Unification of Italy

217: 1892: 2819: 3214: 3148: 1781: 2940: 9459: 2513:. Napoleon III signed a secret alliance and Cavour provoked Austria with military maneuvers and eventually led to the war in April 1859. Cavour called for volunteers to enlist in the Italian liberation. The Austrians planned to use their army to beat the Sardinians before the French could come to their aid. Austria had an army of 140,000 men, while the Sardinians had a mere 70,000 men by comparison. However, the Austrians' numerical strength was outweighed by an ineffectual leadership appointed by the Emperor on the basis of noble lineage, rather than military competency. Their army was slow to enter Piedmont, taking almost ten days to travel the 80 kilometres (50 mi) to 3677: 63: 1887:, harboured patriotic sentiments, were driven into exile. The largest Italian state, the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with its 8 million inhabitants, seemed aloof and indifferent: Sicily and Naples had once been ruled by Spain, and it had always been foreign to the rest of Italy. The common people in each region, and even the intellectual elite, spoke their mutually unintelligible dialects, and lacked the least vestiges of national consciousness. They wanted good government, not self-government, and had welcomed Napoleon and the French as more equitable and efficient than their native dynasties,many of which had died out in the 18th century. 2578: 4787: 3544: 4624: 5490: 5270: 3386: 4208: 1646: 3305: 2263: 4668: 1306: 5536: 3107: 4922: 3467: 1735: 3907: 2566:. The final arrangement was ironed out by "back-room" deals. This was because neither France, Austria, nor Sardinia wanted to risk another battle and could not handle further fighting. All of the sides were eventually unhappy with the outcome of the Second War of Italian Unification and expected another conflict in the future. In fact, Napoleon III and Cavour were mutually indebted: the first because he had withdrawn from the Second Italian War of Independence before the expected conquest of 5565: 4324: 5066: 2521: 2085: 11715: 2649: 5602: 2750: 5160: 2897: 1580: 5587: 3124:", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. There were obstacles, however. A challenge against the pope's temporal dominion was viewed with profound distrust by Catholics around the world, and there were French troops stationed in Rome. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. 9239: 1432: 2440: 2374: 5478: 5466: 5454: 2170: 11704: 9340: 752: 2449: 9352: 2026: 3793: 3583:, although he was not actually restrained from coming and going. Rather, being deposed and stripped of much of his former power also removed a measure of personal protection—if he had walked the streets of Rome, he might have been in danger from political opponents who had formerly kept their views private. Officially, the capital was not moved from Florence to Rome until July 1871. 3658:

between representation and rule. In essence, the northern Italians' "representation of the south as a land of barbarism (variously qualified as indecent, lacking in 'public conscience', ignorant, superstitious, etc.)" provided the Piedmontese with the justification to rule the southern regions on the pretext of implementing a superior, more civilized, "Piedmontese morality".

3692:, centuries of foreign domination created remarkable differences in Italian society, and the role of the newly formed government was to face these differences and to create a unified Italian society. Still today the most famous quote of Massimo d'Azeglio is, "L'Italia è fatta. Restano da fare gli italiani" ('Italy has been made. Now it remains to make Italians'). 2701:, a native of Nice, was deeply resentful of the French annexation of his home city. He hoped to use his supporters to regain the territory. Cavour, terrified of Garibaldi provoking a war with France, persuaded Garibaldi to instead use his forces in the Sicilian rebellions. On 6 May 1860, Garibaldi and his cadre of about a thousand Italian volunteers (called 3622:. The document was generally liberal and was welcomed by liberal elements. However, its anticlerical provisions were resented in the pro-clerical regions in places such as around Venice, Rome, and Naples—as well as the island of Sicily. Cavour had promised there would be regional and municipal, local governments, but all the promises were broken in 1861. 2936:, Francis mounted a stubborn defence that lasted three months. But European allies refused to provide him with aid, food and munitions became scarce, and disease set in, so the garrison was forced to surrender. Nonetheless, ragtag groups of Neapolitans loyal to Francis fought on against the Italian government for years to come. 4087: 4481: 3365:—taken on 21 and 22 October—to let the Venetian people express their will about being annexed or not to the Kingdom of Italy. Historians suggest that the referendum in Venetia was held under military pressure, as a mere 0.01% of voters (69 out of more than 642,000 ballots) voted against the annexation. 5080:

Risorgimento won the support of many leading Italian opera composers. Their librettos often saw a delicate balance between European romantic narratives and dramatic themes evoking nationalistic sentiments. Ideas expressed in operas stimulated the political mobilisation in Italy and among the cultured

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While Radetzky consolidated control of Lombardy–Venetia and Charles Albert licked his wounds, matters took a more serious turn in other parts of Italy. The monarchs who had reluctantly agreed to constitutions in March came into conflict with their constitutional ministers. At first, the republics had

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Many of the key intellectual and political leaders operated from exile; most Risorgimento patriots lived and published their work abroad after successive failed revolutions. Exile became a central theme of the foundational legacy of the Risorgimento as the narrative of the Italian nation fighting for

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Franco Della Peruta argues in favour of close links between the operas and the Risorgimento, emphasizing Verdi's patriotic intent and links to the values of the Risorgimento. Verdi started as a republican, became a strong supporter of Cavour and entered the Italian parliament on Cavour's suggestion.

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The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon's feet – that dragged him into the abyss. He never forgot, even in August 1870, a month before Sedan, that he was a sovereign of a Catholic country, that he had been made Emperor, and was supported by the votes of the Conservatives and

3169:. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, but Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. The volunteers suffered several casualties, and Garibaldi himself was wounded; many were taken prisoner. Garibaldi was taken by steamer to 2385:

France was a potential ally, and the patriots realized they had to focus all their attention on expelling Austria first, with a willingness to give the French whatever they wanted in return for essential military intervention. As a result of this France received Nice and Savoy in 1860. Secondly, the

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threw three bombs at him. Many leaders of the unification movement were at one time or other members of this organization. The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and to establish constitutional government. Although contributing some service to the cause of Italian unity, historians such as Cornelia

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from Austrian rule and allied itself with Prussia. Austria tried to persuade the Italian government to accept Venetia in exchange for non-intervention. However, on 8 April, Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and on 20 June Italy issued a declaration

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and volunteers were sent against them, and after a short fight, the whole band was taken prisoner and escorted to Cosenza, where a number of Calabrians who had taken part in a previous rising were also under arrest. The Bandiera brothers and their nine companions were executed by firing squad; some

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Few people in 1830 believed that an Italian nation might exist. There were eight states in the peninsula, each with distinct laws and traditions. No one had had the desire or the resources to revive Napoleon's partial experiment in unification. The settlement of 1814–15 had merely restored regional

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went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence. The Italian tricolour waved for the first time in the history of the Risorgimento on 11 March 1821 in the

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opinion movement that emerged after Italian unification. It advocated irredentism among the Italian people as well as other nationalities who were willing to become Italian and as a movement; it is also known as "Italian irredentism". Not a formal organization, it was just an opinion movement that

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National and regional officials were all appointed by Piedmont. A few regional leaders succeeded to high positions in the new national government, but the top bureaucratic and military officials were mostly Piedmontese. The national capital was briefly moved to Florence and finally to Rome, one of

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Unification was achieved entirely in terms of Piedmont's interests. Martin Clark says, "It was Piedmontization all around." Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the newly unified Italian kingdom were

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The pope's reception of San Martino (10 September 1870) was unfriendly. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." He was perhaps alluding to other

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In the last moments, he had a vision of Garibaldi and seemed to greet him with enthusiasm. I heard (so says a friend who was present) him say three times: "The union of the French to the papal political supporters was the terrible fact!", he was thinking about Mentana. He called Enrico many times,

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Morale was of course badly weakened, but the dream of Risorgimento did not die. Instead, the Italian patriots learned some lessons that made them much more effective at the next opportunity in 1860. Military weakness was glaring, as the small Italian states were completely outmatched by France and

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was sent to Rome. Apparently, the French first wished to mediate between the pope and his subjects, but soon the French were determined to restore the pope. After a two-month siege, Rome capitulated on 29 June 1849 and the pope was restored. Garibaldi and Mazzini once again fled into exile—in 1850

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notions of national character that stressed the influence of the environment and history on a people's moral predisposition. Italian exiles both challenged and embraced the stereotypes and typically presented gendered interpretations of Italy's political "degeneration". They called for a masculine

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Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed that the government would support him if he attacked Rome. Frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, he came out of retirement to organize a new venture. In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed again at Palermo, where he gathered

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called for the independence of Italy, a league of Italian princes, and moderate reforms. He had the ear of the king and in 1852 became prime minister. He ran an efficient active government, promoting rapid economic modernization while upgrading the administration of the army and the financial and

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At the summit of Villa Glori, near the spot where Enrico died, there is a plain white column dedicated to the Cairoli brothers and their 70 companions. About 200 meters to the right from the Terrazza del Pincio, there is a bronze monument of Giovanni holding the dying Enrico in his arm. A plaque

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that he would intervene if Austria tried to interfere in Italy with troops. Fearing he would lose his throne, Louis-Philippe did not, however, intervene in Menotti's planned uprising. The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once

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Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861. Likewise Marco Pizzo argues that after 1815 music became a political tool, and many songwriters expressed

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economy, when integrating the two. When the Kingdom of Italy extended the free-market economy to the rest of the country, the south's economy collapsed under the weight of the north's. Nitti contended that this change should have been much more gradual in order to allow the birth of an adequate

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The dominance of letters sent from the northern Italian correspondents that deemed southern Italy to be "so far from the ideas of progress and civilization" ultimately induced the Piedmontese parliament to choose the latter course of action, which effectively illustrated the intimate connection

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in September 1864, by which Napoleon agreed to withdraw the troops within two years. The pope was to expand his own army during that time so as to be self-sufficient. In December 1866, the last of the French troops departed from Rome, in spite of the efforts of the pope to retain them. By their

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The settling of the peninsular standoff now rested with Napoleon III. If he let Garibaldi have his way, Garibaldi would probably end the temporal sovereignty of the pope and make Rome the capital of Italy. Napoleon, however, may have arranged with Cavour to let the King of Sardinia free to take

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with Italy. The Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia. During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor

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With Cairoli dead, command was assumed by Giovanni Tabacchi who had retreated with the remaining volunteers into the villa, where they continued to fire at the papal soldiers. These also retreated in the evening to Rome. The survivors retreated to the positions of those led by Garibaldi on the

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policy through a forced Slavization of Dalmatia. According to Austrian census, the Dalmatian Italians formed 12.5% of the population in 1865. In the 1910 Austro-Hungarian census, Istria had a population of 57.8% Slavic-speakers (Croat and Slovene), and 38.1% Italian speakers. For the Austrian

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The national party, with Garibaldi at its head, still aimed at the possession of Rome, as the historic capital of the peninsula. In 1867 Garibaldi made a second attempt to capture Rome, but the Papal army, strengthened with a new French auxiliary force, defeated his poorly armed volunteers at

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warned Louis-Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be and that French intervention would not be tolerated. Louis-Philippe sent a naval expedition to Ancona, which restored Papal authority there and even arrested Italian patriots living in France. In early 1831, the

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This resounding success demonstrated the weakness of the Neapolitan government. Garibaldi's fame spread and many Italians began to consider him a national hero. Doubt, confusion, and dismay overtook the Neapolitan court—the king hastily summoned his ministry and offered to restore an earlier

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Biagini, Eugenio F. (2014). "Recent works on the Risorgimento Edited by Andrea del Cornò and Nick Carter – the Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-century Italy, edited by Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2012, xii +303 pp., £67.00

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refers to the domestic reorganization of the stratified Italian identity into a unified, national front. The word literally means 'rising again' and was an ideological movement which strove to spark national pride, leading to political oppositionalism to foreign rule and influence. There is

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were unexpectedly recalled home under the terms of a new Swiss law that forbade Swiss citizens to serve as mercenaries. This left Francis with only his mostly unreliable native troops. It was a critical opportunity for the unification movement. In April 1860, separate insurrections began in

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His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in

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claimed that Italy had to reach its "natural borders", meaning that the country would need to incorporate all areas predominantly consisting of ethnic Italians within the near vicinity outside its borders. Similar patriotic and nationalistic ideas were common in Europe in the 19th century.

