997:
390:
345:
237:
226:
179:
1650:
50:
412:
356:
270:
259:
248:
192:
874:
976:
906:
433:
371:
326:
315:
304:
293:
282:
205:
1163:
1089:
3699:
3688:
1148:
1122:, which would be very costly to overrun. His absence in France had made the country vulnerable to attack. His actions in Italy were being criticised in France. He did not want Cavour and Piedmont to gain too much power, mostly at the expense of his men. He feared involvement of the German states. Most of
749:
Cavour, being unable to get French help unless the
Austrians attacked first, provoked Vienna by a series of military maneuvers close to the border. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859. Austria mobilised on 9 April 1859 and issued an ultimatum on 23 April demanding the complete demobilisation
619:
in
January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April. On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardinia three days later, and France declared war
1187:
The
Austrians were left to look on in frustration at the French failure to carry out the terms of the treaty. Austria had emerged triumphant after the suppression of liberal movements in 1849, but its status as a great power on the European scene was now seriously challenged and its influence in
1410:
959:
Napoleon III crossed the Ticino river after the Battle of
Turbigo and entered Lombardy. He advanced with part of his force and sent many other troops to the north to flank the Austrians. The Austrians planned a resistance before Milan, however they were defeated at the
698:
after the
Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. He found Britain and France to be sympathetic but refusing to go against Austrian wishes, as any movement towards Italian independence would threaten Austria's territory of
714:
brought widespread sympathy for the
Italian unity and had a profound effect on Napoleon III himself, who now was determined to help Piedmont against Austria to defuse the wider revolutionary activities, which governments in Italy might later allow to happen. After a
1436:
1138:
and the surrounding territory, was transferred from
Austria to France, which would immediately cede the territories to Sardinia. The rulers of Central Italy, who had been expelled by revolution shortly after the beginning of the war, were to be restored.
901:
in no specific direction until he crossed it to begin the offensive. Unfortunately for him, very heavy rains began to fall, which allowed the
Piedmontese to flood the rice fields in front of his advance and slowed his army's march to a crawl.
1178:
The agreement, made by
Napoleon behind the backs of his Sardinian allies, led to great outrage in Piedmont-Sardinia, and Cavour resigned in protest. However, the Villafranca terms never took effect. Although they were reaffirmed by the final
1402:
1242:
also mobilized 132,000 men, but never joined the fighting. The weaknesses laid bare during the mobilization caused the
Prussian Army to initiate military reforms. These reforms were the basis for Prussia's rapid victories over
1432:
761:
The French Army for the Italian campaign had 170,000 soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 312 guns, half of the whole French army. The army, under the command of Napoleon III, divided into five corps: the I Corps, led by
1183:
in 11 November, the agreement had become a dead letter. The central Italian states were occupied by Piedmont, which would not restore the previous rulers, and France was unwilling to force them to do so.
893:. The Austrian forces counted on a swift victory over the weaker Sardinian Army before French forces could arrive in Piedmont. However, Count Gyulai, the commander of the Austrian troops in
996:
1041:
against the Piedmontese part of the opposing army. It was successful, but the entire Austrian army retreated after the breakthrough at Solferino and withdrew back into the Quadrilateral.
1033:
A French corps held off three Austrian corps all day at Medole and kept them from joining the larger battle around Solferino, where, after a day-long battle, the French broke through.
937:
forced the Austrians to halt their advance on 9 May and to fall back on 10 May. Napoleon III left Paris on 10 May, landed at Genoa on 12 May and arrived in Alessandria on 14 May.
1111:
After the Battle of Solferino, a cease fire was agreed on 8 July. The two emperors met on 11 July at Villafranca di Verona and the armistice was signed on the following day - the
793:
Napoleon III participated in the war and showed up on the battlefield in the belief that it would motivate the French people during the war. That would prove successful.
1910:
817:
471:
703:. Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted.
530:
1322:
809:
853:, was given 10,000 rifles and ammunition by Napoleon III. Napoleon III, with his unwavering and very genuine sympathy, also sent a military mission to
1366:
952:'s division, part of the French I Corps under marshal d'Hilliers. The Austrians retreated after 9 hours of combat when the Sardinian Cavalry under
2758:
1267:
Micheal Clodfelter. "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000", 4th Edition. 2017. Page 181.
