1066:
126:
135:
27:
1816:
803:
467:
456:
478:
117:
284:
599:
566:. The French emperor replied that he intended to restore peace in Europe as soon as possible but also that the conditions of surrender for Austria would be harsh. If Vienna did not accept these conditions, the war would resume. In the meantime, he declared that he could prepare 200,000 men for the reopening of hostilities and asked for another 100,000 Italians. Victor Emmanuel, while not too happy about the truce, seemed to calm down.
792:
2383:
2359:
2371:
833:, Cavour then changed the subject and, faced with what seemed to him a unique opportunity to free the Italians from oppression, urged the king not to bow his head in the face of the new pacts, not to be content with Lombardy if Italy continued to remain under the direct or indirect influence of Austria, to listen to the voice of his heart and even to retry the struggle with his own forces alone.
1370:
In a correspondence to the
English newspaper Daily News Carlo Arrivabene described Cavour thus after an initial interview with Victor Emmanuel on July 10, 1859: "Cavour's exasperation made one pity him and his bearing, so simple and natural, betrayed by his violent gestures the indignation that took
693:
The two
Bonapartes (Napoleon III and Prince Napoléon were cousins) insisted that the king of Sardinia reach a decision, and the French emperor after half an hour of discussion put on paper the following points to be proposed to Austria: Italian confederation under the honorary presidency of the pope,
569:
Late in the afternoon of July 8, there was a further conversation between
Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel. The French emperor proposed to the king of Sardinia the start of peace negotiations, advancing the possibility of asking Austria for Lombardy alone. Victor Emmanuel agreed, departing decisively
852:
Faced with the two options of gaining
Lombardy (albeit without strongholds) or continuing the war alone, Victor Emmanuel II chose the former. On the morning of July 12 he too then signed the armistice, which at this point became valid for the entirety of the forces on the field. However, the king of
836:
The discussion went on in very heated tones. Cavour disrespected the king on a personal level, so much so that Victor
Emmanuel had to remind him that he was the sovereign, to which Cavour replied that the Italians instead knew him and that he was the real king, causing Victor Emmanuel at this point
585:
However, the French emperor was determined to negotiate peace, and since Franz Joseph would never agree to negotiate directly with the king of
Sardinia, on July 10 he expressed his desire to negotiate personally and alone with Franz Joseph. In accordance with this desire, the necessary arrangements
1048:
These developments and the resistance of the provisional governments made it impossible to realize the clause in the
Villafranca armistice that provided for the restoration of the old institutions. It was also impossible to create a confederation of Italian states, nor was it feasible to implement
778:
When his cousin returned from Verona, Napoleon III was satisfied with the counterproposal and affixed his signature. Not at all persuaded, however, appeared Victor
Emmanuel II, who disputed the decision to abandon the two fortresses guarding Lombardy, without which the region was indefensible, and
1122:
Compared to the agreements of the
Sardinian-French alliance, this solution substituted for Piedmont the annexation of Veneto. Having effectively established the annexation of Parma, Modena and Romagna, Cavour, defying France, organized a plebiscite in Tuscany (March 11–12, 1860) with results that
1056:
The only condition met was the handover of
Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia. However, this event had enormous political weight: the cession of Lombardy marked the most serious defeat Austria had ever suffered on the Italian question, ending Austrian control of a region it had ruled since 1706.
446:
Resolved, therefore, to pursue the road to peace, Napoleon III, without waiting for the outcome of a listless British attempt to communicate France's intentions to Austria, sent General Émile Félix Fleury (1815-1884) on July 6, 1859, to the headquarters of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph with a
817:
made him aware of the Austrian counterproposal, which loomed an even worse picture for the Kingdom of Sardinia. Cavour lost his self-restraint by speaking of Napoleon III's betrayal and invoking the moral obligations undertaken by the French emperor to the Italians and to the honor of the
496:. In this town the French carriage arrived at the Austrian headquarters, escorted by a squad of Habsburg cavalry, at nightfall. Napoleon III demanded a truce, which astonished the young Austrian monarch, who, though pleased, asked for time for a reply until the following day.
273:
1371:
away all dominion of himself leaning against the wall of a mean apothecary's shop... Exclamations of indignation burst from his quivering lips, and flashes of anger passed at every turn over his sun-tanned face. A singular and terrible spectacle." Cf. Panzini,
738:
thwarted, judged the entry of the Kingdom of Sardinia into the future confederation alongside Austria as catastrophic for national prestige. Once this serious disagreement emerged between him and the king, Cavour resigned as head of government in the afternoon.