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on 19 September and placed Rome under a state of siege. Although now convinced of his unavoidable defeat, Pius IX remained intransigent to the bitter end and forced his troops to put up a token resistance. On 20 September, after a cannonade of three hours had breached the Aurelian Walls at

4143:), making up 33% of the total population of Dalmatia in 1803, but this was reduced to 20% in 1816. In Dalmatia there was a constant decline in the Italian population, in a context of repression that also took on violent connotations. During this period, Austrians carried out an aggressive 3637:. Most people for Risorgimento had wanted strong provinces, but they got a strong central state instead. The inevitable long-run results were a severe weakness of national unity and a politicized system based on mutually hostile regional violence. Such factors remain in the 21st century. 1673:. Mazzini's activity in revolutionary movements caused him to be imprisoned soon after he joined. While in prison, he concluded that Italy could − and therefore should − be unified, and he formulated a program for establishing a free, independent, and republican nation with 4451:

For its avowed purpose, the movement had the "emancipation" of all Italian lands still subject to foreign rule after Italian unification. The Irredentists took language as the test of the alleged Italian nationality of the countries they proposed to emancipate, which were

2763:, arriving in Sicily with some 25,000 troops, furiously bombarded Palermo nearly to ruins. With the intervention of a British admiral, an armistice was declared, leading to the Neapolitan troops' departure and surrender of the town to Garibaldi and his much smaller army. 3497:

to Pius IX with a personal letter offering a face-saving proposal that would have allowed the peaceful entry of the Italian Army into Rome, under the guise of offering protection to the pope. The Papacy, however, exhibited something less than enthusiasm for the plan:

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faced on national unification was how they should govern and control the southern regions of the country that were frequently represented and described by northern Italian correspondents as "corrupt", "barbaric", and "uncivilized". In response to the depictions of

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patriots realized that the pope was an enemy, and could never be the leader of a united Italy. Thirdly, they realized that republicanism was too weak a force. Unification had to be based on a strong monarchy, and in practice that meant reliance on Piedmont (the

1707:), participated in an uprising in Piedmont in 1834 and was sentenced to death. He escaped to South America, although, spending fourteen years in exile, taking part in several wars, and learning the art of guerrilla warfare before his return to Italy in 1848. 1611:

Conservative governments feared the Carbonari, imposing stiff penalties on men discovered to be members. Nevertheless, the movement survived and continued to be a source of political turmoil in Italy from 1820 until after unification. The Carbonari condemned

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G. Thaon di Revel: "La cessione del Veneto – ricordi di un commissario piemontese incaricato alle trattative" (translation: "The cession of Veneto – memories of the piedmontese commissary for the negotiations"). Academic Press,

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Garibaldi distrusted the pragmatic Cavour since Cavour was the man ultimately responsible for orchestrating the French annexation of the city of Nice, which was his birthplace. Nevertheless, he accepted the command of Victor Emmanuel. When the king entered

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recalled his garrison from Rome, thus no longer providing protection to the Papal State. Widespread public demonstrations illustrated the demand that the Italian government take Rome. The Italian government took no direct action until the collapse of the

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ideals of freedom and equality. Pizzo says Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles. On the other side of the debate,

2487:. It overpowered guards and liberated hundreds of prisoners. In sharp contrast to his hypothetical expectations, there was no local uprising and the invaders were quickly overpowered. Pisacane was killed by angry locals who suspected he was leading a 4643:). The anniversary occurred in 1911 (50th), 1961 (100th), 2011 (150th) and 2021 (160th) with several celebrations throughout the country. While remaining a working day, 17 March is considered a "day promoting the values linked to national identity". 1341:. French rule destroyed the old structures of feudalism in Italy and introduced modern ideas and efficient legal authority; it provided much of the intellectual force and social capital that fueled unification movements for decades after the 3429:. Unfortunately for the Cairoli and their companions, by the time they arrived at Villa Glori, on the northern outskirts of Rome, the uprising had already been suppressed. During the night of 22 October 1867, the group was surrounded by 3886:

contention on its actual impact in Italy, some Scholars arguing it was a liberalizing time for 19th century Italian culture, while others speculate that although it was a patriotic revolution, it only tangibly aided the upper-class and

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The French Republic spread republican principles, and the institutions of republican governments promoted citizenship over the rule of the Bourbons and Habsburgs and other dynasties. The reaction against any outside control challenged

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O mia patria, si bella e perduta—'O my country, so lovely and so lost'—were thought to have resonated with many Italians). Beginning in Naples in 1859 and spreading throughout Italy, the slogan "Viva VERDI" was used as an acronym for

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Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Pallavicino, against the volunteer bands. On 28 August the two forces met at

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by increasing his territory. In 1826, Francis made it clear that he would not act against those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy. Encouraged by the declaration, revolutionaries in the region began to organize.

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Manenti, Luca G., "Italian Freemasonry from the Eighteenth Century to Unification. Protagonists, Metamorphoses, Interpretations", in History of the Grand Orient of Italy, edited by E. Locci (Washington D.C., Westphalia Press, 2019),

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with Germany and Austria-Hungary was a defensive one, requiring its members to come under attack first. Many Italians were still hostile to Austria's continuing occupation of ethnically Italian areas, and Italy chose not to enter.

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and no association with Napoleon and his government. The response came from middle-class professionals and businessmen and some intellectuals. The Carbonari disowned Napoleon but nevertheless were inspired by the principles of the

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was intended to be an anthem for Italian patriots, who were seeking to unify their country and free it from foreign control in the years up to 1861 (the chorus's theme of exiles singing about their homeland, and its lines such as

2081:" ('Long live Italy!') as they fell. The moral effect was enormous throughout Italy, the action of the authorities was universally condemned, and the martyrdom of the Bandiera brothers bore fruit in the subsequent revolutions. 3654:, the Piedmontese parliament had to decide whether it should investigate the southern regions to better understand the social and political situations there or it should establish jurisdiction and order by using mostly force. 1979:, quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations, and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation. The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the 4996:, a scathing indictment of the Bourbon government and was imprisoned and exiled several times by the Bourbons because of his support to Risorgimento; after the formation of the Kingdom of Italy, he was appointed professor of 3176:

Meanwhile, Victor Emmanuel sought a safer means to the acquisition of the remaining Papal territory. He negotiated with the Emperor Napoleon for the removal of the French troops from Rome through a treaty. They agreed to the

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Meanwhile, in Lombardy, tensions increased until the Milanese and Venetians rose in revolt on 18 March 1848. The insurrection in Milan succeeded in expelling the Austrian garrison after five days of street fights—18–22 March

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for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been

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had already agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon III in exchange for non-intervention in the Austro-Prussian War, and thus Napoleon ceded Venetia to Italy on 19 October, in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the

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The progress of the Sardinian army compelled Francis II to give up his line along the river, and he eventually took refuge with his best troops in the fortress of Gaeta. His courage boosted by his resolute young wife, Queen

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and Pietro Maroncelli organized several attempts to weaken the hold of the Austrian despotism by indirect educational means. In October 1820, Pellico and Maroncelli were arrested on the charge of carbonarism and imprisoned.

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were more than 50% of the total population of Istria for centuries, while making up about a third of the population in 1900. Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local ethnic Italian population

6795: 5965: 1497:(1802–1805) and consistent supporter of the Italian unification ideals that would lead to the Italian Risorgimento shortly after his death. Meanwhile, artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; 3600:

For twenty years Napoleon III had been the true sovereign of Rome, where he had many friends and relations…. Without him the temporal power would never have been reconstituted, nor, being reconstituted, would have

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in Sicily and in the Naples region. Hearder claimed that failed efforts to protest unification involved "a mixture of spontaneous peasant movement and a Bourbon-clerical reaction directed by the old authorities".

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The term was later expanded to also include multilingual and multiethnic areas, where Italians were a relative majority or a substantial minority, within the northern Italian region encompassed by the Alps, with

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occurred in two phases: they recognized the new title of Victor Emmanuel II in July, then the kingdom in November, after a long clash between conservatives and liberals in the Belgian parliament over the latter.

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granted a constitution to the Papal States, which was both unexpected and surprising considering the historical recalcitrance of the Papacy. On 23 February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee

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letters received from the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!". San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day.

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After 1830, revolutionary sentiment in favour of a unified Italy began to experience a resurgence, and a series of insurrections laid the groundwork for the creation of one nation along the Italian peninsula.

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ignored. The new Kingdom of Italy was structured by renaming the old Kingdom of Sardinia and annexing all the new provinces into its structures. The first king was Victor Emmanuel II, who kept his old title.

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Initially, Pius IX had been something of a reformer, but conflicts with the revolutionaries soured him on the idea of constitutional government. In November 1848, following the assassination of his Minister

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independence. The exiles were deeply immersed in European ideas, and often hammered away at what Europeans saw as Italian vices, especially effeminacy and indolence. These negative stereotypes emerged from

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The functional importance of the Risorgimento to both Italian politics and Italian historiography has made this short period (1815–60) one of the most contested and controversial in modern Italian history.

6176: 3132:('either Rome or Death'). The garrison of Messina, loyal to the king's instructions, barred their passage to the mainland. Garibaldi's force, now numbering two thousand, turned south and set sail from 2007:

Austrian army began its march across the Italian peninsula, slowly crushing resistance in each province that had revolted. This military action suppressed much of the fledgling revolutionary movement.

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divisions, with the added disadvantage that the decisive victory of Austria over France temporarily hindered Italians in playing off their former oppressors against each other. ... Italians who, like

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entrepreneurial class able to make strong investments and initiatives in the south. These mistakes, he felt, were the cause of the economic and social problems which came to be known as the

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in support of Italian unification. They assembled a band of about twenty men ready to sacrifice their lives and set sail on their venture on 12 June 1844. Four days later they landed near

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in Italy was repressed and discredited due to its French connections. A void was left that the Carbonari filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to

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during World War II. Reviews of the historical facts concerning Italian unification's successes and failures continue to be undertaken by domestic and foreign academic authors, including

2404:(1810–1861) provided critical leadership. He was a modernizer interested in agrarian improvements, banks, railways and free trade. He opened a newspaper as soon as censorship allowed it: 4199:

as the official language of Dalmatia in favor of Croatian only (previously both languages were recognized): thus Italian could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.

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Six weeks after the surrender of Palermo, Garibaldi attacked Messina. Within a week, its citadel surrendered. Having conquered Sicily, Garibaldi proceeded to the mainland, crossing the

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arrived in Rome and was appointed Chief Minister. In the Constitution of the Roman Republic, religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the pope as head of the

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lists the names of their companions. Giovanni never recovered from his wounds and from the tragic events of 1867. According to an eyewitness, when Giovanni died on 11 September 1869:

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not to hinder the ongoing process of Italian unification. On 26 October 1860, the same day as the meeting in Teano between the king and Garibaldi, Austria organized a congress in

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His politics caused him to be frequently in trouble with the Austrian censors. Verdi's main works of 1842–49 were especially relevant to the struggle for independence, including

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for those who supported such an effort. Afraid that Garibaldi would attack Rome, Catholics worldwide sent money and volunteers for the Papal Army, which was commanded by General

216: 1633: 2842:. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Ignoring the political will of the 1726:

response to feminine weaknesses as the basis of national regeneration and fashioned their image of the future Italian nation firmly in the standards of European nationalism.

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Before the defeat at Mentana on 3 November 1867, Enrico Cairoli, his brother Giovanni, and 70 companions had made a daring attempt to take Rome. The group had embarked in

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Austrian forces put up some opposition to the invading Italians, to little effect. Victor Emmanuel entered Venice and Venetian land, and performed an act of homage in the

1095:, the previous differences in municipal and political rights were abolished and Roman Italy was subdivided into administrative regions ruled directly by the Roman Senate. 3004:). Three months later Cavour died, having seen his life's work nearly completed. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. All is safe." 3925:

At the beginning, Italian irredentism promoted the annexation to Italy of territories where Italians formed the absolute majority of the population, but retained by the

1134:-speaking foreigner who had little interest in governing Italy and indeed never controlled the entire peninsula. As a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of 9719: 7778:, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, 3067:

on 13 April. France negotiated the presence of French troops in Rome and recognized the Kingdom of Italy on 15 June, shortly after Cavour's death. It will then be

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granted the Tuscans a constitution. A breakaway republican provisional government formed in Tuscany during February shortly after this concession. On 21 February,

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331 (4.6%). In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Dalmatian Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in

8093: 3870:

because he was the first to promote the Italian language and socio-culture (the main characteristics of Italian irredentism) in his island; Paoli wanted the

3515:, crossed the Papal frontier on 11 September and advanced slowly toward Rome, hoping that a peaceful entry could be negotiated. The Italian Army reached the 1526:, widely read as thinly veiled allegorical criticism of Austrian rule. Published in 1827 and extensively revised in the following years, the 1840 version of 4806:, whose works are a symbol of the Italian unification, both for its patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of the modern, unified 2200:

was proclaimed. By the time the revolution in Paris occurred, three states of Italy had constitutions—four if one considers Sicily to be a separate state.

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as the eponymous character, the Prince of Salina. The film depicts his reaction to the Risorgimento, and his vain attempts to retain his social standing.

3739:), because of a lack of understanding and action on the part of politicians, corruption and organized crime flourished in the south. The Marxist theorist 2790:, two regions of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, independently declared their annexation to the Kingdom of Italy. At the end of August, Garibaldi was at 1608:

regarding liberty, equality and fraternity. They developed their own rituals and were strongly anticlerical. The Carbonari movement spread across Italy.