846:
642:
Austria ceded Lombardy to France, which, in turn, gave it to Sardinia. Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the
623:
The Austrian invasion was stopped by the arrival of French troops in Piedmont that had begun in late April. The Austrians were defeated at the
464:
2790:
3421:
2773:
862:
787:
3723:
953:
3385:
2315:
3519:
1701:
1015:
During the retreat, the Austrians won one of their only victories of the war, when Karl von Urban defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi at the
457:
779:
734:
to France in return. The secret alliance served both countries by helping with the Sardinian-Piedmontese plan of unification of the
607:, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the
3733:
3426:
796:
The Sardinian Army had about 70,000 soldiers, 4,000 horsemen and 90 guns. It was divided into five divisions, led by Castelbrugo,
2991:
2119:
1788:
1649:
2203:
1575:
3669:
2832:
1479:
1168:
1292:(Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990); Arnold Blumberg, "Russian Policy and the Franco-Austrian War of 1859",
882:
3738:
3466:
2741:
2549:
1783:
1118:
Napoleon III signed the armistice with Austria at Villafranca for a combination of reasons. The Austrians had retreated to
20:
3748:
2795:
2658:
2124:
2083:
1604:
589:
360:
196:
3514:
3099:
2559:
2320:
2098:
2088:
1514:
Carter, Nick. "Hudson, Malmesbury and Cavour: British Diplomacy and the Italian Question, February 1858 to June 1859."
1433:""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unitĂ d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"
2746:
2721:
2564:
2093:
1798:
1768:
1723:
679:
643:
133:
1215:. This latter move was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice, and directly led to
3118:
2399:
2285:
1596:
771:
3242:
3154:
3001:
2996:
2827:
2695:
1658:
1619:
1314:
1123:
723:
on 21 July 1858, Napoleon III and Cavour signed a secret treaty of alliance against Austria on 28 January 1859.
686:
to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the
3190:
2778:
2255:
2057:
1966:
1865:
1813:
763:
683:
3441:
3272:
3159:
2690:
2685:
1711:
783:
3200:
3139:
3124:
2976:
2837:
2290:
1981:
1676:
64:
1026:
and decided that they should counterattack along the river Chiese. The two armies met accidentally around
49:
3544:
3262:
3108:
2890:
2800:
2700:
2586:
2554:
2239:
2160:
1738:
1614:
941:
821:
495:
252:
1358:
3728:
3599:
3227:
3047:
2954:
2927:
2862:
2736:
2270:
2196:
2067:
1818:
1773:
1639:
1568:
1216:
825:
655:
137:
831:
The Austrian Army fielded more men with 220,000 soldiers, 824 guns and 22,000 horsemen. It was led by
3629:
3395:
3318:
3282:
2300:
2265:
2260:
2052:
1778:
969:
726:
France would help Piedmont-Sardinia, if attacked, to fight against Austria if Piedmont-Sardinia gave
3644:
3634:
3614:
3584:
3539:
3237:
3079:
3011:
2981:
2961:
2842:
2518:
2483:
2280:
1686:
949:
753:
The first French troops entered Piedmont on 25 April, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May.
750:
of the Sardinian Army. When it was not heeded, Austria started a war against Sardinia on 26 April.
636:
286:
114:
3743:
3524:
3287:
3144:
3114:
3089:
3006:
2966:
2905:
2804:
2569:
2539:
2031:
2021:
1753:
41:
1758:
720:
716:
604:
3222:
3210:
2986:
2971:
2663:
2305:
2062:
1629:
1200:
691:
667:
647:
308:
230:
140:
3529:
3456:
3436:
3350:
3299:
3057:
3037:
2847:
2441:
2409:
2295:
2275:
2189:
2103:
1875:
1706:
1561:
1112:
1083:
940:
Napoleon then took the command of the operations of the war, whose first major clash was the
3380:
3195:
3084:
3062:
2716:
2614:
2498:
2366:
1855:
1584:
1220:
743:
700:
585:
389:
344:
236:
225:
184:
90:
873:
8:
3664:
3654:
3609:
3375:
3340:
3335:
3052:
2673:
2609:
2529:
2150:
2145:
2140:
1936:
1743:
1696:
1681:
1666:
1248:
1244:
1104:
1096:
1059:
1050:
1027:
984:
975:
850:
813:
767:
632:
597:
540:
520:
505:
241:
59:
37:
1180:
3639:
3624:
3604:
3461:
3402:
3355:
3277:
3134:
3104:
3094:
3069:
3042:
2949:
2942:
2878:
2634:
2629:
2346:
2001:
1991:
1920:
1885:
1728:
1304:, Ph.D. diss. (Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 1952).
