 9635: 9580: 9500:from the original on 21 March 2011. 9448: 9382: 9360: 9341: 9322: 8999:from the original on 3 January 2022 8920: 8780:. 19 September 2006. Archived from 7802: 7752:Carter, James (20 September 2023). 7512: 7493: 6188: 5851:China-Germany relations (1912-1949) 5809: 5747:Chinese industrial base and the CIC 5328:were given the duty of suppressing 5076:had fought against Japanese in the 4466:to describe the Japanese invaders. 3630:began in earnest in July 1937 near 3503:on 2 September 1945, following the 3401:in the Chinese interior. After the 24: 23190:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians 23041:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886 23025:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka 22113:Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act 22013:United States-Hong Kong Policy Act 21873:Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay 21519:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 21274:Embassy of China, Washington, D.C. 20847:Japanese repatriation from Huludao 20764:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat 17493:German invasion of the Netherlands 15773:Weather events during World War II 15175: 13803: 13782: 13711: 13509: 13484:. China Times Publishing Company. 13086:from the original on 6 August 2020 12747:. War Department. pp. 69–86. 12016: 11890:Act of Surrender, 9 September 1945 11736:from the original on 18 March 2014 11685:Hisao Kimura; Scott Berry (1990). 11491:from the original on 29 March 2019 11181:. Random House, Inc. p. 235. 10550:. Info.dfat.gov.au. Archived from 10492: 10413:from the original on 26 March 2019 10203:from the original on 26 March 2019 9966:. University of California Press. 9732:. 13 November 1944. Archived from 9051: 8624: 8497: 8476: 8464: 8439: 8427: 8379:《时局未宁之内阁问题》, 《满洲报》1922年7月27日, "论说" 8270: 8136:. Sage Publications, Inc.: 36–43. 8091: 7958:Paine, S. C. M. (20 August 2012). 7614: 7487: 7481: 6966:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 6608:by allowing the approval of a few 6338:, but only succeeded with certain 5896:of Siberia and save itself from a 5496:in 1942 and its re-opening as the 5235:" (kill all, loot all, burn all) ( 4746: 4343:1937: Full-scale invasion of China 3326:event fabricated to justify their 25: 23778: 22197:Hong Kong–United States relations 21529:United States–China Working Group 21389:Shanghai International Settlement 21003:2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations 20802:North China Buffer State Strategy 18124:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15352:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 14690: 13833: 13479: 13332:War And Diplomacy in Eastern Asia 13225:(#4). Summer 2001. Archived from 12865:from the original on 2 April 2023 12858:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12780:from the original on 2 April 2023 12773:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12751:from the original on 2 April 2023 12744:Enemy Tactics in Chemical Warfare 12464:from the original on 30 June 2020 12025:from the original on 16 June 2018 11809:from the original on 2 April 2015 11652:. Archive Editions. p. 311. 11335:Elizabeth Jane Errington (1990). 11241:. Psychology Press. p. 119. 11175:Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1985). 10901:"The Hong Kong Volunteer Company" 10321:www.century-of-flight.freeola.com 10152: 10011: 9710: 9175: 8672:from the original on 2 April 2023 7496:中国抗日战争与第二次世界大战系年要录·统计荟萃 1931–1945 7274:The Second World War: The Pacific 6897:1943–1945 Indian famine in Bengal 6783: 6063: 6018:Germany attacked the Soviet Union 5931: 5458:conflict, the Pacific theatre of 4842:A map of the flooded area in 1938 4789:Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region 4701:Battles of Xuzhou and Taierzhuang 4532:of the then-advanced long-ranged 4519:Shanghai International Settlement 4426:, two combined brigades from the 4019: 3907:Warlords in the Republic of China 246:recovers all territories lost to 23677:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 23347:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 23307:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests 23218:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 22577: 22576: 22495:Duke-UNC China Leadership Summit 22283:Artificial Intelligence Cold War 22176:Permanent normal trade relations 22023:Forced Abortion Condemnation Act 21256: 21246: 21200: 21199: 21063:Anti-Japanese sentiment in China 21031:History of China–Japan relations 20906:Exclusive economic zone of Japan 20842:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 20658: 20648: 20291:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 19559: 18684: 15456: 15410: 15400: 15391: 15390: 15357:Japanese occupation of Hong Kong 14171:East Hebei Autonomous Government 14096: 13291:Bayly, C. A., and T. N. Harper. 13241: 13211: 13172: 13137: 13098: 13067: 13028: 12989: 12976: 12965:received a special screening by 12938: 12907: 12890: 12877: 12848: 12763: 12734: 12677: 12651: 12627: 12618: 12523: 12511:from the original on 3 June 2018 12476: 12447: 12414: 12402: 12372: 12363: 12348: 12322: 12296: 12278: 12239: 12220: 12201: 12182: 12163: 12133: 12122: 12037: 12010: 11984: 11975: 11965: 11933:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 11917: 11902: 11870: 11844: 11821: 11776: 11748: 11717: 11678: 11639: 11600: 11561: 11532: 11503: 11469:Hsiao-ting Lin (February 2007). 11462: 11448: 11420: 11381: 11355: 11328: 11294: 11255: 11228: 11195: 11168: 11141: 11114: 11071: 11003: 10968: 10943: 10864: 10818: 10777: 10745: 10713: 10681: 10659:United States. Congress (1967). 10652: 10635: 10618: 10601: 10584: 10575: 10566: 10540: 10515: 10498: 10473: 10399: 10369: 10339: 10309: 10279: 10249: 10233:from the original on 25 May 2013 10215: 10188: 10158: 10029: 9992: 9953: 9940: 9915: 9890: 9740: 9698:Nippon Communications Foundation 9685: 9567: 9554: 9538:from the original on 25 May 2013 9520: 9504: 9481: 9421:重探抗戰史（一）：從抗日大戰略的形成到武漢會戰1931-1938 8995:. Britannica. 13 December 2022. 8064:from the original on 25 May 2021 7869:from the original on 9 July 2021 7856: 7684:戦争: 中国侵略(War: Invasion of China) 7660:Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery 7226: 7168: 7154: 6700:which specifically accepted the 6698:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 6432:Japanese Instrument of Surrender 6043:fighters heavily armed with six 5936: 5795:, the United States enacted the 4967: 4830:This section is an excerpt from 4808:provisional capital of Chongqing 4418:authorized the deployment of an 4199:in 1932, and installed the last 3994:protests and mass demonstrations 3651:), and with the outbreak of the 3291:", in reference to the scale of 2259:German Pacific possesions (1914) 975: 968: 924: 843: 783: 753: 746: 739: 709: 697: 664: 634: 622: 599: 587: 575: 563: 551: 543: 533: 519: 501: 494: 482: 475: 463: 456: 444: 437: 425: 418: 406: 399: 385: 371: 346: 334: 322: 309: 294: 282: 269: 160:Chinese machine gun nest in the 112: 103: 92: 83: 72: 63: 22999:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 22522:The Art of Investing in America 22445:International School of Beijing 22310:String of Pearls (Indian Ocean) 22028:Taiwan Security Enhancement Act 21644:Chae Chan Ping v. United States 21613:Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 21097:China-Japan Friendship Hospital 21051:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan 20306:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 14848:West Henan–North Hubei campaign 13815:China at war, Volume 1, Issue 3 13529: 13284: 12636:China monthly review, Volume 95 12612: 12306:. History.co.uk. Archived from 11828:Scott, John (17 October 1934). 11304:Vietnam 1946: how the war began 11127:. Michael Glazier. p. 56. 11021:. 30 April 2013. Archived from 10317:"Major 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui" 9593:. Routledge. pp. 263–297. 9442: 9427: 9307: 9241: 9226: 9211: 9196: 9181: 9154: 9127: 9024: 8985: 8911: 8881: 8867:. Sandomierz, Poland: Stratus. 8856: 8826: 8796: 8766: 8711: 8592: 8529: 8516: 8503: 8482: 8445: 8412: 8403: 8382: 8373: 8348: 8301: 8276: 8238: 8208: 8121: 8108: 8076: 8045: 8006: 7881: 7850: 7796: 7771: 7745: 7736: 7712: 7703: 7653: 7644: 7456: 7406: 6169:After the Japanese blocked the 5922:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact 5753:Chinese Industrial Cooperatives 5600:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, 4666:of Nanjing (December 1937) and 3875:, while Japan had emerged as a 3823: 3674:The word "incident" (Japanese: 3529:United Nations Security Council 3403:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 3350:, had fought each other in the 3001:Fourth alternative Chinese name 2867:Second alternative Chinese name 2234:Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905) 1660: 1049: 1040: 1031: 983:Puppet states and collaborators 761:Puppet states and collaborators 23682:China–Japan military relations 23585:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees 22501:The Coming Conflict with China 22207:Taiwan–United States relations 22078:Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act 21639:Cheong Ah Moy v. United States 21394:American Concession (Shanghai) 21205:Category:China–Japan relations 20561:Japanese settlers in Manchuria 19679:Imperial Rescript on Education 18371:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16081:Territorial changes of Germany 15989:Indonesian National Revolution 14282:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 14181:Provisional Chinese Government 14054:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 13994:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 13968: 13851:"CBI Theater of Operations" – 13480:Huang, Ray (31 January 1994). 13144:Schaedler, Luc (Autumn 2007). 12776:. War Department. p. 69. 11732:. cilt 15 (sayı 29): 139–141. 10758:. 24 June 2015. Archived from 10002:34.3 (November 2003): 243–259. 9960:MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2008). 9692:Nobu, Iwatani (27 July 2021). 8453:Ji Nan Can An (Jinan Massacre) 8052:Cain, Sian (13 January 2017). 7919:Hotta, E. (25 December 2007). 7423:. A&C Black. p. 171. 7412: 7352: 7103: 7094: 7086: 6977:Bowling Green State University 6743:held a series of talks in the 6380: 6247:Three Principles of the People 6224:Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi 6173:in April 1942, and before the 6045:0.50-inch caliber machine guns 5835:Nationalist Air Force of China 5765: 5412:Entrance of the Western Allies 4914:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces 4872: 4863: 4855: 4639:Battle of Nanjing and Massacre 4325:Hebei–Chahar Political Council 4284: 4236:Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies 4135:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3698: 3597:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3556: 3548: 3312: 3304: 3238: 3212: 3093: 3079: 3068:Fifth alternative Chinese name 3056: 3026: 3012: 2989: 2959: 2945: 2934:Third alternative Chinese name 2922: 2892: 2878: 2855: 2825: 2811: 2788: 2774: 2744: 2730: 1113:1931–1937 (pre-war skirmishes) 13: 1: 23672:Anti-Chinese violence in Asia 23374:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest 23337:China–United States trade war 23202:Internment of Chinese-Indians 23115:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 22455:Yixian glazed pottery luohans 22202:Macau–United States relations 22166:China–United States trade war 21399:United States Court for China 21253:China–United States relations 21107:Yokohama Specie Bank Building 20864:Boycotts of Japanese products 20676:Ambassadors of China to Japan 20012:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha) 19918:Imperial General Headquarters 19509:Foreign commerce and shipping 17771:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17722:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17486:German invasion of Luxembourg 15867:Mediterranean and Middle East 15296:Declaration by United Nations 15112: 15061:Yan'an Rectification Movement 15000:Kaimingjie germ weapon attack 14349:Collaborationist Chinese Army 12044:Wang, Zheng (23 April 2014). 11783:Goodman, David S. G. (2004). 10522:Pederson, William D. (2011). 9562:Journal of Contemporary China 9391:(PhD). pp. 23–24, 72–73. 8863:Januszewski, Tadeusz (2013). 7239: 7136: 6795: 6719:on 9 September (now known as 6484:Armistice of 11 November 1918 6234:, was named as the deputy of 6050:United States Army Air Forces 5107:Collaborationist Chinese Army 5096:headed by former KMT premier 4664:captured the KMT capital city 4591:, and it also proved to be a 4494:Imperial General Headquarters 4321:East Hebei Autonomous Council 4222:battle. This resulted in the 4038:Reunification of China (1928) 3939:Song Jiaoren was assassinated 3812: 3585:Chinese Ministry of Education 3458:United States Army Air Forces 2524:Mediterranean and Middle East 947:1,934,820 wounded and missing 944:455,700–700,000 military dead 23379:Boycotts of Chinese products 23302:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 23234:1969 race riots of Singapore 23208:1964 race riots in Singapore 22895:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639) 22340:Protestant missions in China 22063:Tibet Policy and Support Act 21686:Lamont v. Postmaster General 21349:Office of China Coordination 21308:American Consulate-Generals 21122:Emperor at home, king abroad 21085:China–Japan football rivalry 20901:Ryūkyū independence movement 20817:Greater East Asia Conference 20732:Japan–China Joint Communiqué 20339:Hirohito surrender broadcast 19739:Greater East Asia Conference 17678:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17367:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16685:Independent State of Croatia 15265:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 15138:Chinese Communist Revolution 15081:Hirohito surrender broadcast 15051:Nine Power Treaty Conference 14788:Zhongtiao Mountains campaign 13306:Bayly, C. A., T. N. Harper. 12698:10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_14 12355:Clodfelter, Michael (2015). 12017:Oi, Mariko (14 March 2013). 10843:10.1080/09592296.2011.599641 9950:, Westviewpres, 1996, p. 138 9858:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). 9780:Frederic E. Wakeman (2003). 9389:East China Normal University 9367:East China Normal University 9329:East China Normal University 9248:Clodfelter, Michael (2017). 9079:University of Michigan Press 8737:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 8734:Frederic E. Wakeman (1996). 7961:The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 7244: 7065:Japan gave its own soldiers 6903:and parts of Southern India. 6755:Japanese women left in China 6725:Democratic Progressive Party 6675:. The ROC proclaimed Taiwan 6560: 6428:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5741:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 5612:in 1943 during World War II. 5365:Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region 4723:escalated the war in Jiangsu 4381:Marco Polo (or Lugou) Bridge 4167:against the Soviet Union in 4044:Chinese reunification (1928) 3929:, commander of the loyalist 3693:Neutrality Acts of the 1930s 3511:and subsequent invasions of 3385:in 1937 and perpetrated the 3057:dì èr cì zhōng rì zhàn zhēng 2505:Manchuria and Northern Korea 2107:Manchuria and Northern Korea 7: 23369:2021 Solomon Islands unrest 23359:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 23256:May 1998 riots of Indonesia 22543:The Transpacific Experiment 22485:China Human Rights Biweekly 22370:Chinese Educational Mission 22360:Boxer Indemnity Scholarship 22144:Strategic Economic Dialogue 21861:American espionage in China 21596:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 21293:Chinese Consulate-Generals 19724:Supreme Court of Judicature 18662:End of World War II in Asia 18502:Western invasion of Germany 18009:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 17986:Second Battle of El Alamein 17556:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17528:Battle of the Mediterranean 17381:Italian invasion of Albania 15555:Air warfare of World War II 14970:Zhengding Missionary Murder 14798:1941-1942 Changsha campaign 14773:Hundred Regiments Offensive 14186:Reformed Chinese Government 13878:Annals of the Flying Tigers 13454:, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 13373:Journal of Military History 13038:Weapons of Mass Destruction 12883:Y. Yoshimi and S. Matsuno, 12380:Himeta, Mitsuyoshi (1995). 11365:. The History Place. 1999. 11202:Larry H. Addington (2000). 11019:Central Intelligence Agency 9642:Hevia, James Louis (2003). 9455:. Oxford University Press. 9369:(PhD). pp. 38, 41, 73. 9331:(PhD). pp. 37, 38, 72. 9301:10.2113/gseegeosci.15.4.287 9233:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9203:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9188:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 9134:Mackinnon, Stephen (2008). 7805:Journal of Japanese Studies 7147: 7056:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 6907: 6580:Hundred Regiments Offensive 6448:In less than two weeks the 6125:Hong Kong Volunteer Company 6011:Haiphong–Yunnan Fou Railway 5520:of China, now known as the 5164:with the fall of the city). 5141:Chinese resistance strategy 4912:defensive line against the 4900:National Revolutionary Army 4070:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 4032:National Revolutionary Army 3943:restore the imperial system 3801: 3781: 3759: 3729: 3716: 3683: 3664: 3647: 3622: 3591:; traditional Chinese: 3579:; traditional Chinese: 3571:; traditional Chinese: 3478:Chinese Expeditionary Force 3439:Hundred Regiments Offensive 3405:, Soviet aid bolstered the 1905:Dutch East Indies (1941–42) 1862:Strategic bombing (1944–45) 1541:North Burma and West Yunnan 912:266,800–1,000,000 POWs dead 878:584,267 military casualties 177:Chinese Expeditionary Force 142:National Revolutionary Army 10: 23783: 23364:2021 Atlanta spa shootings 23228:13 May incident (Malaysia) 23196:Chinese Confession Program 23086:Vancouver anti-Asian riots 23030:Chinese head tax in Canada 22977:San Francisco riot of 1877 22480:New Federal State of China 21601:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis 21584:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 21504:Beijing–Washington hotline 21433:PRC-US Ambassadorial Talks 21117:Japan–Ming trade-ship flag 20430:Second Philippine Republic 20208:Manchuria–Mongolia problem 18588:Naval bombardment of Japan 17956:First Battle of El Alamein 17875:Battle of Christmas Island 17820:Japanese invasion of Burma 17584:Italian invasion of Greece 17500:German invasion of Belgium 17472:German invasion of Denmark 17445:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17314:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15578:Comparative military ranks 15025:Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres 15005:Execution of Huang Yiguang 14950:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 14803:Japanese invasion of Burma 14763:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 14728:Northern and Eastern Henan 14613:Japanese and collaborators 14430:Japanese and collaborators 14275:Japanese and collaborators 14149:Japanese and collaborators 14079:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 13789:. New York: Viking Press. 13514:. Helion and Company Ltd. 13433:Cambridge University Press 12489:. Routledge. p. 348. 12460:. Transaction Publishers. 11724:Lei, Wan (February 2010). 11154:. Greenwood. p. 106. 11078:James P. Harrison (1989). 11051:William J. Duiker (1976). 10831:Diplomacy & Statecraft 10784:Bergin, Bob (March 2009). 10287:"Before the Flying Tigers" 10170:Center of Military History 10106:Cambridge University Press 10104:. Cambridge New York, NY: 9922:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011). 9651:China Review International 8969:Cambridge University Press 8967:. Cambridge New York, NY: 8691:Edwin Palmer Hoyt (2001). 8545:Japanese monograph No. 144 8142:10.1177/000271624121500106 8013:Brinkley, Douglas (2003). 7888:Kang, K. (4 August 1995). 7494:Liu, Tinghua 刘庭华 (1995). 7184:Aviation Martyrs' Cemetery 7140: 6964:Despite Article 23 of the 6816: 6773: 6770:Korean women left in China 6758: 6645: 6571:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 6545:1.2 million by 1945. 