9172:"Le due anime del processo di unificazione nazionale: Risorgimento e Controrisorgimento. La necessità di un nuovo approccio di ricerca ancora disatteso" 4258:

During the post-unification era, some Italians were dissatisfied with the current state of the Italian Kingdom since they wanted the kingdom to include

2542:, France and Sardinia defeated Austria and forced negotiations; at the same time, in the northern part of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers known as the 6669: 4247:, in a historiographical perspective that identifies in the latter the conclusion of the unification of Italy, whose military actions began during the 2859: 1322: 8189: 7776:

Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi

7764:

Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi

4766:

are also known for their patriotic canvases. The Risorgimento was also represented by works not necessarily linked to Neoclassicism—as in the case of

2681:(the infamous "King Bomba"), had a well-organized army of 150,000 men. But his father's tyranny had inspired many secret societies, and the kingdom's 2630:, but he was prevented from speaking. Because of this denial, between 1871 and 1872 there were riots in Nice, promoted by the Garibaldini and called " 1748:, demanding a Constitution, which influenced the development of a similar movement in Italy. Inspired by the Spaniards, a regiment in the army of the 1293:, written in 1764. It told how a stranger entered a café in Milan and puzzled its occupants by saying that he was neither a foreigner nor a Milanese. 7207: 2782:

promptly surrendered. As he marched northward, the populace everywhere hailed him, and military resistance faded: on 18 and 21 August, the people of

2570:, the second because he had allowed the uprisings to spread to the territories of central-northern Italy, thus going beyond what was agreed with the 8329: 8067: 5564: 3421:. Their arrival in Rome was to coincide with an uprising inside the city. On 22 October 1867, the revolutionaries inside Rome seized control of the 2634:", which demanded the annexation of the city and its area to Italy. Fifteen Nice people who participated in the rebellion were tried and sentenced. 30:

This article is about the 19th century consolidation of Italian states into a single state. For the Roman unification of the Italian Peninsula, see

8312:

Norme sull'acquisizione di conoscenze e competenze in materia di 'Cittadinanza e Costituzione' e sull'insegnamento dell'inno di Mameli nelle scuole

6338: 5745: 5254:(1848). However, starting in the 1850s, his operas showed few patriotic themes because of the heavy censorship of the absolutist regimes in power. 2212:

besieged Milan, but due to the defection of many of his troops and the support of the Milanese for the revolt, they were forced to retreat to the

11895: 11751: 10774: 6903: 6719:

Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective".

3213: 2830:, holding firm along the River Volturno. Garibaldi's irregular bands of about 25,000 men could not drive away the king or take the fortresses of 2295: 550: 6303:

Galt, Anthony (December 1994). "The Good Cousins' Domain of Belonging: Tropes in Southern Italian Secret Society Symbol and Ritual, 1810–1821".

3540:

were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite held on 2 October. The results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree of 9 October.

3116:

Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchical government and continued to agitate for a republic. With the motto "Free from the

2321:

Before the powers could respond to the founding of the Roman Republic, Charles Albert, whose army had been trained by the exiled Polish general

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argues that the political dimension of Verdi's operas was exaggerated by nationalistic historians looking for a hero in the late 19th century.

5098:('Think about the fatherland and intrepid do your duty: see for all Italy the birth of the examples of courage and value') was censored in the 9272: 10806: 4830:, was the founder of a new school in the Italian drama, expressed in several occasions his suffering about the foreign domination's tyranny. 574: 11809: 11437: 10789: 5081:

classes of Europe who appreciated Italian opera. Furthermore, Mazzini and many other nationalists found inspiration in musical discourses.

4243:

in 1915 with the aim of completing national unity: for this reason, the Italian intervention in the First World War is also considered the

562: 7925: 7351: 4378:

in Rome. But Italy did not receive other territories promised by the Treaty of London, such Dalmatia, so this outcome was denounced as a "

2694:

in Sicily, both of which had demonstrated a history of opposing Neapolitan rule. These rebellions were easily suppressed by loyal troops.

1940:

again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops. Menotti was executed, and the idea of a revolution centred in Modena faded.

395: 11804: 10012: 2415: 8116: 7847: 5156:

tried to use some of Donizetti's works for promoting the Italian cause, Donizetti had always preferred not to get involved in politics.

3052:

to apply measures against the Kingdom of Sardinia, without success; held back by this crisis, Cavour was unable to be present at Teano.

3028:, which had not maintained relations with this country since 1859, after the Second Italian War of Independence, sent its troops to the 1760:, agreed to enact a new constitution. The revolutionaries, although, failed to court popular support and fell to Austrian troops of the 11401: 10331: 1891: 780: 723: 9297: 9243: 6364: 3618:

However, Piedmontese tax rates and regulations, diplomats and officials were imposed on all of Italy. The constitution was Piedmont's

11905: 11535: 9510: 6838: 4962: 4728:

was another remarkable artist of this period whose works often contain allegories about Italian unification. His most known painting

2166:

as chairman of the independent state until 1849, when the Bourbon army took back full control of the island on 15 May 1849 by force.

2016: 1399:, took place, on the basis of the events following the French Revolution (1789–1799) which, among its ideals, advocated the national 4746:

enabling the latter to unify the many states of the Italian peninsula into the new kingdom of Italy. Hayez's three paintings on the

1764:. Ferdinand abolished the constitution and began systematically persecuting known revolutionaries. Many supporters of revolution in 11442: 7065: 4524: 2227:), urged by the Venetians and Milanese to aid their cause, decided this was the moment to unify Italy and declared war on Austria ( 8601: 6658: 2806:

had declared a state of siege, and on 6 September the king gathered the 4,000 troops still faithful to him and retreated over the

2464:(right), leading figures in the Italian unification, became respectively the first king and first Prime Minister of unified Italy. 1756:, a Carbonaro (member of the secret republican organization), mutinied, conquering the peninsular part of Two Sicilies. The king, 11760: 11007: 9928: 9597: 9458: 8263: 4742:

while the girl's pale blue dress signifies France, which in 1859 (the year of the painting's creation) made an alliance with the

4636: 4618: 3626: 3560: 2818: 1024: 8816: 8455: 5886: 3293:

saw that his own ends in the war had been achieved, and signed an armistice with Austria on 27 July. Italy followed, officially

10219: 9384: 8651: 5720: 3193:. This arrangement created such disturbances in Turin that the king was forced to leave that city hastily for his new capital. 5821: 12100: 11685: 10848: 9224: 8616: 8377: 7091: 6581: 6160: 6077: 5920: 5701: 5657: 5628: 4947:

and his works are a rare examples of a metropolitan culture above nationalism; he supported the liberal revolution headed by

3646: 8285: 1353:'s choice of rulers. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, the rulers he had installed tried to keep their thrones (among them 1278:(1701–14). Following this war the Austrian Habsburgs struggled for dominance with the Spanish Bourbons until the end of the 11482: 10757: 10565: 9592: 9014:

Isabella, Maurizio (2012). "Rethinking Italy's Nation-Building 150 Years Afterwards: The New Risorgimento Historiography".

5618: 4640: 4448:) were temporarily annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, nearly fulfilling in those years the ambitions of Italian irredentism. 3731:

commented that although Italian unification had been a strong opportunity for both a moral and economic rebirth of Italy's

3110: 2966: 1221:

expressed opposition to foreign domination. Petrarch stated that the "ancient valour in Italian hearts is not yet dead" in

1123: 1028: 902: 380: 167: 6227:

Maurizio Isabella, "Aristocratic Liberalism and Risorgimento: Cesare Balbo and Piedmontese Political Thought after 1848".

5133:('War, war! The Gallic forests') in Act 2, the Italians began to greet the chorus with loud applause and to yell the word 1541:, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under the leadership of the pope in his 1842 book 11744: 10811: 10674: 9933: 9892: 9413: 5499: 4647: 2387: 1796: 1568: 932:

Individuals who played a major part in the struggle for unification and liberation from foreign domination included King

111: 17: 12404: 12181: 12057: 11530: 11115: 10742: 10575: 10336: 9907: 9897: 9572: 9160: 8126: 8034:, Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno, 1993 7630: 7456: 6796:"'Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio' in seguito all'unità d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi" 6757: 5831: 4371: 4244: 2962: 2947: 2500: 1780: 1150:, which had been established by the Normans. Central Italy was governed by the pope as a temporal kingdom known as the 1048: 728: 434: 8032:

I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936

8013: 7987: 6024: 5954:

Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag")

2290:

and other patriots arrived in Rome. In early 1849, elections were held for a Constituent Assembly, which proclaimed a

1446:(1814–15) restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments. Italy was again controlled largely by the 147: 143: 139: 12424: 12236: 12164: 12130: 10762: 10737: 10580: 9902: 9607: 9577: 9532: 8869: 7889: 6122: 6051: 6008: 5778: 5513: 4550:

The Istrian-Dalmatian exodus started in 1943 and ended completely only in 1960. According to the census organized in

4252: 4031: 3930: 3921:

in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants

3202: 2810:. The next day, Garibaldi, with a few followers, entered by train into Naples, where the people openly welcomed him. 2589: 2184: 2020: 438: 151: 7560:

Francesco Saverio Nitti, L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX, Casa Editrice Nazionale Roux e Viarengo, Torino-Roma, 1901

5935: 4030:

looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after the

3147: 2939: 12349: 11134: 10415: 10301: 9405: 9250: 8950: 4842: 4714:

is one of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova. By this time, in sculpture, a veiled woman in the style of the

4500: 4047: 3012:

The disapproval of the various European states culminated in the direct participation of the Sardinian army in the

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on 9 February. On 2 February 1849, at a political rally held in the Apollo Theater, a young Roman priest, the Abbé

1099: 906: 693: 2916:

at the head of his army, Garibaldi willingly handed over his dictatorial power. After greeting Victor Emmanuel in

2738:

on 13 May. Within three days, the invading force had swelled to 4,000 men. On 14 May Garibaldi proclaimed himself

12419: 11258: 11170: 11017: 11012: 10843: 10711: 10136: 10005: 9467: 9428: 9001:

Risorgimento in modern Italian culture: revisiting the nineteenth-century past in history, narrative, and cinema.

8562:, "How political were Verdi's operas? Metaphors of progress in the reception of I Lombardi alla prima crociata", 8403: 8311: 7717: 5549: 5506: 5096:

Pensa alla patria, e intrepido il tuo dover adempi: vedi per tutta Italia rinascere gli esempi d’ardir e di valor

4311: 3743:

criticized Italian unification for the limited presence of the masses in politics, as well as the lack of modern

2562:

was signed. The settlement, by which Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia, left Austria in control of the Veneto and

2314:, while the death penalty was abolished by article 5, and free public education was provided by article 8 of the 1757: 1451: 595: 4961:

was one of the most important scholars of Italian language and literature in the 19th century; he supported the

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on 12 August. Garibaldi was recalled from his successful march and resigned with a brief telegram reading only "

981: 12359: 12354: 12074: 12069: 11737: 11206: 10794: 10271: 10161: 9866: 9775: 9674: 9622: 8241: 7803: 5226: 4791: 4437: 4240: 3766: 3041: 2674: 2506: 2461: 2401: 2299: 2228: 1366: 1334: 1279: 937: 773: 663: 318: 8686: 2608:, a decision that was the consequence of the Plombières Agreement, on 24 March 1860, an event that caused the 1549:

at first appeared interested but he turned reactionary and led the battle against liberalism and nationalism.

12084: 11457: 11288: 11175: 10706: 10701: 9520: 9078:

Salsini, Laura A. "Re-envisioning the Risorgimento: Isabella Bossi Fedrigotti's Amore mio uccidi Garibaldi."

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from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also

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in 1920. Some historians see the Risorgimento as continuing to that time, which is the view presented at the

4263: 3287: 2768: 2291: 1518: 1494: 1358: 1275: 1047:

in 1920. Some historians see the Risorgimento as continuing to that time, which is the view presented at the

568: 510: 505: 489: 127: 12429: 12344: 12145: 11990: 11864: 11216: 11155: 11140: 10992: 10853: 10306: 10131: 9790: 9485: 8926:

Wawro, Geoffrey. "Austria versus the Risorgimento: A New Look at Austria's Italian strategy in the 1860s."

8829:

Riall, Lucy (1998). "Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi".

8710:

America in Italy: The United States in the Political Thought and Imagination of the Risorgimento, 1763–1865

8696: 8215: 8193: 8166: 7273:

Beggiato, E.: "1866: la grande truffa" (translation: "1866: the great deceit"). Venice Academic Press, 1999

6961:

La Sicilia sarà una delle più belle gemme della sua corona; ed uno degli elementi più vitali della nazione.

6954: 5312: 5034: 4738:: the man wears red, white and green, representing the Italian patriots fighting for independence from the 4461: 3494: 3362: 3231:

the position of leadership among the German states. The Kingdom of Italy seized the opportunity to capture

3208: 1483: 698: 631: 8751: 7448:

Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi's Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy

7211: 3676: 1251: 12261: 12020: 11951: 11560: 11278: 11124: 10906: 10816: 10716: 10602: 10570: 10255: 10156: 10098: 10058: 10043: 10033: 9969: 9547: 9423: 8441:

Carlotta Sorba, "Between cosmopolitanism and nationhood: Italian opera in the early nineteenth century".

6429:

Patriarca, Silvana (2005). "Indolence and Regeneration: Tropes and Tensions of Risorgimento Patriotism".

6148: 5212: 4628: 4441: 4394: 4054:, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of 3750: 3256: 2900: 2664: 2480: 2457: 2406: 2159: 1976: 1455: 933: 744: 585: 123: 44: 9008:

The antiquity of the Italian nation: the cultural origins of a political myth in modern Italy, 1796–1943

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It can be argued that Italian unification was never truly completed in the 19th century. Even after the

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in 1648 formally ended the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors in Italy. However, the Spanish branch of the

12052: 12025: 11615: 11243: 11063: 10970: 10943: 10878: 10752: 10286: 10212: 10151: 10068: 9998: 9876: 9627: 9582: 9448: 9377: 9330: 8428:

Axel Körner, "Opera and nation in nineteenth‐century Italy: conceptual and methodological approaches".