1239:
1092:
1045:
1034:
1016:
979:
535:
510:
319:
274:
263:
1946:
1553:
1228:
3589:
3579:
3451:
3365:
3330:
3257:
3247:
3025:
2895:
2809:
2639:
2619:
2593:
2581:
2376:
2371:
2356:
2351:
2336:
2165:
2155:
1976:
1956:
1808:
1475:
1062:, and the Piedmontese-French Navy landed 3,000 soldiers and conquered the islands of
961:
934:
890:
735:
624:
616:
525:
515:
449:
98:
1232:
3659:
3481:
3431:
3412:
3407:
3360:
3267:
3205:
3185:
3173:
3129:
2932:
2912:
2900:
2763:
2644:
2361:
2224:
2216:
1986:
1900:
1895:
1880:
1860:
1834:
1748:
1733:
1207:) were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and France took its deferred rewards of
1100:
1055:
989:
801:
500:
2731:
1224:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3446:
3370:
3232:
2751:
2649:
2534:
2434:
2341:
2026:
1996:
1915:
1803:
1548:
1540:
1494:
1196:
905:
805:
593:
432:
370:
325:
314:
303:
292:
281:
210:
144:
3702:
3649:
3619:
3564:
3471:
3345:
3292:
3252:
2922:
2917:
2768:
2668:
2624:
2576:
2524:
2478:
2446:
2404:
2381:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1961:
1951:
1793:
1634:
1608:
1509:
1192:
1153:
945:
898:
797:
739:
651:
612:
608:
330:
158:
148:
3717:
3574:
3215:
2785:
2473:
2451:
2310:
1905:
1890:
1870:
1839:
1691:
1191:
The next year, with French and British approval, the central Italian states (
1099:
to major victories against vastly-superior Austrians, such as the battles of
835:
832:
711:
707:
297:
1037:
with the Austrian VIII Corps was separated from the main force and defended
3692:
3499:
3304:
3074:
2678:
2544:
2493:
2468:
2047:
1941:
1718:
1624:
1204:
1119:
965:
775:
55:
1162:
1088:
658:
and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860. Two days later, Sardinia ceded
3594:
3534:
3504:
2857:
2488:
1971:
964:
on 5 May, which caused Gyulai to retreat east of the river Mincio to the
926:
687:
1403:"La seconda Guerra d'Indipendenza e la spedizione dei Mille – Sapere.it"
858:
2852:
2461:
2170:
1519:
1038:
930:
1671:
1391:, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010, p. 411.
854:
3509:
3494:
3489:
3390:
2424:
2419:
1071:
918:
894:
886:
628:
129:
94:
2456:
2181:
1135:
1023:
1009:
635:
on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the
968:, where he was relieved of his post as commander by the Emperor
742:. It also weakened Austria, a fiery adversary of Napoleon III's
3149:
1547:
old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859;
1131:
1063:
1044:
Meanwhile, in the north of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers of
925:
from 7 May onward. The Franco-Sardinian move to strengthen the
914:
1506:
The War in Italy: the Second Italian War of Independence, 1859
1343:
R. W. Seton-Watson, Cambridge University Press, May 21, 2015,
2429:
2212:
1208:
1171:, whose participation in the war was decisive for the victory
1147:
1127:
1008:
and slowly marched further east to finish off Austria before
1005:
922:
731:
695:
659:
154:
682:, recognized their need for allies. That led Prime Minister
2937:
2414:
1212:
1067:
727:
663:
1251:, which led to a united Germany under Prussian dominance.
678:
The Piedmontese, following their defeat by Austria in the
19:"Franco-Austrian War" redirects here. For other uses, see
849:
also supported the Franco-Italian alliance. Their ruler,
710:, an Italian, led an attempt on Napoleon III's life. The
1156:, who led the Sardinian troops in the Battle of Palestro
16:
1859 conflict between Sardinia (with France) and Austria
1583:
1459:
Preußische Militärfrage und die Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
1538:
1461:. Hamburg 1865 (MeiĂźner); reprint Berlin 1974 (Dietz).
1022:
The Austrians found out that the French had halted at
479:
1499:
A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859
1290:
A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859
861:. As a result, Austria had to keep 30,000 troops in
596:
in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of
2696:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
1501:(Susquehanna University Press. 1990). pp. 238.
1030:, which precipitated a confused series of battles.
1302:The Diplomacy of the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859
897:, was very cautious and marched around the river
857:. Encouraged, Cuza formed a new military camp at
3715:
956:arrived, which made Gyulai even more cautious.