621:
The meeting took place at the Gandini Morelli Bugna palace, now Bottagisio, where Napoleon III surprised Franz Joseph by presenting to him as British conditions that he had actually suggested to the British himself, even giving the impression that
660:
The talks lasted an hour. Finally, the two emperors went out into the open air and reviewed the French and Austrian cavalry that had been convened. Returning the courtesy of the arrival, Franz Joseph accompanied Napoleon III for a stretch on the
853:
Sardinia signed with the clause, probably suggested to him by Napoleon III, "for all that concerns me." In this way he did not commit himself regarding the course of events that already loomed irreversible outside his borders: the duchies of
1085:, France found itself in the ambiguous role of protective power of the Papal States and main ally of the Kingdom of Sardinia - an ambiguity that allowed Napoleon III to maintain a decisive influence over Italian affairs until the end of the
507:. The latter, informed of the situation in Europe, was not surprised by the proposed French truce; pointing out, however, that if the armistice anticipated peace, it had to be in accordance with mutual commitments, namely, the
1116:, and cession of Nice and Savoy to France. In case of rejection of the proposal, Piedmont would have had to face the situation alone in front of Austria, which did not have the final conditions of the armistice recognized.
1099:
The count, who returned to the presidency of the Council of Ministers on Jan. 21, 1860, was faced with a French proposal for a solution to the question of the liberated territories: annexation to Piedmont of the duchies of
263:
while in Paris, contrary to Cavour's hopes, Napoleon III began to consider the possibility of an armistice with Vienna. Important domestic and international political events were, in fact, dangerously ripening for France.
685:
to inform him of the outcome of the talks and send him to Verona to put pen to paper on the preliminaries of the Villafranca meeting. When Prince Napoléon arrived, the French emperor was in conversation with
734:
These proposals were then communicated by Victor Emmanuel II to Cavour around 2 p.m. on July 11. The Prime Minister, in addition to seeing his hopes of liberating all of northern Italy from the
649:
The emperor of Austria also agreed, as monarch of Venetia, to be part of the Italian confederation proposed by Napoleon III, but refused any further concessions. According to the diaries of
844:
Cavour left Monzambano the next morning and by the evening of July 12 was in Turin where the Council of Ministers, immediately convened, resolved the resignation of the entire government.
967:
Taking advantage of the Austrian withdrawal from central Italy, Cavour had already taken all measures since May 1859 to designate men to be placed in charge of the liberated regions. In
1096:'s Piedmontese government have the courage to proclaim the annexations of the liberated territories. Thus, on December 22, 1859, Victor Emmanuel II resigned himself to recall Cavour.
439:
He had, however, also to be wary of the Prussian hypothesis of mediation by Prussia, Britain and Russia, since peace would have appeared as imposed by Europe on France, which at the
538:. The conference lasted three hours, during which the carnage of the Battle of Solferino was also discussed. At the end, it was decided that the truce would last until August 16.
755:
made various objections to Prince Napoléon and agreed to sign a draft agreement, the same evening of July 11, 1859, only after he had made it clear that the fortresses of the
646:. Francis Joseph, faced with this initiative, disappointed at the lack of initial support from London and Berlin during the war, believed Napoleon III and was supportive.
953:
508:
212:
181:
2076:
386:
decided that he could go no further in favor of France. Russia was unable to seriously protect it from Prussia, since it was already engaged in the onerous problem of
1092:
In the immediate aftermath, however, a stalemate was reached, as the provisional governments of central Italy refused to return power to the former rulers, nor did
424:
Walewski communicated to Napoleon III the warning that came to him indirectly from St. Petersburg, that if the Sardinian-French army violated the territory of the
822:. He called on Victor Emmanuel to leave the field to the French and Austrian forces who would resolve the Italian question on their own, and accused the king and
614:. Arriving first at the appointment, he moved to meet the Austrian emperor, who was joined along the way. Both on horseback, they traveled the remaining road to
352:
to examine with the two great powers the means by which peace could be restored in Europe. The latter initiative was an attempt by Prussian Foreign Minister
1398:
436:'s volunteers, Prussia would go to war with the other German states against France. The situation thus threatened to spiral out of Napoleon III's control.
582:
and Napoleon III to whose explanations of the armistice terms he protested strongly, but with Victor Emmanuel the conversation was probably even worse.