5364: 5353: 5021: 4930: 4893: 4582: 4336: 3433:, and Giovanni was severely wounded. Enrico was mortally wounded and bled to death in Giovanni's arms. 3013: 2969:, and on 27 March 1861 Rome was declared capital of Italy, although it was not yet in the new kingdom. 2643: 2623: 2601: 2220: 1904: 1826: 1459: 678: 637: 6899: 6547: 6486: 3633:

The pope lost Rome in 1870 and ordered the Catholic Church not to co-operate with the new government,

2150:, which denied Austria the associated tax revenue. Shortly after this, revolts began on the island of 62: 12364: 11890: 11645: 11411: 11334: 11298: 10316: 10281: 10276: 9861: 9587: 4651: 4417: 4072: 2739: 1834: 1490: 1479: 1380: 766: 708: 673: 668: 196: 7242: 3699:

criticized the newly created state for not considering the substantial economic differences between

3236:

of war on Austria. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called the

3136:. Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at 12251: 11917: 11852: 11660: 11650: 11630: 11600: 11555: 11253: 11095: 11027: 10997: 10977: 10858: 10534: 10499: 10296: 10126: 9495: 9280: 8867:

Sarlin, Simon (2009). "Fighting the Risorgimento: foreign volunteers in southern Italy (1860–63)".

6999: 5601: 4914: 4786: 4528: 4492: 4367: 3264: 2992: 2871: 2731: 2559: 2448: 2240: 2072:

Pietro Boccheciampe, and by some peasants who believed them to be Turkish pirates. A detachment of

1995: 1408: 1373:

approval for his succession to Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, and on 30 March 1815, Murat issued the

1044: 968: 688: 423: 281: 31: 9265: 7405: 7384: 7337: 7121:"La costruzione dello Stato e i nuovi indirizzi politici, Il difficile riconoscimento diplomatico" 2826:

Although Garibaldi had easily taken the capital, the Neapolitan army had not joined the rebellion

1354: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12314: 12304: 12246: 12186: 12032: 11859: 11842: 11540: 11303: 11160: 11130: 11105: 11022: 10982: 10921: 10820: 10585: 10555: 9840: 9830: 9562: 7569:

Francesco Saverio Nitti, Domenico De Masi, Napoli e la questione meridionale, Guida, Napoli, 2004

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wrote a poetry characterized by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to

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The Kingdom of Italy had declared neutrality at the beginning of the war, officially because the

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and, in a narrow sense, irredentists referred to the Italian patriots living in these two areas.

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withdrawal, Italy (excluding Venetia and Savoy) was freed from the presence of foreign soldiers.

2933: 2886: 2479:, an aristocrat from Naples who had embraced Mazzini's ideas, decided to provoke a rising in the 2326: 2107: 2093: 2053: 1988: 1749: 1111: 581: 453: 370: 9567: 9071:

Rao, Anna Maria. "Napoleonic Italy: Old and New Trends in Historiography." in Ute Planert, ed.,

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N. Tommaseo. "Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli" (in Archivio storico italiano, 1st series, vol. XI).

5897:

Anna Maria Rao, "Republicanism in Italy from the eighteenth century to the early Risorgimento",

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in Rome, inaugurated in 1911 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy

4159:

The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of

2571: 2302:

was a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality". In early March 1849,

12414: 12409: 12105: 12042: 11825: 11238: 11226: 11002: 10987: 10679: 10321: 10093: 9871: 9438: 7355: 7021: 6152: 4908: 4868:, described in his works both enthusiasms and disappointments of Risorgimento until his death. 4836:

describes in his works the passion and love for the fatherland and the glorious history of the

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remained to be added. On 18 February 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first

2605: 2604:

and the Papal Legations on 22 March 1860. Sardinia handed Savoy and Nice over to France at the

2593: 2197: 2180: 2003: 1463: 1247: 1218: 713: 5693: 5586: 4346:

Italian irredentism obtained an important result after the First World War, when Italy gained

1214: 12191: 12047: 11869: 11779: 11545: 11472: 11452: 11366: 11315: 11073: 11053: 10863: 10457: 10425: 10311: 10291: 10205: 9912: 9684: 9515: 9370: 7592:

Cammett, John M. (1963). "Two Recent Polemics on the Character of the Italian Risorgimento".

7446: 6747: 5290: 4594: 4586: 4413: 4232: 3137: 2730:, Garibaldi's army attracted scattered bands of rebels, and the combined forces defeated the 2505:

The Second War of Italian Independence began in April 1859 when the Sardinian Prime Minister

2341: 2337:

on the same day as the defeat at Novara, but was suppressed by the Austrians ten days later.

2252: 1800: 1198: 703: 683: 605: 242: 119: 9990: 8775: 7793: 7620: 6973: 6140: 5681: 5668:

is the name given to the process that ended with the political unification of Italy in 1871.

3753:

produced a clear radicalization of Italy in the mid-20th century, following the fall of the

2142:

On 5 January 1848, the revolutionary disturbances began with a civil disobedience strike in

1617: 12196: 12115: 11830: 11396: 11211: 11100: 11078: 10630: 10514: 10382: 10048: 9664: 9305: 8681: 7946: 6368: 5342: 5269: 5049: 5001: 4958: 4926: 4623: 4207: 3986: 3689: 3536:. Forty-nine Italian soldiers and four officers, and nineteen papal troops, died. Rome and 3486: 3294: 3178: 3170: 3166: 2924:, Garibaldi entered Naples riding beside the king. Garibaldi then retired to the island of 2839: 2753: 2735: 2419: 2244: 1908: 1722: 1645: 1396: 1338: 1330: 1194: 312: 236: 135: 8481: 7283: 6774: 4228: 3385: 2353:. Meanwhile, the Austrians besieged Venice, which was defended by a volunteer army led by 1841:. Di Santarosa's troops were defeated, and the would-be Piedmontese revolutionary fled to 1665:

Many leading Carbonari revolutionaries wanted a republic, two of the most prominent being

8: 12176: 11985: 11939: 11910: 11680: 11670: 11625: 11391: 11356: 11351: 11068: 10689: 10625: 10545: 10181: 10063: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9745: 9552: 9505: 9490: 9475: 8948:

Wright, Owain (2012). "British foreign policy and the Italian occupation of Rome, 1870".

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Seaman, L. C. B. (1980). "Proved Only Negative Propositions". In Delzell, Charles (ed.).

6817: 5336: 4944: 4719: 4566: 4398: 4375: 4340: 4248: 4216: 4149: 4058:

among many Italians in Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the

4055: 4016: 3856: 3782: 3477: 3407: 3361:, it was written that the annexation of Venetia would have become effective only after a 3343: 3260: 3224: 3060: 2555: 2543: 2539: 2524: 2334: 2236: 1924: 1866: 1600: 1510: 1374: 1342: 1259: 1235:, which looked forward to a political leader who would unite Italy "to free her from the 1166: 1135: 1107: 1052: 1017: 922: 483: 471: 448: 350: 8914: 7120: 7069: 4936: 4397:. Historians regard "mutilated victory" as a "political myth", used by fascists to fuel 4191:

from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all the inland locations. In 1909 the

3867: 3586:

Historian Raffaele de Cesare made the following observations about Italian unification:

3304: 2270: 1506: 12309: 12276: 12241: 12120: 12037: 12015: 11995: 11961: 11655: 11640: 11620: 11477: 11418: 11371: 11293: 11150: 11120: 11110: 11085: 11058: 10965: 10958: 10894: 10650: 10645: 10362: 10186: 10171: 10053: 9810: 9800: 9729: 9694: 9537: 9060: 9027: 8967: 8886: 8848: 8598:

Making and Remaking Italy: The Cultivation of National Identity around the Risorgimento

8352: 7664: 7601: 6662: 6446: 6320: 6285: 6258: 6101: 5623: 5391: 5115:, the last part of Act 2 is an allegory to Italian unification. Another Bellini opera, 5017: 4997: 4969:

and for this reason he was imprisoned for three years; his reputation as a lecturer on

4803: 4778:, painting landscapes, rural scenes, and military life during the Italian unification. 4540: 4298:(which included Great Britain, France and Russia) requested its intervention. With the 4140: 4099: 4027: 3848: 3564: 3508: 3308: 3276: 3217: 3106: 3045: 2698: 2652: 2619: 2547: 2391: 2330: 2322: 2287: 2205: 1818: 1670: 1650: 1534:, a conscious effort by the author to provide a language and force people to learn it. 1531: 1514: 1502: 1443: 1400: 1388: 1350: 1310: 1286: 1210: 1127: 1013: 941: 918: 894: 444: 384: 115: 67: 11729: 9755: 9362: 9108:

La nazione del Risorgimento: parentela, santità e onore alle origini dell'Italia unita

7841: 5262:

argues that music critics at the time seldom mentioned any political themes. Likewise

3828: 3451:

that he might help him, then he said: "but we will certainly win; we will go to Rome!"

2659:

Thus, by early 1860, only five states remained in Italy—the Austrians in Venetia, the

2613: 2517:. By this time, the French had reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated. 2262: 1563:, which proved too extreme for most nationalists. The middle position was proposed by 1486:, after the oblivion caused by the restoration of the absolutist monarchical regimes. 993: 12434: 12296: 12281: 12157: 12125: 12079: 11605: 11595: 11467: 11381: 11346: 11273: 11263: 11041: 10911: 10825: 10655: 10635: 10609: 10597: 10392: 10387: 10372: 10367: 10352: 10103: 10088: 9974: 9964: 9785: 9765: 9617: 9220: 9179: 9156: 9056: 8971: 8890: 8852: 8657: 8612: 8459: 8122: 7969: 7885: 7799: 7668: 7626: 7452: 6753: 6577: 6156: 6141: 6119:

I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema

6073: 6048:

I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema

6004: 5916: 5827: 5794: 5774: 5697: 5682: 5653: 5426: 5402: 5149: 5091: 5054: 5044: 4989: 4889: 4379: 4121: 4103: 3875: 3836: 3820: 3728: 3717: 3671: 3619: 3576: 3399: 3390: 3315:

Prussia's success on the northern front obliged Austria to cede Venetia (present-day

3290: 2775: 2703: 2682: 2531: 2278:

the upper hand, forcing the monarchs to flee their capitals, including Pope Pius IX.

2041: 2030: 1884: 1822: 1605: 1538: 1474: 1470: 1415:

in 1789, anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military

1263: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1147: 1143: 1001: 985: 910: 589: 399: 231: 7819: 7066:"Il problema della sicurezza ed il riconoscimento internazionale del Regno d'Italia" 6955:

Commissione nazionale per la pubblicazione dei carteggi del Conte di Cavour (2005).

4880:, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early 2746:, while a mass uprising of street and barricade fighting broke out within the city. 2631: 2582: 12291: 12171: 11966: 11900: 11847: 11789: 11675: 11497: 11447: 11428: 11423: 11376: 11283: 11221: 11201: 11189: 11145: 10948: 10928: 10916: 10779: 10660: 10377: 10240: 10232: 10108: 10021: 9795: 9709: 9704: 9689: 9669: 9643: 9557: 9542: 9052: 9019: 8959: 8878: 8840: 8494: 7656: 6438: 6312: 6250: 5592: 5570: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5417: 5386: 5380: 5369: 5358: 5316: 5153: 5105: 4903: 4871: 4859: 4827: 4821: 4807: 4767: 4748: 4730: 4711: 4699: 4667: 4578: 4536: 4484: 4409: 4383: 4332: 4316: 4192: 4135: 4095: 4023: 3999: 3915: 3894: 3871: 3852: 3844: 3840: 3824: 3812: 3762: 3512: 3369: 3232: 2997: 2958: 2760: 2743: 2708: 2627: 2551: 2362: 2303: 2283: 1999: 1932: 1871: 1666: 1654: 1560: 1552: 1498: 1435: 1412: 1305: 1115: 1009: 1005: 989: 973: 945: 914: 873: 821: 810: 798: 205: 181: 155: 10747: 8765: 8381: 7095: 6520:

Gavriel Shapiro, "Nabokov and Pellico: Invitation to a Beheading and My Prisons".

6241:

Rath, R. John (1964). "The Carbonari: Their Origins, Initiation Rites, and Aims".

5853:

Antonio Trampus, "Gianrinaldo Carli at the centre of the Milanese Enlightenment".