944:on 20 May, between the Austrian IX Corps led by
1526:The origins of the Italian wars of independence
847:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
1223:. The annexation of Nice to France caused the
2197:
1569:
1533:The Second War of Italian Unification 1859–61
1315:"Second War of Italian Independence, 1859–61"
465:
81:(2 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
1130:, excluding only the Austrian fortresses of
948:(under the general command of Stadion) and
877:Major sites of the Austro-Sardinian War 1859
631:, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the
2204:
2190:
1576:
1562:
472:
458:
1702:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1356:
201:
1227:, or the emigration of a quarter of the
1087:
995:
974:
904:
872:
865:, which could ill be spared from Italy.
175:
2120:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
1789:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
1219:, which would complete the preliminary
3716:
1275:
1273:
913:The Austrians, under Gyulai, captured
788:Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
780:Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
574:Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana
2185:
1557:
1439:from the original on 19 February 2020
1400:
1300:, 2 (1954): 137–53; Arnold Blumberg,
453:
2742:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2084:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
1784:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1413:from the original on 1 February 2021
670:as compensation for its assistance.
437:: c. 23,000 killed or died of wounds
394:: c. 11,000 killed or died of wounds
21:Franco-Austrian War (disambiguation)
2125:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
1270:
972:, who assumed the command himself.
820:, were also present. It was led by
13:
3724:Second Italian War of Independence
2211:
2099:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
2089:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
1764:Second Italian War of Independence
1542:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1
1488:
1389:In Adriatico nel secondo millennio
1369:from the original on 25 April 2021
1359:"La Seconda guerra d'indipendenza"
1325:from the original on 13 April 2021
883:Marshal François Certain Canrobert
756:
554:Second Italian War of Independence
483:Second Italian War of Independence
31:Second Italian War of Independence
14:
3760:
2094:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
1799:Third Italian War of Independence
1769:United Provinces of Central Italy
1724:First Italian War of Independence
1004:The Piedmontese-French army took
778:, and the V Corps, led by prince
680:First Italian War of Independence
644:United Provinces of Central Italy
3698:
3697:
3686:
1648:
1217:Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily
1161:
1146:
812:. Two volunteer formations, the
603:A year prior to the war, in the
431:
410:
388:
369:
354:
343:
324:
313:
302:
291:
280:
268:
257:
246:
235:
224:
203:
190:
177:
48:
3734:1859 in the Kingdom of Sardinia
3427:Orders, decorations, and medals
1539:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911).
1464:
1451:
2058:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
1866:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1814:Italian entry into World War I
1549:volume 2 online covers 1859–62
1535:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
1425:
1394:
1381:
1350:
1337:
1307:
1282:
1261:
684:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1:
1911:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
1363:www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it
1294:The Journal of Modern History
1254:
772:François Certain de Canrobert
673:
627:on 4 June and pushed back to
1982:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
1677:Revolutions during the 1820s
400:2,040 disease related deaths
65:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
7:
3739:1859 in the Austrian Empire
3467:Water supply and sanitation
2891:Italian geographical region
2759:Monarchy and the World Wars
2701:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2587:War of the Sicilian Vespers
2240:Timeline of Italian history
2161:Revisionism of Risorgimento
1739:Sicilian revolution of 1848
1620:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1615:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1472:Wie wird man schnell reich?
1345:A History of the Roumanians
822:Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
764:Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers
10:
3765:
3386:Inventions and discoveries
2796:Fall of the Fascist regime
2779:Fourth War of Independence
2737:Expedition of the Thousand
2727:Second War of Independence
2068:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
1774:Expedition of the Thousand
1640:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1081:
1054:defeated the Austrians at
826:Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora
818:Cacciatori degli Appennini
656:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
615:. The two states signed a
18:
3682:
3480:
3326:
3317:
3181:
3172:
3160:Security and intelligence
3033:
3024:
2886:
2877:
2820:
2747:Third War of Independence
2722:First War of Independence
2709:
2602:
2511:
2392:
2329:
2248:
2232:
2223:
2133:
2112:
2076:
2053:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2040:
1930:Literature and philosophy
1929:
1848:
1827:
1779:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1657:
1646:
1595:
1474:Norderstedt 2011; S. 78;
1188:Italy severely weakened.