1146:. This new territorial arrangement would have prevented Austria from making direct military interventions in the remaining papal territories and the
1130:
The French government reacted with great irritation, immediately urging the cession of Savoy and Nice, which took place with the signing of the
291:. Prussia in blue, the Austrian Empire in yellow, and Lombardy-Venetia included in the Austrian Empire but outside the confederation's borders.
1153:
At this point Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour realized the great political advantage gained from the defeat of Austria and resumed in 1860 with
223:. In the face of military preparations, Austrian grievances were not long in coming, and on April 24, 1859, Cavour, after rejecting Vienna's
2418:
2413:
345:
657:
should be removed from the Piedmontese government, as they both considered him an opponent of the peace that was about to be concluded.
526:, between the Allied (at Valeggio sul Mincio) and Austrian (at Verona) headquarters. The following were appointed: for France, General
360:
1867:
1065:
364:
806:
682:
579:
500:
2285:
1954:
1815:
188:
to Piedmont, unlike the terms of the armistice, which stipulated the cession of Lombardy alone (in its current extent except the
602:
The hall on the main floor of the Bottagisio Palace, in Villafranca, where the conversation between the two emperors took place.
1741:
650:
125:
1706:
1949:
382:, the future chancellor, reported to Berlin of the favorable Russian disposition to joint mediation. At the same time Tsar
2290:
2249:
1770:
929:
916:
870:
703:
555:
516:
359:
In Britain the Prussian proposal for mediation was not received with particular interest: the new Liberal prime minister
296:
230:
170:
138:
2264:
2254:
1929:
1175:
771:
arms could be used, and that for the two states there would be no constitution and no administrative separation of the
248:
159:
40:
2259:
1964:
1934:
1889:
1691:
1042:
964:, and demanded from the Kingdom of Sardinia only a small part of the war expenses incurred in the military campaign.
866:
492:, the parliamentary flag carriage of Napoleon III's first squire, Fleury, encountered enemy outposts two miles from
1762:
527:
522:
On the 7th, Franz Joseph granted the truce, and on the morning of July 8, 1859, the commissioners in charge met in
134:
484:. As king of Sardinia he accepted, not without perplexity, the armistice conditions imposed by France and Austria.
337:, Prussia therefore decided on June 11, 1859, to mobilize six army corps to form an army to be deployed along the
1824:
1785:
1119:
The cession of Nice and Savoy was thus the price demanded by France for Piedmont to annex much of central Italy.
512:
276:
185:
574:, who, having received a rather calming telegram from the king, left for the theater of operations, arriving in
2423:
2223:
2132:
2031:
1979:
972:
795:
654:
571:
216:
177:
26:
2408:
1877:
1134:
on March 24, 1860. In exchange for these two provinces, therefore, the Kingdom of Sardinia acquired not only
173:
against Austria, needed to conclude peace because of the danger of the conflict spreading to Central Europe.
2147:
1842:
1150:
in support of the rulers, as its army would have had to cross regions now part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
995:
and Diodato Pallieri. These immediately formed pro-Piedmontese provisional governments. After that, in the
813:
Around midnight on July 11, 1859, Cavour was formally still in office, and Victor Emmanuel II and advisor
511:. That treaty included, if the outcome of the war permitted, a commitment to force Austria to cede all of
2403:
2326:
1904:
1780:
1147:
1101:
1049:
the desired reforms in the Papal States. Despite this, the Villafranca Armistice was formalized with the
1035:
854:
62:
2349:
2233:
1984:
1939:
1805:
1734:
1105:
1093:
1031:
858:
809:, a crucial figure in the negotiations between Napoleon III (of whom he was a cousin) and Franz Joseph.
802:
768:
711:
531:
410:
837:
to abruptly interrupt the conversation with the phrase in Piedmontese, reported by Costantino Nigra: "
2218:
1944:
933:
890:
752:
611:
470:
311:
155:
97:
83:
1852:
1030:
This situation favored plebiscites for annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia that were held in the
466:
440:
353:
939:
Napoleon III and Franz Joseph would ask the pope to introduce social and political reforms in the
2197:
2187:
1919:
1558:
1924:
455:
2228:
1795:
1131:
1124:
1109:
968:
862:
764:
715:
383:
251:. During the conflict, the Sardinian-French army achieved two important victories: the one at
2269:
2041:
1872:
1727:
1180:
615:
587:
523:
58:
414:
2021:
1750:
1158:
1086:
988:
904:
710:
to Austria but included in the Italian confederation, return of the pro-Austrian rulers to
699:
551:
425:
418:
406:
327:
315:
288:
244:
234:
166:
129:
1697:
AA.VV. (Ottavio Bartié, Massimo de Leonardis, Anton Giulio de'Robertis, Gianluigi Rossi),
8:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2102:
1909:
1862:
1847:
1832:
925:
would be part of the constituted Italian confederation remaining a possession of Austria.