4585:). The Italian irredentist movement thus vanished from Italian politics. The 1947 2928:, while the remaining work of unifying the peninsula was left to Victor Emmanuel. 2877:

It was in this situation that a Sardinian force of two army corps, under generals

2609: 1620:

to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858, when

1031:). Some of the states that had been envisaged as part of the unification process ( 12271: 12266: 11934: 11794: 11774: 11585: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11462: 11386: 11248: 10767: 10665: 10550: 10450: 10357: 10176: 9835: 9805: 9724: 9612: 8963: 8907: 8899: 8782: 8761: 8644: 8289: 7791: 7766:, Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971 7660: 5943: 5578: 5408: 5295: 5278: 5244: 5138: 4952: 4876: 4796: 4763: 4759: 4725: 4574: 4544: 4390: 4291: 4231:

area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to

4144: 4043: 3974: 3926: 3808: 3801: 3740: 3591:

the influence of the clergy; and that it was his supreme duty not to abandon the

3548: 3490: 3470: 3461: 3422: 3158: 3025: 2953:

The fall of Gaeta brought the unification movement to the brink of fruition—only

2882: 2855: 2779: 2345: 2307: 2232: 2173: 2163: 2120: 2112: 2098: 2010: 1944: 1920: 1745: 1629: 1447: 1392: 1370: 1326: 1202: 1131: 1119: 1036: 926: 898: 625: 428: 172: 7691: 6535:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 10: The Zenith of European Power, 1830–70

5121:, was at the center of an unexpected standing ovation during its performance in 4921: 4266:, and other adjacent territories as well. This Italian irredentism succeeded in 2854:. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened 2243:

on 24 July. An armistice was agreed to, and Radetzky regained control of all of

12215: 12062: 11944: 11929: 11837: 11799: 11718: 11665: 11635: 11580: 11487: 11361: 11308: 11268: 10938: 10933: 10784: 10684: 10640: 10592: 10540: 10494: 10462: 10420: 10397: 10082: 10078: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9770: 9760: 9602: 9443: 9417: 9356: 8806:

Religion and politics in the Risorgimento. Britain and the new Italy, 1861–1875

8758:

The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-century Italy

8559: 7862: 7622:

The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy

6619: 6212: 5938:.Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) 5320: 5259: 5238: 5168: 5073: 5012: 5007: 4897: 4855: 4837: 4755: 4715: 4707: 4695: 4687: 4676: 4672: 4570: 4421: 4303: 4295: 4160: 4012: 3863: 3832: 3754: 3736: 3708: 3700: 3651: 3634: 3556: 3516: 3426: 3101: 3076: 3056: 3037: 3021: 2878: 2597: 2476: 2395: 2358: 2209: 2124: 1980: 1912: 1853: 1804: 1753: 1738: 1592: 1556: 1420: 1271: 1267: 1255: 1139: 1080: 1072: 997: 917:. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the 556: 360: 340: 275: 8882: 8844: 6450: 3906: 3466: 3275:. The following day, Garibaldi's volunteers defeated an Austrian force in the 2663:(now minus the Legations), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the 1734: 1016:) remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy, planting the seeds of 12338: 12208: 12203: 11874: 11784: 11590: 11231: 10801: 10489: 10467: 10326: 9714: 9699: 9679: 9648: 9500: 9183: 9101:

Italofilia. Opinione pubblica britannica e il Risorgimento italiano 1847–1864

7973: 7578:

Lucy Riall, "Which road to the south? Revisionists revisit the Mezzogiorno".

6507:

Michael Broers, "Revolution as Vendetta: Patriotism in Piedmont, 1794–1821".

6464: 6214:

Pio Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century

5652:. Heinemann Advanced History (First ed.). Oxford: Heinemann. p. 2. 5439: 5434: 5347: 5117: 5039: 4948: 4683: 4531:, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic 4402: 4323: 4076: 3934: 3712: 3430: 3403: 3064: 2983: 2978: 2943: 2921: 2913: 2488: 2354: 2350: 2266: 2256: 1928: 1838: 1812: 1769: 1761: 1637:

Shiver doubt that their achievements were proportional to their pretensions.

1621: 1404: 1384: 1362: 1314: 1190: 959: 954: 718: 269: 248: 38: 10073: 6698: 5065: 4978: 4906:

was one of the most important poets of Risorgimento thanks to works such as

2426:, which gave Cavour's diplomacy legitimacy in the eyes of the great powers. 2361:, who were forced to surrender on 24 August. Pro-independence fighters were 1246:

saw 65 years of French attacks on some of the Italian states, starting with

11708: 11515: 11320: 11090: 10694: 10560: 10509: 10484: 10121: 9856: 9750: 9527: 9433: 9344: 9023: 8831: 8575: 8014:"Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919" 7991: 7988:"Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919" 7943:

La campagna del 1866 nei documenti militari austriaci: operazioni terrestri

7313: 5574: 5556: 5520: 5421: 5413: 5375: 5298:, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification. 5263: 5172: 4881: 4848: 4775: 4735: 4691: 4602: 4512: 4508: 4420:(from 1941 to September 1943), so the Kingdom of Italy annexed temporarily 4275: 4220: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4156:), the 1910 numbers were 96.2% Slavic speakers and 2.8% Italian speakers. 4063: 4059: 3970: 3797: 3667: 3572: 3481: 3338: 3329: 3268: 3121: 3063:

were the first to recognize the new state (30 March 1861), followed by the

2851: 2660: 2510: 2213: 2188: 1936: 1830: 1613: 1564: 1546: 1254:(1559) saw parts of Italy fall under the direct or indirect control of the 1243: 1162: 1151: 1084: 756: 477: 306: 262: 10166: 7739: 6415:

Maurizio Isabella, "Exile and Nationalism: The Case of the Risorgimento".

4840:; these two concepts are respectively well expressed in two masterpieces, 4654:, a war event considered to complete the process of unification of Italy. 4163:

in 1890 there were 1,969 Dalmatian Italians (12.5% of the population), in

3645:

From the spring of 1860 to the summer of 1861, a major challenge that the

2588:

Sardinia annexed Lombardy from Austria; it later occupied and annexed the

2520: 1696:" ('Union, Strength and Freedom"), which sought the unification of Italy. 37:"Risorgimento" redirects here. For the 2011 opera by Lorenzo Ferrero, see 12323: 12286: 12256: 12220: 12151: 12136: 11980: 11610: 11550: 11520: 10873: 10504: 9780: 9322:

In the sign of the tricolour: Italians and Hungarians in the Risorgimento

8682:

The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples

8353:"Exquisite 19th-Century Sculpture Cloaked in a 'Translucent' Marble Veil" 6572:

Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002).

6068:

Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002).

5911:

Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002).

5397: 5331: 5142: 5029: 4833: 4771: 4650:, celebrated on 4 November, commemorates the end of World War I with the 4468:

interests in Dalmatia and Istria to weaken Italian claims in the western

4267: 4080: 3978: 3899: 3887: 3744: 3704: 3525: 3084: 3080: 3024:

interrupted diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Sardinia, while the

2423: 2084: 2073: 2045: 1880: 1837:

returned he disavowed the constitution and requested assistance from the

1808: 1682: 1658: 1596: 1158: 1103: 1088: 1040: 618: 531: 286: 9031: 8980:

Luigi Russo interprete di Vincenzo Cuoco. Un inedito corso universitario

8942:

A History of Italy 1700–1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change

8760:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 13 essays on specialized topics by scholars 8727: 7605: 7525:'This is not Italy!': Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861", in 7505:'This is not Italy!': Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861", in 7488:'This is not Italy!': Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861", in 6289: 5881:

Raymond Grew, "Finding social capital: the French revolution in Italy".

2767:

constitution, but these efforts failed to rebuild the people's trust in

2494: 11956: 11922: 10868: 10477: 9979: 9320: 8017: 6324: 6262: 6105: 5208: 5171:(1813–1901). In particular, the chorus of the Hebrew slaves (known as " 5159: 5110: 4559: 4086: 3770: 3153: 2896: 2846:, Garibaldi announced his intent to proclaim a "Kingdom of Italy" from 2783: 2749: 2668: 2325:, renewed the war with Austria. He was quickly defeated by Radetzky at 1377:, which called on Italians to revolt against their Austrian occupiers. 1236: 1231: 611: 10113: 9064: 9043:

Ramm, Agatha (1972). "The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature".

8407: 5445: 5094:

expressed his support to the unification of Italy; the patriotic line

4480: 4168: 3571:

Initially the Italian government had offered to let the pope keep the

3406:

until August 1870, when it was recalled following the outbreak of the

3173:, where he was honorably imprisoned for a time, but finally released. 1579: 1329:

were set up. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved by the last

11971: 9480: 7527:

The View from the Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question

7507:

The View from the Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question

7490:

The View from the Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question

7284:"The Austro-Prussian War and Third War of Italian Unification (1866)" 6597: 6574:

Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera

6125: 6096:

Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in

6070:

Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera

6054: 5913:

Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera

5689: 4569:

disappeared along with the defeated Fascists and the Monarchy of the

4562:

amounted to 21,894 people (2,258 in Slovenia and 19,636 in Croatia).

4176: 3521: 2088: 1678: 1588: 1369:) further feeding nationalistic sentiments. Beauharnais tried to get 1170: 298: 292: 131: 9260: 6892: 6316: 6254: 4609:), in recognition of their cultural and linguistic distinctiveness. 4543:), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic 2025: 1075:

in the latter part of the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a

11525: 11510: 11505: 11406: 10440: 10435: 9255: 9171: 9150: 8264:"L'Italia per De Gaulle: "Non un paese povero, ma un povero paese"" 8049: 7910: 6942:

The Unification of Italy, 1859–1861: Cavour, Mazzini, or Garibaldi?

6839:"I Vespri Nizzardi del 1871: conferenza storica e annullo speciale" 6442: 4590: 4555: 4532: 4516: 4453: 4224: 4153: 4130:

Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866

4117: 4067: 3990: 3962: 3958: 3190: 3141: 3068: 2987: 2843: 2807: 2716: 2648: 2535: 2373: 2143: 2105:

In this context, in 1847, the first public performance of the song

2049: 1704: 1431: 1416: 1297:'Then what are you?' they asked. 'I am an Italian', he explained." 1206: 1092: 963: 494: 107: 8813:

The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification

5823:

Machiavelli and Empire – Mikael Hörnqvist – Google Books

5684:

The Italian Risorgimento: state, society, and national unification

3792: 2439: 2169: 1960: 10472: 10197: 10146: 9238: 9152:

Controrisorgimento. Il movimento filoestense apuano e lunigianese

6197:

Roberto Romani, "Liberal theocracy in the Italian risorgimento".

5177: 4752:

are an implicit protest against the foreign domination of Italy.

4551: 4469: 4351: 4347: 4004: 3954: 3946: 3811:(1871), the final event of the unification of Italy, many ethnic 3758: 3592: 3228: 3133: 3088: 2925: 2799: 2791: 2720: 2691: 2687: 2411:

legal systems. He sought out support from patriots across Italy.

2329:

on 23 March 1849. Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son,

2147: 2136: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2002:

to ask for Austrian help against the rebels. Austrian Chancellor

1968: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1788: 1567:(1789–1853) as a confederation of separate Italian states led by 1438:, highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement 8906:

old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859];

7529:, 156–183 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 166. 7509:, 156–183 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 178. 7492:, 156–183 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 165. 5957: 4985:

as Minister of Public Education after the unification of Italy.

4302:, signed in April 1915, Italy agreed to declare war against the 3773:. Recent work emphasizes the central importance of nationalism. 2626:

where he tried to promote the annexation of his hometown to the

2377:

Garibaldi and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861

11165: 9124:. Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2005 (Biblioteca universale Laterza; 575) 8190:"La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere" 7795:

Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung

6571: 6067: 5910: 5232: 4982: 4966: 4703: 4686:

that draws inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of

4598: 4504: 4465: 4457: 4355: 4271: 4259: 4094:

were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where

4039: 4035: 3994: 3982: 3966: 3942: 3537: 3334: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3280: 3252: 3072: 3049: 3033: 3029: 2890: 2867: 2803: 2787: 2727: 2567: 2563: 2248: 2155: 2151: 2037: 1964: 1825:

abdicated in response, and the regent for the new king, Prince

1803:, who wanted to remove the Austrians and unify Italy under the 1765: 7961: 5167:

Historians vigorously debate how political were the operas of

5010:

is another main representative of Risorgimento with his novel

2011:

Revolutions of 1848–1849 and First Italian War of Independence

10445: 10228: 10038: 10020: 7840: 5126: 5122: 5069: 4974: 4970: 4885: 4864: 4520: 4429: 4359: 4172: 4164: 4091: 4008: 3911: 3688:

Italian unification is still a topic of debate. According to

3418: 3414: 3347: 3186: 3017: 2973: 2954: 2917: 2904: 2835: 2831: 2795: 2712: 2514: 2484: 2224: 2193: 1849: 1842: 1681:

in France, where he organized a new political society called

1616:(who, as a young man, had fought on their side) to death for 1189:. Harbingers of national unity appeared in the treaty of the 1182: 1169:. Italy, including the Papal States, then became the site of 1068: 949: 97: 27:

1848–1871 consolidation of Italian states into a single state

9212:, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Conselve, Think ADV, 2008. 9205:. Bologna, Il mulino, 1998 (Collana di storia contemporanea) 9143:

La provincia subordinata. Saggio sulla questione meridionale

8326:"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)" 8064:"Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (1848–1918)" 6465:"Carbonaro – definition of Carbonaro by The Free Dictionary" 5108:

was a secret member of the Carbonari and in his masterpiece

4090:

Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where

3007: 1509:

are generally considered three great literary precursors of

1118:, losing its unity for centuries. Following conquest by the 929:

and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy.