921:on 2 May and advanced on
491:
381:
336:
217:
169:
110:Franco-Sardinian victory
71:
47:
35:
30:
2838:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
2833:Institutional referendum
1077:
966:quadrilateral fortresses
891:military use of railways
770:; the III Corps, led by
637:Armistice of Villafranca
115:Armistice of Villafranca
3361:Emigration and diaspora
2570:Guelphs and Ghibellines
2555:the Sardinian Judicates
2032:Francesco Saverio Salfi
2022:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
881:The French Army, under
774:, the IV Corps; led by
766:; the II Corps, led by
79:26 April – 12 July 1859
42:French-Habsburg rivalry
3749:France–Italy relations
3243:Science and technology
3191:Italian regions by GDP
2992:Marine protected areas
2664:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2063:Klemens von Metternich
1630:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1585:Unification of Italy (
1531:Schneid, Frederick C.
1518:40#2 (1997): 389–413.
1201:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1108:
1001:
993:
910:
878:
868:
648:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
218:Commanders and leaders
3442:Public administration
2550:the Holy Roman Empire
2104:Tricolour Flag Museum
1876:Federico Confalonieri
1707:Republic of San Marco
1508:(1860), illustrated;
1091:
1084:Villafranca Armistice
1012:could get involved.
1000:Battle of San Martino
999:
978:
908:
889:in the first massive
876:
814:Cacciatori delle Alpi
712:assassination attempt
620:on Austria on 3 May.
584:), was fought by the
382:Casualties and losses
67:, oil on canvas, 1863
3670:World Heritage Sites
3125:Council of Ministers
2863:Coronavirus pandemic
2261:Currency and coinage
1759:Plombières Agreement
1319:www.historyofwar.org
1221:Unification of Italy
1169:Patrice de Mac-Mahon
1126:, with its capital,
1113:Peace of Villafranca
942:Battle of Montebello
909:Battle of Montebello
744:French Second Empire
706:On 14 January 1858,
646:, consisting of the
605:Plombières Agreement
586:Second French Empire
562:Austro-Sardinian War
309:Ferdinand Maximilian
36:Part of the wars of
3201:Automotive industry
3140:Metropolitan cities
2686:Early Modern period
2659:Kingdom of Sardinia
2610:Italian city-states
2151:Italian nationalism
2146:Italian irredentism
2141:Altare della Patria
1937:Giovanni Arrivabene
1744:Ten Days of Brescia
1697:Revolutions of 1848
1682:Revolutions of 1830
1667:Rimini Proclamation
1605:Kingdom of Sardinia
1516:Historical Journal
1457:Engels, Friedrich.
1051:Hunters of the Alps
985:Hunters of the Alps
851:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
768:Patrice de MacMahon
633:Battle of Solferino
598:Italian Unification
590:Kingdom of Sardinia
570:Italian War of 1859
566:Franco-Austrian War
60:Battle of Solferino
38:Italian unification
3263:Telecommunications
2630:Maritime republics
2002:Alessandro Manzoni
1992:Francesco Lomonaco
1921:Victor Emmanuel II
1886:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1729:Five Days of Milan
1597:Pre-unitary states
1279:Clodfelter, p. 181
1231:to Italy, and the
1203:, and part of the
1109:
1093:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1046:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1035:Ludwig von Benedek
1017:Battle of Treponti
1002:
994:
911:
879:
810:Domenico Cucchiari
578:Sardinischer Krieg
556:, also called the
320:Ludwig von Benedek
275:Alfonso La Marmora
264:Giuseppe Garibaldi
253:Victor Emmanuel II
136:and later annexes
3729:Conflicts in 1859
3711:
3710:
3678:
3677:
3313:
3312:
3248:Southern question
3168:
3167:
3100:Political parties
3048:Foreign relations
3020:
3019:
2873:
2872:
2594:Kingdom of Naples
2582:Kingdom of Sicily
2179:
2178:
2166:Southern question
1977:Vincenzo Gioberti
1957:Felice Cavallotti
1856:Massimo d'Azeglio
1809:Law of Guarantees
1504:Bossoli, Carlo .
1480:978-3-8423-7334-1
1288:Arnold Blumberg,
1249:France in 1870-71
1120:the Quadrilateral
962:Battle of Magenta
935:Casale Monferrato
845:The newly-formed
786:was commanded by
736:Italian Peninsula
666:to France at the
625:Battle of Magenta
617:military alliance
582:Campagne d'Italie
549:
548:
448:
447:
407:25,720 casualties
165:
164:
128:Sardinia annexes
99:Austrian Littoral
3756:
3701:
3700:
3693:Italy portal
3690:
3689:
3630:National symbols
3324:
3323:
3179:
3178:
3031:
3030:
2884:
2883:
2764:Kingdom of Italy
2691:Napoleonic Italy
2230:
2229:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2182:
1987:Giacomo Leopardi
1967:Giuseppe Ferrari
1901:Bettino Ricasoli
1896:Giuseppe Mazzini
1881:Francesco Crispi
1861:Agostino Bertani
1835:Cockade of Italy
1819:Impresa di Fiume
1749:Belfiore martyrs
1734:Sortie on Mestre
1652:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1524:Coppa, Frank J.