6509: 6421: 6319: 6192: 6067: 5902:Soviet volunteer air force 5873:Alexander von Falkenhausen 5848: 5769: 5750: 5676: 5647:advanced to northern Burma 5237: 5212:in 1939 (and again in the 4931:invading the Sichuan basin 4829: 4802:to launch the war's first 4796:air branches of their navy 4642: 4629:Shanghai French Concession 4473: 4407: 4373:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 4349:Marco Polo Bridge Incident 4346: 4329:Mongol Military Government 4132: 4121: 4067: 4041: 4023: 3972:In 1915, Japan issued the 3965: 3910: 3827: 3816: 3648:Hokushi Jihen/Kahoku Jihen 3464:. In 1944, Japan launched 3375:Marco Polo Bridge incident 2183:Military campaigns of the 2054:Volcano and Ryukyu Islands 23752:Campaigns of World War II 23623: 23565: 23470: 23434: 23398: 23391: 23332:2015 Aksu colliery attack 23282:2008 Kunming bus bombings 23264: 23072: 22929: 22908: 22881: 22874: 22838: 22726: 22680: 22653:The Unparalleled Invasion 22630: 22573: 22475:USA pavilion at Expo 2010 22420:US-China Business Council 22300:Peaceful Evolution theory 22184: 22121: 21973: 21891: 21621: 21537: 21475:Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing 21359: 21266: 21196: 21023: 20914: 20772: 20684: 20668: 20538: 20511: 20453: 20407: 20364: 20357: 20311:Japan during World War II 20271:Pacification of Manchukuo 20241: 20171: 20163:Invasion of Taiwan (1895) 20158:Invasion of Taiwan (1874) 20096: 20089: 20040: 20027:Control Faction (Tōseiha) 19980: 19906: 19899: 19846: 19764: 19757: 19749:Imperial Japanese Airways 19656: 19603: 19568: 19557: 19461: 19368: 19119: 18982: 18936: 18858: 18755: 18677: 18509:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18449: 18440:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18177: 18064:Allied invasion of Sicily 18018: 17924:Aleutian Islands campaign 17896:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 17843: 17834:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17729:Second Battle of Changsha 17634:German invasion of Greece 17602: 17479:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17454: 17392: 17287: 17168: 16894: 16804: 16652: 16355: 16346: 16104: 15929: 15821:North and Central Pacific 15782: 15544: 15537: 15464: 15386: 15304: 15273: 15237: 15224:Japanese infantry weapons 15191: 15187: 15170: 15118: 15107: 15043: 14912: 14866: 14808:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 14700: 14696: 14685: 14612: 14581: 14574: 14429: 14368: 14361: 14274: 14212: 14203: 14148: 14113: 14106: 14102: 14091: 14009:Defense of the Great Wall 13999:Pacification of Manchukuo 13974: 13963: 13756:. London: Profile Books. 13750:van de Ven, Hans (2017). 13697:10.1080/03068370500039151 13667:Far Eastern War 1937 1941 13076:"A Brief History of Meth" 12953:12 September 2011 at the 11646:Robert L. Jarman (2001). 11268:. McFarland. p. 21. 11262:Van Nguyen Duong (2008). 10989:10.1080/03068370500039151 10041:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 9512:Pacific Historical Review 8390:"北洋军阀时期中华民族共同体的构建路径与效应分析" 8248:. BBC. 10 November 2014. 7665:16 September 2018 at the 7453:. Retrieved 17 April 2016 7368:Hsiung, James C. (1992). 7314:. Routledge. p. 79. 7189:Japan during World War II 6889:Chinese famine of 1942–43 6745:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall 6641: 6590: 6529:insufficiently defended. 6150:Commandos and members of 6081:Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen 6037:American Volunteer Groups 5924:and the beginning of the 5883: 5844: 5567:China-Burma-India Theater 5522:Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign 5494:closing of the Burma Road 5341:kidnapped Chiang Kai-shek 5039:Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang 4937:and China's southwestern 4410:Battle of Beiping–Tianjin 4404:Battle of Beiping-Tianjin 4279: 4143:Japanese troops entering 4115: 4108:Shanghai massacre of 1927 3847:. Japan also annexed the 3793: 3773: 3751: 3721: 3708: 3675: 3656: 3639: 3611: 3599:. According to historian 3564: 3509:Soviet declaration of war 3330:and establishment of the 3261: 3231: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3170: 3144: 3118: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3086: 3072: 3067: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3019: 3005: 3000: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2952: 2938: 2933: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2885: 2871: 2866: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2818: 2804: 2799: 2781: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2737: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2344: 2224:Liaodong Peninsula (1895) 2194: 1670: 1163:Pacification of Manchukuo 1109: 1027: 1017: 773: 614: 361: 261: 189: 57: 41: 36: 23657:Second Sino-Japanese War 23317:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 23126:Second Sino-Japanese War 22955:Chinese massacre of 1871 22851:Asiatic Exclusion League 22425:US–China Education Trust 21918:American Volunteer Group 21913:Second Sino-Japanese War 21090:2004 AFC Asian Cup final 20971:Racial Equality Proposal 20792:Second Sino-Japanese War 20286:Second Sino-Japanese War 20233:Racial Equality Proposal 19813:Agriculture and Commerce 18101:Allied invasion of Italy 18078:Solomon Islands campaign 17827:Third Battle of Changsha 17424:First Battle of Changsha 17330:Second Sino-Japanese War 16270:German military brothels 16136:United States war crimes 15250:American Volunteer Group 15010:New Fourth Army incident 14995:Tientsin Incident (1939) 14920:Tientsin Incident (1931) 14904:Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou 14843:1944-1945 Burma campaign 14768:Zaoyang–Yichang campaign 14748:Suixian–Zaoyang campaign 14220:Nationalist Armed Forces 13956:Second Sino-Japanese War 13558:(in French) (4): 32–38. 13510:Jowett, Phillip (2005). 13354:Cornell University Press 13105:Fenby, Jonathan (2008). 12483:Rummel, Rudolph (1991). 12254:Harvard University Press 11929:Maoism: A Global History 11301:Stein Tønnesson (2010). 10141:Hsiung & Levine 1992 9222:. Casemate. p. 119. 9165:. Casemate. p. 111. 8648:Harvard University Press 8541:25 February 2021 at the 7845:Hsiung & Levine 1992 7779:"China's War with Japan" 7495: 7444:RKKA General Staff, 1939 7335: 7219: 7028:. Gases manufactured in 7015:According to historians 6832:People's Liberation Army 6761:Japanese people in China 6494:a "botched liberation." 6413:Conclusion and aftermath 6269:Central Asian rebellions 5394:New Fourth Army Incident 5272:when the U.S. imposed a 4873:Huāyuánkǒu Juédī Shìjiàn 4779:Japanese up to 200,000. 4761:attack the city of Wuhan 4076:Chinese Eastern Railroad 3782:Nikka Jiken/Nisshi Jiken 3538: 3460:airlifted material over 3269:Second Sino-Japanese War 3177: 3151: 3125: 3074:Traditional Chinese 3007:Traditional Chinese 2940:Traditional Chinese 2873:Traditional Chinese 2806:Traditional Chinese 2725:Traditional Chinese 2710:Second Sino-Japanese War 2510:pre-war border conflicts 2293:Asia-Pacific (1941–1945) 2141:Second Sino-Japanese War 1981:Estevan Point Lighthouse 1736:Indian Ocean (1941–1945) 1687:Marshalls–Gilberts raids 1100:Second Sino-Japanese War 766:900,000–1,006,086 (1945) 123:Clockwise from top left: 37:Second Sino-Japanese War 18:Second Sino-Japanese war 23447:Ita Martadinata Haryono 23327:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 23277:Abacus Bank prosecution 22900:Sangley Massacre (1662) 22557:Red Chinese Battle Plan 22345:Elijah Coleman Bridgman 21986:U.S. immigration policy 21817:COVID-19 misinformation 21555:China Relief Expedition 21102:Bank of Taiwan Building 20976:Lansing–Ishii Agreement 20874:Senkaku Islands dispute 20780:First Sino-Japanese War 20203:Washington Naval Treaty 20148:Anglo–Japanese Alliance 20133:First Sino-Japanese War 19952:Nuclear weapons program 19694:Great Japan Youth Party 19621:National seals of Japan 18523:Second Guangxi campaign 18378:Philippines (1944–1945) 17882:Battle of the Coral Sea 17785:Fall of the Philippines 17431:Battle of South Guangxi 17337:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16743:Italian Social Republic 15281:Sino-German cooperation 15148:Treaty of San Francisco 14945:Murder of Pamela Werner 14884:1944 Battle of Changsha 14879:Battle of Central Henan 14858:Second Guangxi campaign 14635:Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu 14313:Manchukuo Armed Forces 14138:Chinese Communist Party 14024:Inner Mongolia Campaign 13248:Ong, Siew Chey (2005). 13179:Harmsen, Peter (2013). 12232:12 October 2022 at the 12213:12 October 2022 at the 12194:12 October 2022 at the 12175:12 October 2022 at the 11432:. Asia Magazine. 1940. 11388:Hsiao-ting Lin (2010). 10799:: 75–78. Archived from 10793:Studies in Intelligence 9488:L, Klemen (1999–2000). 9449:Mar, Lisa Rose (2010). 9218:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 9161:Harmsen, Peter (2018). 8570:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 8116:The Case for Manchoukuo 8099:Embargoes and Sanctions 7669:Retrieved 10 March 2016 7472:Retrieved 11 March 2016 7036:Bacteriological weapons 6682:Treaty of San Francisco 6602:Sino-Japanese relations 5961:Japanese attack on USS 5918:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 5637:in a 1942 meeting with 5587:South West Pacific Area 5094:Wang Jingwei Government 5047:Battle of South Guangxi 4848:1938 Yellow River flood 4832:1938 Yellow River flood 4825:1938 Yellow River flood 4819:1938 Yellow River flood 4687: 4247:attacked the Great Wall 4240:Chinese Soviet Republic 4104:Chinese Communist Party 4094:Chinese Communist Party 3951:National Protection War 3830:First Sino-Japanese War 3807:First Sino-Japanese War 3737:Japanese Prime Minister 3423:Chinese Communist Party 3271:was fought between the 3088:Simplified Chinese 3021:Simplified Chinese 2954:Simplified Chinese 2887:Simplified Chinese 2820:Simplified Chinese 2739:Simplified Chinese 2288:French Indochina (1940) 1743:Japanese merchant raids 23322:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 23287:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 23080:White Australia policy 22623:Anti-Chinese sentiment 22515:The New Chinese Empire 22450:SARS conspiracy theory 22350:Divie Bethune McCartee 22149:Summer Palace Dialogue 22083:Hong Kong Autonomy Act 22053:Hong Kong Be Water Act 21728:Hainan Island incident 21036:Japan–Taiwan relations 20947:Convention of Tientsin 20827:Chin–Doihara Agreement 20251:Shōwa financial crisis 20043:Imperial Japanese Navy 19983:Imperial Japanese Army 19714:Peace Preservation Law 18108:Armistice of Cassibile 17910:Battle of Dutch Harbor 17861:Battle of the Java Sea 17764:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17664:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17657:Battle of South Shanxi 17627:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17410:Battle of the Atlantic 17024:Korean Liberation Army 16737:(until September 1943) 16694:(until September 1944) 16672:(until September 1944) 15260:Soviet Volunteer Group 15128:Double Tenth Agreement 15086:Chongqing Negotiations 14793:1941 Changsha campaign 14758:First Guangxi campaign 14753:1939 Changsha campaign 14620:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 14249:Communist Armed Forces 14039:Chin–Doihara Agreement 13616:3 October 2017 at the 13586:MacLaren, Roy (1981). 13402:Hastings, Max (2009). 13395:. On line in Chinese: 12986:, 2004, pages 220–221. 12984:A Plague upon Humanity 12971:A Plague upon Humanity 12684:Grunden, W.E. (2017). 12457:China's Bloody Century 12454:Rummel, R. J. (1991). 11878:International Security 11235:Peter Neville (2007). 11148:Oscar Chapuis (2000). 10939:. Imperial War Museum. 10351:1859 Oregon's Magazine 10131:Retrieved 9 March 2016 9897:Slim, William (1956). 9564:18.59 (2009): 219–231. 8356:"谁是刺杀宋教仁的幕后元凶?_资讯_凤凰网" 7723:China's Bloody Century 7590:China's Bloody Century 7419:Black, Jeremy (2012). 7312:China's Bitter Victory 7259:China's Bitter Victory 7118: 7077:Use of suicide attacks 7022:Prince Kan'in Kotohito 6989: 6867:gross domestic product 6809: 6664: 6648:Legal status of Taiwan 6606:historical revisionism 6584:Battle of Pingxingguan 6574: 6521: 6445: 6331: 6330:Chinese Muslim cavalry 6216:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 6211: 6208:French colonial troops 6113:British Army Aid Group 6111:in December 1941, the 6104: 6074:British Army Aid Group 6002: 5952: 5867: 5839:Lagerlechfeld Air Base 5613: 5490:Yunnan–Vietnam Railway 5454: 5446: 5435: 5320: 5298:Attack on Pearl Harbor 5208:successful defense of 5199: 5158:Battle of Lugou Bridge 5043:1st Battle of Changsha 5034: 4843: 4821: 4756: 4718: 4659: 4622:Imperial Japanese Army 4538:carrier-based aircraft 4526:Imperial Japanese Navy 4489: 4376: 4317:Chin–Doihara Agreement 4245:In 1933, the Japanese 4151: 4112:Encirclement Campaigns 3525:five permanent members 3446:attack on Pearl Harbor 3407:Republic of China Army 3395:Nationalist government 2042:Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1886:Burma and India (1944) 1709:Gilberts and Marshalls 1594:West Henan–North Hubei 362:Commanders and leaders 129:Imperial Japanese Navy 23762:China–Japan relations 23636:Hong Kong nationalism 23272:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots 23251:1997 Banjarmasin riot 23046:Hells Canyon Massacre 23019:Rock Springs massacre 23009:Issaquah riot of 1885 22988:Chinese Exclusion Act 22916:1740 Batavia massacre 22718:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 22693:Andrew Jackson Bryant 22103:Executive Order 14032 22093:Executive Order 13959 22088:Executive Order 13936 22001:Executive Order 12711 21906:Alice Dollar incident 21878:2023 balloon incident 21837:Cyberwarfare by China 21659:USS Monocacy incident 21579:Cross-Strait conflict 21550:Eight-Nation Alliance 20785:Treaty of Shimonoseki 20655:China–Japan relations 20193:Siberian Intervention 20002:Railways and Shipping 19818:Commerce and Industry 19514:Industrial production 18272:Second Battle of Guam 18168:Bengal famine of 1943 18138:Second Battle of Kiev 18094:Battle of the Dnieper 17799:Battle of Wake Island 17671:East African campaign 17613:Battle of South Henan 17258:atrocities by Germans 17031:Korean Volunteer Army 16012:Occupation of Germany 15766:Music in World War II 14935:North Chahar incident 14930:Pingdingshan massacre 14049:December 9th Movement 14029:North Chahar incident 13783:Wilson, Dick (1982). 13605:Macri, Franco David. 13380:14 March 2020 at the 13111:. Ecco. p. 284. 12896:Yoshimi and Matsuno, 12820:Utley, Freda (1939). 12495:10.4324/9781315081328 12382:日本軍による「三光政策・三光作戦をめぐって 12246:Mitter, Rana (2020). 10509:13 March 2010 at the 9663:10.1353/cri.2004.0076 9599:10.4324/9781315702124 9514:40.2 (1971): 203–226 9344:"全面抗战时期苏联对国共两党援助比较研究" 9113:10.3998/mpub.11413902 9087:10.3998/mpub.11413902 9031:Askew, David (2002). 9019:Sino-Japanese Studies 8640:Mitter, Rana (2020). 8599:Iriye, Akira (1987). 8184:. December 22, 2012. 8114:Rea, George Bronson. 8083:Mitter, Rana (2020). 7625:University of Hawaiʻi 7468:11 March 2016 at the 7449:25 April 2016 at the 7116:Battle of Taierzhuang 7113: 6984: 6803: 6749:presidential election 6729:presidential election 6655: 6596:China-Japan relations 6568: 6519: 6443: 6329: 6255:Franklin D. Roosevelt 6206: 6109:Hong Kong was overrun 6098: 6068:Further information: 6025:gentlemen's agreement 5996: 5944: 5858: 5797:oil and steel embargo 5770:Further information: 5711:under the command of 5602:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5599: 5506:Battle of Yenangyaung 5452: 5444: 5419: 5311: 5197: 5032: 4947:Tianjin–Pukou railway 4943:Beijing–Wuhan railway 4841: 4816: 4754: 4734:close quarters combat 4730:Battle of Taierzhuang 4715:Battle of Taierzhuang 4708: 4652: 4483: 4356: 4268:Chinese collaborators 4142: 4133:Further information: 3980:, Japan acquired the 3955:military dictatorship 3845:Treaty of Shimonoseki 3819:China–Japan relations 3748:Greater East Asia War 3328:invasion of Manchuria 2990:shí sì nián kàng zhàn 2435:Yugoslavian Partisans 1952:Philippines (1944–45) 1910:Philippines (1941–42) 1023:15,000,000–22,000,000 939:Japanese medical data 863:160,603 military dead 774:Casualties and losses 252:Treaty of Shimonoseki 23662:Wars involving Japan 23292:2011 Kashgar attacks 23036:Seattle riot of 1886 22982:New Zealand head tax 22921:1782 Saigon massacre 22660:Japanese nationalism 22295:Triangular diplomacy 21996:Taiwan Relations Act 21933:China Air Task Force 21866:Hugh Francis Redmond 21654:1905 Chinese boycott 20606:Political dissidence 20455:Occupied territories 20198:General Election Law 20022:Taiwan Army of Japan 18558:Surrender of Germany 18036:Battle of West Hubei 17993:Guadalcanal campaign 17963:Battle of Stalingrad 17889:Battle of Madagascar 16663:Albania protectorate 16450:(formerly Swaziland) 16159:Wehrmacht war crimes 15975:Expulsion of Germans 15759:Art and World War II 15657:British contribution 15606:Governments in exile 15229:Military engagements 14990:1938 Dalfram dispute 14894:Battle of Mount Song 14778:South Henan campaign 14723:Bombing of Chongqing 14477:Naruhiko Higashikuni 14339:Inner Mongolian Army 14176:Great Way Government 14044:August 1 Declaration 13808:. London: Routledge. 13743:26 June 2015 at the 13712:Taylor, Jay (2009). 13500:Thunder out of China 13472:7 March 2021 at the 13352:. Ithaca, New York: 12537:. 18 November 2008. 12531:"The Bengali Famine" 12083:28 July 2011 at the 11927:(3 September 2019). 11895:2 April 2023 at the 11109:Chang Fa-Kuei vnqdd. 10721:"軍統局對美國戰略局的認識與合作開展" 10554:on February 21, 2011 10353:. 10 November 2016. 10037:The Second World War 9747:Westad, Odd (2003). 9736:on 20 November 2007. 9405:支那事変陸軍作戦＜2＞昭和十四年九月まで 9402:防衛庁防衛研修所戦史室 (1976). 9071:Opper, Marc (2020). 9021:, November 1990, 16. 8889:"Martyr Qin Jia-zhu" 8810:. 13 February 2012. 6970:Treaty of Versailles 6806:bombing of Chongqing 6704:which refers to the 6636:New History Textbook 6614:New History Textbook 6041:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 5950:Claire Lee Chennault 5914:Aleksandr Cherepanov 5707:By the end of 1944, 5281:Claire Lee Chennault 5180:mechanized divisions 4991:improve this section 4783:Communist resistance 4709:Chinese soldiers in 4457:and popularized the 4163:), and a protective 4064:1929 Sino-Soviet war 3482:its advance in Burma 1753:Homfreyganj massacre 989:288,140–574,560 dead 791:Chinese Nationalists 642:Chinese Nationalists 172:bombing of Chongqing 154:on the shore of the 23631:Chinese imperialism 23312:2014 Kunming attack 23168:Home Office 213/926 23156:Sook Ching massacre 23144:Japanese war crimes 23120:Wanpaoshan Incident 23014:Tacoma riot of 1885 22971:Trout Creek Outrage 22290:Ping-pong diplomacy 21953:Operation Beleaguer 21753:Murder of Shao Tong 21733:Operation Shady RAT 21634:Chy Lung v. Freeman 21608:CIA Tibetan program 21589:Operation King Kong 21487:Goldwater v. Carter 21458:Nixon goes to China 21443:Shanghai Communiqué 21384:Gresham-Yang Treaty 21322:Hong Kong and Macau 21173:Memoirs of a Geisha 20964:May Fourth Movement 20927:Jiajing wokou raids 20832:Japanese war crimes 20807:Anti-Comintern Pact 20425:Wang Jingwei regime 20335:Potsdam Declaration 20326:Soviet–Japanese War 20281:Anti-Comintern Pact 20276:January 28 incident 20261:London Naval Treaty 20138:Triple Intervention 19967:Supreme War Council 19851:deliberative bodies 19198:Carpathian Ruthenia 18648:Potsdam Declaration 18537:Italy (Spring 1945) 18300:Liberation of Paris 17757:Siege of Sevastopol 16775:(until August 1944) 16678:Wang Jingwei regime 16500:from September 1943 16460:from September 1944 16398:from September 1944 16258:Romanian war crimes 16249:Persecution of Jews 16235:Croatian war crimes 16205:Japanese war crimes 16019:Occupation of Japan 15968:First Indochina War 15680:Military production 15592:Declarations of war 15312:Japanese propaganda 15123:Occupation of Japan 14960:Guanganmen incident 14925:January 28 incident 14833:1944 Burma campaign 14823:West Hubei campaign 14191:Wang Jingwei regime 14074:Second United Front 14004:January 28 incident 13866:on 29 November 2003 13665:Quigley, Harold S. 13506:magazine reporters. 12982:Daniel Barenblatt, 12661:. Wwi.lib.byu.edu. 12310:on 24 November 2015 12304:"Sino-Japanese War" 11836:. pp. 25, 26. 11792:The China Quarterly 10648:. pp. 263–302. 10259:. 13 October 2007. 10176:on 11 November 2014 10143:, pp. 162–166. 10026:, pp. 200–220. 10014:, pp. 299–300. 9901:. London: Cassell. 9899:Defeat into Victory 9819:Linda Kush (2012). 9293:2009EEGeo..15..287D 9151:, pp. 149–150. 8838:militaryfactory.com 8576:Bloomsbury Academic 8522:Michael M. Walker, 8509:Michael M. Walker, 7725:. Transaction 1991 7592:. Transaction 1991 7534:Manchuria or Burma. 7083:traditional Chinese 6711:Traditionally, the 6702:Potsdam Declaration 6275:invaded Dunganistan 6179:Himalayan Mountains 5984:strategic materials 5926:Great Patriotic War 5890:Anti-Comintern Pact 5723:, joined forces in 5655:captured Mount Song 5635:Indian independence 5583:Pacific Ocean Areas 5486:Arctic supply route 4952:to areas near Wuhan 4860:traditional Chinese 4593:battle of attrition 4567:and new-generation 4554:P-26/281 Peashooter 4396:such violence, the 4264:Yangtze River Delta 4220:January 28 Incident 4010:Northern Expedition 3986:sphere of influence 3899:and establishing a 3805:), rather than the 3705:Japanese propaganda 3636:government of Japan 3583:), but in 2017 the 3553:traditional Chinese 3368:Second United Front 3309:traditional Chinese 3293:Japanese war crimes 2264:Siberia (1918–1922) 1521:Sichuan (cancelled) 909:1,000,000+ captured 354:Wang Jingwei regime 23767:Sino-Japanese Wars 23722:Invasions of China 23687:Invasions by Japan 23245:Cambodian genocide 23182:Mergosono massacre 23162:Changkiao massacre 23138:Nanshitou Massacre 22943:Lambing Flat riots 22846:Anti-Chinese Union 22776:Racism in Malaysia 22688:Adriaan Valckenier 22648:Chinese emigration 22355:The 1990 Institute 22335:TPE (cable system) 22212:Americans in China 22122:Economic relations 22073:Proclamation 10043 21923:Black Cat Squadron 21893:Military relations 21783:Trial of Anming Hu 21464:Nixon's China Game 21374:Treaty of Tientsin 21127:TPE (cable system) 20932:María Luz incident 20822:He–Umezu Agreement 20717:Twenty-One Demands 20697:Ryūkyū Disposition 20153:Russo-Japanese War 20123:Two Lords Incident 19778:Imperial Household 18788:French West Africa 18768:British Somaliland 18641:Surrender of Japan 18474:Battle of Iwo Jima 18323:Belgrade offensive 17736:Siege of Leningrad 17620:Battle of Shanggao 17549:British Somaliland 17514:Dunkirk evacuation 17465:Norwegian campaign 17403:Invasion of Poland 17230:Japanese prisoners 16198:Italian war crimes 16129:British war crimes 16044:Soviet occupations 15828:South-West Pacific 15715:Allied cooperation 15673:Military equipment 15219:Japanese campaigns 15199:Aerial engagements 15158:Murayama Statement 15091:Surrender of Japan 15056:Konoe Declarations 15035:Gegenmiao massacre 15030:Changjiao massacre 14980:USS Panay incident 14899:Battle of Hengyang 14889:Siege of Myitkyina 14034:He–Umezu Agreement 13679:(2011) pp 474–551. 