836: 10953: 10430: 7930:(in Italian). Ancona: Stabilimento Tipografico dell'Ordine. 4488: 4363: 3552: 3351: 3117: 2847: 2158:. In Sicily the revolt resulted in the proclamation of the 2068:. They were ultimately betrayed by one of their party, the 1772:, were forced into exile during the decades that followed. 1715: 1700: 1674: 860: 851: 177: 8286:"Le celebrazioni del Risorgimento della Provincia di Roma" 7792:

Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop (1993).

4612: 1677:

as its capital. Following his release in 1831, he went to

1640: 839: 7867:

Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia

7780:

Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra

6875:, Nice, Editore Gilletta, 1875, pp. 334–335 (In Italian). 3640: 3036:

made no hostile statements, but recalled its ambassador.

1587:

One of the most influential revolutionary groups was the

1583:

Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871

1063: 842: 827: 8596:

Ascoli, Albert Russell and Krystyna Von Henneberg, eds.

8118:

Il Manuale di Storia in Italia, di Piergiovanni Genovesi

3890:

publics without actively benefitting the lower classes.

2183:

that were relatively nonviolent, after which Grand Duke

11759: 9392: 7962:"O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća" 7851:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 886–887. 6888:. Manchester University Press – via Google Books. 4102:

were the majority of the population. The boundaries of

3993:. The claims were further extended also to the city of 3776: 2368: 1911:, was an ambitious man, and he hoped to become king of 1895:

Ciro Menotti and his compatriots clashed with the army.

1300: 1089:

privileged status but was not converted into a province

9122:

Istituzioni e società civile nell'età del Risorgimento

8484:

Piranesi150.altervista.org, Retrieved 9 September 2014

8216:"12. Population by ethnicity, by towns/municipalities" 7740:"Trieste, Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia: una terra contesa" 6072:(in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 169. 5915:(in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 156. 5288:

and the Risorgimento are the subject of a 2011 opera,

5152:

and the Risorgimento is still controversial. Although

4382:". The rhetoric of "mutilated victory" was adopted by 3555:

became the official residence (royal residence of the

2298:, had made a speech in which he had declared that the 1935:. Louis-Philippe had promised revolutionaries such as 1285:

A sense of Italian national identity was reflected in

1035:) did not join the Kingdom until after Italy defeated 9328: 9136:

Conservatori, liberali e democratici nel Risorgimento

9129:

L'Italia del Risorgimento: problemi, momenti e figure

8772:

Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896

7869:(in Italian). Tipografia italo-orientale. p. 16. 7235:"Battle of Lissa – Third Italian War Battle of Lissa" 7169:

Venetia Redeemed; Franco-Italian Relations, 1864–1866

6576:(in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 18. 5027:

The Risorgimento was also depicted in famous novels:

4955:

and he will always support the unification of Italy.

4820:) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of 4770:

who was one of the leaders of the group known as the

4577:(1975), all territorial claims were abandoned by the 4083:

of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:

3866:

was called "the precursor of Italian irredentism" by

2870:

and the other provinces, provided that Rome and the "

2495:

Second Italian Independence War of 1859 and aftermath

2146:, as citizens stopped smoking cigars and playing the 1469:

With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the

1387:

as a national flag by a sovereign Italian state, the

854: 833: 830: 9094:

Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators

8994:

Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators

8167:"Irredentismo in "Enciclopedia Italiana" – Treccani" 8090:"La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca" 7022:"Regno Delle Due Sicilie nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 6944:. New York: Hold, Rinehart, and Winston. p. 72. 5871:. New York: Murray Printing Company. pp. 22–23. 4436:), and most of coastal Dalmatia. From 1942 to 1943, 3684:

liberal statesman, novelist, and painter (1798–1866)

3251:

Victor Emmanuel hastened to lead an army across the

857: 824: 10712:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

9117:. Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2004 (Quadrante Laterza; 125) 8220:

Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2001

6878: 5446:

Maps of Italy before and during Italian unification

3255:to the invasion of Venetia, while Garibaldi was to 3196: 2967:

Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy

2778:with the Neapolitan fleet at hand. The garrison at 2273:

after the proclamation of the Republic of San Marco

1943:At the same time, other insurrections arose in the 1321:The Habsburg rule in Italy came to an end with the 848: 845: 8495:"Modern History Sourcebook: Music and Nationalism" 8482:"Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and the Risorgimento" 2813: 2759:With Palermo deemed insurgent, Neapolitan general 1971:. These successful revolutions, which adopted the 1193:, in 1454, and the 15th century foreign policy of 980:). Even after 1871, many ethnic Italian-speakers ( 921:, the unification process was precipitated by the 8656:. London: Oxford University Press. Archived from 7047:. New York: Murray Printing Company. p. 258. 6974:"Spedizione Dei Mille nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 6296: 4558:in 2002, the Italians who remained in the former 4202: 3874:to be the official language of the newly founded 3787: 3267:on 24 June and suffered a defeat. On 20 July the 1811:, where troops adopted the green, white, and red 1795:The leader of the 1821 revolutionary movement in 1785:The Arrest of Silvio Pellico and Piero Maroncelli 1513:, but the most famous proto-nationalist work was 1161:but began to deteriorate with the rise of modern 12336: 8314:(Law 222). Italian Parliament. 23 November 2012. 7966:Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru 7940: 7923: 7732: 6959:. Vol. 17. Firenze: Olschki. p. 2944. 5799:Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano 3263:. The Italian army encountered the Austrians at 3055:After the creation of the Kingdom of Italy, the 2239:, he was decisively defeated by Radetzky at the 1591:, a secret political discussion group formed in 913:and its outlying isles into a single state, the 8578:, "Verdi politico: a wounded cliché regroups". 8533:Franco DellaPeruta, "Verdi e il Risorgimento", 6655:Full text of the constitution can be found at: 3333:). Under the terms of a peace treaty signed in 2990:gave to King Victor Emmanuel II the epithet of 2612:, which was the emigration of a quarter of the 2581:Pro-Italian protests in Nice, 1871, during the 2429: 2223:, the King of Sardinia (who ruled Piedmont and 1994:Insurrection provinces planned to unite as the 1923:of 1830 in France, revolutionaries forced King 1710: 966:gave to King Victor Emmanuel II the epithet of 8982:, in «Otto/Novecento», 2020, pp. 153–187. 8693:Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870 7759: 7757: 7619:Patriarca, Silvana; Riall, Lucy, eds. (2012). 7618: 7540:"Massimo D Azeglio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 7433:Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870 5998: 5211:Victor Emmanuel King of Italy'), referring to 4802:The most well known writer of Risorgimento is 3402:. Subsequently, a French garrison remained in 3185:The seat of government was moved in 1865 from 3128:volunteers for the campaign, under the slogan 1833:to appease the revolutionaries, but when King 1543:Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians 1493:, serving as vice-president of the Napoleonic 1383:, in 1797, the first official adoption of the 11745: 10213: 10006: 9378: 9325:A documentary directed by Gilberto Martinelli 8774:(4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. 8627:Britain, Ireland and the Italian Risorgimento 8609:The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy 8606: 8546:Marco Pizzo, "Verdi, Musica e Risorgimento", 8350: 7873: 7798:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 279. 7451:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 59–72. 6659:"Costituzione della Repubblica Romana (1849)" 6121:(in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. p. 18. 6050:(in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. p. 10. 5550:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire) 5507:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Austrian Empire) 5424:into the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical 4682:In art, this period was characterised by the 4475: 4075:outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the 2946:: the royal procession at the opening of the 2637: 1991:left the city during the political upheaval. 1931:with encouragement from the new French king, 774: 9131:. Milano, Angeli, 1997 (Saggi di storia; 14) 9080:Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 8734:Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento 7879: 7320:, L. Capelli Ed., Bologna, 1929, pp. 223–224 6900:"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)" 6670:"Costituzione della Repubblica Romana, 1849" 6533:D. Mack Smith, "Italy" in J.P.T. Bury, ed., 5999:Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). 5740: 5738: 4977:brought him the appointment of professor at 4639:every fifty years, on 17 March (the date of 4547:, choosing to maintain Italian citizenship. 1729: 1225:. Machiavelli later quoted four verses from 1079:territorial extension of the capital of the 8801:(Pelican, London, 1973) Trans Anthony Paul. 8288:. 150anni-lanostrastoria.it. Archived from 8082: 7882:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925 7754: 7354:. 150anni-lanostrastoria.it. Archived from 6862:, Turin, Einaudi, 1981, p. 44 (In Italian). 5326:There are other movies set in this period: 5311:is a film from 1963, based on the novel by 4657: 4573:. After the Treaty of Paris (1947) and the 4050:, Istria and Dalmatia remained part of the 3480:began. In early August, the French Emperor 1317:adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797) 1270:, continued to rule southern Italy and the 925:, and reached completion in 1871 after the 878: 11752: 11738: 10220: 10206: 10013: 9999: 9385: 9371: 9251:The Risorgimento: A Time for Reunification 9196:Storia d'Italia dall'unità alla Repubblica 8748:A history of European diplomacy, 1815–1914 8653:Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900 8378:"Risorgimento – Pensiero e cultura – 1848" 8328:(in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from 8066:(in Italian). 6 March 2015. Archived from 6924: 6276:Shiver, Cornelia (1964). "The Carbonari". 4327:Map of the three Italian provinces of the 3380: 3140:on 14 August and marched at once into the 2822:People cheering as Garibaldi enters Naples 2483:. His small force landed on the island of 2344:Republics. In April, a French force under 781: 767: 61: 9511:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 8912: 8756:Patriarca, Silvana, and Lucy Riall, eds. 7397: 7376: 7329: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7054: 6428: 6003:(in Italian). Il Mulino. pp. 67–68. 5963: 5948: 5819: 5795:"Museo Centrale del Risorgimento di Roma" 5765: 5763: 5735: 4994:Protest of the People of the Two Sicilies 4943:in eight volumes, was a precursor of the 3941:) were considered to be the provinces of 3008:The repercussions on diplomatic relations 2538:. Napoleon III's plans worked and at the 2017:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 1250:invasion of Naples in 1494. However, the 9210:Il confine d'Italia in Istria e Dalmazia 9149:Guerra, Nicola (2009). Eclettica (ed.). 9075:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). pp 84–97. 9013: 8607:Beales, Derek; Biagini, Eugenio (2003). 8351:Richman-Abdou, Kelly (27 January 2019). 8114: 7855: 7404:. Archibald Constable & Co. p. 7383:. Archibald Constable & Co. p. 7336:. Archibald Constable & Co. p. 6138: 5966:"La vera origine del tricolore italiano" 5773:Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 194. 5268: 5163:Patriots scrawling "Viva VERDI" on walls 5158: 5064: 4920: 4785: 4666: 4622: 4479: 4322: 4294:requested Italian neutrality, while the 4206: 4085: 3905: 3791: 3675: 3542: 3465: 3384: 3303: 3212: 3146: 3105: 2938: 2895: 2817: 2748: 2647: 2576: 2519: 2372: 2261: 2179:In February 1848, there were revolts in 2168: 2083: 2024: 1890: 1779: 1775: 1744:In 1820, liberal Spaniards successfully 1733: 1716:Exiles and European and masculine ideals 1644: 1578: 1559:wanted the unification of Italy under a 1430: 1304: 9929:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 9598:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 9295: 9270: 9003:(Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2005). 8643:(Heinemann, 2003); textbook, 156 pages 8404:"Risorgimento e poesia – Giorgio Weiss" 8380:. Cronlogia.leonardo.it. Archived from 8115:Genovesi, Piergiovanni (11 June 2009). 7959: 7927:Particolari del martirio della Dalmazia 7861: 7833: 7645: 7591: 7444: 7115: 7113: 7092:"Regno delle Due Sicilie - ultimo atto" 6818:"Times article dated February 13, 1871" 6745: 6487:"Austria Two Sicilies Revolt 1820–1821" 6100:Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932 5789: 5787: 5647: 4619:Anniversary of the unification of Italy 4613:Anniversary of the unification of Italy 3561:Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 2414:In 1855, the kingdom became an ally of 1641:Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi 1595:early in the 19th century. After 1815, 1489:An important figure of this period was 1426: 1323:campaigns of the French Revolutionaries 1130:; however, the emperor was an absentee 1110:and after 568 was disputed between the 14: 12337: 9169: 9148: 9103:(Turin, Carocci editore, 2014), 266 pp 8947: 8897: 8866: 8156:, Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp. 101–106 7812: 7718:"Alison Chapman, "On Il Risorgimento"" 7051: 6939: 6275: 5760: 4774:and who soon became a leading Italian 4718:of Benzoni had become an allegory for 4456:, Trieste, Dalmatia, Istria, Gorizia, 3851:) remained outside the borders of the 3727:The politician, historian, and writer 3641:Ruling and representing southern Italy 3635:a decision fully reversed only in 1929 1987:flag was adopted. The Parmese duchess 1537:Three ideals of unification appeared. 1337:, after its defeat by Napoleon at the 1201:. Leading Renaissance Italian writers 1173:between the major powers, notably the 1064:From ancient times to early modern era 11733: 10201: 9994: 9366: 8828: 8780: 8649: 8230: 7517: 7515: 6906:from the original on 26 February 2014 6210: 6116: 6045: 6025:"How Napoleon became 'King of Italy'" 5679: 4589:established five autonomous regions ( 4310:territories of Friuli, Trentino, and 4274:, with the respective territories of 4211:Territories promised to Italy by the 4106:in 1797 are delimited with blue dots. 3493:. King Victor Emmanuel II sent Count 2131:, after the author of the lyrics, or 1860: 1157:This situation persisted through the 872: 809: 10758:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 9893:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 9593:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 9192:L'Italia del risorgimento: 1800–1860 9138:. Milano, Angeli, 1989 (Storia; 131) 9042: 8808:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 3012 pp. 8770:Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. 8344: 8208: 7625:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–3. 7110: 7042: 6302: 6240: 5883:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 5866: 5784: 5721:"Fratelli d'Italia, divisi su tutto" 5619:Timeline of the unification of Italy 4641:proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3777:Risorgimento and Italian irredentism 3625:The first decade of the kingdom saw 3111:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 2369:Cavour and prospects for unification 1301:French Revolution and Napoleonic era 1087:, and for a long time experienced a 1029:proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 168:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 11761:International relations (1814–1919) 9934:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 9266:Cavour and the Unification of Italy 8986: 8913:Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1911). 8456:"Dal Risorgimento all'Italia unita" 7960:Peričić, Šime (19 September 2003). 7953: 7782:, Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.) 7715: 7232: 7210:. Welcometorome.net. Archived from 6927:Mezzogiorno e questione meridionale 6620:"Two Sicilies, Kingdom of, 1848–49" 5175:") from the third act of the opera 4675:on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri by 4648:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 4270:with the annexation of Trieste and 2622:was elected in 1871 in Nice at the 2530:The Austrians were defeated at the 2310:was guaranteed by article 8 of the 1530:used a standardized version of the 24: 10227: 9908:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 9898:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 9573:Second Italian War of Independence 9296:Arcaini, G.B. (30 November 2003). 8901:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1 8629:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 233 pp 8187: 7880:Seton-Watson, Christopher (1967). 7647:(Hardback), ISBN 978-0230248007". 7512: 7171:(Syracuse University Press, 1967). 7084: 6640: 6143:Imperial City: Rome Under Napoleon 4734:aims to portray the spirit of the 4372:Central Museum of the Risorgimento 4245:Fourth Italian War of Independence 3615:the cases of Piedmont losing out. 3565:Presidents of the Italian Republic 3455: 3083:countries. The recognition of the 2948:Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy 2501:Second Italian War of Independence 2470: 2208:). An Austrian army under Marshal 1450:, as they directly controlled the 1403:. This event is celebrated by the 1049:Central Museum of the Risorgimento 25: 12446: 9903:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 9608:Third Italian War of Independence 9578:United Provinces of Central Italy 9533:First Italian War of Independence 9232: 8916:Garibaldi and the making of Italy 8870:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 8580:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 8564:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 8548:Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento 8535:Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento 8458:. Sivainitalia.it. Archived from 8430:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 8406:. Giorgioweiss.it. Archived from 8046:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano 7907:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano 7580:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 6997: 6978:Treccani, l'Enciclopedia italiana 6772: 6139:Nicassio, Susan Vandiver (2009). 6094:Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870) 5970:Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento 5899:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 5514:United Provinces of Central Italy 5131:Guerra, guerra! Le galliche selve 5090:('The Italian Girl in Algiers'), 4405:in the aftermath of World War I. 4253:First Italian War of Independence 4032:Third Italian War of Independence 3931:Third Italian War of Independence 3661: 3532:, which was subsequently renamed 3203:Third Italian War of Independence 3095: 2590:United Provinces of Central Italy 2491:band trying to steal their food. 2021:First Italian War of Independence 1807:. The Piedmont revolt started in 1411:appeared for the first time on a 1142:was governed by the long-lasting 152:United Provinces of Central Italy 11714: 11713: 11702: 9457: 9350: 9338: 9261:Garibaldi & The Risorgimento 9237: 8951:The International History Review 8569: 8553: 8540: 8527: 8518: 8509: 8487: 8474: 8448: 8435: 8422: 8396: 8370: 8318: 8304: 8278: 8256: 8181: 8159: 8142: 8108: 8056: 8037: 8024: 8006: 7980: 7934: 7917: 7898: 7785: 7769: 7709: 7692:"Risorgimento | Italian history" 7684: 7000:"Garibaldi and the Risorgimento" 6734:An Encyclopedia of World History 6721:The Journal of the Civil War Era 5976:(fasc. III): 662. Archived from 5600: 5585: 5563: 5534: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5452: 4843:The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis 4744:Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia 4694:. The main Italian sculptor was 4501:Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 4241:entered into the First World War 3563:residence and workplace for the 3227:of 1866, Austria contested with 3197:Third War of Independence (1866) 3189:, the old Sardinian capital, to 3071:'s turn on 27 June, followed by 2965:in Turin. On 17 March 1861, the 2889:and besieged in the fortress of 2447: 2438: 2048:, planned to make a raid on the 1442:After Napoleon fell (1814), the 1116:Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire 1100:fall of the Western Roman Empire 820: 750: 215: 11443:Orders, decorations, and medals 9170:Guerra, Nicola (October 2011). 8919:. Longmans, Green and Company. 8898:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911). 8741:The Kingdom of Sicily 1130–1860 8736:(Oxford University Press, 1971) 8589: 8550:(2001) 87 supplement 4 pp 37–44 8154:Miti e storia dell'Italia unita 7675: 7639: 7612: 7585: 7572: 7563: 7554: 7532: 7495: 7478: 7465: 7438: 7425: 7412: 7391: 7370: 7344: 7323: 7307: 7298: 7276: 7267: 7257: 7226: 7200: 7187: 7174: 7161: 7148: 7135: 7036: 7014: 6991: 6966: 6948: 6933: 6918: 6873:Nizza negli ultimi quattro anni 6865: 6852: 6831: 6810: 6788: 6766: 6739: 6726: 6713: 6691: 6649: 6634: 6612: 6590: 6565: 6540: 6527: 6514: 6501: 6479: 6457: 6422: 6409: 6396: 6383: 6357: 6331: 6269: 6234: 6221: 6204: 6191: 6169: 6132: 6110: 6086: 6061: 6039: 6027:. Napoleon.org. 23 October 2012 6017: 5992: 5929: 5904: 5891: 5875: 3855:and this situation created the 2814:Defeat of the Kingdom of Naples 116:Provisional Government of Milan 9867:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 9675:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 9623:Italian entry into World War I 9271:Arcaini, G.B. (6 March 2005). 9057:10.1093/ehr/LXXXVII.CCCXLV.795 8908:volume 2 online covers 1859–62 8823:Garibaldi: Invention of a hero 8703:The Making of Italy 1815–1870, 7045:The Making of Italy: 1815–1870 6925:Barbagallo, Francesco (1980). 6431:The American Historical Review 6243:The American Historical Review 6098:The American Historical Review 5869:The Making of Italy: 1815–1870 5860: 5847: 5826:. Cambridge University Press. 5813: 5723:(in Italian). 