1495:Blumberg, Arnold
1482:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1311:
1305:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1268:
1265:
1238:During the war,
1181:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
1165:
1150:
990:Battle of Varese
917:on 30 April and
802:Giovanni Durando
701:Lombardy–Venetia
692:peace conference
486:
484:
474:
467:
460:
451:
450:
436:
435:
415:
414:
413:
393:
392:
374:
373:
359:
358:
357:
348:
347:
329:
328:
318:
317:
307:
306:
296:
295:
285:
284:
273:
272:
271:
262:
261:
260:
251:
250:
249:
240:
239:
229:
228:
213:
209:
207:
206:
195:
194:
193:
187:
183:
181:
180:
91:Lombardy–Venetia
73:
72:
52:
28:
27:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3687:
3674:
3645:Public holidays
3476:
3422:Life expectancy
3309:
3164:
3080:Law enforcement
3016:
2869:
2816:
2805:Social Republic
2769:Colonial Empire
2752:Capture of Rome
2705:
2598:
2507:
2400:Ancient peoples
2388:
2325:
2286:Historic states
2244:
2219:
2210:
2180:
2175:
2129:
2108:
2072:
2036:
2027:Antonio Rosmini
1997:Goffredo Mameli
1947:Giosuè Carducci
1925:
1916:Ruggero Settimo
1844:
1823:
1804:Capture of Rome
1653:
1644:
1591:
1582:
1491:
1489:Further reading
1486:
1485:
1470:Lohner, Henry.
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1357:Administrator.
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1245:Austria in 1866
1229:Niçard Italians
1197:Duchy of Modena
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1086:
1080:
933:bridges around
871:
824:, supported by
806:Enrico Cialdini
759:
757:Opposing forces
676:
668:Treaty of Turin
594:Austrian Empire
550:
545:
487:
482:
480:
478:
443:
438:
430:
426:
421:
419:
417:
411:
409:
408:
406:
401:
399:
397:
395:
387:
376:
368:
364:
355:
353:
352:
350:
342:
323:
322:
312:
311:
301:
300:
290:
289:
279:
269:
267:
266:
258:
256:
255:
247:
245:
244:
234:
233:
223:
204:
202:
191:
189:
188:
178:
176:
152:
124:
101:
80:
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3744:1859 in France
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Stock exchange
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3155:Municipalities
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3115:Prime Minister
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3002:Regional parks
2999:
2997:National parks
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2906:Climate change
2898:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2671:
2669:Duchy of Savoy
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2577:Lombard League
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2499:Western Empire
2491:
2486:
2484:Roman conquest
2481:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2405:Italic peoples
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Carlo Pisacane
2014:
2012:Silvio Pellico
2009:
2007:Ippolito Nievo
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Vincenzo Cuoco
1959:
1954:
1952:Carlo Cattaneo
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:Roman Question
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1712:Roman Republic
1709:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:Duchy of Parma
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1609:House of Savoy
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1450:
1435:(in Italian).
1424:
1393:
1380:
1349:
1336:
1306:
1281:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1233:Niçard Vespers
1193:Duchy of Parma
1167:
1160:
1159:
1154:Manfredo Fanti
1152:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1082:Main article:
1079:
1076:
1066:(Lussino) and
946:Karl von Urban
870:
867:
798:Manfredo Fanti
784:Imperial Guard
758:
755:
740:House of Savoy
717:covert meeting
675:
672:
652:Duchy of Parma
613:County of Nice
609:Duchy of Savoy
547:
546:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
477:
476:
469:
462:
454:
446:
445:
428:
416:: 1,533 killed
398:17,054 wounded
384:
383:
379:
378:
366:
339:
338:
334:
333:
331:Karl von Urban
277:
242:P. de MacMahon
220:
219:
215:
214:
199:
172:
171:
167:
166:
163:
162:
161:from Sardinia.