12920:The New York Times 12861:. pp. 82–83. 11458:, Informaworld.com 10409:. 7 October 2015. 10291:Air Force Magazine 9095:20.500.12657/23824 8993:"Nanjing Massacre" 8650:. pp. 90–94. 7550:"Rummel, Table 6A" 7119: 7091:simplified Chinese 6810: 6665: 6660:and the island of 6575: 6522: 6446: 6332: 6212: 6160:Free Thai Movement 6158:, worked with the 6105: 6003: 5953: 5868: 5614: 5571:Barbara W. Tuchman 5464:Battle of Changsha 5455: 5447: 5436: 5426:Lieutenant General 5406:Mao Zedong Thought 5321: 5289:Sino-Soviet Treaty 5200: 5113:Japanese expansion 5086:Battle of Huaiyang 5035: 4852:simplified Chinese 4844: 4822: 4757: 4719: 4717:, March–April 1938 4660: 4585:John Wong Pan-yang 4490: 4476:Battle of Shanghai 4470:Battle of Shanghai 4377: 4333:Chahar and Suiyuan 4313:He–Umezu Agreement 4186:Russo-Japanese War 4152: 4100:Central Plains War 3998:Beiyang Government 3974:Twenty-One Demands 3968:Twenty-One Demands 3962:Twenty-One Demands 3935:Beiyang government 3889:Russo-Japanese War 3853:Liaodong Peninsula 3689:declaration of war 3653:Battle of Shanghai 3545:simplified Chinese 3484:and completed the 3468:, the invasion of 3441:in central China. 3301:simplified Chinese 2775:kàng rì zhàn zhēng 2630:French West Africa 2478:South West Pacific 2386:Denmark and Norway 2100:Japanese surrender 2066:Naval bombardments 1996:Fire balloon bombs 1719:Volcano and Ryukyu 1714:Marianas and Palau 1311:Yellow River flood 1225:Railway Operation 851:Chinese Communists 672:Chinese Communists 170:bomber during the 137:Battle of Shanghai 133:military gas masks 23644: 23643: 23578:Chinaman's chance 23561: 23560: 23528:Mi Gao Huang Chen 23498:Franklin Feng Tao 23387: 23386: 23149:Three Alls Policy 22960:Pigtail Ordinance 22889:Sangley Rebellion 22589: 22588: 22490:Far East Reporter 22465:William H. Hinton 22365:China Aid Society 22217:Chinese Americans 22043:Taiwan Travel Act 21562:Chinese Civil War 21448:Three Communiqués 21426:China White Paper 21379:Burlingame Treaty 21369:Treaty of Wanghia 21212: 21211: 21008:Nobukatsu Fujioka 20954:Nagasaki incident 20614: 20613: 20586:Socialist thought 20534: 20533: 20473:Dutch East Indies 20435:Empire of Vietnam 20353: 20352: 20128:Satsuma Rebellion 20108:Meiji Restoration 20085: 20084: 19895: 19894: 19833:Greater East Asia 19719:Political parties 19674:Foreign relations 19421: 19420: 19012:Dutch East Indies 18850:Southern Rhodesia 18783:French Somaliland 18715: 18714: 18673: 18672: 18516:Battle of Okinawa 18415:Burma (1944–1945) 18249:Mariana and Palau 18029:Tunisian campaign 17854:Fall of Singapore 17778:Fall of Hong Kong 17521:Battle of Britain 17374:Operation Himmler 17283: 17282: 16947:Dutch East Indies 16590:Southern Rhodesia 16342: 16341: 16242:Genocide of Serbs 16145:German war crimes 16122:Soviet war crimes 16115:Allied war crimes 15961:Division of Korea 15940:Chinese Civil War 15738:Strategic bombing 15650:Manhattan Project 15424: 15423: 15382: 15381: 15378: 15377: 15332:On Protracted War 15209:Japanese Aircraft 15166: 15165: 15103: 15102: 15099: 15098: 15015:Panjiayu massacre 14955:Langfang Incident 14874:Battle of Lanfeng 14853:Zhijiang campaign 14838:Operation Ichi-Go 14783:Shanggao campaign 14743:Nanchang campaign 14708:Shanghai campaign 14681: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14673: 14672: 14570: 14569: 14507:Shigetarō Shimada 14447:Kiichirō Hiranuma 14362:Political Leaders 14357: 14356: 14254:Eighth Route Army 14199: 14198: 14121:Republic of China 14087: 14086: 14059:Wayaobu Manifesto 13984:Chinese Civil War 13920:"The Route South" 13725:978-0-674-03338-2 13639:978-0-547-84056-7 13580:978-0-8047-5509-2 13442:978-0-521-83432-2 13413:978-0-307-27536-3 13406:. Vintage Books. 13316:978-0-674-02153-2 13229:on 7 October 2012 13223:TANKS! E-Magazine 13192:978-1-61200-167-8 13118:978-0-06-166116-7 12959:Tsuneyoshi Takeda 12887:, 1997, pp. 27–29 12707:978-3-319-51663-9 12597:978-7-80109-030-0 12395:978-4-00-003317-6 12263:978-0-674-98426-4 12110:on March 26, 2009 11946:978-0-525-65605-0 11914:, 31 August 2015. 11401:978-0-415-58264-3 11314:978-0-520-25602-6 11275:978-0-7864-3285-1 11248:978-0-415-35848-4 11025:on 13 August 2016 10347:"Sky's the Limit" 10166:"China Offensive" 10115:978-1-009-29761-5 10050:978-0-297-84497-6 9933:978-0-674-05988-7 9871:978-0-520-92876-3 9832:978-1-78200-312-0 9793:978-0-520-92876-3 9766:978-0-8047-4484-3 9608:978-1-317-46391-7 9104:978-0-472-90125-8 8978:978-1-009-29761-5 8874:978-83-61421-99-3 8784:on 26 August 2016 8704:978-0-8154-1118-5 8657:978-0-674-98426-4 8585:978-1-350-23394-2 8397:shehui.pku.edu.cn 8294:978-0-520-01760-3 8097:Jerald A. Combs. 8026:978-0-805-07247-1 7971:978-1-139-56087-0 7932:978-0-230-60992-1 7894:Los Angeles Times 7758:The China Project 7430:978-1-441-12387-9 7345:978-7-506-52290-8 7321:978-1-563-24246-5 7284:978-0-415-96845-4 7128:. Chinese troops 6929:War Without Mercy 6852:Three Alls Policy 6713:Republic of China 6706:Cairo Declaration 6512:Chinese Civil War 6476:Douglas MacArthur 6316:Ethnic minorities 6283:KMT 36th Division 6085:Gloster Gladiator 6016:On 22 June 1941, 5894:Japanese invasion 5789:war of resistance 5679:Operation Ichi-Go 5673:Operation Ichi-Go 5667:Operation Ichi-Go 5618:Winston Churchill 5606:Winston Churchill 5442: 5396:in January 1941. 5373:Battle of Taiyuan 5349:Chinese Civil War 5313:Eighth Route Army 5233:Three Alls Policy 5221:resistance forces 5055:counter-offensive 5027: 5026: 5019: 4906:on 13 June 1938. 4896:Huayuankou, Henan 4880: 4804:massive air raids 4542:Chinese Air Force 4486:'Bloody Saturday' 4420:infantry division 4385:full-scale battle 4209:League of Nations 3799: 3779: 3757: 3744:Taisei Yokusankai 3727: 3714: 3681: 3662: 3645: 3620: 3466:Operation Ichi-Go 3431:guerrilla warfare 3352:Chinese Civil War 3273:Republic of China 3265: 3264: 3257: 3256: 3109: 3108: 3063: 3062: 3044:Standard Mandarin 2996: 2995: 2977:Standard Mandarin 2929: 2928: 2923:bā nián kàng zhàn 2910:Standard Mandarin 2862: 2861: 2843:Standard Mandarin 2795: 2794: 2762:Standard Mandarin 2702: 2701: 2623:Strategic bombing 2546:Mediterranean Sea 2301: 2300: 2229:China (1899–1901) 2149: 2148: 1991:Lookout Air Raids 1898:Southwest Pacific 1628: 1627: 1487:Yunnan-Burma Road 1425:Hundred Regiments 1197:Marco Polo Bridge 1064: 1063: 858:Official PRC data 806:1,761,335 wounded 798:Official ROC data 647:regional warlords 628:14,000,000 total 257: 256: 131:landing force in 16:(Redirected from 23774: 23737:1940s in Vietnam 23615:Sick man of Asia 23605:Locust/Wongchung 23523:Leung Chi-cheung 23396: 23395: 23354:China Initiative 23132:Nanking Massacre 23098:Torreón massacre 23052:Scott Act (1888) 22966:Page Act of 1875 22879: 22878: 22823:China Initiative 22616: 22609: 22602: 22593: 22592: 22580: 22579: 22564:The China Hustle 22305:Linkage (policy) 22273:Cold War in Asia 21778:China Initiative 21738:Operation Aurora 21696:Project Sabre II 21453:One-China policy 21416:Marshall Mission 21267:Diplomatic posts 21261: 21260: 21251: 21250: 21239: 21232: 21225: 21216: 21215: 21203: 21202: 21152:Satoru Mizushima 20959:Shandong Problem 20884:Baodiao movement 20837:Nanjing Massacre 20722:Treaty of Taipei 20669:Diplomatic posts 20663: 20662: 20653: 20652: 20641: 20634: 20627: 20618: 20617: 20576:Shinmin no Michi 20566:Internment camps 20478:French Indochina 20362: 20361: 20213:Taishō Democracy 20094: 20093: 20017:Japanese holdout 19904: 19903: 19828:Colonial Affairs 19762: 19761: 19689:Yokusan Sonendan 19595: 19587: 19579: 19563: 19562: 19489:Economic history 19448: 19441: 19434: 19425: 19424: 19172:Military history 18926:Native Americans 18742: 18735: 18728: 18719: 18718: 18708: 18701: 18694: 18691:World portal 18689: 18688: 18664: 18657: 18650: 18643: 18634: 18627: 18620: 18611: 18604: 18597: 18590: 18583: 18576: 18567: 18560: 18553: 18551:Prague offensive 18546: 18544:Battle of Berlin 18539: 18532: 18525: 18518: 18511: 18504: 18497: 18490: 18488:Vienna offensive 18483: 18476: 18469: 18467:Battle of Manila 18462: 18442: 18433: 18424: 18417: 18408: 18401: 18394: 18387: 18380: 18373: 18366: 18357: 18348: 18341: 18332: 18325: 18318: 18311: 18302: 18295: 18288: 18281: 18274: 18267: 18260: 18251: 18244: 18235: 18226: 18217: 18210: 18208:Korsun–Cherkassy 18203: 18192: 18170: 18161: 18154: 18147: 18140: 18133: 18126: 18119: 18110: 18103: 18096: 18089: 18080: 18073: 18066: 18059: 18052: 18050:Bombing of Gorky 18045: 18038: 18031: 18011: 18004: 17995: 17988: 17981: 17972: 17965: 17958: 17951: 17940: 17933: 17926: 17919: 17917:Battle of Midway 17912: 17905: 17903:Battle of Gazala 17898: 17891: 17884: 17877: 17870: 17863: 17856: 17836: 17829: 17822: 17815: 17813:Battle of Borneo 17808: 17806:Malayan campaign 17801: 17794: 17787: 17780: 17773: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17750:Bombing of Gorky 17745: 17743:Battle of Moscow 17738: 17731: 17724: 17717: 17710: 17703: 17687: 17680: 17673: 17666: 17659: 17652: 17643: 17636: 17629: 17622: 17615: 17595: 17586: 17579: 17572: 17565: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17516: 17509: 17507:Battle of France 17502: 17495: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17447: 17440: 17433: 17426: 17419: 17412: 17405: 17383: 17376: 17369: 17362: 17360:Munich Agreement 17355: 17348: 17339: 17332: 17325: 17316: 17309: 17294: 17293: 17276: 17269: 17260: 17253: 17246: 17245:Soviet prisoners 17239: 17232: 17225: 17216: 17209: 17200: 17193: 17186: 17185:German prisoners 17181: 17161: 17152: 17145: 17138: 17133: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17105: 17098: 17091: 17084: 17077: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17049: 17042: 17033: 17026: 17019: 17012: 17005: 16998: 16991: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16963: 16956: 16949: 16942: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16887: 16880: 16873: 16866: 16859: 16852: 16845: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16745: 16738: 16730: 16723: 16721:French Indochina 16716: 16709: 16702: 16695: 16687: 16680: 16673: 16665: 16645: 16636: 16629: 16620: 16613: 16606: 16599: 16592: 16585: 16578: 16571: 16568:from August 1944 16559: 16552: 16545: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16491: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16463: 16451: 16443: 16436: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16389: 16382: 16375: 16368: 16353: 16352: 16333: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16294: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16260: 16251: 16244: 16237: 16228: 16221: 16214: 16212:Nanjing Massacre 16207: 16200: 16191: 16189:Nuremberg trials 16182: 16175: 16168: 16161: 16154: 16147: 16138: 16131: 16124: 16117: 16097: 16090: 16083: 16074: 16067: 16060: 16053: 16046: 16039: 16030: 16021: 16014: 16007: 16000: 15991: 15984: 15977: 15970: 15963: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15922: 15913: 15906: 15899: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15869: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15816: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15793:Asia and Pacific 15775: 15768: 15761: 15754: 15747: 15740: 15733: 15724: 15722:Mulberry harbour 15717: 15710: 15703: 15696: 15689: 15682: 15675: 15668: 15659: 15652: 15645: 15636: 15629: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15601: 15594: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15564: 15557: 15542: 15541: 15530: 15523: 15514: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15479: 15472: 15451: 15444: 15437: 15428: 15427: 15414: 15404: 15394: 15393: 15189: 15188: 15172: 15171: 15153:Treaty of Taipei 15133:Retrocession Day 15109: 15108: 15066:Cairo Conference 15044:Political events 15020:Rape of Nancheng 14985:Kweilin incident 14975:Nanking Massacre 14828:Changde campaign 14718:Nanjing campaign 14713:Taiyuan campaign 14698: 14697: 14687: 14686: 14579: 14578: 14575:Military Leaders 14482:Seishirō Itagaki 14437:Emperor Hirohito 14366: 14365: 14302:Navy Air Service 14292:Army Air Service 14210: 14209: 14111: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14093: 14092: 14064:Suiyuan campaign 13965: 13964: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13926: 13925: 13910: 13908: 13907: 13898:. Archived from 13874: 13872: 13871: 13862:. Archived from 13827: 13825: 13823: 13809: 13800: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13729: 13708: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13601: 13567: 13535: 13525: 13495: 13464: 13446: 13428:(pp. 53–68) 13417: 13367: 13351: 13330:Buss, Claude A. 13278: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13215: 13209: 13208: 13206: 13204: 13176: 13170: 13169: 13167: 13165: 13159: 13152: 13141: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13130: 13102: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13032: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13021: 12993: 12987: 12980: 12974: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12931: 12922:. Archived from 12911: 12905: 12894: 12888: 12881: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12852: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12835: 12828: 12817: 12802: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12681: 12675: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12631: 12625: 12622: 12616: 12610: 12604: 12589: 12583: 12580: 12569: 12562: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12418: 12412: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12376: 12370: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12352: 12346: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12300: 12294: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12243: 12237: 12224: 12218: 12205: 12199: 12186: 12180: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12137: 12131: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12117: 12115: 12109: 12103:. Archived from 12102: 12094: 12088: 12075: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12041: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12014: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12003: 11998:on 3 August 2016 11988: 11982: 11979: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11921: 11915: 11906: 11900: 11887: 11881: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11854:. Archived from 11848: 11842: 11841: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11808: 11789: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11752: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11643: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11565: 11559: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11490: 11475: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11452: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11259: 11253: 11252: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11209: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11145: 11139: 11138: 11118: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11104: 11085: 11075: 11069: 11068: 11048: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11007: 11001: 11000: 10972: 10966: 10965: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10918: 10912: 10905: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10876: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10805: 10790: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10764: 10757: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10732: 10726:. Archived from 10725: 10717: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10685: 10679: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10622: 10616: 10615: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10588: 10582: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10519: 10513: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10479:Douglas Varner, 10477: 10471: 10461: 10455: 10445: 10439: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10274:and negotiation. 10270: 10268: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10240: 10238: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10162: 10156: 10150: 10144: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10094: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9957: 9951: 9944: 9938: 9937: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9844: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9754: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9720: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9648: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9584: 9578: 9571: 9565: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9545: 9543: 9524: 9518: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9446: 9440: 9439: 9431: 9425: 9424: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9380: 9371: 9370: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9320: 9314: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9276: 9270: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9068: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9035:. Archived from 9028: 9022: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8957: 8918: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8840:. Archived from 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8731: 8725: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8637: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8567: 8546: 8533: 8527: 8520: 8514: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8486: 8480: 8474: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8410: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8314:Military Affairs 8305: 8299: 8298: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8125: 8119: 8112: 8106: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8087:. Belknap Press. 8080: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8069: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8010: 8004: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7749: 7743: 7740: 7734: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7679: 7670: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7612: 7601: 7583: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7546: 7535: 7531: 7522: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7460: 7454: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7268: 7262: 7255: 7233: 7230: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7126:Sihang Warehouse 7105: 7096: 7088: 7067:methamphetamines 7017:Yoshiaki Yoshimi 6776:Koreans in China 6721:Armed Forces Day 6694:Taiwanese people 6689:Treaty of Taipei 6677:Retrocession Day 6610:school textbooks 6539:Marxism–Leninism 6189:French Indochina 6101:Jiangxi province 6007:French Indochina 5810:Overseas Chinese 5793:French Indochina 5610:Cairo Conference 5443: 5247:Sānguāng Zhèngcè 5240: 5239: 5225:Chinese Red Army 5092:prominently the 5022: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5002: 4971: 4963: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4857: 4713:fighting in the 4672:Nanjing Massacre 4645:Nanjing Massacre 4528:(IJN) sent many 4455:marching cadence 4304:, and Shandong. 