718:
in peaceful ways and with a commitment to grant a constitution, political reforms in the
678:
662:
575:
489:
256:
73:
1170:
1082:
1050:
783:
to his resigning prime minister, Cavour, who was waiting, "feverish and very agitated."
535:
477:
200:
31:
The meeting between Napoleon III and Franz Joseph at Villafranca in a print of the time.
2167:
2157:
2086:
2051:
1894:
1154:
992:
912:
760:
687:
643:
547:
504:
481:
433:
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189:
105:
2112:
1719:
2331:
2321:
2142:
2122:
1974:
1702:
1687:
1038:
on September 11 and 12, 1859. In both cases the results were in favor of annexation.
735:
398:
Faced with Prussian mobilization, British indifference, and a weak Russian demeanor,
379:
307:
252:
586:
were made during the night, which determined, as the place and time of the meeting,
219:
began preparations for the liberation of northern Italy and the inevitable war with
2152:
2066:
2061:
2046:
2026:
2000:
1914:
1899:
814:
798:, in open conflict with Victor Emmanuel over agreements made with France, resigned.
375:
665:
road. Then, in a clear and visible sign of peace, the two sovereigns shook hands.
303:
found himself in June 1859 facing the international consequences of his decision.
176:
The armistice of Villafranca caused the resignation of Piedmontese Prime Minister
2192:
2162:
2081:
1969:
1651:
1045:," in which an army was mobilized that should have numbered about 25-30,000 men.
996:
896:
893:) would favor the creation of an Italian confederation presided over by the pope.
823:
772:
723:
631:
563:
323:
220:
120:
116:
2375:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2127:
2117:
1959:
1800:
1774:
1139:
1113:
819:
368:
349:
1041:
Subsequently, the Papal Legations, the duchies and Tuscany were united as the
2397:
2387:
2071:
2056:
2036:
2005:
1857:
1679:
763:
would remain with Austria, that for the return of the friendly sovereigns to
72:
Cession of Lombardy (except Mantua) to France, which in turn ceded it to the
598:
344:
Later, however, on the 24th, Prussia formalized a proposal for mediation to
279:, a vassal kingdom of Austria, the main object of the Villafranca armistice.
2363:
2213:
2107:
1884:
1790:
940:
908:
886:
756:
719:
674:
639:
607:
559:
459:
399:
300:
240:
151:
101:
87:
1674:
La diplomazia contemporanea, raccolta di documenti diplomatici (1815-1956)
1561:, which, being politically close to France, was of no interest to Austria.
1548:
In this way, Austria kept the strategic device of the Quadrilatero intact.
283:
2137:
1070:
830:
2336:
780:
213:
Treaty of Defensive Alliance between France and the Kingdom of Sardinia
1837:
1074:
225:
1699:
Storia delle relazioni internazionali. Testi e documenti (1815-2003)
593:
367:
was hampered by the Conservative followers in the government and by
206:
1135:
900:
791:
695:
635:
429:
1008:
259:(June 24, 1859). The defeated Austrian army retreated east of the
247:
honored the alliance with the Kingdom of Sardinia, initiating the
1143:
1060:
1024:
1020:
976:
623:
387:
319:
1714:
Sulla via dell'unificazione italiana. La lega militare (1859-60)
936:
would have returned to their states, granting a general amnesty.
499:
On the morning of that same July 6, meanwhile, Napoleon III and
295:
Almost isolated in his country by his decision to ally with the
1108:, Savoy control of the pontifical Romagna, separate kingdom in
1016:
1012:
1004:
980:
922:
748:
726:. With these basic proposals, Prince Napoleon left for Verona.
707:
627:
493:
334:
260:
184:
of alliance. The latter provided for the cession of the entire
356:(1807-1885) to postpone the decision of a crisis with France.
1000:
984:
957:
779:
refused to sign. That night the king of Sardinia returned to
338:
1492:
1490:
961:
443:
had, instead, appeared to be the arbiter of the continent.
363:, although closer to French positions than his predecessor
16:
Armistice that ended the Second Italian War of Independence
1254:
1252:
272:
956:
Napoleon III momentarily renounced territorial claims on
947:
578:
on the morning of July 10. That same day Cavour met both
371:, so the new executive differed little from the old one.