138:Habsburg-ruled
132:from Austria,
126:
120:
119:
118:
117:
107:
103:
102:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
69:
68:
45:
44:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3761:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3704:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Years of Lead
2846:
2844:
2843:Economic Boom
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Fascist Italy
2784:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Niçard exodus
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
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2452:Magna Graecia
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2113:National days
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2015:
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1932:
1928:
1922:
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1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Aurelio Saffi
1904:
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1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Daniele Manin
1889:
1887:
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1879:
1877:
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1872:
1871:Celso Ceretti
1869:
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1859:
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1841:
1840:Flag of Italy
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1700:
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1693:
1692:Neo-Guelphism
1690:
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1473:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1407:www.sapere.it
1404:
1397:
1390:
1387:Luigi Tomaz,
1384:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1347:, pp. 302-303
1346:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Niçard exodus
1222:
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1210:
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1202:
1198:
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1189:
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1125:
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1073:
1070:(Cherso), in
1069:
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1057:
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1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
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888:
885:, moved into
884:
875:
866:
864:
860:
856:
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848:
843:
841:
839:
834:
833:Field Marshal
829:
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737:
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729:
724:
722:
718:
713:
709:
708:Felice Orsini
704:
702:
697:
693:
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685:
681:
671:
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559:
558:Sardinian War
555:
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527:
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490:
485:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
456:
455:
452:
441:
434:
429:
424:
420:1,268 missing
418:3,572 wounded
404:
396:1,128 missing
391:
386:
385:
380:
372:
367:
362:
346:
341:
340:
335:
332:
327:
321:
316:
310:
305:
299:
298:Ferenc Gyulay
294:
288:
287:Franz Josef I
283:
278:
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265:
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243:
238:
232:
227:
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200:
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186:
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168:
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156:
153:France gains
150:
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57:
51:
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43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3530:Architecture
3500:Quattrocento
3457:Social class
3437:Prostitution
3351:Demographics
3273:Trade unions
3216:Central Bank
3058:Human rights
3038:Constitution
2821:Contemporary
2791:World War II
2726:
2679:Italian Wars
2603:Early modern
2545:Papal States
2523:Italy under
2469:Ancient Rome
2048:Pope Pius IX
1942:Cesare Balbo
1849:Main leaders
1763:
1719:Quadrilatero
1625:Papal States
1587:Risorgimento
1586:
1541:
1532:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1498:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1362:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1318:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1263:
1237:
1205:Papal States
1190:
1186:
1177:
1117:
1110:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1014:
1003:
983:
958:
939:
912:
880:
863:Transylvania
844:
837:
830:
795:
792:
776:Adolphe Niel
760:
752:
748:
725:
705:
677:
641:
639:on 12 July.
622:
602:
592:against the