4286: 4281: 4232:ongoing campaign 4224:demilitarization 4201:Emperor of China 4117: 3873:unequal treaties 3804: 3798:romanized: 3797: 3795: 3784: 3778:romanized: 3777: 3775: 3762: 3756:romanized: 3755: 3753: 3734: 3726:romanized: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3713:romanized: 3712: 3710: 3686: 3680:romanized: 3679: 3677: 3670: 3661:romanized: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3644:romanized: 3643: 3641: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3550: 3387:Nanjing Massacre 3314: 3306: 3253: 3252: 3227: 3226: 3198: 3197: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3059: 3058: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3015: 3014: 2992: 2991: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2925: 2924: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2858: 2857: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2800:Alternative name 2791: 2790: 2777: 2776: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2733: 2732: 2707: 2706: 2689:French Indochina 2339: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2189: 2187: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2121:Manchuria (1945) 1976:Aleutian Islands 1826:Indochina (1945) 1796:Indochina (1940) 1782:2nd Indian Ocean 1765:1st Indian Ocean 1760:Christmas Island 1665: 1655: 1648: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1515:Zhejiang–Jiangxi 1391:Winter Offensive 1288:North-East Henan 1219:Sihang Warehouse 1104: 1103: 1101: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1019:Total casualties 980: 979: 978: 973: 972: 971: 950:22,293+ captured 929: 928: 927: 848: 847: 846: 829:500,000 captured 803:1,319,958 killed 788: 787: 786: 758: 757: 751: 750: 749: 744: 743: 742: 726:1,015,000 (1939) 714: 713: 712: 703:4,100,000 total 702: 701: 700: 687:1,200,000 (1945) 669: 668: 667: 658:5,700,000 (1945) 655:2,600,000 (1939) 652:1,700,000 (1937) 639: 638: 637: 627: 626: 625: 604: 603: 602: 592: 591: 590: 580: 579: 578: 568: 567: 566: 556: 555: 554: 547: 538: 537: 536: 524: 523: 522: 506: 505: 504: 499: 498: 497: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 478: 468: 467: 466: 461: 460: 459: 449: 448: 447: 442: 441: 440: 430: 429: 428: 423: 422: 421: 411: 410: 409: 404: 403: 402: 390: 389: 388: 376: 375: 374: 352: 350: 349: 339: 338: 327: 326: 314: 313: 299: 298: 297: 287: 286: 285: 274: 273: 191: 190: 168:Mitsubishi Ki-21 152:Nanjing Massacre 116: 107: 96: 87: 76: 67: 34: 33: 21: 23782: 23781: 23777: 23776: 23775: 23773: 23772: 23771: 23757:Interwar period 23747:1940s conflicts 23742:1930s conflicts 23647: 23646: 23645: 23640: 23619: 23557: 23466: 23430: 23383: 23260: 23239:Malari incident 23104:1918 Kudus riot 23068: 22949:Anti-Coolie Act 22925: 22904: 22870: 22834: 22781:Ketuanan Melayu 22754:Racism in Japan 22722: 22676: 22672:De-Sinicization 22626: 22620: 22590: 22585: 22569: 22320:Hong (business) 22315:Thucydides Trap 22278:Second Cold War 22258:Chinese Century 22180: 22159:Senior Dialogue 22129:Old China Trade 22117: 21969: 21965:Exercise RIMPAC 21887: 21807:TikTok v. Trump 21768:Havana syndrome 21763:Trump–Tsai call 21681:Shen Chong case 21617: 21545:Boxer Rebellion 21533: 21355: 21262: 21255: 21245: 21243: 21213: 21208: 21192: 21019: 20983:Hankou incident 20922:Ningbo incident 20910: 20869:Senkaku Islands 20768: 20707:Nishihara Loans 20680: 20664: 20657: 20647: 20645: 20615: 20610: 20596:Yasukuni Shrine 20530: 20507: 20449: 20403: 20349: 20301:Tripartite Pact 20296:Rape of Nanking 20237: 20223:Tapani incident 20167: 20143:Boxer Rebellion 20101: 20081: 20045: 20036: 19985: 19976: 19911: 19891: 19885:Representatives 19853: 19850: 19849:Legislative and 19842: 19808:Foreign Affairs 19771: 19768: 19753: 19652: 19631:Government Seal 19616:Rising Sun Flag 19599: 19593: 19585: 19577: 19564: 19555: 19457: 19455:Empire of Japan 19452: 19422: 19417: 19413:Pacific Islands 19408:Solomon Islands 19388:Gilbert Islands 19370: 19364: 19343:Channel Islands 19115: 18978: 18932: 18854: 18751: 18746: 18716: 18711: 18704: 18697: 18683: 18681: 18669: 18660: 18653: 18646: 18639: 18630: 18623: 18616: 18607: 18602:Atomic bombings 18600: 18593: 18586: 18579: 18572: 18563: 18556: 18549: 18542: 18535: 18528: 18521: 18514: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18479: 18472: 18465: 18458: 18445: 18438: 18427: 18420: 18413: 18404: 18397: 18390: 18383: 18376: 18369: 18360: 18351: 18344: 18335: 18328: 18321: 18314: 18305: 18298: 18293:Eastern Romania 18291: 18286:Warsaw Uprising 18284: 18279:Tannenberg Line 18277: 18270: 18265:Western Ukraine 18263: 18254: 18247: 18238: 18229: 18220: 18213: 18206: 18195: 18186: 18173: 18166: 18157: 18150: 18143: 18136: 18129: 18122: 18115: 18106: 18099: 18092: 18083: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18057:Battle of Kursk 18055: 18048: 18041: 18034: 18027: 18014: 18007: 17998: 17991: 17984: 17975: 17968: 17961: 17954: 17945: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17887: 17880: 17873: 17868:St Nazaire Raid 17866: 17859: 17852: 17839: 17832: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17804: 17797: 17790: 17783: 17776: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17734: 17727: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17692: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17655: 17650:Anglo-Iraqi War 17648: 17641:Battle of Crete 17639: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17611: 17598: 17589: 17582: 17575: 17570:Eastern Romania 17568: 17561: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17519: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17491: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17450: 17443: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17388: 17379: 17372: 17365: 17358: 17351: 17344: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17312: 17305: 17279: 17272: 17265: 17256: 17249: 17244: 17235: 17228: 17221: 17212: 17205: 17196: 17189: 17184: 17177: 17164: 17157: 17148: 17141: 17136: 17131:Western Ukraine 17129: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17101: 17094: 17087: 17080: 17075:Northeast China 17073: 17066: 17059: 17052: 17045: 17038: 17029: 17022: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16987: 16980: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16945: 16938: 16931: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16903: 16890: 16883: 16876: 16869: 16862: 16855: 16848: 16841: 16834: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16800: 16793: 16786: 16781:Slovak Republic 16779: 16771: 16764: 16757: 16752:Empire of Japan 16750: 16741: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16712: 16705: 16698: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16668: 16661: 16648: 16641: 16632: 16625: 16616: 16609: 16602: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16506: 16494: 16487: 16480: 16473: 16466: 16454: 16446: 16439: 16432: 16425: 16418: 16411: 16404: 16392: 16385: 16378: 16371: 16364: 16338: 16329: 16322: 16315: 16308: 16297: 16282: 16275: 16268: 16264:Sexual violence 16263: 16256: 16247: 16240: 16233: 16224: 16217: 16210: 16203: 16196: 16187: 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16134: 16127: 16120: 16113: 16100: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16070: 16063: 16056: 16049: 16042: 16033: 16024: 16017: 16010: 16003: 15994: 15987: 15982:Greek Civil War 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15925: 15918: 15909: 15902: 15895: 15886: 15879: 15872: 15865: 15856: 15849: 15842: 15833: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15807:South-East Asia 15805: 15798: 15791: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15757: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15729: 15720: 15713: 15706: 15699: 15692: 15685: 15678: 15671: 15666:Military awards 15664: 15655: 15648: 15641: 15632: 15625: 15618: 15611: 15604: 15597: 15590: 15583: 15576: 15569: 15560: 15553: 15533: 15526: 15519: 15510: 15503: 15496: 15491: 15482: 15475: 15468: 15460: 15455: 15425: 15420: 15374: 15317:Kumul Rebellion 15300: 15269: 15233: 15183: 15182: 15162: 15114: 15095: 15039: 14965:Tongzhou mutiny 14908: 14862: 14813:Linnan campaign 14738:Xuzhou campaign 14692: 14669: 14630:Yoshijirō Umezu 14625:Hajime Sugiyama 14608: 14566: 14497:Mitsumasa Yonai 14492:Korechika Anami 14457:Mitsumasa Yonai 14425: 14391:Kung Hsiang-hsi 14376:Chiang Kai-shek 14353: 14344:East Hebei Army 14270: 14259:New Fourth Army 14195: 14156:Empire of Japan 14144: 14133:Communist China 14098: 14083: 13989:Mukden Incident 13970: 13959: 13953: 13905: 13903: 13902:on 13 July 2001 13894: 13869: 13867: 13858: 13836: 13831: 13821: 13819: 13812: 13797: 13773: 13771: 13764: 13745:Wayback Machine 13726: 13649: 13647: 13640: 13618:Wayback Machine 13598: 13522: 13492: 13474:Wayback Machine 13462: 13443: 13414: 13382:Wayback Machine 13364: 13342:Duiker, William 13287: 13282: 13281: 13271: 13269: 13262: 13246: 13242: 13232: 13230: 13217: 13216: 13212: 13202: 13200: 13193: 13177: 13173: 13163: 13161: 13160:on 19 July 2014 13157: 13150: 13142: 13138: 13128: 13126: 13119: 13103: 13099: 13089: 13087: 13072: 13068: 13058: 13056: 13049: 13033: 13029: 13019: 13017: 13010: 12994: 12990: 12981: 12977: 12955:Wayback Machine 12943: 12939: 12929: 12927: 12912: 12908: 12895: 12891: 12882: 12878: 12868: 12866: 12853: 12849: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12826: 12818: 12805: 12797: 12793: 12783: 12781: 12768: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12739: 12735: 12725: 12723: 12708: 12682: 12678: 12668: 12666: 12657: 12656: 12652: 12642: 12640: 12633: 12632: 12628: 12623: 12619: 12611: 12607: 12590: 12586: 12581: 12572: 12563: 12554: 12544: 12542: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12514: 12512: 12505: 12481: 12477: 12467: 12465: 12452: 12448: 12433: 12419: 12415: 12407: 12403: 12396: 12377: 12373: 12368: 12364: 12353: 12349: 12339: 12337: 12328: 12327: 12323: 12313: 12311: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12283: 12279: 12264: 12256:. p. 111. 12244: 12240: 12234:Wayback Machine 12225: 12221: 12215:Wayback Machine 12206: 12202: 12196:Wayback Machine 12187: 12183: 12177:Wayback Machine 12168: 12164: 12154: 12152: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12127: 12123: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12100: 12096: 12095: 12091: 12085:Wayback Machine 12076: 12069: 12059: 12057: 12042: 12038: 12028: 12026: 12015: 12011: 12001: 11999: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11966: 11947: 11922: 11918: 11907: 11903: 11897:Wayback Machine 11888: 11884: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11858:on 2 March 2008 11850: 11849: 11845: 11826: 11822: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11787: 11781: 11777: 11767: 11765: 11754: 11753: 11749: 11739: 11737: 11722: 11718: 11708: 11706: 11699: 11683: 11679: 11669: 11667: 11660: 11644: 11640: 11630: 11628: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11591: 11589: 11582: 11566: 11562: 11552: 11550: 11537: 11533: 11523: 11521: 11508: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11473: 11467: 11463: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11439: 11437: 11429:Asia, Volume 40 11426: 11425: 11421: 11411: 11409: 11402: 11386: 11382: 11372: 11370: 11361: 11360: 11356: 11349: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11299: 11295: 11285: 11283: 11276: 11260: 11256: 11249: 11233: 11229: 11222: 11200: 11196: 11189: 11173: 11169: 11162: 11146: 11142: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11076: 11072: 11065: 11049: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11009: 11008: 11004: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10948: 10944: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10878: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10855: 10853: 10823: 10819: 10809: 10807: 10806:on 4 March 2016 10803: 10788: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10765:on 24 June 2015 10762: 10755: 10751: 10750: 10746: 10736: 10734: 10733:on 25 June 2015 10730: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10714: 10704: 10702: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10672: 10670: 10657: 10653: 10640: 10636: 10623: 10619: 10606: 10602: 10589: 10585: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10567: 10557: 10555: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10520: 10516: 10511:Wayback Machine 10503: 10499: 10491: 10487: 10478: 10474: 10462: 10458: 10446: 10442: 10430: 10426: 10416: 10414: 10405: 10404: 10400: 10390: 10388: 10383:. 25 May 2017. 10375: 10374: 10370: 10360: 10358: 10345: 10344: 10340: 10330: 10328: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10266: 10264: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10236: 10234: 10227:www.ibiblio.org 10221: 10220: 10216: 10206: 10204: 10193: 10189: 10179: 10177: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10129:Cox, 1980 pp. 2 10127: 10123: 10116: 10098:Coble, Parks M. 10095: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10051: 10034: 10030: 10022: 10018: 10010: 10006: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9981: 9974: 9958: 9954: 9945: 9941: 9934: 9920: 9916: 9909: 9895: 9891: 9881: 9879: 9872: 9856: 9852: 9842: 9840: 9833: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9794: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9745: 9741: 9722: 9721: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9690: 9686: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9609: 9585: 9581: 9572: 9568: 9559: 9555: 9541: 9539: 9532:www.ibiblio.org 9526: 9525: 9521: 9509: 9505: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9470: 9463: 9447: 9443: 9432: 9428: 9417: 9413: 9400: 9396: 9381: 9374: 9359: 9355: 9340: 9336: 9321: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9277: 9273: 9264:War in History. 9261: 9257: 9246: 9242: 9231: 9227: 9216: 9212: 9201: 9197: 9186: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9132: 9128: 9105: 9069: 9052: 9042: 9040: 9039:on 5 April 2018 9029: 9025: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8991: 8990: 8986: 8979: 8961:Coble, Parks M. 8958: 8921: 8916: 8912: 8902: 8900: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8875: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8844:on 3 March 2016 8832: 8831: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8757: 8755: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8716: 8712: 8705: 8689: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8658: 8638: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8568: 8549: 8543:Wayback Machine 8534: 8530: 8521: 8517: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8463: 8459: 8450: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8326:10.2307/1983349 8306: 8302: 8295: 8281: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8255: 8253: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8182:Economist Group 8170: 8169: 8165: 8126: 8122: 8113: 8109: 8096: 8092: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8027: 8011: 8007: 7995: 7991: 7981: 7979: 7972: 7956: 7952: 7942: 7940: 7933: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7886: 7882: 7872: 7870: 7857:Todd, Douglas. 7855: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7750: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7681: 7680: 7673: 7667:Wayback Machine 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7616:Rummel, Rudolph 7613: 7604: 7584: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7548: 7547: 7538: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7470:Wayback Machine 7461: 7457: 7451:Wayback Machine 7442: 7438: 7431: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7382: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7322: 7310:Hsiung (1992). 7308: 7304: 7294: 7292: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7122:Suicide bombing 7079: 7069:in the form of 7026:Hajime Sugiyama 6962: 6916:Yomiuri Shimbun 6910: 6819: 6798: 6786: 6778: 6772: 6763: 6757: 6733:pro-independent 6667:Taiwan and the 6650: 6644: 6631:Manila massacre 6598: 6593: 6563: 6514: 6508: 6434: 6422:Main articles: 6420: 6415: 6383: 6324: 6318: 6271: 6201: 6191: 6154:who had formed 6076: 6066: 5939: 5934: 5886: 5853: 5847: 5812: 5778:Weimar Republic 5774: 5768: 5763: 5751:Main articles: 5749: 5719:attacking from 5690:Mariana Islands 5681: 5675: 5589:, employing an 5579:Hans van de Ven 5438: 5429:Joseph Stilwell 5414: 5357:New Fourth Army 5306: 5229:major offensive 5205:Joseph Stilwell 5192: 5184:armoured forces 5162:Battle of Wuhan 5156:: 7 July 1937 ( 5143: 5137:by starvation. 5115: 5078:Boxer Rebellion 5051:Battle of Zaoyi 5023: 5012: 5006: 5003: 4988: 4972: 4961: 4956: 4955: 4922:Longhai railway 4920:section of the 4835: 4827: 4785: 4749: 4747:Battle of Wuhan 4741:pincer movement 4703: 4690: 4668:Northern Shanxi 4647: 4641: 4577:air superiority 4546:Curtiss Hawk II 4501:Japanese Marine 4478: 4472: 4412: 4406: 4398:Tongzhou mutiny 4361:Chiang Kai-shek 4351: 4345: 4181:Mukden Incident 4149:Mukden Incident 4137: 4129: 4124: 4096: 4080:Mukden Incident 4072: 4066: 4058:Chiang Kai-shek 4046: 4040: 4028: 4022: 3970: 3964: 3919: 3913:1911 Revolution 3911:Main articles: 3909: 3849:Senkaku Islands 3832: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3701: 3541: 3521:Big Four Allies 3499:Japan formally 3476:. In 1945, the 3344:Chiang Kai-shek 3320:Mukden incident 3277:Empire of Japan 3251: 3225: 3192: 3191: 3190: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3140: 3139: 3138: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2592:Other campaigns 2586:Southern France 2495:Burma and India 2490:South-East Asia 2485:Franco-Thai War 2340: 2334: 2332: 2302: 2297: 2283:China (1937–45) 2254:Tsingtao (1914) 2241: 2190: 2186:Empire of Japan 2185: 2182: 2180: 2150: 2145: 2137: 2049:Mariana Islands 1922:Solomon Islands 1891:Burma (1944–45) 1881:Burma (1942–43) 1876:Burma (1941–42) 1869:Burma and India 1801:Franco-Thai War 1748:Andaman Islands 1675:Central Pacific 1666: 1661: 1659: 1629: 1624: 1417:Zaoyang–Yichang 1356:Suixian–Zaoyang 1202:Beiping–Tianjin 1141:Nenjiang Bridge 1105: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1022: 1013: 992:742,000 wounded 976: 974: 969: 967: 925: 923: 917: 884:Other estimates 866:290,467 wounded 844: 842: 821:Other estimates 809:130,116 missing 784: 782: 769: 765: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 710: 708: 698: 696: 692: 665: 663: 635: 633: 623: 621: 610: 606:Hajime Sugiyama 600: 598: 588: 586: 582:Prince Kotohito 576: 574: 564: 562: 552: 550: 534: 532: 520: 518: 512: 502: 500: 495: 493: 483: 481: 476: 474: 464: 462: 457: 455: 445: 443: 438: 436: 426: 424: 419: 417: 407: 405: 400: 398: 386: 384: 379:Chiang Kai-shek 372: 370: 347: 345: 333: 321: 308: 295: 293: 283: 281: 268: 239: 233:Chinese victory 225: 224: 185: 162:Battle of Wuhan 150:Victims of the 121: 120: 119: 118: 117: 109: 108: 99: 98: 97: 89: 88: 79: 78: 77: 69: 68: 48:Pacific theatre 44:interwar period 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23780: 23770: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23754: 23749: 23744: 23739: 23734: 23732:1940s in Japan 23729: 23727:1930s in Japan 23724: 23719: 23717:1940s in China 23714: 23712:1930s in China 23709: 23707:Tunnel warfare 23704: 23699: 23694: 23689: 23684: 23679: 23674: 23669: 23664: 23659: 23642: 23641: 23639: 23638: 23633: 23627: 23625: 23621: 23620: 23618: 23617: 23612: 23607: 23602: 23597: 23592: 23587: 23582: 23581: 23580: 23569: 23567: 23563: 23562: 23559: 23558: 23556: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23538:Teoh Beng Hock 23535: 23530: 23525: 23520: 23515: 23513:Jiansheng Chen 23510: 23505: 23500: 23495: 23490: 23485: 23480: 23474: 23472: 23468: 23467: 23465: 23464: 23459: 23457:Velma Demerson 23454: 23449: 23444: 23438: 23436: 23432: 23431: 23429: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23413: 23408: 23406:Chae Chan Ping 23402: 23400: 23393: 23389: 23388: 23385: 23384: 23382: 23381: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23350: 23349: 23334: 23329: 23324: 23319: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23297:Wolf Amendment 23294: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23274: 23268: 23266: 23262: 23261: 23259: 23258: 23253: 23248: 23242: 23236: 23231: 23225: 23220: 23215: 23210: 23205: 23199: 23193: 23187: 23186: 23185: 23171: 23165: 23159: 23153: 23152: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23135: 23123: 23117: 23112: 23106: 23101: 23095: 23092:Beipu uprising 23089: 23083: 23076: 23074: 23070: 23069: 23067: 23066: 23060: 23054: 23049: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23027: 23022: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22996: 22991: 22985: 22979: 22974: 22968: 22963: 22957: 22952: 22946: 22940: 22933: 22931: 22927: 22926: 22924: 22923: 22918: 22912: 22910: 22906: 22905: 22903: 22902: 22897: 22892: 22885: 22883: 22876: 22872: 22871: 22869: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22848: 22842: 22840: 22839:By institution 22836: 22835: 22833: 22832: 22827: 22826: 22825: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22790: 22785: 22784: 22783: 22778: 22768: 22763: 22758: 22757: 22756: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22730: 22728: 22724: 22723: 22721: 22720: 22715: 22710: 22705: 22700: 22695: 22690: 22684: 22682: 22678: 22677: 22675: 22674: 22669: 22668: 22667: 22657: 22656: 22655: 22650: 22640: 22634: 22632: 22628: 22627: 22619: 22618: 22611: 22604: 22596: 22587: 22586: 22574: 22571: 22570: 22568: 22567: 22560: 22553: 22546: 22539: 22532: 22525: 22518: 22511: 22504: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22402: 22397: 22392: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22302: 22297: 22292: 22287: 22286: 22285: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22254: 22253: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22232: 22231: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22188: 22186: 22182: 22181: 22179: 22178: 22173: 22163: 22162: 22161: 22151: 22146: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22125: 22123: 22119: 22118: 22116: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22038:Wolf Amendment 22035: 22030: 22025: 22020: 22015: 22010: 22009: 22008: 21998: 21993: 21988: 21983: 21977: 21975: 21971: 21970: 21968: 21967: 21962: 21961: 21960: 21955: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21910: 21909: 21908: 21901:Yangtze Patrol 21897: 21895: 21889: 21888: 21886: 21885: 21880: 21875: 21870: 21869: 21868: 21858: 21857: 21856: 21855: 21854: 21844: 21839: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21792: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21775: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21725: 21720: 21719: 21718: 21713: 21703: 21701:Yinhe incident 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21672: 21671: 21661: 21656: 21651: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21629:Rover incident 21625: 21623: 21619: 21618: 