1487:
668:
199:
of Sardinia also signed on July 12, was ratified by the
1749:
1249:
1476:
1474:
1460:
1458:
1327:
1325:
847:
541:
413:, moderate Catholic and conservative circles, Empress
314:
moved closer to the positions of the party hostile to
2347:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1667:
L'Europa delle grandi potenze. Da Metternich a Lenin
1471:
1455:
1322:
876:
165:It was the consequence of a unilateral decision by
158:on July 11, 1859, set the stage for the end of the
1265:
1192:
881:The final terms of the armistice were as follows:
594:The meeting between Napoleon III and Franz Joseph
207:From the Sardinian-French alliance to Villafranca
2395:
462:of France proposed an armistice to Franz Joseph.
215:on January 26, 1859, Piedmontese Prime Minister
742:
1061:The aftermath and French-Piedmontese relations
562:to reveal the proposals he planned to make to
237:, received a declaration of war from Austria.
1735:
1665:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1954 (Ediz. Ital.
450:
1663:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848-1918
1557:Note that there is no reference here to the
907:with the exception of the fortresses of the
570:from the expectations of his prime minister
374:The proposal found a different reception in
333:As the Sardinian-French army approached the
473:portrayed in the year of Villafranca, 1859.
1742:
1728:
393:
361:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
267:
255:(June 4, 1859) and the very bloody one at
25:
1868:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1027:and other minor cities also became free.
1112:under the leadership of a member of the
1064:
915:. France would transfer Lombardy to the
801:
790:
653:, the two monarchs also stipulated that
626:also agreed. These proposals were: that
597:
476:
465:
454:
365:Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby
282:
271:
2286:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
1955:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
729:
530:; for the Kingdom of Sardinia, General
432:region for example), even if only with
180:, who considered it a violation of the
2396:
1157:the leadership in the process for the
948:Impracticality of the final conditions
829:During the conversation, according to
651:Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine
638:while retaining the fortresses of the
488:Leaving at dusk on July 6, 1859, from
1723:
1572:Storia delle relazioni internazionali
722:, and separate administration of the
702:, which would in turn cede it to the
669:Armistice negotiations and signatures
2250:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
1950:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1611:Sulla via dell'unificazione italiana
1598:Sulla via dell'unificazione italiana
1127:to the Kingdom of Sardinia as well.
1034:between August 14 and 21 and in the
786:
554:initiatives to the detriment of the
2419:Treaties of the Kingdom of Sardinia
2291:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
1656:Il 1859 da Plombières a Villafranca
865:had in fact been dissolved and the
848:The signature of Victor Emmanuel II
542:From truce to armistice (July 8–11)
509:Sardinian-French treaty of alliance
322:as a party to a conflict involving
13:
2414:Second Italian War of Independence
2265:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
2255:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
1930:Second Italian War of Independence
1176:Second Italian War of Independence
1123:legitimized the annexation of the
249:Second Italian War of Independence
211:Beginning with the signing of the
160:Second Italian War of Independence
41:Second Italian War of Independence
14:
2435:
2260:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
1965:Third Italian War of Independence
1935:United Provinces of Central Italy
1890:First Italian War of Independence
1574:, Monduzzi, Bologna, 2004, p. 50.
1043:United Provinces of Central Italy
952:For not respecting in spirit the
867:United Provinces of Central Italy
841:" ("Nigra, send him to sleep!").
606:On the morning of July 11, 1859,
2381:
2369:
2357:
1814:
1587:, Laterza, Roma, 1999, pag. 410.
1399:Villafranca Risorgimento Museum.
877:The final terms of the armistice
528:Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
133:
124:
115:
1645:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1542:
1529:
1516:
1503:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1391:
1378:
1364:
1351:
1338:
402:also faced an internal crisis.
2224:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
2032:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1980:Italian entry into World War I
1309:
1296:
1283:
1236:
1223:
1210:
973:Carlo Bon Compagni di Mombello
503:had a meeting with their ally
169:, which, at war alongside the
1:
2077:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
1672:Ettore Anchieri (a cura di),
1411:L'Europa delle grandi potenze
1231:L'Europa delle grandi potenze
1218:L'Europa delle grandi potenze
1186:
869:was preparing for union with
405:Firmly opposed to the war in
326:, a member and leader of the
2148:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
1843:Revolutions during the 1820s
1639:, Bari, 2004, pagg. 450-451.
1539:, Milano, 1909, pp. 351-352.
1388:, Milano, 1909, pp. 345-346.