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
551:
481:
439:
422:
402:
231:Napoleon III
170:Belligerents
109:
56:Napoleon III
54:
25:
3595:Italophilia
3555:Coat of arm
3505:Cinquecento
3381:Immigration
3331:Aristocracy
3196:Agriculture
3090:Nationality
3063:LGBT rights
2977:Earthquakes
2858:Mani pulite
2774:World War I
2717:Unification
2710:Late modern
2674:Renaissance
2519:Middle Ages
2512:Middle Ages
2489:Roman Italy
2256:Citizenship
1972:Ugo Foscolo
1754:Crimean War
1687:Young Italy
1510:online free
1401:Sapere.it.
970:Franz Josef
927:Alessandria
688:Crimean War
123:Territorial
3718:Categories
3665:Traditions
3655:Television
3640:Philosophy
3605:Literature
3545:Cathedrals
3515:Settecento
3376:Healthcare
3341:Corruption
3336:Censorship
3095:Parliament
3053:Government
2853:Maxi Trial
2801:Resistance
2530:Ostrogoths
2462:Messapians
2347:Villanovan
2337:Prehistory
2330:Prehistory
2171:Third Rome
1255:References
1097:volunteers
1039:Pozzolengo
982:leads his
738:under the
721:Plombières
674:Background
580:; French:
576:; German:
572:(Italian:
496:Montebello
3625:Mythology
3600:Libraries
3520:Ottocento
3462:Terrorism
3403:Languages
3356:Education
3278:Transport
3228:Companies
3135:Provinces
3105:President
3070:Judiciary
3043:Elections
2955:Volcanoes
2950:Volcanism
2943:Apennines
2928:Mountains
2896:Peninsula
2879:Geography
2810:Civil War
2535:Byzantium
2442:Etruscans
2377:Canegrate
2372:Golasecca
2357:Rinaldone
2352:Terramare
2342:Neolithic
2156:Redshirts
2041:Opponents
1672:Carbonari
1105:San Fermo
1028:Solferino
980:Garibaldi
954:De Sonnaz
855:Bucharest
690:. In the
568:, or the
541:Solferino
531:Melegnano
521:Boffalora
506:San Fermo
375:: 198,000
349:: 128,000
3703:Category
3590:Internet
3580:Folklore
3510:Seicento
3495:Trecento
3490:Duecento
3452:Religion
3413:Regional
3391:Italians
3366:Gambling
3258:Taxation
3085:Military
3026:Politics
2828:Republic
2615:Florence
2540:Lombards
2479:Republic
2425:Samnites
2420:Picentes
2362:Apennine
2321:Railways
2301:Military
2249:By topic
2233:Overview
2217:articles
1659:Timeline
1520:in JSTOR
1437:Archived
1417:30 March
1411:Archived
1373:30 March
1367:Archived
1329:30 March
1323:Archived
1124:Lombardy
1095:led his
1072:Dalmatia
919:Vercelli
895:Lombardy
887:Piedmont
859:Ploiești
816:and the
629:Lombardy
611:and the
588:and the
536:Treponti
511:Palestro
377:824 guns
363:: 56,000
361:Sardinia
351:312 guns
337:Strength
197:Sardinia
134:occupies
130:Lombardy
97:and the
95:Piedmont
86:Location
40:and the
3660:Theatre
3635:Palaces
3615:Museums
3585:Gardens
3570:Fashion
3560:Cuisine
3540:Castles
3482:Culture
3432:Poverty
3408:Italian
3319:Society
3300:Welfare
3268:Tourism
3238:Exports
3206:Banking
3186:Economy
3174:Economy
3130:Regions
3012:Valleys
2982:Islands
2962:Beaches
2933:Prealps
2913:Geology
2901:Climate
2565:Normans
2525:Odoacer
2474:Kingdom
2457:Ligures
2393:Ancient
2367:Nuragic
2316:Postage
2291:Judaism
2281:Genetic
2271:Fashion
2266:Economy
2225:History
2077:Museums
1828:Symbols
1528:(1992).
1240:Prussia
1136:Legnago
1024:Brescia
1010:Prussia
988:in the
836:Ferenc
526:Magenta
516:Turbigo
444:Unknown
427:Unknown
365:90 guns
211:Austria
141:Tuscany
125:changes
58:at the
3691:
3565:Design
3550:Cinema
3525:Anthem
3447:Racism
3396:People
3371:Health
3233:Energy
3223:Brands
3150:Comune
3145:Cities
3007:Rivers
2967:Canals
2650:Amalfi
2635:Venice
2494:Empire
2435:Veneti
2410:Latins
2382:Latial
2215:
1478:
1443:14 May
1132:Mantua
1101:Varese
1064:Losinj
1056:Varese
915:Novara
899:Ticino
840:Gyulay
782:. The
654:, the
650:, the
564:, the
560:, the
501:Varese
208:
185:France
182:
149:Emilia
145:Modena
106:Result
3650:Sport
3620:Music
3610:Media
3472:Women
3346:Crime
3211:Banks
2987:Lakes
2972:Caves
2923:Flora
2918:Fauna
2640:Genoa
2625:Milan
2620:Siena
2560:Arabs
2447:Celts
2430:Umbri
2306:Music
2276:Flags
2213:Italy
2134:Other
1209:Savoy
1128:Milan
1078:Peace
1006:Milan
950:Forey
923:Turin
732:Savoy
696:Paris
660:Savoy
440:Total
423:Total
403:Total
155:Savoy
63:, by
3575:Flag
3305:Wine
3293:road
3288:rail
3119:List
3109:List
2938:Alps
2803:and
2645:Pisa
2415:Osci
2311:Name
2296:LGBT
1476:ISBN
1445:2021
1419:2018
1375:2018
1331:2018
1247:and
1213:Nice
1211:and
1134:and
1103:and
1068:Cres
1060:Como
1058:and
929:and
838:Graf
808:and
730:and
728:Nice
664:Nice
662:and
552:The
159:Nice
157:and
147:and
76:Date
3535:Art
3283:air
3075:Law
1048:'s
1019:.
869:War
790:.
719:at
694:at
3720::
1497:.
1409:.
1405:.
1365:.
1361:.
1321:.
1317:.
1298:26
1296:,
1272:^
1235:.
1199:,
1195:,
1115:.
1074:.
931:Po
842:.
828:.
804:,
800:,
746:.
600:.
143:,
93:,
3121:)
3117:(
3111:)
3107:(
2205:e
2198:t
2191:v
1611:)
1607:(
1589:)
1577:e
1570:t
1563:v
1545:.
1447:.
1421:.
1377:.
1333:.
1107:.
992:.
473:e
466:t
459:v
442::
425::
405::
151:.
23:.
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