21616: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21604: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21592: 21591: 21576: 21575: 21574: 21564: 21559: 21558: 21557: 21552: 21541: 21539: 21535: 21534: 21532: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21506: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21490: 21489: 21479: 21478: 21477: 21472: 21470:Harvey Feldman 21467: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21435: 21430: 21429: 21428: 21423: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21402: 21401: 21396: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21365: 21363: 21357: 21356: 21354: 21353: 21352: 21351: 21341: 21340: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21306: 21305: 21304: 21299: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21270: 21268: 21264: 21263: 21242: 21241: 21234: 21227: 21219: 21210: 21209: 21197: 21194: 21193: 21191: 21190: 21183: 21176: 21169: 21164: 21159: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21142:Kosei Fukunaga 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21093: 21092: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21027: 21025: 21021: 21020: 21018: 21017: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21005: 20995: 20990: 20988:Jinan incident 20985: 20980: 20979: 20978: 20968: 20967: 20966: 20956: 20951: 20950: 20949: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20918: 20916: 20912: 20911: 20909: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20897: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20866: 20861: 20860: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20789: 20788: 20787: 20776: 20774: 20770: 20769: 20767: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20750: 20749: 20739: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20709: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20688: 20686: 20682: 20681: 20679: 20678: 20672: 20670: 20666: 20665: 20644: 20643: 20636: 20629: 20621: 20612: 20611: 20609: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20593: 20588: 20583: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20553: 20548: 20542: 20540: 20536: 20535: 20532: 20531: 20529: 20528: 20527: 20526: 20515: 20513: 20509: 20508: 20506: 20505: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20470: 20465: 20459: 20457: 20451: 20450: 20448: 20447: 20442: 20440:State of Burma 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20411: 20409: 20405: 20404: 20402: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20381: 20368: 20366: 20359: 20355: 20354: 20351: 20350: 20348: 20347: 20342: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20266:Musha Incident 20263: 20258: 20256:Jinan incident 20253: 20247: 20245: 20239: 20238: 20236: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20205: 20200: 20195: 20190: 20189: 20188: 20177: 20175: 20169: 20168: 20166: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20130: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20113:Beipu uprising 20110: 20104: 20102: 20097: 20091: 20087: 20086: 20083: 20082: 20080: 20079: 20077:Treaty Faction 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20048: 20046: 20041: 20038: 20037: 20035: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20007:Imperial Guard 20004: 19999: 19994: 19988: 19986: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19975: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19954: 19949: 19948: 19947: 19932: 19931: 19930: 19925: 19914: 19912: 19907: 19901: 19897: 19896: 19893: 19892: 19890: 19889: 19888: 19887: 19882: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19856: 19854: 19847: 19844: 19843: 19841: 19840: 19835: 19830: 19825: 19820: 19815: 19810: 19805: 19800: 19795: 19790: 19785: 19780: 19774: 19772: 19767:Administration 19765: 19759: 19755: 19754: 19752: 19751: 19746: 19741: 19736: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19660: 19658: 19654: 19653: 19651: 19650: 19645: 19644: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19618: 19613: 19607: 19605: 19601: 19600: 19598: 19597: 19589: 19581: 19572: 19570: 19566: 19565: 19558: 19556: 19554: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19532: 19531: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19465: 19463: 19459: 19458: 19451: 19450: 19443: 19436: 19428: 19419: 19418: 19416: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19380: 19374: 19372: 19366: 19365: 19363: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19351: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19333:British Empire 19328:United Kingdom 19325: 19320: 19315: 19314: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19301:Basque Country 19293: 19292: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19191: 19186: 19181: 19180: 19179: 19177:Basque Country 19174: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19147:Czechoslovakia 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19123: 19121: 19117: 19116: 19114: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19047: 19046: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19025: 19024: 19019: 19009: 19008: 19007: 18997: 18992: 18986: 18984: 18980: 18979: 18977: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18940: 18938: 18934: 18933: 18931: 18930: 18929: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18903: 18893: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18862: 18860: 18856: 18855: 18853: 18852: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18831: 18830: 18825: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18759: 18757: 18753: 18752: 18745: 18744: 18737: 18730: 18722: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18709: 18702: 18695: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18671: 18670: 18668: 18667: 18666: 18665: 18658: 18651: 18637: 18636: 18635: 18621: 18618:South Sakhalin 18614: 18613: 18612: 18598: 18591: 18584: 18577: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18554: 18547: 18540: 18533: 18526: 18519: 18512: 18505: 18498: 18491: 18484: 18477: 18470: 18463: 18455: 18453: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18443: 18436: 18435: 18434: 18418: 18411: 18410: 18409: 18395: 18388: 18381: 18374: 18367: 18358: 18349: 18342: 18333: 18326: 18319: 18312: 18303: 18296: 18289: 18282: 18275: 18268: 18261: 18252: 18245: 18236: 18227: 18218: 18211: 18204: 18193: 18183: 18181: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18171: 18164: 18163: 18162: 18155: 18141: 18134: 18127: 18120: 18113: 18112: 18111: 18097: 18090: 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18043:Battle of Attu 18039: 18032: 18024: 18022: 18016: 18015: 18013: 18012: 18005: 17996: 17989: 17982: 17973: 17966: 17959: 17952: 17943: 17942: 17941: 17934: 17920: 17913: 17906: 17899: 17892: 17885: 17878: 17871: 17864: 17857: 17849: 17847: 17841: 17840: 17838: 17837: 17830: 17823: 17816: 17809: 17802: 17795: 17792:Battle of Guam 17788: 17781: 17774: 17767: 17760: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17715:Battle of Kiev 17711: 17704: 17690: 17689: 17688: 17674: 17667: 17660: 17653: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17630: 17623: 17616: 17608: 17606: 17600: 17599: 17597: 17596: 17587: 17580: 17573: 17566: 17559: 17552: 17545: 17538: 17531: 17524: 17517: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17460: 17458: 17452: 17451: 17449: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17427: 17420: 17413: 17406: 17398: 17396: 17390: 17389: 17387: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17342: 17341: 17340: 17333: 17319: 17318: 17317: 17302: 17300: 17291: 17285: 17284: 17281: 17280: 17278: 17277: 17270: 17263: 17262: 17261: 17254: 17242: 17241: 17240: 17226: 17219: 17218: 17217: 17214:United Kingdom 17210: 17203: 17202: 17201: 17182: 17174: 17172: 17166: 17165: 17163: 17162: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17146: 17134: 17127: 17120: 17113: 17106: 17099: 17092: 17085: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17057: 17050: 17043: 17036: 17035: 17034: 17027: 17013: 17006: 16999: 16992: 16985: 16978: 16971: 16964: 16957: 16950: 16943: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16915: 16908: 16900: 16898: 16892: 16891: 16889: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16839: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16810: 16808: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16798: 16791: 16784: 16777: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16731: 16724: 16717: 16710: 16703: 16696: 16688: 16681: 16674: 16666: 16658: 16656: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16646: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16618:British Empire 16611:United Kingdom 16607: 16600: 16593: 16586: 16579: 16572: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16518: 16511: 16504: 16492: 16485: 16478: 16471: 16464: 16452: 16444: 16437: 16430: 16427:Czechoslovakia 16423: 16416: 16409: 16402: 16390: 16383: 16376: 16369: 16361: 16359: 16350: 16344: 16343: 16340: 16339: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16327: 16324:Rape of Manila 16320: 16313: 16306: 16295: 16280: 16273: 16261: 16254: 16253: 16252: 16245: 16231: 16230: 16229: 16222: 16215: 16201: 16194: 16193: 16192: 16185: 16184: 16183: 16176: 16162: 16155: 16141: 16140: 16139: 16132: 16125: 16110: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16095:United Nations 16091: 16084: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16040: 16031: 16022: 16015: 16008: 16001: 15992: 15985: 15978: 15971: 15964: 15957: 15954:Decolonization 15950: 15943: 15935: 15933: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15923: 15916: 15915: 15914: 15900: 15893: 15892: 15891: 15884: 15877: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15854: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15803: 15788: 15786: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15769: 15762: 15755: 15748: 15741: 15734: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15718: 15704: 15697: 15690: 15683: 15676: 15669: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15646: 15639: 15638: 15637: 15630: 15627:United Kingdom 15623: 15609: 15602: 15595: 15588: 15581: 15574: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15550: 15548: 15539: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15531: 15524: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15508: 15501: 15489: 15488: 15487: 15473: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15454: 15453: 15446: 15439: 15431: 15422: 15421: 15419: 15418: 15408: 15398: 15387: 15384: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15372: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15308: 15306: 15302: 15301: 15299: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15277: 15275: 15271: 15270: 15268: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15241: 15239: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15195: 15193: 15185: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15179:Related topics 15176: 15168: 15167: 15164: 15163: 15161: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15105: 15104: 15101: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14940:Xi'an Incident 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14916: 14914: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14870: 14868: 14864: 14863: 14861: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14733:Wuhan campaign 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14704: 14702: 14694: 14693: 14683: 14682: 14679: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14668: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14650:Koshirō Oikawa 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14585: 14583: 14576: 14572: 14571: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14527:Demchugdongrub 14524: 14519: 14514: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14472:Kantarō Suzuki 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14442:Fumimaro Konoe 14439: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14372: 14370: 14363: 14359: 14358: 14355: 14354: 14352: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14335: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14311: 14310: 14309: 14307:Naval Infantry 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14278: 14276: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14246: 14245: 14244: 14243: 14242: 14232: 14227: 14216: 14214: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14197: 14196: 14194: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14152: 14150: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14117: 14115: 14108: 14100: 14099: 14089: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14069:Xi'an Incident 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14014:Battle of Rehe 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13979:Nanjing decade 13975: 13972: 13971: 13961: 13960: 13952: 13951: 13944: 13937: 13929: 13923: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13892: 13886: 13880: 13875: 13856: 13849: 13844: 13835: 13834:External links 13832: 13830: 13829: 13810: 13801: 13795: 13780: 13762: 13747: 13730: 13724: 13709: 13680: 13673: 13663: 13656: 13638: 13620: 13603: 13596: 13583: 13568: 13551: 13536: 13527: 13520: 13507: 13496: 13490: 13477: 13460: 13447: 13441: 13418: 13412: 13399: 13385: 13368: 13362: 13338: 13328: 13319: 13304: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13279: 13260: 13240: 13210: 13191: 13171: 13136: 13117: 13097: 13066: 13047: 13027: 13008: 12988: 12975: 12937: 12906: 12889: 12876: 12847: 12803: 12801:, p. 166. 12791: 12762: 12733: 12706: 12676: 12650: 12626: 12617: 12615:, p. 565. 12605: 12584: 12570: 12552: 12522: 12503: 12475: 12446: 12431: 12413: 12401: 12394: 12371: 12362: 12347: 12321: 12295: 12293:, 2001, p. 364 12277: 12262: 12238: 12219: 12200: 12181: 12170:Mackerras 2003 12162: 12147:. March 2007. 12132: 12121: 12089: 12067: 12036: 12009: 11983: 11974: 11964: 11945: 11916: 11901: 11882: 11869: 11843: 11820: 11775: 11747: 11716: 11697: 11677: 11658: 11638: 11619: 11599: 11580: 11560: 11531: 11502: 11461: 11447: 11419: 11400: 11380: 11354: 11347: 11327: 11313: 11293: 11274: 11254: 11247: 11227: 11220: 11194: 11187: 11167: 11160: 11140: 11133: 11113: 11096: 11070: 11063: 11036: 11002: 10967: 10960: 10942: 10937:www.iwm.org.uk 10924: 10892: 10863: 10837:(3): 408–430. 10817: 10776: 10744: 10712: 10680: 10651: 10634: 10617: 10600: 10597:. p. 266. 10583: 10574: 10565: 10539: 10533:978-1444395174 10532: 10514: 10497: 10495:, p. 156. 10485: 10472: 10456: 10440: 10424: 10398: 10368: 10338: 10308: 10278: 10248: 10214: 10187: 10157: 10155:, p. 420. 10145: 10133: 10121: 10114: 10080: 10068: 10056: 10049: 10028: 10016: 10004: 9991: 9973:978-0520934603 9972: 9952: 9948:Hidden Horrors 9939: 9932: 9914: 9907: 9889: 9870: 9850: 9831: 9811: 9792: 9772: 9765: 9739: 9715: 9713:, p. 259. 9703: 9684: 9657:(2): 307–326. 9634: 9607: 9579: 9566: 9553: 9519: 9503: 9480: 9462:978-0199780549 9461: 9441: 9426: 9411: 9394: 9372: 9353: 9334: 9315: 9306: 9287:(4): 287–297. 9271: 9255: 9240: 9225: 9210: 9195: 9180: 9178:, p. 168. 9168: 9153: 9141: 9126: 9103: 9050: 9023: 9010: 8984: 8977: 8919: 8910: 8893:air.mnd.gov.tw 8880: 8873: 8855: 8825: 8795: 8765: 8746: 8726: 8710: 8703: 8683: 8656: 8623: 8591: 8584: 8547: 8528: 8515: 8502: 8490: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8444: 8432: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8381: 8372: 8360:news.ifeng.com 8347: 8300: 8293: 8275: 8263: 8237: 8207: 8163: 8120: 8107: 8090: 8075: 8044: 8025: 8005: 7989: 7970: 7950: 7931: 7911: 7880: 7849: 7847:, p. 171. 7837: 7817:10.2307/132824 7811:(2): 295–363, 7795: 7770: 7744: 7735: 7711: 7702: 7671: 7652: 7643: 7602: 7571: 7536: 7523: 7511: 7504: 7486: 7474: 7455: 7436: 7429: 7411: 7409:, p. 535. 7399: 7380: 7360: 7351: 7344: 7327: 7320: 7302: 7283: 7263: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7165: 7149: 7146: 7141:Main article: 7138: 7135: 7078: 7075: 7052:bubonic plague 6961: 6958: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6880:Rudolph Rummel 6877: 6870: 6863: 6860:Yasuji Okamura 6848: 6844: 6835: 6823: 6818: 6815: 6797: 6794: 6785: 6784:Commemorations 6782: 6774:Main article: 6771: 6768: 6759:Main article: 6756: 6753: 6727:(DPP) won the 6646:Main article: 6643: 6640: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6562: 6559: 6555:mainland China 6510:Main article: 6507: 6504: 6471:were present. 6469:Hsu Yung-chang 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6395:Tibetan Empire 6382: 6379: 6365:, Ma Hongbin, 6320:Main article: 6317: 6314: 6270: 6267: 6190: 6187: 6065: 6064:United Kingdom 6062: 5980:Robert Craigie 5938: 5935: 5933: 5932:Western allies 5930: 5885: 5882: 5877:Some divisions 5849:Main article: 5846: 5843: 5826:Hazel Ying Lee 5811: 5808: 5801:Lend-Lease Act 5767: 5764: 5748: 5745: 5709:Chinese troops 5677:Main article: 5674: 5671: 5639:Mahatma Gandhi 5630:Burma Campaign 5591:island hopping 5510:Doolittle Raid 5468:Four Policemen 5413: 5410: 5361:8th Route Army 5326:Northeast Army 5305: 5302: 5219:Local Chinese 5191: 5188: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5142: 5139: 5128:Western Europe 5114: 5111: 5059:modern warfare 5025: 5024: 4975: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4910:scorched earth 4904:Zhongmu County 4836: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4784: 4781: 4748: 4745: 4711:house-to-house 4702: 4699: 4689: 4686: 4643:Main article: 4640: 4637: 4509:Zhang Zhizhong 4474:Main article: 4471: 4468: 4459:racial epithet 4444:Ōyama Incident 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4393:Boxer Protocol 4363:announced the 4347:Main article: 4344: 4341: 4309:Inner Mongolia 4285:huáběitèshūhùa 4282:; pinyin: 4278:(Chinese: 4272:Specialization 4234:to defeat the 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4095: 4092: 4068:Main article: 4065: 4062: 4054:Zhang Xueliang 4042:Main article: 4039: 4036: 4026:Jinan incident 4024:Main article: 4021: 4020:Jinan incident 4018: 3966:Main article: 3963: 3960: 3908: 3905: 3885:Russian Empire 3828:Main article: 3825: 3822: 3817:Main article: 3814: 3811: 3740:Fumimaro Konoe 3700: 3697: 3540: 3537: 3450:Lend-Lease Act 3263: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3248:Nittyuu sensou 3246: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3201:Transcriptions 3194: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3105:Transcriptions 3098: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3038:Transcriptions 3031: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2971:Transcriptions 2964: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2904:Transcriptions 2897: 2896: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2837:Transcriptions 2830: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2756:Transcriptions 2749: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2654:Baltic Nations 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2388: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2361: 2356: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2308: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2209:Ganghwa (1875) 2206: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2179: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2078: 2076:South Sakhalin 2073: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1833: 1831:Malacca Strait 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789:Southeast Asia 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1762: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1699:Doolittle Raid 1696: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586:Guilin–Liuzhou 1582: 1577: 1563: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1537: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1523: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1250: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1231: 1229:Beiping–Hankou 1223: 1222: 1221: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1168:Inner Mongolia 1165: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1008:Burma campaign 1004: 998: 997: 996: 993: 990: 965: 964: 963: 962: 961: 958:Burma campaign 951: 948: 945: 920: 918: 916: 915: 914: 913: 910: 907: 904:Burma campaign 894: 893: 892: 891: 890: 881: 880: 879: 873: 870: 869:87,208 missing 867: 864: 840: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 827: 818: 817: 816: 810: 807: 804: 779: 776: 775: 771: 770: 768: 767: 736: 735: 734: 731:Burma campaign 727: 724: 723:600,000 (1937) 705: 693: 691: 690: 689: 688: 685: 684:488,744 (1940) 682: 681:166,700 (1938) 679: 678:640,000 (1937) 661: 660: 659: 656: 653: 630: 617: 616: 612: 611: 609: 608: 596: 584: 572: 570:Yasuji Okamura 560: 548: 530: 515: 513: 511: 510: 491: 472: 453: 434: 415: 396: 382: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 357: 356: 343: 331: 305: 304: 303: 291: 264: 263: 259: 258: 255: 254: 241: 235: 234: 231: 227: 226: 223: 222: 217: 212: 210:Mainland China 206: 205: 203: 199: 198: 195: 187: 186: 184: 183: 174: 164: 158: 148: 139: 125: 111: 110: 102: 101: 100: 91: 90: 82: 81: 80: 71: 70: 62: 61: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23779: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23753: 23750: 23748: 23745: 23743: 23740: 23738: 23735: 23733: 23730: 23728: 23725: 23723: 23720: 23718: 