1348:, Milano, 1909, pp. 343-344.
1306:, Milano, 1909, pp. 341-342.
1293:, Milano, 1909, pp. 339-340.
743:The Austrian counterproposal
299:and provoke a war in Italy,
287:The borders (in red) of the
7:
2327:Revisionism of Risorgimento
1905:Sicilian revolution of 1848
1786:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1781:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1661:Alan John Percival Taylor,
1613:, Bologna, 1959, pp. 65-66.
1600:, Bologna, 1959, pp. 38-42.
1164:
1148:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
610:was very obsequious toward
546:On that same July 8, 1859,
534:; and for Austria, General
447:proposal for an armistice.
186:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
63:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
10:
2440:
2234:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
1940:Expedition of the Thousand
1806:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1701:, Monduzzi, Bologna, 2004
1500:, Bari, 2004, pp. 431-432.
1452:, Bari, 2004, pp. 429-430.
1361:, Bari, 2004, pp. 429-431.
1262:, Bari, 2004, pp. 427-428.
1233:, Bari, 1961, pp. 177-178.
826:of intrigues against him.
532:Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca
451:The truce (July 6–8, 1859)
195:The armistice, which King
2299:
2278:
2242:
2219:Franz Joseph I of Austria
2206:
2096:Literature and philosophy
2095:
2014:
1993:
1945:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1823:
1812:
1761:
839:Nigra, ca lo mena a durmì
681:and immediately sent for
310:, Prussian Prince Regent
156:Franz Joseph I of Austria
111:
98:Franz Joseph I of Austria
93:
84:Franz Joseph I of Austria
79:
68:
54:
46:
36:
24:
1716:, Tamari, Bologna, 1959.
1585:Il Risorgimento italiano
1081:In the aftermath of the
441:Congress of Paris (1856)
354:Alexander von Schleinitz
148:Armistice of Villafranca
20:Armistice of Villafranca
2198:Francesco Saverio Salfi
2188:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
1669:, Laterza, Bari, 1961).
1658:, Treves, Milano, 1909.
1626:, Bari, 2004, pag. 450.
1526:, Milano, 1909, p. 365.
1513:, Milano, 1909, p. 364.
1439:, Milano, 1909, p. 347.
1426:, Milano, 1909, p. 346.
1375:, Milano, 1909, p. 363.
1319:, Milano, 1909, p. 343.
590:and 9 a.m. on July 11.
394:The situation in France
268:The situation in Europe
182:Sardinian-French treaty
2229:Klemens von Metternich
1796:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1751:Unification of Italy (
1712:Renato Eugenio Righi,
1686:, Laterza, Bari, 2004
1078:
863:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
810:
799:
603:
485:
474:
463:
409:were Foreign Minister
341:on the French border.
328:Germanic Confederation
292:
280:
2424:Villafranca di Verona
2270:Tricolour Flag Museum
2042:Federico Confalonieri
1873:Republic of San Marco
1676:, Cedam, Padova 1959.
1484:, Bari, 2004, p. 430.
1468:, Bari, 2004, p. 431.
1413:, Bari, 1961, p. 178.
1335:, Bari, 2004, p. 429.
1280:, Bari, 2004, p. 428.
1246:, Bari, 2004, p. 427.
1220:, Bari, 1961, p. 177.
1207:, Bari, 2004, p. 426.
1181:Villafranca di Verona
1138:but also what is now
1069:Commemorative plate (
1068:
930:Grand Duke of Tuscany
805:
794:
601:
480:
469:
458:
286:
275:
59:Villafranca di Verona
2409:Second French Empire
1925:Plombières Agreement
1159:unification of Italy
885:The two sovereigns (
730:Cavour's resignation
426:German Confederation
419:Jacques Louis Randon
289:German Confederation
130:Second French Empire
50:July 11 and 12, 1859
2317:Italian nationalism
2312:Italian irredentism
2307:Altare della Patria
2103:Giovanni Arrivabene
1910:Ten Days of Brescia
1863:Revolutions of 1848
1848:Revolutions of 1830
1833:Rimini Proclamation
1771:Kingdom of Sardinia
917:Kingdom of Sardinia
704:Kingdom of Sardinia
673:Half an hour later
634:, which would cede
556:Kingdom of Sardinia
517:Kingdom of Sardinia
417:, and War Minister
378:, where Ambassador
297:Kingdom of Sardinia
231:Kingdom of Sardinia
171:Kingdom of Sardinia
139:Kingdom of Sardinia
74:Kingdom of Sardinia
21:
2404:Treaties of France
2168:Alessandro Manzoni
2158:Francesco Lomonaco
2087:Victor Emmanuel II
2052:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1895:Five Days of Milan
1763:Pre-unitary states
1583:Denis Mack Smith,
1155:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1079:
1053:in November 1859.