23715: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23705: 23703: 23700: 23698: 23695: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23685: 23683: 23680: 23678: 23675: 23673: 23670: 23668: 23665: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23654: 23652: 23637: 23634: 23632: 23629: 23628: 23626: 23622: 23616: 23613: 23611: 23608: 23606: 23603: 23601: 23598: 23596: 23593: 23591: 23588: 23586: 23583: 23579: 23576: 23575: 23574: 23571: 23570: 23568: 23564: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23516: 23514: 23511: 23509: 23506: 23504: 23501: 23499: 23496: 23494: 23491: 23489: 23486: 23484: 23481: 23479: 23476: 23475: 23473: 23469: 23463: 23460: 23458: 23455: 23453: 23450: 23448: 23445: 23443: 23440: 23439: 23437: 23433: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23417: 23414: 23412: 23411:Fong Yue Ting 23409: 23407: 23404: 23403: 23401: 23397: 23394: 23390: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23348: 23345: 23344: 23342: 23341:Trump tariffs 23338: 23335: 23333: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23323: 23320: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23269: 23267: 23263: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23246: 23243: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23229: 23226: 23224: 23221: 23219: 23216: 23214: 23211: 23209: 23206: 23203: 23200: 23197: 23194: 23191: 23188: 23183: 23180: 23179: 23177: 23176: 23172: 23169: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23157: 23154: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23139: 23136: 23133: 23130: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23121: 23118: 23116: 23113: 23111:(1920s–1930s) 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23099: 23096: 23093: 23090: 23087: 23084: 23081: 23078: 23077: 23075: 23071: 23064: 23061: 23058: 23055: 23053: 23050: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23031: 23028: 23026: 23023: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22989: 22986: 22983: 22980: 22978: 22975: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22950: 22947: 22944: 22941: 22938: 22937:Buckland Riot 22935: 22934: 22932: 22928: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22913: 22911: 22907: 22901: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22890: 22887: 22886: 22884: 22880: 22877: 22873: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22847: 22844: 22843: 22841: 22837: 22831: 22828: 22824: 22821: 22820: 22819: 22818:United States 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22789: 22786: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22773: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22755: 22752: 22751: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22735: 22732: 22731: 22729: 22725: 22719: 22716: 22714: 22711: 22709: 22706: 22704: 22701: 22699: 22698:Denis Kearney 22696: 22694: 22691: 22689: 22686: 22685: 22683: 22681:By persecutor 22679: 22673: 22670: 22666: 22663: 22662: 22661: 22658: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22645: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22635: 22633: 22629: 22624: 22617: 22612: 22610: 22605: 22603: 22598: 22597: 22594: 22584: 22583: 22572: 22566: 22565: 22561: 22559: 22558: 22554: 22552: 22551: 22547: 22545: 22544: 22540: 22538: 22537: 22533: 22531: 22530: 22526: 22524: 22523: 22519: 22517: 22516: 22512: 22510: 22509: 22505: 22503: 22502: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22401: 22398: 22396: 22393: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22301: 22298: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22284: 22281: 22280: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22268:China watcher 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22252: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22244: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22230: 22229: 22225: 22224: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22198: 22195: 22193: 22190: 22189: 22187: 22183: 22177: 22174: 22171: 22170:Trump tariffs 22167: 22164: 22160: 22157: 22156: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22126: 22124: 22120: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22048:EQUITABLE Act 22046: 22044: 22041: 22039: 22036: 22034: 22031: 22029: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22014: 22011: 22007: 22004: 22003: 22002: 21999: 21997: 21994: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21972: 21966: 21963: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21948:Flying Tigers 21946: 21944: 21943:Dixie Mission 21941: 21939: 21938:China Marines 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21915: 21914: 21911: 21907: 21904: 21903: 21902: 21899: 21898: 21896: 21894: 21890: 21884: 21881: 21879: 21876: 21874: 21871: 21867: 21864: 21863: 21862: 21859: 21853: 21850: 21849: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21834: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21801: 21798: 21797: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21784: 21781: 21780: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21724: 21721: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21708: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21670: 21667: 21666: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21657: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21626: 21624: 21620: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21590: 21587: 21586: 21585: 21582: 21581: 21580: 21577: 21573: 21570: 21569: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21556: 21553: 21551: 21548: 21547: 21546: 21543: 21542: 21540: 21536: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21488: 21485: 21484: 21483: 21480: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21465: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21440: 21439: 21436: 21434: 21431: 21427: 21424: 21422: 21421:Loss of China 21419: 21418: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21391: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21366: 21364: 21362: 21358: 21350: 21347: 21346: 21345: 21342: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21309: 21307: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21294: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21271: 21269: 21265: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21240: 21235: 21233: 21228: 21226: 21221: 21220: 21217: 21207: 21206: 21195: 21189: 21188: 21184: 21182: 21181: 21177: 21175: 21174: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21147:Yang Shoujing 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21091: 21088: 21087: 21086: 21083: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21065: 21064: 21061: 21057: 21054: 21053: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21022: 21016: 21013: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 21000: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20977: 20974: 20973: 20972: 20969: 20965: 20962: 20961: 20960: 20957: 20955: 20952: 20948: 20945: 20944: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20919: 20917: 20913: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20871: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20794: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20783: 20782: 20781: 20778: 20777: 20775: 20771: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20748: 20745: 20744: 20743: 20740: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20708: 20705: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20689: 20687: 20683: 20677: 20674: 20673: 20671: 20667: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20642: 20637: 20635: 20630: 20628: 20623: 20622: 20619: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20584: 20582: 20579: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20551:Fukoku kyōhei 20549: 20547: 20544: 20543: 20541: 20537: 20525: 20522: 20521: 20520: 20517: 20516: 20514: 20510: 20504: 20501: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20460: 20458: 20456: 20452: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20412: 20410: 20408:Puppet states 20406: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20379: 20378: 20373: 20370: 20369: 20367: 20363: 20360: 20356: 20346: 20343: 20340: 20336: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20248: 20246: 20244: 20240: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20204: 20201: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20187: 20184: 20183: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20176: 20174: 20170: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20095: 20092: 20088: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20072:Fleet Faction 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20052:General Staff 20050: 20049: 20047: 20044: 20039: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19992:General Staff 19990: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19979: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19953: 19950: 19946: 19945:military code 19944: 19940: 19939: 19938: 19937: 19933: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19920: 19919: 19916: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19905: 19902: 19898: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19877: 19876: 19875:Imperial Diet 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19865:Privy Council 19863: 19861: 19858: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19845: 19839: 19836: 19834: 19831: 19829: 19826: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19814: 19811: 19809: 19806: 19804: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19783:Home Ministry 19781: 19779: 19776: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19763: 19760: 19756: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19740: 19737: 19735: 19732: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19661: 19659: 19655: 19649: 19646: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19626:Imperial Seal 19624: 19623: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19611:Flag of Japan 19609: 19608: 19606: 19602: 19596: 19590: 19588: 19582: 19580: 19574: 19573: 19571: 19567: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19530: 19527: 19526: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19466: 19464: 19460: 19456: 19449: 19444: 19442: 19437: 19435: 19430: 19429: 19426: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19375: 19373: 19367: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19330: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19298: 19297: 19294: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19224:Liechtenstein 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19199: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19118: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19045: 19042: 19041: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19014: 19013: 19010: 19006: 19003: 19002: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18981: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18959:Latin America 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18941: 18939: 18937:South America 18935: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18897: 18896:United States 18894: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18863: 18861: 18859:North America 18857: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18763:Belgian Congo 18761: 18760: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18743: 18738: 18736: 18731: 18729: 18724: 18723: 18720: 18707: 18703: 18700: 18696: 18693: 18692: 18687: 18680: 18679: 18676: 18663: 18659: 18656: 18652: 18649: 18645: 18644: 18642: 18638: 18633: 18629: 18628: 18626: 18625:Kuril Islands 18622: 18619: 18615: 18610: 18606: 18605: 18603: 18599: 18596: 18592: 18589: 18585: 18582: 18578: 18575: 18571: 18566: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18552: 18548: 18545: 18541: 18538: 18534: 18531: 18527: 18524: 18520: 18517: 18513: 18510: 18506: 18503: 18499: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18475: 18471: 18468: 18464: 18461: 18457: 18456: 18454: 18452: 18448: 18441: 18437: 18432: 18431: 18426: 18425: 18423: 18419: 18416: 18412: 18407: 18403: 18402: 18400: 18396: 18393: 18392:Syrmian Front 18389: 18386: 18382: 18379: 18375: 18372: 18368: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18350: 18347: 18343: 18340: 18339: 18338:Market Garden 18334: 18331: 18327: 18324: 18320: 18317: 18313: 18310: 18309: 18304: 18301: 18297: 18294: 18290: 18287: 18283: 18280: 18276: 18273: 18269: 18266: 18262: 18259: 18258: 18253: 18250: 18246: 18243: 18242: 18237: 18234: 18233: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18219: 18216: 18212: 18209: 18205: 18202: 18198: 18197:Monte Cassino 18194: 18191: 18190: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18180: 18176: 18169: 18165: 18160: 18156: 18153: 18149: 18148: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18128: 18125: 18121: 18118: 18114: 18109: 18105: 18104: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18082: 18079: 18075: 18072: 18068: 18065: 18061: 18058: 18054: 18051: 18047: 18044: 18040: 18037: 18033: 18030: 18026: 18025: 18023: 18021: 18017: 18010: 18006: 18003: 18002: 17997: 17994: 17990: 17987: 17983: 17980: 17979: 17974: 17971: 17967: 17964: 17960: 17957: 17953: 17950: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17935: 17932: 17928: 17927: 17925: 17921: 17918: 17914: 17911: 17907: 17904: 17900: 17897: 17893: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17879: 17876: 17872: 17869: 17865: 17862: 17858: 17855: 17851: 17850: 17848: 17846: 17842: 17835: 17831: 17828: 17824: 17821: 17817: 17814: 17810: 17807: 17803: 17800: 17796: 17793: 17789: 17786: 17782: 17779: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17747: 17744: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17730: 17726: 17723: 17719: 17716: 17712: 17709: 17705: 17701: 17700: 17695: 17691: 17686: 17682: 17681: 17679: 17675: 17672: 17668: 17665: 17661: 17658: 17654: 17651: 17647: 17642: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17631: 17628: 17624: 17621: 17617: 17614: 17610: 17609: 17607: 17605: 17601: 17594: 17593: 17588: 17585: 17581: 17578: 17574: 17571: 17567: 17564: 17563:Baltic states 17560: 17557: 17553: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17539: 17536: 17532: 17529: 17525: 17522: 17518: 17515: 17511: 17508: 17504: 17501: 17497: 17494: 17490: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17469: 17466: 17462: 17461: 17459: 17457: 17453: 17446: 17442: 17439: 17435: 17432: 17428: 17425: 17421: 17418: 17414: 17411: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17395: 17391: 17382: 17378: 17375: 17371: 17368: 17364: 17361: 17357: 17354: 17350: 17349: 17347: 17343: 17338: 17334: 17331: 17327: 17326: 17324: 17320: 17315: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17299: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17286: 17275: 17271: 17268: 17264: 17259: 17255: 17252: 17248: 17247: 17243: 17238: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17227: 17224: 17220: 17215: 17211: 17208: 17207:United States 17204: 17199: 17195: 17194: 17192: 17188: 17187: 17183: 17180: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17171: 17167: 17160: 17156: 17151: 17147: 17144: 17143:Quốc dân Đảng 17140: 17139: 17135: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17121: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17097: 17093: 17090: 17086: 17083: 17079: 17076: 17072: 17069: 17065: 17062: 17058: 17055: 17051: 17048: 17044: 17041: 17037: 17032: 17028: 17025: 17021: 17020: 17018: 17014: 17011: 17007: 17004: 17000: 16997: 16993: 16990: 16986: 16983: 16979: 16976: 16972: 16969: 16965: 16962: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16934: 16930: 16927: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16909: 16906: 16902: 16901: 16899: 16897: 16893: 16886: 16882: 16879: 16875: 16872: 16868: 16865: 16861: 16858: 16854: 16851: 16847: 16844: 16843:Liechtenstein 16840: 16837: 16833: 16830: 16826: 16823: 16819: 16816: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16807: 16803: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16770: 16767: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16744: 16740: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16718: 16715: 16711: 16708: 16704: 16701: 16697: 16693: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16675: 16671: 16667: 16664: 16660: 16659: 16657: 16655: 16651: 16644: 16640: 16635: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16627:United States 16624: 16619: 16615: 16614: 16612: 16608: 16605: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16565: 16561: 16558: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16544: 16540: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16519: 16516: 16512: 16509: 16505: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16479: 16476: 16472: 16469: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16449: 16445: 16442: 16438: 16435: 16431: 16428: 16424: 16421: 16417: 16414: 16410: 16407: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16391: 16388: 16384: 16381: 16377: 16374: 16370: 16367: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16358: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16345: 16332: 16328: 16325: 16321: 16318: 16317:Comfort women 16314: 16311: 16307: 16304: 16301: / 16300: 16296: 16293: 16290: / 16289: 16286: / 16285: 16281: 16278: 16277:Camp brothels 16274: 16271: 16267: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16255: 16250: 16246: 16243: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16232: 16227: 16223: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16206: 16202: 16199: 16195: 16190: 16186: 16181: 16177: 16174: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166:The Holocaust 16163: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16152:forced labour 16149: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16137: 16133: 16130: 16126: 16123: 16119: 16118: 16116: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16103: 16096: 16092: 16089: 16085: 16082: 16078: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16062: 16059: 16055: 16052: 16048: 16047: 16045: 16041: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16029: 16028: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16009: 16006: 16005:Marshall Plan 16002: 15999: 15998: 15993: 15990: 15986: 15983: 15979: 15976: 15972: 15969: 15965: 15962: 15958: 15955: 15951: 15948: 15944: 15941: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15932: 15928: 15921: 15917: 15912: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15894: 15889: 15885: 15882: 15878: 15875: 15871: 15870: 15868: 15864: 15859: 15858:Eastern Front 15855: 15852: 15851:Western Front 15848: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15836: 15832: 15829: 15825: 15822: 15818: 15815: 15811: 15808: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15787: 15785: 15781: 15774: 15770: 15767: 15763: 15760: 15756: 15753: 15749: 15746: 15745:Puppet states 15742: 15739: 15735: 15732: 15728: 15723: 15719: 15716: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15705: 15702: 15698: 15695: 15691: 15688: 15687:Naval history 15684: 15681: 15677: 15674: 15670: 15667: 15663: 15658: 15654: 15653: 15651: 15647: 15644: 15640: 15635: 15634:United States 15631: 15628: 15624: 15621: 15617: 15616: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15593: 15589: 15586: 15582: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15563: 15559: 15558: 15556: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15540: 15536: 15529: 15525: 15522: 15518: 15513: 15509: 15506: 15502: 15499: 15495: 15494: 15490: 15485: 15481: 15480: 15478: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15466: 15463: 15459: 15452: 15447: 15445: 15440: 15438: 15433: 15432: 15429: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15397: 15389: 15388: 15385: 15371:Stubborn Army 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15362:Dixie Mission 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15303: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15278: 15276: 15272: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15255:Flying Tigers 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15236: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15178: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15120: 15117: 15110: 15106: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15048: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14911: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867:Major Battles 14865: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14691:Course of War 14688: 14684: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14611: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14580: 14577: 14573: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14552:Liang Hongzhi 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14517:Zhang Jinghui 14515: 14513: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14502:Zengo Yoshida 14500: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14487:Shunroku Hata 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14467:Kuniaki Koiso 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14411:Zhang Wentian 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14396:Soong Tse-ven 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14364: 14360: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14277: 14273: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14147: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14131: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14112: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14094: 14090: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13976: 13973: 13966: 13962: 13957: 13950: 13945: 13943: 13938: 13936: 13931: 13930: 13927: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13901: 13897: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13854: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13842: 13838: 13837: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13807: 13802: 13798: 13796:0-670-76003-X 13792: 13788: 13787: 13781: 13769: 13765: 13763:9781781251942 13759: 13755: 13754: 13748: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13738:online review 13735: 13731: 13727: 13721: 13717: 13716: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13686: 13685:Asian Affairs 13681: 13678: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13657: 13645: 13641: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13599: 13597:0-7748-1100-5 13593: 13590:. UBC Press. 