993:Luigi Carlo Farini
913:Province of Mantua
811:
800:
761:Province of Mantua
688:Victor Emmanuel II
644:Province of Mantua
630:would remain with
604:
548:Victor Emmanuel II
505:Victor Emmanuel II
486:
482:Victor Emmanuel II
475:
464:
434:Giuseppe Garibaldi
411:Alexandre Walewski
293:
281:
203:of November 1859.
197:Victor Emmanuel II
190:Province of Mantua
106:Victor Emmanuel II
19:
2345:
2344:
2332:Southern question
2143:Vincenzo Gioberti
2123:Felice Cavallotti
2022:Massimo d'Azeglio
1975:Law of Guarantees
1707:978-88-323-4106-5
989:Massimo d'Azeglio
787:Cavour's reaction
380:Otto von Bismarck
308:Battle of Magenta
144:
143:
2431:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2153:Giacomo Leopardi
2133:Giuseppe Ferrari
2067:Bettino Ricasoli
2062:Giuseppe Mazzini
2047:Francesco Crispi
2027:Agostino Bertani
2001:Cockade of Italy
1985:Impresa di Fiume
1915:Belfiore martyrs
1900:Sortie on Mestre
1818:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1397:Location of the
1395:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1171:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
1083:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
1051:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
815:Costantino Nigra
536:Heinrich von HeĂź
513:Lombardy-Venetia
376:Saint Petersburg
318:, which defined
277:Lombardy-Venetia
229:instructing the
201:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
137:
128:
119:
29:
22:
18:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2295:
2274:
2238:
2202:
2193:Antonio Rosmini
2163:Goffredo Mameli
2113:Giosuè Carducci
2091:
2082:Ruggero Settimo
2010:
1989:
1970:Capture of Rome
1819:
1810:
1757:
1748:
1652:Alfredo Panzini
1648:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1189:
1167:
1132:Treaty of Turin
1063:
1032:Duchy of Modena
997:Papal Legations
950:
879:
850:
824:Urbano Rattazzi
807:Prince Napoléon
789:
773:Papal Legations
745:
732:
724:Papal Legations
683:Prince Napoléon
671:
596:
580:Prince Napoléon
544:
501:Prince Napoléon
453:
396:
270:
209:
150:, concluded by
132:
123:
121:Austrian Empire
104:
100:
86:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:Carlo Pisacane
2180:
2178:Silvio Pellico
2175:
2173:Ippolito Nievo
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:Vincenzo Cuoco
2125:
2120:
2118:Carlo Cattaneo
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:Roman Question
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:Roman Republic
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:Duchy of Parma
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1775:House of Savoy
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1684:Vita di Cavour
1677:
1670:
1659:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:Vita di Cavour
1628:
1624:Vita di Cavour
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1498:Vita di Cavour
1486:
1482:Vita di Cavour
1470:
1466:Vita di Cavour
1454:
1450:Vita di Cavour
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1390:
1377:
1363:
1359:Vita di Cavour
1350:
1337:
1333:Vita di Cavour
1321:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1278:Vita di Cavour
1264:
1260:Vita di Cavour
1248:
1244:Vita di Cavour
1235:
1222:
1209:
1205:Vita di Cavour
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1140:Emilia-Romagna
1114:House of Savoy
1062:
1059:
1036:Duchy of Parma
987:he brought in
971:he designated
949:
946:
945:
944:
937:
934:Duke of Modena
926:
920:
894:
878:
875:
849:
846:
820:House of Savoy
788:
785:
744:
741:
731:
728:
670:
667:
595:
592:
543:
540:
452:
449:
395:
392:
369:Queen Victoria
269:
266:
233:to demobilize
208:
205:
154:of France and
142:
141:
113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2436:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:National days
2277:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Aurelio Saffi
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Daniele Manin
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Celso Ceretti
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2006:Flag of Italy
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Neo-Guelphism
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1692:88-420-7491-8
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:Rosario Romeo