13589: 13584: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13561: 13557: 13552: 13549: 13548:0-7748-0840-3 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13521:1-874622-21-3 13517: 13513: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13491:957-13-0962-1 13487: 13483: 13478: 13475: 13471: 13468: 13463: 13461:0-87332-708-X 13457: 13453: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13434: 13431:. Cambridge: 13430: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13409: 13405: 13400: 13398: 13394: 13393:7-214-03034-9 13390: 13386: 13383: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13369: 13365: 13363:0-8014-0951-9 13359: 13355: 13350: 13349: 13343: 13339: 13337: 13334:(1941) 570pp 13333: 13329: 13327: 13325: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13302: 13301:0-674-01748-X 13298: 13294: 13290: 13289: 13267: 13263: 13261:981-261-067-7 13257: 13253: 13252: 13244: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13184: 13183: 13175: 13156: 13149: 13148: 13140: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13110: 13109: 13101: 13085: 13081: 13077: 13070: 13054: 13050: 13048:1-85109-490-3 13044: 13040: 13039: 13031: 13015: 13011: 13009:1-4020-2097-X 13005: 13001: 13000: 12992: 12985: 12979: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12963:Prince Mikasa 12960: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12946: 12941: 12926:on 8 May 2019 12925: 12921: 12917: 12910: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12886: 12880: 12864: 12860: 12859: 12851: 12832: 12825: 12824: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12800: 12795: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12766: 12750: 12746: 12745: 12737: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12699: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12680: 12664: 12660: 12654: 12638: 12637: 12630: 12621: 12614: 12609: 12602: 12598: 12594: 12588: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12567: 12561: 12559: 12557: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12510: 12506: 12504:9781315081328 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12479: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12450: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12432:9781607526599 12428: 12424: 12417: 12410: 12405: 12397: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12375: 12366: 12358: 12351: 12335: 12331: 12325: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12242: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12223: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12204: 12197: 12193: 12190: 12185: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12166: 12150: 12146: 12142: 12136: 12129: 12125: 12106: 12099: 12093: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12074: 12072: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12040: 12024: 12020: 12013: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11978: 11968: 11961: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11925:Lovell, Julia 11920: 11913: 11912: 11905: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11886: 11879: 11873: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11840: 11835: 11831: 11824: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11793: 11786: 11779: 11763: 11759: 11758: 11751: 11735: 11731: 11727: 11720: 11704: 11700: 11698:0-906026-24-5 11694: 11690: 11689: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11659:1-85207-930-4 11655: 11651: 11650: 11642: 11626: 11622: 11620:0-415-36835-9 11616: 11612: 11611: 11603: 11587: 11583: 11581:0-674-11968-1 11577: 11573: 11572: 11564: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11535: 11519: 11515: 11514: 11506: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11472: 11465: 11457: 11451: 11435: 11431: 11430: 11423: 11407: 11403: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11384: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11350: 11348:0-275-93560-4 11344: 11340: 11339: 11331: 11316: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11297: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11267: 11266: 11258: 11250: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11231: 11223: 11221:0-253-21360-6 11217: 11213: 11208: 11207: 11198: 11190: 11188:0-345-30823-9 11184: 11180: 11179: 11171: 11163: 11161:0-313-31170-6 11157: 11153: 11152: 11144: 11136: 11134:9780894532870 11130: 11126: 11125: 11117: 11110: 11099: 11097:0-231-06909-X 11093: 11089: 11084: 11083: 11074: 11066: 11064:0-8014-0951-9 11060: 11056: 11055: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11006: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10977:Asian Affairs 10971: 10963: 10961:9780709041313 10957: 10953: 10946: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10909: 10902: 10896: 10888: 10882: 10874: 10867: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10821: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10761: 10754: 10748: 10729: 10722: 10716: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10684: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10655: 10647: 10646: 10638: 10630: 10629: 10621: 10613: 10612: 10604: 10596: 10595: 10587: 10578: 10569: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10535: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10501: 10494: 10489: 10482: 10476: 10469: 10465: 10464:Mitter (2013) 10460: 10453: 10449: 10448:Mitter (2013) 10444: 10437: 10433: 10432:Mitter (2013) 10428: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10342: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10312: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10275: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10245: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10154: 10149: 10142: 10137: 10130: 10125: 10117: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10078:, p. 73. 10077: 10072: 10066:, p. 70. 10065: 10060: 10052: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10013: 10008: 10001: 10000:Asian Affairs 9995: 9979: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9956: 9949: 9946:Yuki Tanaka, 9943: 9935: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9910: 9908:0-304-29114-5 9904: 9900: 9893: 9877: 9873: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9854: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9815: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9776: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9753: 9752: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9719: 9712: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9583: 9576: 9573:Daniel Ford, 9570: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9484: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9454: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9430: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9406: 9398: 9390: 9386: 9385:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9379: 9377: 9368: 9364: 9363:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9357: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9325:功罪千秋——花园口事件研究 9319: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9275: 9269: 9265: 9259: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9229: 9221: 9214: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9137: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9077:. Ann Arbor: 9076: 9075: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9038: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8980: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8914: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8876: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8753: 8749: 8747:0-520-20761-0 8743: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8723: 8722:, p. 85. 8721: 8717:Lei, Bryant. 8714: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8687: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8612: 8611:j.ctv9zckzn.9 8608: 8605:. Routledge. 8604: 8603: 8595: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8519: 8512: 8506: 8500:, p. 83. 8499: 8494: 8485: 8479:, p. 82. 8478: 8473: 8467:, p. 79. 8466: 8461: 8454: 8448: 8442:, p. 57. 8441: 8436: 8430:, p. 33. 8429: 8424: 8415: 8406: 8399:(in Chinese). 8398: 8391: 8385: 8376: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8304: 8296: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8267: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8225: 8221: 8220:History Today 8217: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8178: 8177:The Economist 8173: 8167: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8111: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8086: 8079: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8019:. Macmillan. 8018: 8017: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7997:Mitter (2013) 7993: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7954: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7915: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7868: 7864: 7863:Vancouver Sun 7860: 7853: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7739: 7732: 7731:0-88738-417-X 7728: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7706: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7617: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7599: 7598:0-88738-417-X 7595: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7530: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7505:7-80054-595-4 7501: 7490: 7484:, p. 72. 7483: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7387: 7383: 7381:1-56324-246-X 7377: 7373: 7372: 7364: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7331: 7323: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7267: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7177: 7166: 7163: 7152: 7144: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7092: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7054:. During the 7053: 7050:carrying the 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6991:According to 6988: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6934:John W. Dower 6931: 6930: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6856:sanko sakusen 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6833: 6828: 6825:The official 6824: 6821: 6820: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6793: 6791: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6762: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6690: 6687:In 1952, the 6685: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6658:Taiwan Strait 6654: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6623:comfort women 6620: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6513: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6450:Kwantung Army 6442: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6310: 6309:Ili Rebellion 6305: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6263: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6236:Phạm Văn Đồng 6233: 6232:Phan Bội Châu 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6021: 6019: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5946:Flying Tigers 5943: 5937:United States 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5898:two-front war 5895: 5891: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5830:Chan Kee-Wong 5827: 5823: 5818: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5685: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422:Madame Chiang 5418: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5384:Yangtze River 5380: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5301: 5299: 5294: 5293:Operation Zet 5290: 5286: 5285:Flying Tigers 5282: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5255:Sankō Seisaku 5252: 5248: 5244: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5168:Second Period 5166: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5021: 5018: 5010: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4976:This section 4974: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4833: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4558:Air Force Day 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4428:Kwantung Army 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4358:Generalissimo 4355: 4350: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4213:Lytton Report 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4098:In 1930, the 4091: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4008:launched the 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:German Empire 3979: 3975: 3969: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3895:and southern 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881:modernization 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802:Nisshin–Sensō 3791: 3786: 3783: 3771: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3750:" (Japanese: 3749: 3745: 3742:launched the 3741: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3718: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3654: 3649: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3586: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:the Himalayas 3459: 3456:cut off, the 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3397:relocated to 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3114:Japanese name 3112: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2789:ㄎㄤˋ ㄖˋ ㄓㄢˋ ㄓㄥ 2786: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2569:Syria–Lebanon 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2473:Pacific Ocean 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2442:Eastern Front 2440: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391:Western Front 2389: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2343: 2338: 2335:Campaigns of 2329: 2324: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2309: 2306: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247:Taishō period 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2214:Ryukyu (1879) 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2204:Taiwan (1874) 2202: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2193: 2188: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081:Kuril Islands 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964:North America 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957:Borneo (1945) 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1777:Bay of Bengal 1775: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1437:Central Hubei 1435: 1433: 1432:North Vietnam 1430: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377:South Guangxi 1374: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Tianjin–Pukou 1232: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1129:Lytton Report 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1052: 1043: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1016: 1009: 1005: 1002: 999: 994: 991: 988: 987: 985: 984: 966: 959: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 942: 940: 937: 936: 934: 933: 922: 921: 919: 911: 908: 905: 901: 900: 898: 895: 889:446,740 total 888: 887: 885: 882: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 861: 859: 856: 855: 853: 852: 841: 838: 835: 828: 825: 824: 822: 819: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 801: 799: 796: 795: 793: 792: 781: 780: 778: 777: 772: 763: 762: 756: 737: 732: 728: 725: 722: 721: 719: 718: 707: 706: 704: 694: 686: 683: 680: 677: 676: 674: 673: 662: 657: 654: 651: 650: 648: 645:: (including 644: 643: 632: 631: 629: 619: 618: 613: 607: 597: 595: 585: 583: 573: 571: 561: 559: 558:Shunroku Hata 549: 546: 541: 531: 529: 528: 527:Emperor Shōwa 517: 516: 514: 509: 492: 490: 473: 471: 454: 452: 435: 433: 416: 414: 397: 395: 394: 383: 381: 380: 369: 368: 366: 365: 360: 355: 344: 342: 337: 332: 330: 325: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 306: 302: 292: 290: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 266: 265: 260: 253: 249: 245: 242: 237: 236: 232: 229: 228: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 200: 196: 193: 192: 188: 182: 178: 175: 173: 169: 165: 163: 159: 157: 156:Qinhuai River 153: 149: 147: 143: 140: 138: 134: 130: 127: 126: 124: 115: 106: 95: 86: 75: 66: 56: 53: 49: 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 23471:21st century 23442:Vincent Chin 23435:20th century 23421:Wong Kim Ark 23399:19th century 23265:21st century 23178:(1945–1947) 23173: 23128:(1937-1945) 23125: 23073:20th century 22930:19th century 22909:18th century 22882:17th century 22866:Uyoku dantai 22861:Tsagaan Khas 22793:Nazi Germany 22643:Yellow Peril 22625:(Sinophobia) 22575: 22562: 22555: 22548: 22541: 22536:Peaceful War 22534: 22527: 22520: 22513: 22506: 22499: 22460:Harvard Bixi 22226: 22139:Group of Two 21991:Magnuson Act 21912: 21795:Meng Wanzhou 21716:Liu Chaoying 21711:Johnny Chung 21462: 21198: 21185: 21178: 21171: 20937:Imo Incident 20791: 20539:Other topics 20375: 20285: 20218:Taishō Roman 19972:Conscription 19942: 19934: 19909:Armed Forces 19769:(ministries) 19669:Charter Oath 19664:Constitution 19546:State Shinto 19529:Essentialism 19479:Demographics 19355:Vatican City 19274:Soviet Union 19022:West Sumatra 18999: 18891:Newfoundland 18845:South Africa 18840:Sierra Leone 18818:North Africa 18699:Bibliography 18682: 18495:Project Hula 18460:Vistula–Oder 18429: 18362: 18353: 18337: 18307: 18256: 18240: 18231: 18222: 18188: 18085: 18000: 17976: 17946: 17697: 17590: 17535:North Africa 17329: 17237:Soviet Union 17191:Soviet Union 17117:Soviet Union 16885:Vatican City 16795:Vichy France 16700:German Reich 16597:Soviet Union 16583:South Africa 16576:Sierra Leone 16529:Newfoundland 16412: 16348:Participants 16331:Marocchinate 16035: 16026: 15996: 15874:North Africa 15835:Indian Ocean 15799: 15694:Nazi plunder 15585:Cryptography 15458:World War II 15416:Japan Portal 15406:China Portal 15327:People's war 14645:Soemu Toyoda 14640:Osami Nagano 14532:Wang Jingwei 14452:Nobuyuki Abe 14240:Marine Corps 14205:Armed Forces 14097:Participants 14019:Tanggu Truce 13955: 13904:. Retrieved 13900:the original 13868:. Retrieved 13864:the original 13839: 13820:. Retrieved 13814: 13805: 13785: 13772:. Retrieved 13752: 13733: 13714: 13691:(1): 66–74. 13688: 13684: 13676: 13666: 13659: 13648:. Retrieved 13628: 13624:Mitter, Rana 13606: 13587: 13571: 13555: 13539: 13531: 13511: 13503: 13499: 13481: 13451: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13403: 13372: 13347: 13331: 13323: 13307: 13292: 13285:Bibliography 13270:. Retrieved 13250: 13243: 13231:. Retrieved 13227:the original 13222: 13213: 13201:. Retrieved 13181: 13174: 13162:. Retrieved 13155:the original 13146: 13139: 13127:. Retrieved 13107: 13100: 13088:. Retrieved 13079: 13069: 13057:. Retrieved 13037: 13030: 13018:. Retrieved 12998: 12991: 12983: 12978: 12970: 12944: 12940: 12928:. Retrieved 12924:the original 12919: 12909: 12897: 12892: 12884: 12879: 12867:. Retrieved 12857: 12850: 12838:. Retrieved 12823:China at War 12822: 12794: 12782:. Retrieved 12772: 12765: 12753:. Retrieved 12743: 12736: 12724:. Retrieved 12689: 12679: 12667:. Retrieved 12653: 12641:. Retrieved 12635: 12629: 12620: 12608: 12600: 12587: 12543:. Retrieved 12534: 12525: 12513:. Retrieved 12485: 12478: 12466:. Retrieved 12456: 12449: 12422: 12416: 12409:Ho Ying-chin 12404: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12365: 12356: 12350: 12338:. Retrieved 12324: 12312:. Retrieved 12308:the original 12298: 12288: 12280: 12248: 12241: 12222: 12203: 12184: 12165: 12153:. Retrieved 12144: 12135: 12124: 12112:. Retrieved 12105:the original 12092: 12058:. Retrieved 12050:The Diplomat 12049: 12039: 12027:. Retrieved 12012: 12000:. Retrieved 11996:the original 11986: 11977: 11967: 11958: 11928: 11919: 11909: 11904: 11885: 11877: 11872: 11860:. Retrieved 11856:the original 11846: 11837: 11833: 11823: 11811:. Retrieved 11791: 11778: 11766:. Retrieved 11757:China at War 11756: 11750: 11738:. Retrieved 11729: 11719: 11707:. Retrieved 11687: 11680: 11668:. Retrieved 11648: 11641: 11629:. Retrieved 11609: 11602: 11590:. 