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1559:Duke of Parma
1554:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:Second Empire
1084:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
884:
883:
882:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
845:
842:
840:
834:
832:
827:
825:
821:
816:
808:
804:
797:
793:
784:
782:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:, meanwhile,
750:
740:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
689:
684:
680:
676:
666:
664:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
617:
613:
609:
600:
591:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
483:
479:
472:
468:
461:
457:
448:
444:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
290:
285:
278:
274:
265:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2214:Pope Pius IX
2108:Cesare Balbo
2015:Main leaders
1885:Quadrilatero
1791:Papal States
1753:Risorgimento
1752:
1713:
1698:
1683:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1646:Bibliography
1636:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1481:
1465:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1410:
1405:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1259:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1204:
1152:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1098:
1091:
1080:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1029:
966:
951:
941:Papal States
909:Quadrilatero
891:Franz Joseph
887:Napoleon III
880:
851:
843:
838:
835:
828:
812:
777:
757:Quadrilatero
753:Franz Joseph
746:
733:
720:Papal States
692:
677:returned to
675:Napoleon III
672:
659:
648:
640:Quadrilatero
620:
612:Franz Joseph
608:Napoleon III
605:
584:
568:
560:Napoleon III
545:
521:
498:
487:
471:Franz Joseph
460:Napoleon III
445:
438:
423:
404:
400:Napoleon III
397:
384:Alexander II
373:
358:
343:
332:
305:
301:Napoleon III
294:
261:Mincio River
241:Napoleon III
239:
224:
210:
194:
175:
164:
152:Napoleon III
147:
145:
102:Napoleon III
88:Napoleon III
2138:Ugo Foscolo
1920:Crimean War
1853:Young Italy
1125:Grand Duchy
1071:Rijksmuseum
899:would cede
831:Isaac Artom
694:cession of
616:Villafranca
588:Villafranca
524:Villafranca
94:Signatories
80:Negotiators
2398:Categories
2337:Third Rome
1187:References
1094:La Marmora
781:Monzambano
558:, went to
550:, fearing
306:After the
2322:Redshirts
2207:Opponents
1838:Carbonari
1535:Panzini,
1522:Panzini,
1509:Panzini,
1435:Panzini,
1422:Panzini,
1384:Panzini,
1344:Panzini,
1315:Panzini,
1302:Panzini,
1289:Panzini,
1075:Amsterdam
736:Habsburgs
576:Desenzano
257:Solferino
226:ultimatum
69:Condition
1825:Timeline
1409:Taylor,
1229:Taylor,
1216:Taylor,
1165:See also
1136:Lombardy
954:alliance
932:and the
911:and the
901:Lombardy
871:Piedmont
861:and the
759:and the
696:Lombardy
679:Valeggio
663:Valeggio
636:Lombardy
490:Valeggio
430:Trentino
428:(in the
235:its army
55:Location
2376:History
2350:Portals
2243:Museums
1994:Symbols
1635:Romeo,
1622:Romeo,
1609:Righi,
1596:Righi,
1570:AA.VV,
1537:Il 1859
1524:Il 1859
1511:Il 1859
1496:Romeo,
1480:Romeo,
1464:Romeo,
1448:Romeo,
1437:Il 1859
1424:Il 1859
1386:Il 1859
1373:Il 1859
1357:Romeo,
1346:Il 1859
1331:Romeo,
1317:Il 1859
1304:Il 1859
1291:Il 1859
1276:Romeo,
1258:Romeo,
1242:Romeo,
1203:Romeo,
1144:Tuscany
1110:Tuscany
1025:Ravenna
1021:Ferrara
977:Bologna
969:Tuscany
923:Venetia
897:Austria
765:Tuscany
716:Tuscany
708:Venetia
632:Austria
628:Venetia
624:Prussia
564:Austria
515:to the
415:Eugénie
388:serfdom
346:Britain
324:Austria
320:Prussia
312:Wilhelm
253:Magenta
221:Austria
112:Parties
37:Context
2388:France
1705:
1690:
1106:Modena
1017:Rimini
1013:Cesena
1005:Faenza
981:Modena
905:France
859:Modena
796:Cavour
769:Modena
749:Verona
712:Modena
700:France
655:Cavour
572:Cavour
552:French
494:Verona
407:France
350:Russia
335:Mincio
316:France
245:France
217:Cavour
178:Cavour
167:France
47:Signed
2364:Italy
2300:Other
1102:Parma
1009:Forlì
1001:Imola
985:Parma
975:; in
958:Savoy
855:Parma
339:Rhine
1703:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1142:and
1104:and
983:and
962:Nice
960:and
928:The
889:and
857:and
767:and
714:and
642:and
348:and
146:The
903:to
747:In
698:to
243:'s
192:).
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