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Retrieved 10552:the original 10542: 10523: 10517: 10500: 10488: 10480: 10475: 10459: 10443: 10427: 10415:. Retrieved 10401: 10389:. Retrieved 10380: 10371: 10359:. Retrieved 10350: 10341: 10329:. Retrieved 10320: 10311: 10299:. Retrieved 10290: 10281: 10272: 10265:. Retrieved 10251: 10242: 10235:. Retrieved 10226: 10217: 10205:. Retrieved 10190: 10178:. Retrieved 10174:the original 10169: 10160: 10148: 10136: 10124: 10101: 10071: 10059: 10036: 10031: 10019: 10007: 9999: 9994: 9982:. Retrieved 9962: 9955: 9947: 9942: 9923: 9917: 9898: 9892: 9880:. Retrieved 9860: 9853: 9841:. Retrieved 9821: 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9782: 9775: 9750: 9742: 9734:the original 9727: 9718: 9706: 9697: 9687: 9654: 9650: 9637: 9625:. Retrieved 9589: 9582: 9574: 9569: 9561: 9556: 9547: 9540:. Retrieved 9531: 9522: 9511: 9506: 9493: 9483: 9471:. Retrieved 9451: 9444: 9435: 9429: 9420: 9414: 9404: 9397: 9388: 9384: 9383:渠长根 (2003). 9366: 9362: 9361:渠长根 (2003). 9356: 9347: 9342:张龙杰 (2019). 9337: 9328: 9324: 9323:渠长根 (2003). 9318: 9309: 9284: 9280: 9274: 9263: 9258: 9249: 9243: 9234: 9228: 9219: 9213: 9204: 9198: 9189: 9183: 9171: 9162: 9156: 9144: 9135: 9129: 9073: 9041:. Retrieved 9037:the original 9026: 9018: 9013: 9001:. Retrieved 8987: 8964: 8913: 8901:. Retrieved 8892: 8883: 8864: 8858: 8846:. Retrieved 8842:the original 8837: 8828: 8816:. Retrieved 8808:Taipei Times 8807: 8798: 8786:. Retrieved 8782:the original 8777: 8768: 8756:. Retrieved 8736: 8729: 8719: 8713: 8693: 8686: 8674:. Retrieved 8642: 8614:. Retrieved 8601: 8594: 8571: 8531: 8523: 8518: 8510: 8505: 8493: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8452: 8451:Zhen Jiali, 8447: 8435: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8396: 8384: 8375: 8363:. Retrieved 8359: 8350: 8317: 8313: 8303: 8284: 8278: 8273:, p. 5. 8266: 8254:. Retrieved 8240: 8228:. Retrieved 8219: 8210: 8198:. Retrieved 8175: 8166: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8115: 8110: 8102: 8093: 8084: 8078: 8066:. Retrieved 8058:the Guardian 8057: 8047: 8035:. Retrieved 8015: 8008: 7992: 7980:. Retrieved 7960: 7953: 7941:. Retrieved 7921: 7914: 7902:. Retrieved 7893: 7883: 7871:. Retrieved 7862: 7852: 7840: 7808: 7804: 7798: 7786:. Retrieved 7782: 7773: 7761:. Retrieved 7757: 7747: 7738: 7722: 7719:R. J. Rummel 7714: 7705: 7693:. Retrieved 7683: 7655: 7646: 7634:. Retrieved 7623: 7589: 7586:R. J. Rummel 7562:. Retrieved 7553: 7489: 7477: 7458: 7439: 7420: 7414: 7402: 7390:. Retrieved 7370: 7363: 7354: 7330: 7311: 7305: 7293:. Retrieved 7273: 7266: 7258: 7253: 7228: 7176:China portal 7162:Japan portal 7120: 7102: 7080: 7064: 7038:provided by 7034: 7014: 7010: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6963: 6954: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6911: 6855: 6840:Nationalists 6811: 6787: 6779: 6764: 6737: 6710: 6686: 6666: 6635: 6627: 6613: 6599: 6576: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6473: 6463: 6447: 6435: 6407: 6399: 6391:Ma Zhongying 6384: 6356: 6333: 6306: 6302: 6294:Qaidam Basin 6287: 6272: 6259: 6240: 6213: 6168: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6106: 6103:in June 1942 6090: 6077: 6054: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6015: 6004: 5988: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5887: 5869: 5864:Adolf Hitler 5834: 5813: 5804: 5788: 5781: 5775: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5643: 5626:Europe first 5615: 5563: 5543: 5483: 5472: 5460:World War II 5456: 5398: 5381: 5377: 5353:United Front 5338: 5330:the Red Army 5322: 5278: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5246: 5243:Hanyu Pinyin 5218: 5201: 5173: 5167: 5154:First Period 5153: 5144: 5132: 5124:Nazi Germany 5116: 5098:Wang Jingwei 5090: 5063: 5036: 5013: 5007:October 2023 5004: 4989:Please help 4977: 4926:Soviet Union 4892:Yellow River 4871: 4845: 4793: 4786: 4773: 4765: 4758: 4738: 4727: 4720: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4676: 4661: 4654: 4626: 4618:Huang Xinrui 4611: 4605: 4562: 4557: 4523: 4512: 4498: 4491: 4461: 4448: 4432: 4413: 4378: 4337: 4306: 4283: 4271: 4260: 4251:Tanggu Truce 4249:region. The 4244: 4217: 4193:puppet state 4190: 4177:Zhang Zuolin 4165:buffer state 4153: 4130: 4097: 4088: 4073: 4050:assassinated 4047: 4029: 4014:Soviet Union 3971: 3947: 3931:Beiyang Army 3920: 3903:over Korea. 3901:protectorate 3879:through its 3857:intervention 3833: 3824:Previous war 3790:Qing dynasty 3787: 3767: 3765: 3760:Daitōa Sensō 3735:). In 1940, 3702: 3673: 3628:China proper 3623:Nitchū Sensō 3605: 3542: 3498: 3443: 3372: 3366:to form the 3332:puppet state 3317: 3296: 3285:World War II 3268: 3266: 3245:Nissi sensou 3233:Kunrei-shiki 3222:Nicchū sensō 3219:Nisshi sensō 3207:Romanization 3051:Hanyu Pinyin 2984:Hanyu Pinyin 2917:Hanyu Pinyin 2850:Hanyu Pinyin 2769:Hanyu Pinyin 2719:Chinese name 2647: 2646: 2635:Indian Ocean 2591: 2590: 2560:Middle East 2534:North Africa 2522: 2521: 2467: 2461:Asia-Pacific 2459: 2458: 2346: 2337:World War II 2282: 2271:Shōwa period 2269: 2268: 2245: 2244: 2239:Korea (1910) 2198:Meiji period 2196: 2140: 2139: 2138: 2113: 2093: 2059: 2006: 2001:Project Hula 1986:Fort Stevens 1915: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1729:Ocean Island 1692: 1682:Pearl Harbor 1598: 1584: 1575:4th Changsha 1566: 1565: 1558: 1539: 1532: 1513: 1481:3rd Changsha 1479: 1474:2nd Changsha 1472: 1467:South Shanxi 1465: 1458: 1446: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1397:West Suiyuan 1389: 1375: 1370:1st Changsha 1368: 1354: 1347: 1316: 1309: 1273: 1259: 1248:Pingxingguan 1240: 1213:2nd Shanghai 1211: 1158:1st Shanghai 1098: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1018: 1000: 981: 953: 938: 930: 896: 883: 875: 857: 849: 836: 820: 812: 797: 789: 759: 715: 695: 670: 640: 620: 594:Otozō Yamada 525: 489:Xu Yongchang 391: 377: 307: 289:Nationalists 267: 262:Belligerents 179:marching in 144:fighting in 122: 52:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 23702:Pacific War 23610:Shina/Zhina 23590:Ching chong 23553:Michelle Go 23543:Xiaoxing Xi 23533:Sherry Chen 23518:Jiayang Fan 23452:Qian Xuesen 23247:(1975–1979) 23198:(1956–1965) 23170:(1945–1946) 23140:(1942-1945) 23134:(1937–1938) 23082:(1901–1973) 23059:(1892–1943) 23032:(1885–1923) 22990:(1882–1943) 22984:(1881–1944) 22945:(1860–1861) 22875:By incident 22798:Philippines 22703:Hideki Tojo 22263:China Hands 22246:China Lobby 21974:Legislation 21800:Extradition 21669:Qian Xuesen 21297:Los Angeles 21157:Liu Lianren 21137:Pei Shiqing 20942:Gapsin Coup 20581:Shōwa Modan 20556:Hakkō ichiu 20493:Philippines 20380:after 1943) 20358:Territories 20316:Pacific War 20181:World War I 20057:Air Service 19997:Air Service 19870:Gozen Kaigi 19586:(Yoshihito) 19578:(Mutsuhito) 19524:Nationalism 19469:Agriculture 19403:New Zealand 19369:Oceania and 19323:Switzerland 19284:Byelorussia 19239:Netherlands 19081:Philippines 18921:Puerto Rico 18876:El Salvador 18430:Bodenplatte 18316:Gothic Line 17542:West Africa 17089:Philippines 17068:Netherlands 16933:Czech lands 16871:Switzerland 16815:Afghanistan 16766:Philippines 16634:Puerto Rico 16550:Philippines 16536:New Zealand 16522:Netherlands 16475:Free France 16226:Prosecution 16027:Osoaviakhim 15897:West Africa 15881:East Africa 15528:Conferences 15322:On Practice 14604:Ma Zhanshan 14589:Bai Chongxi 14557:Ren Yuandao 14537:Chen Gongbo 14462:Hideki Tojo 14416:Wang Ruofei 14107:Governments 13958:(1937–1945) 13671:online free 13397:中国抗战正向战场作战记 13336:online free 12967:Shirō Ishii 12902:Herbert Bix 12799:Mitter 2013 12566:Coox, Alvin 12314:27 November 12285:Herbert Bix 12227:Teunis 2007 12208:Tanaka 2003 12189:Tanaka 2002 12060:11 November 11935:. pp. 11911:China Daily 11373:28 December 11103:30 November 10917:23 December 10753:"館戴笠與忠義救國軍" 10558:December 2, 10267:13 November 10237:13 November 10180:14 November 9149:Mitter 2013 8200:26 February 8037:2 September 7982:28 November 7943:28 November 7040:Shirō Ishii 7024:or General 7005:mustard gas 6993:Freda Utley 6717:Victory Day 6458:capitulated 6456:officially 6389:, Ma Biao, 6387:Ma Zhanshan 6381:Hui Muslims 6375:Hu Songshan 6363:Bai Chongxi 6336:Han Chinese 6251:Ho Chi Minh 6243:Zhang Fakui 6137:Tulip Force 6133:Mission 204 6070:Mission 204 5822:Arthur Chin 5766:Foreign aid 5717:Wei Lihuang 5659:Mission 204 5608:met at the 5249:, Japanese 5227:launched a 5214:1941 battle 5100:. However, 4633:treaty port 4451:Sword March 4424:Chōsen Army 4276:North China 4173:Yuan Shikai 4147:during the 3978:World War I 3927:Yuan Shikai 3917:Warlord Era 3877:great power 3731:Hakkō ichiu 3699:Other names 3601:Rana Mitter 3501:surrendered 3340:in Shanghai 3216:Shina jihen 2618:Air Warfare 2539:East Africa 2126:Mutanchiang 1947:New Britain 1663:Pacific War 1507:Yenangyaung 1448:South Henan 1442:South Anhui 1383:Kunlun Pass 1281:Taierzhuang 872:45,989 POWs 540:Hideki Tōjō 470:Bai Chongxi 238:Territorial 23651:Categories 23548:Yao Pan Ma 23508:Haoyang Yu 23483:Danny Chen 23462:Wen Ho Lee 22727:By country 22631:Background 22251:Asia First 21847:Cox Report 21567:Korean War 21078:Xiao Riben 20345:Occupation 20173:Taishō era 20118:Boshin War 19962:War crimes 19758:Government 19734:Tonarigumi 19641:Privy Seal 19636:State Seal 19594:(Hirohito) 19519:Militarism 19474:Censorship 19398:New Guinea 19378:Antarctica 19371:Antarctica 19360:Yugoslavia 19279:Azerbaijan 19234:Luxembourg 19017:New Guinea 18916:New Mexico 18906:California 18813:Madagascar 18798:Gold Coast 18793:The Gambia 18530:West Hunan 18363:Pointblank 17699:Silver Fox 17685:Summer War 17438:Winter War 17417:Phoney War 17198:Azerbaijan 17159:Yugoslavia 17054:Luxembourg 16896:Resistance 16643:Yugoslavia 16508:Luxembourg 16310:Sook Ching 16106:War crimes 15708:Technology 15701:Opposition 15643:Lend-Lease 15620:Australian 15613:Home front 15571:Blitzkrieg 15521:Casualties 15512:Commanders 15484:Operations 15291:Lend-Lease 15286:Free China 14665:Yang Kuiyi 14655:Li Shouxin 14599:Sun Li-jen 14594:Yan Xishan 14562:Bao Wenyue 14547:Wang Kemin 14542:Chi Zongmo 14522:Yu Zhishan 14406:Chen Cheng 14401:He Yingqin 14381:Mao Zedong 14126:Kuomintang 13969:Background 13906:2007-07-07 13870:2004-08-19 13650:27 January 12869:28 October 12840:28 October 12784:28 October 12755:28 October 12726:28 October 12669:2 December 12545:8 November 12340:2 December 12272:1141442704 12114:August 25, 11955:1078879585 11768:20 October 11495:2 December 11320:18 October 11286:18 October 10856:23 October 10769:8 November 10466:, p. 10450:, p. 10434:, p. 10417:8 November 10391:8 November 10361:8 November 10331:8 November 10301:8 November 10207:20 January 10039:. London: 9003:13 January 8903:8 November 8778:mnd.gov.tw 8758:20 October 8676:17 October 8666:1141442704 8320:(2): 105. 7999:, p. 7733:. Table 5A 7695:16 January 7554:hawaii.edu 7240:References 7137:Combatants 7030:Okunoshima 6997:Li Zongren 6950:He Yingqin 6796:Casualties 6621:, and the 6573:took place 6402:Han Youwen 6367:Ma Hongkui 6359:Hui people 6354:elements. 6193:See also: 6181:known as " 6171:Burma Road 5999:blood chit 5948:Commander 5860:H. H. Kung 5713:Sun Li-jen 5702:press-gang 5622:Burma Road 5593:strategy. 5546:Kazakhstan 5401:Mao Zedong 5334:Long March 5315:Commander 5182:, and few 5102:atrocities 5080:. General 5066:Ma Hongbin 4939:home front 4769:Wanjialing 4656:shin gunto 4440:volte-face 4436:Taku Forts 4365:Kuomintang 4157:Depression 4002:Kuomintang 3923:revolution 3891:, gaining 3813:Background 3425:forces in 3360:Long March 3348:Mao Zedong 3324:false flag 3242:Sina zihen 2659:Yugoslavia 2640:Madagascar 2603:Antarctica 2581:Dodecanese 2401:Resistance 2369:Winter War 2359:Phoney War 2071:Sagami Bay 2060:Starvation 1942:New Guinea 1600:West Hunan 1552:Mount Song 1534:West Hubei 1454:West Hubei 1329:Wenxi fire 1324:Wanjialing 1173:Great Wall 508:Li Zongren 451:Cheng Qian 432:Chen Cheng 413:He Yingqin 393:Mao Zedong 301:Communists 250:since the 146:Great Wall 23503:Gang Chen 23493:Eileen Gu 23478:Anming Hu 23416:Mary Tape 23392:By victim 23057:Geary Act 22803:Singapore 22744:Indonesia 22734:Hong Kong 22330:Blue Team 22241:Chimerica 22228:Ruguanxue 21664:Red Scare 21622:Incidents 21538:Conflicts 21361:Diplomacy 21317:Guangzhou 21167:Ling Ling 20915:Incidents 20812:ABCD line 20797:Manchukuo 20773:Conflicts 20685:Diplomacy 20546:Sonnō jōi 20498:Singapore 20483:Hong Kong 20445:Azad Hind 20420:Mengjiang 20415:Manchukuo 20389:Kantō-shū 20331:Surrender 20243:Shōwa era 20228:Truku War 20099:Meiji era 20067:Tokkeitai 20032:Kempeitai 19943:Senjinkun 19860:Daijō-kan 19823:Munitions 19704:Mokusatsu 19494:Education 19383:Australia 19348:Gibraltar 19306:Catalonia 19229:Lithuania 19091:Singapore 19039:Indochina 19029:Hong Kong 19005:Manchuria 18974:Venezuela 18944:Argentina 18881:Greenland 18835:Nyasaland 18595:Manchuria 18481:Indochina 18257:Bagration 17708:Lithuania 17353:Anschluss 17150:Viet Minh 17047:Lithuania 16989:Hong Kong 16759:Manchukuo 16714:Azad Hind 16373:Australia 16173:Aftermath 16036:Paperclip 15931:Aftermath 15731:Total war 15599:Diplomacy 15562:In Europe 15274:Political 15113:Aftermath 14913:Incidents 14701:Campaigns 14421:Ren Bishi 14322:Air Force 14230:Air Force 14166:Mengjiang 14161:Manchukuo 13774:3 January 13705:161326427 13564:1243-8650 13467:Reprinted 13080:VICE News 12957:, Prince 12716:158528688 12441:294758908 12155:13 August 12002:13 August 11800:0305-7410 10997:161326427 10881:cite book 10851:153517917 10694:USA Today 9679:143635262 9671:1527-9367 9627:6 October 9617:904437646 9542:4 January 9121:211359950 8848:13 August 8818:13 August 8788:13 August 8334:0026-3931 8256:13 August 8230:13 August 8190:0013-0613 8158:144915586 7825:0095-6848 7564:1 January 7392:5 October 7245:Citations 6561:Aftermath 6480:Manchuria 6462:USS 6371:Ma Bufang 6279:Ma Hushan 6175:Ledo Road 6156:Force 136 5866:in Berlin 5783:Luftwaffe 5651:Myitkyina 5575:Ray Huang 5538:dysentery 5498:Ledo Road 5431:in 1942, 5176:total war 5119:guerrilla 5070:Ma Buqing 4978:does not 4935:Chongqing 4918:Guanzhong 4589:dogfights 4569:monoplane 4422:from the 4197:Manchukuo 4006:Guangzhou 3774:日華事變/日支事變 3640:北支事變/華北事變 3617:romanized 3535:in 1949. 3513:Manchukuo 3486:Ledo Road 3411:Air Force 3399:Chongqing 3356:encircled 3336:Manchukuo 3289:Holocaust 3281:Manchuria 3187:ニッチュウセンソウ 3161:にっちゅうせんそう 2856:kàng zhàn 2517:Australia 2413:Alps 1940 2406:1944–1945 2115:Kantokuen 2022:Air raids 1937:Australia 1927:Coral Sea 1821:Singapore 1816:Hong Kong 1547:Myitkyina 1527:1943–1945 1410:1940–1942 1305:Chongqing 1191:1937–1939 1136:Jiangqiao 1119:Manchuria 815:3,211,409 341:Mengjiang 329:Manchukuo 215:Indochina 166:Japanese 23573:Chinaman 23192:(1950s-) 22813:Thailand 22771:Malaysia 22529:On China 21332:Shenyang 21327:Shanghai 20524:Yen bloc 20512:Ideology 20503:Thailand 20372:Karafuto 20365:Colonies 19957:Kamikaze 19900:Military 19803:Treasury 19657:Policies 19648:Kimigayo 19569:Emperors 19536:Politics 19504:Eugenics 19462:Overview 19269:Slovenia 19264:Slovakia 19254:Portugal 19142:Bulgaria 19096:Thailand 19071:Mongolia 19044:Cambodia 18964:Suriname 18954:Colombia 18778:Ethiopia 18706:Category 18655:document 18565:document 18422:Ardennes 18406:Budapest 18354:Crossbow 18232:Overlord 18071:Smolensk 17289:Timeline 17124:Slovakia 17110:Thailand 16961:Ethiopia 16926:Bulgaria 16850:Portugal 16788:Thailand 16670:Bulgaria 16448:Eswatini 16441:Ethiopia 16394:Bulgaria 16219:Unit 731 16180:Response 15997:Keelhaul 15947:Cold War 15920:Americas 15911:timeline 15904:Atlantic 15784:Theaters 15396:Category 15238:Military 13822:21 March 13768:Archived 13741:Archived 13644:Archived 13626:(2013). 13614:Archived 13470:Archived 13378:Archived 13344:(1976). 13272:24 April 13266:Archived 13233:2 August 13203:24 April 13197:Archived 13164:24 April 13129:24 April 13123:Archived 13090:29 April 13084:Archived 13059:10 March 13053:Archived 13020:10 March 13014:Archived 12951:Archived 12930:17 March 12863:Archived 12831:Archived 12778:Archived 12749:Archived 12720:Archived 12663:Archived 12539:Archived 12515:29 April 12509:Archived 12468:29 April 12462:Archived 12334:Archived 12236:, p. 90. 12230:Archived 12217:, p. 59. 12211:Archived 12198:, p. 59. 12192:Archived 12179:, p. 59. 12173:Archived 12149:Archived 12081:Archived 12054:Archived 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7148:See also 7104:gǎnsǐduì 7071:Philopon 7001:tear gas 6926:Then in 6908:Japanese 6874:refugees 6834:500,000. 6619:Unit 731 6582:and the 6464:Missouri 6454:Hirohito 6183:The Hump 6164:Thailand 5976:iron ore 5910:fighters 5555:in Hubei 5550:Xinjiang 5514:Zhejiang 5502:The Hump 5359:and the 5210:Changsha 4776:Jiujiang 4581:Art Chin 4550:Hawk III 4389:Tongzhou 4323:and the 4228:Shanghai 4145:Shenyang 4084:Red Army 3990:Shandong 3897:Sakhalin 3608:Japanese 3480:resumed 3474:Changsha 3415:Changsha 3275:and the 3172:Katakana 3146:Hiragana 3094:(日本)侵华战争 3080:(日本)侵華戰爭 2783:Bopomofo 2679:Bulgaria 2608:Atlantic 2598:Americas 2551:Adriatic 2133:Chongjin 2094:Downfall 2032:Yokosuka 1849:Tiderace 1806:Thailand 1580:Hengyang 1460:Shanggao 1349:Nanchang 1267:Massacre 932:Japanese 717:Japanese 615:Strength 202:Location 46:and the 23624:Related 23426:Yick Wo 23175:Bersiap 22830:Vietnam 22788:Myanmar 22713:Pol Pot 22708:Suharto 22665:Minzoku 22185:Related 21312:Chengdu 21302:Houston 21024:Related 20090:History 20062:Marines 19699:Kokutai 19604:Symbols 19584:Taishō 19541:Statism 19484:Economy 19311:Galicia 19289:Ukraine 19259:Romania 19209:Ireland 19204:Iceland 19194:Hungary 19184:Germany 19162:Finland 19157:Estonia 19152:Denmark 19137:Belgium 19132:Austria 19127:Albania 18969:Uruguay 18901:Arizona 18828:Morocco 18823:Tunisia 18808:Liberia 18632:Shumshu 18399:Hungary 18346:Estonia 18330:Lapland 18308:Dragoon 18241:Neptune 18223:Ichi-Go 18189:Tempest 18131:Changde 18086:Cottage 17978:Jubilee 17694:Finland 17592:Compass 17298:Prelude 17251:Finland 17137:Vietnam 17103:Romania 16975:Germany 16954:Estonia 16940:Denmark 16919:Belgium 16912:Austria 16905:Albania 16836:Ireland 16822:Andorra 16806:Neutral 16773:Romania 16707:Hungary 16692:Finland 16564:Romania 16456:Finland 16434:Denmark 16380:Belgium 16366:Algeria 16072:Romania 16058:Hungary 15814:Pacific 15538:General 15492:Leaders 15477:Battles 15470:Outline 14660:Ye Peng 14582:Chinese 14386:Lin Sen 14369:Chinese 14213:Chinese 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BBC. 11862:15 July 11813:13 July 11740:19 June 11709:28 June 11670:28 June 11631:28 June 11592:28 June 11553:28 June 11524:28 June 11440:28 June 11412:28 June 11029:20 June 11015:cia.gov 10810:24 June 10737:24 June 10076:Stevens 10064:Stevens 9882:29 July 9843:29 July 9804:29 July 9577:(2007). 9289:Bibcode 8616:13 July 8365:30 July 8342:1983349 8150:1022596 7788:13 July 7763:13 July 7636:17 June 7628:(GIF). 7295:6 March 7060:Changde 6817:Chinese 6352:Tibetan 6298:Qinghai 6281:of the 6220:Guangxi 6121:Guangxi 5906:Bombers 5817:Nanning 5761:Gung-ho 5733:Guangxi 5725:Mong-Yu 5559:Changde 5530:typhoid 5526:cholera 5518:Jiangxi 5389:He Long 5263:Shaanxi 5082:Ma Biao 5074:Ma Fulu 4999:removed 4984:sources 4898:by the 4890:on the 4864:花園口決堤事件 4856:花园口决堤事件 4583:, Maj. 4565:biplane 4530:sorties 4488:, 1937 4294:Suiyuan 4169:Siberia 4161:tariffs 4122:History 3887:in the 3865:Germany 3843:in the 3632:Beijing 3619:: 3561:Chinese 3527:of the 3427:Shaanxi 3419:Guangxi 3383:Nanjing 3379:Beijing 3184:ニッシセンソウ 3158:にっしせんそう 3027:第二次中日战争 3013:第二次中日戰爭 2684:Hungary 2674:Romania 2530:Africa 2430:Balkans 2425:Britain 2379:Lapland 2374:Karelia 2364:Finland 2086:Shumshu 1971:Ellwood 1836:Vietnam 1620:Taihoku 1613:Air War 1606:Guangxi 1568:Ichi-Go 1560:Changde 1502:Toungoo 1492:Tachiao 1293:Lanfeng 1261:Nanking 1242:Taiyuan 1183:Suiyuan 1146:Jinzhou 240:changes 135:in the 23600:Chinky 23488:Ee Lee 23241:(1974) 23230:(1969) 23204:(1962) 23184:(1947) 23164:(1943) 23158:(1942) 23122:(1931) 23100:(1911) 23094:(1907) 23088:(1907) 23065:(1899) 23048:(1887) 23021:(1885) 22973:(1876) 22962:(1873) 22951:(1862) 22939:(1857) 22891:(1603) 22808:Taiwan 22638:Coolie 21073:Jingri 20488:Malaya 20463:Borneo 20399:Taiwan 20394:Nan'yō 20384:Chōsen 20377:naichi 19592:Shōwa 19576:Meiji 19551:Kazoku 19499:System 19318:Sweden 19249:Poland 19244:Norway 19219:Latvia 19189:Greece 19167:France 19120:Europe 19106:Turkey 19066:Malaya 18995:Ceylon 18949:Brazil 18911:Nevada 18886:Mexico 18866:Canada 18756:Africa 18609:Debate 18581:Taipei 18574:Borneo 18152:Tarawa 17346:Europe 17307:Africa 17096:Poland 17082:Norway 17061:Malaya 17040:Latvia 16982:Greece 16968:France 16864:Sweden 16829:Bhutan 16557:Poland 16543:Norway 16515:Mexico 16482:Greece 16468:France 16406:Canada 16387:Brazil 16357:Allies 16303:Serbia 16292:Poland 16065:Poland 16051:Baltic 15844:Europe 15546:Topics 15498:Allied 15347:Ip Man 15305:Others 14332:Guards 13793: 13760: 13722: 13703: 13636: 13611:online 13594: 13578: 13562: 13546: 13518: 13488: 13458: 13439: 13410: 13391: 13360: 13314: 13299: 13258: 13189: 13115: 13045: 13006: 12714: 12704: 12595: 12501: 12439: 12429: 12392: 12270: 12260: 11953: 11943: 11798: 11695: 11656: 11617: 11578: 11398: 11345: 11311: 11272: 11245: 11218: 11185: 11158: 11131: 11094: 11061: 10995: 10958: 10849: 10705:26 May 10673:31 May 10530: 10493:Taylor 10483:(2008) 10112: 10047: 9984:3 June 9970: 9930: 9905: 9868: 9829: 9790: 9763: 9677: 9669: 9615: 9605: 9516:online 9473:2 June 9459: 9348:深圳社会科学 9119: 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