12 December 2016 5713: 5673: 5641: 5227:I Lombardi alla prima crociata 4792:Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni 4637:anniversary of the unification 4554:in 2001 and that organized in 4393:, becoming a key point in the 4203:Irredentism and the World Wars 4183:they went from 225 to 151, in 3788:Origins of Italian irredentism 3528:entered Rome and marched down 2675:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 2462:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 2402:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 2300:Temporal power of the Holy See 2231:). After initial successes at 2229:First Italian Independence War 1471:absolutist monarchical regimes 1454:and indirectly the duchies of 1280:War of the Austrian Succession 1025:anniversary of the unification 938:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 319:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 13: 1: 12131:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 12085:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 12075:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 9720:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 8863:(1974), a standard biography. 8799:History of the Italian People 8224:Croatian Bureau of Statistics 8192:. Treccani.it. Archived from 8048:(in Italian), vol. III, 7909:(in Italian), vol. III, 5634: 5273:The final scene of the opera 4810:. He is famous for the novel 4781: 4460:, Nice (Nizza), Corsica, and 4401:and obscure the successes of 3695:The economist and politician 3157:(oil on canvas), credited to 3152:The Injured Garibaldi in the 2723:on the west coast of Sicily. 2628:newborn Italian unitary state 2534:on 4 June and pushed back to 2340:There remained the Roman and 1276:War of the Spanish Succession 1058: 901:that in 1861 resulted in the 429:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 11991:Second Industrial Revolution 11865:League of the Three Emperors 9791:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 9486:Revolutions during the 1820s 9219:Giappichelli, Torino, 2011, 8964:10.1080/07075332.2012.668343 8650:Davis, John A., ed. (2000). 8641:Italian Unification, 1820–71 8121:(in Italian). FrancoAngeli. 8092:(in Italian). Archived from 7661:10.1080/13532944.2014.935092 7398:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). 7377:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). 7330:De Cesare, Raffaele (1909). 7094:(in Italian). Archived from 7068:(in Italian). Archived from 6798:(in Italian). 28 August 2017 6749:Italian Unification, 1820–71 6661:(in Italian). Archived from 6367:(in Italian). Archived from 6341:(in Italian). Archived from 5650:Italian unification, 1820–71 5313:Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa 5035:Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa 4607:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 4472:before the First World War. 3916:Gabriele D'Annunzio and his 3800:monument, symbol of the pro- 3495:Gustavo Ponza di San Martino 3209:Plebiscite of Veneto of 1866 2550:, defeated the Austrians at 2430:Towards the Kingdom of Italy 1927:to abdicate and created the 1711:Early revolutionary activity 1574: 1325:in 1792–97 when a series of 490:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 7: 12021:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 11483:Water supply and sanitation 10907:Italian geographical region 10775:Monarchy and the World Wars 10717:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 10603:War of the Sicilian Vespers 10256:Timeline of Italian history 9970:Revisionism of Risorgimento 9548:Sicilian revolution of 1848 9429:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 9424:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 9198:), Bologna, Il mulino, 1990 8783:"Masculinity Italian style" 7401:The Last Days of Papal Rome 7380:The Last Days of Papal Rome 7333:The Last Days of Papal Rome 6957:Camillo Cavour: Epistolario 6929:. Napoli: Guida. p. 9. 6736:. 4th ed. 1968. pp 704–707. 6177:"DigiTool – Results – Full" 6149:University of Chicago Press 6001:Gli italiani e il tricolore 5612: 4941:Italian Language Dictionary 4629:Victor Emmanuel II Monument 4464:. Austria-Hungary promoted 4412:, after the Axis attack on 4395:propaganda of Fascist Italy 3937:the main "irredent lands" ( 3862:The Corsican revolutionary 3751:Revisionism of Risorgimento 3605: 3440: 3288:Prussian Minister President 2677:, the son and successor of 2665:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2481:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2363:hanged en masse in Belfiore 2286:, Pius IX fled just before 2077:accounts state they cried " 2042:Attilio and Emilio Bandiera 2036:In 1844, two brothers from 1452:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1419:, which was adopted by the 1291:Della Patria degli Italiani 934:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 180:becomes the capital of the 10: 12451: 12070:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 11402:Inventions and discoveries 10812:Fall of the Fascist regime 10795:Fourth War of Independence 10753:Expedition of the Thousand 10743:Second War of Independence 9877:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 9583:Expedition of the Thousand 9449:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 9203:In difesa del Risorgimento 9086: 8928:European History Quarterly 8524:Budden 1973, Vol. 3, p. 80 7445:Kertzer, David I. (2006). 6417:European History Quarterly 6199:European History Quarterly 5964:Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). 5820:Hörnqvist, Mikael (2004). 5688:(First ed.). London: 5354:Un garibaldino al convento 5137:several times towards the 5022:Expedition of the Thousand 4992:published anonymously the 4931:Francesco Saverio Altamura 4698:who became famous for his 4616: 4583:Foreign relations of Italy 4476:End of Italian irredentism 4042:regions were ceded by the 3780: 3665: 3459: 3206: 3200: 3099: 3014:Expedition of the Thousand 2794:, and, on 5 September, at 2644:Expedition of the Thousand 2641: 2638:Expedition of the Thousand 2602:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 2498: 2014: 1864: 1692:" ('God and People') and " 1649:The first meeting between 1126:merged with the office of 1106:remained united under the 811:[uniˈtaddiˈtaːlja] 36: 29: 12405:Anti-Catholicism in Italy 12229: 12093: 12006: 11891:European balance of power 11883: 11818: 11767: 11698: 11496: 11342: 11333: 11197: 11188: 11176:Security and intelligence 11049: 11040: 10902: 10893: 10836: 10763:Third War of Independence 10738:First War of Independence 10725: 10618: 10527: 10408: 10345: 10264: 10248: 10239: 10029: 9942: 9921: 9885: 9862:Franz Joseph I of Austria 9849: 9739:Literature and philosophy 9738: 9657: 9636: 9588:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 9466: 9455: 9404: 9273:"The Italian Unification" 9256:Women of the Risorgimento 9217:Risorgimento e religione, 9045:English Historical Review 8883:10.1080/13545710903281987 8845:10.1080/13532949808454803 7968:(in Croatian) (45): 342. 7941:Angelo Filipuzzi (1966). 7924:Raimondo Deranez (1919). 7352:"La breccia di Porta Pia" 6752:. Heinemann. p. 51. 6467:. The free dictionary.com 6229:History of European Ideas 5936:The tri-coloured standard 5855:History of European ideas 5148:The relationship between 5013:Confessioni d'un italiano 4702:that delicately rendered 4652:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4418:Governatorate of Dalmatia 4073:Franz Joseph I of Austria 3327:(the last remnant of the 2206:Cinque giornate di Milano 1730:Two Sicilies insurrection 1480:Cittadella of Alessandria 1381:During the Napoleonic era 1252:Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis 1027:on 17 March (the date of 948:. Borrowing from the old 333:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 161: 103: 93: 85: 75: 60: 12425:19th century in politics 12182:Venezuela Naval Blockade 11853:Anglo-Russian Convention 10854:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 10849:Institutional referendum 9115:Il Risorgimento italiano 9006:De Francesco, Antonino. 8935:The Italian Risorgimento 8634:The Italian Risorgimento 7884:. Methuen. p. 107. 7473:The Italian Risorgimento 7420:The Italian Risorgimento 6860:Il risorgimento italiano 6746:Collier, Martin (2003). 6732:William L. Langer, ed., 5942:23 February 2008 at the 5648:Collier, Martin (2003). 5607:Kingdom of Italy in 1919 5301: 5060: 4981:in 1856; he returned to 4658:Culture and Risorgimento 4529:Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 4493:Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 2993:Father of the Fatherland 2872:Patrimony of Saint Peter 2838:without the help of the 2732:Army of the Two Sicilies 2560:Armistice of Villafranca 2115:since 1946, took place. 1996:Italian United Provinces 1768:, including the scholar 1409:Italian national colours 969:Father of the Fatherland 893:), was the 19th century 874:[risordʒiˈmento] 424:Italy in the Middle Ages 282:Roman expansion in Italy 32:Roman expansion in Italy 12350:Modern history of Italy 12187:Alaska boundary dispute 11860:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 11843:Franco-Russian Alliance 11377:Emigration and diaspora 10586:Guelphs and Ghibellines 10571:the Sardinian Judicates 10024:during the 19th century 9841:Francesco Saverio Salfi 9831:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 9110:. Torino, Einaudi, 2000 8781:Pozzo, Barbara (2013). 8611:(2 ed.). Longman. 8566:(2013) 18#2 PP 190–204. 7848:Encyclopædia Britannica 7696:Encyclopedia Britannica 7475:(2nd ed. 2009) pp 86–92 7304:Procacci (1973, p. 331) 7195:Italy: a modern history 7182:Italy: a modern history 7156:Italy: a modern history 7143:Italy: a modern history 6552:Encyclopædia Britannica 6419:(2006) 36#4 pp 493–520. 6117:Villa, Claudio (2010). 6046:Villa, Claudio (2010). 5901:(2012) 17#2 pp 149–167. 5771:Italy and Its Invaders. 5528:Kingdom of Two Sicilies 5251:La battaglia di Legnano 5100:Kingdom of Two Sicilies 4988:The writer and patriot 4740:Austro-Hungarian empire 4329:Governorate of Dalmatia 4213:Treaty of London (1915) 4052:Austro-Hungarian Empire 3697:Francesco Saverio Nitti 3581:prisoner in the Vatican 3511:, commanded by General 3381:Mentana and Villa Glori 3375: 3337:on 12 October, Emperor 3040:and her prime minister 2972:Borrowing from the old 2887:Battle of Castelfidardo 2719:on 11 May, landed near 2715:, and, after a stop in 2127:, is also known as the 2117:Il Canto degli Italiani 2108:Il Canto degli Italiani 2094:Il Canto degli Italiani 2054:Kingdom of Two Sicilies 1750:Kingdom of Two Sicilies 1699:Garibaldi, a native of 1694:Unione, Forza e Libertà 1657:at the headquarters of 1112:Kingdom of the Lombards 632:European migrant crisis 582:Italian Social Republic 497:Italy (1801–1814) 454:Guelphs and Ghibellines 43:For the newspaper, see 12420:19th century in Europe 12106:Unification of Germany 12053:Taft–Katsura agreement 11259:Science and technology 11207:Italian regions by GDP 11008:Marine protected areas 10680:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9872:Klemens von Metternich 9439:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9394:Unification of Italy ( 9242:Quotations related to 9134:Della Peruta, Franco. 9127:Della Peruta, Franco. 9113:Banti, Alberto Mario. 9106:Banti, Alberto Mario. 8933:Woolf, Stuart Joseph. 8636:(2nd ed. 2009); 146 pp 7720:. Branchcollective.org 7208:"Italian Risorgimento" 6522:Comparative Literature 6211:Hales, E.E.Y. (1954). 5885:29#3 (1999): 407–433. 5746:"Vittorio Emanuele II" 5281: 5164: 5077: 4933: 4884:that was published in 4799: 4679: 4662: 4632: 4496: 4343: 4236: 4133: 4107: 3922: 3804: 3685: 3647:Piedmontese parliament 3603: 3597: 3568: 3505: 3473: 3453: 3394: 3312: 3238:Third Independence War 3220: 3161: 3113: 3001: 2950: 2908: 2866:possession of Naples, 2850:, the capital city of 2823: 2756: 2656: 2594:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2585: 2527: 2378: 2274: 2198:Second French Republic 2176: 2102: 2033: 2004:Klemens von Metternich 1896: 1889: 1792: 1741: 1662: 1584: 1491:Francesco Melzi d'Eril 1439: 1318: 1313:, which was the first 977: 802: 315:(286 AD–476 AD) 245:(12th–6th c. BC) 239:(18th–3rd c. BC) 12360:19th century in Italy 12355:National unifications 12192:First Moroccan Crisis 11906:Spread of nationalism 11870:Eight-Nation Alliance 11458:Public administration 10566:the Holy Roman Empire 9913:Tricolour Flag Museum 9685:Federico Confalonieri 9516:Republic of San Marco 9145:, Bari, Laterza, 2004 8999:Bouchard, Norma, ed. 8752:pp 115–63 online free 8582:17#4 (2012): 427–436. 8432:17#4 (2012): 393–399. 7594:Science & Society 7002:. Novaonline.nvcc.edu 6886:"Scholar and Patriot" 6511:33#3 (1990): 573–597. 6231:39#6 (2013): 835–857. 6201:44#4 (2014): 620–650. 5857:32#4 (2006): 456–476. 5573:in 1870, showing the 5272: 5162: 5068: 4924: 4789: 4670: 4635:Italy celebrates the 4626: 4595:Friuli-Venezia Giulia 4587:Constitution of Italy 4483: 4326: 4210: 4109: 4089: 3909: 3795: 3722:Questione Meridionale 3680:Massimo d'Azeglio, a 3679: 3598: 3588: 3546: 3500: 3469: 3448: 3417:and floated down the 3388: 3307: 3216: 3150: 3109: 2942: 2903:meets Garibaldi near 2899: 2821: 2752: 2651: 2580: 2523: 2376: 2312:Principi fondamentali 2265: 2255:was proclaimed under 2253:Republic of San Marco 2172: 2087: 2060:, intending to go to 2028: 1894: 1876: 1801:Santorre di Santarosa 1783: 1776:Piedmont insurrection 1737: 1688:, whose mottos were " 1648: 1626:Giovanni Andrea Pieri 1582: 1434: 1355:Eugène de Beauharnais 1308: 1043:, culminating in the 1023:Italy celebrates the 814:), also known as the 575:Italy in World War II 278:(509 BC–27 BC) 272:(753 BC–509 BC) 251:(8th–3rd c. BC) 243:Etruscan civilization 120:Republic of San Marco 12197:Algeciras Conference 12177:Annexation of Hawaii 12116:Great Eastern Crisis 12111:Unification of Italy 12101:Formation of Romania 11918:French–German enmity 11686:World Heritage Sites 11141:Council of Ministers 10879:Coronavirus pandemic 10277:Currency and coinage 9568:Plombières Agreement 9244:Unification of Italy 9120:Ghisalberti, Carlo. 9024:10.1093/pastj/gts028 8921:garibaldi trevelyan. 8797:Procacci, Giuliano. 8712:(Princeton UP, 2017) 8672:De Mattei, Roberto. 8480:Rosa Maria Mazzola, 8462:on 24 September 2015 8150:La vittoria mutilata 8096:on 23 September 2015 7947:University of Padova 7214:on 30 September 2014 7043:Holt, Edgar (1971). 5867:Holt, Edgar (1971). 5680:Riall, Lucy (1994). 5629:Formation of Romania 5343:Piccolo mondo antico 5294:by Italian composer 5087:L'italiana in Algeri 5072:'s bust outside the 5050:Piccolo mondo antico 5002:University of Naples 4959:Francesco de Sanctis 4939:, the editor of the 4927:Francesco De Sanctis 4706:flesh. The mourning 4565:After World War II, 4416:, Italy created the 4358:, and the cities of 4306:in exchange for the 4046:to the newly formed 3987:Gorizia and Gradisca 3977:population, such as 3817:Trentino-Alto Adigan 3627:savage insurrections 3487:Second French Empire 3295:laying down its arms 3271:was defeated in the 3179:September Convention 3154:Aspromonte Mountains 2874:" were left intact. 2840:Royal Sardinian Army 2754:Battle of Calatafimi 2736:Battle of Calatafimi 2592:, consisting of the 2572:Plombières Agreement 1484:revolutions of 1820s 1427:Reaction (1815–1848) 1397:Revolutionary France 1339:Battle of Austerlitz 1331:Roman-German Emperor 982:Trentino-Alto Adigan 795:unification of Italy 669:Currency and coinage 608:(1970s–1980s) 563:Italy in World War I 474:(14th–16th c.) 309:(27 BC–286 AD) 237:Nuragic civilization 56:Unification of Italy 12430:Italian nationalism 12345:Italian unification 12262:Philippine–American 12247:First Sino-Japanese 12080:Racconigi agreement 12026:Treaty of Frankfurt 11986:Great Rapprochement 11940:Scramble for Africa 11217:Automotive industry 11156:Metropolitan cities 10702:Early Modern period 10675:Kingdom of Sardinia 10626:Italian city-states 9960:Italian nationalism 9955:Italian irredentism 9950:Altare della Patria 9746:Giovanni Arrivabene 9553:Ten Days of Brescia 9506:Revolutions of 1848 9491:Revolutions of 1830 9476:Rimini Proclamation 9414:Kingdom of Sardinia 9283:on 25 December 2017 9201:Scirocco, Alfonso. 9190:Scirocco, Alfonso. 8732:Mack Smith, Denis. 8722:Mack Smith, Denis. 8715:Mack Smith, Denis. 8625:Carter, Nick, ed., 8537:(2001) 88#1 pp 3–24 8515:Parker 1998, p. 942 8445:19.1 (2014): 53–67. 8410:on 22 February 2014 8188:Tobagi, Benedetta. 8052:, 1970, p. 730 8030:Guerrino Perselli, 7913:, 1970, p. 729 7582:5#1 (2000): 89–100. 7422:(2nd ed. 2009) p 86 7072:on 10 February 2012 6775:"The Victorian Web" 6723:3#1 (2013): 85–113. 6665:on 9 February 2009. 6598:"Fratelli d'Italia" 6548:"Bandiera brothers" 6524:62#1 (2010): 55–67. 6345:on 23 February 2017 6179:. Digitool.fcla.edu 6126:IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389 6055:IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389 5769:Arnaldi, Girolamo. 5500:Kingdom of Sardinia 5337:Alessandro Blasetti 5125:in 1859: while the 4945:Italian irredentism 4862:translation of the 4720:Italian unification 4567:Italian irredentism 4491:in 1947 during the 4399:Italian imperialism 4376:Altare della Patria 4341:province of Cattaro 4337:province of Spalato 4280:Trentino-Alto Adige 4249:revolutions of 1848 4217:Trentino-Alto Adige 4187:from 352 to 92, in 4175:623 (18.7%) and in 4150:Kingdom of Dalmatia 4056:Italian irredentism 4017:Italian Switzerland 3857:Italian irredentism 3783:Italian irredentism 3705:free-market economy 3478:Franco-Prussian War 3408:Franco-Prussian War 3279:, and moved toward 3261:Hunters of the Alps 3225:Austro-Prussian War 3061:Swiss Confederation 2544:Hunters of the Alps 2540:Battle of Solferino 2525:Battle of San Fermo 2394:(1820–1878) of the 2388:Kingdom of Sardinia 1867:Revolutions of 1830 1601:Italian nationalism 1511:Italian nationalism 1375:Rimini Proclamation 1345:collapsed in 1814. 1343:First French Empire 1260:Peace of Westphalia 1167:early modern period 1108:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1071:was unified by the 1053:Altare della Patria 1018:Italian irredentism 923:Revolutions of 1848 472:Italian Renaissance 449:Italian city-states 112:Kingdom of Sardinia 57: 18:Italian unification 12121:Congress of Berlin 12038:Reinsurance Treaty 12016:Congress of Vienna 11996:Industrial warfare 11962:Scramble for China 11279:Telecommunications 10646:Maritime republics 9811:Alessandro Manzoni 9801:Francesco Lomonaco 9730:Victor Emmanuel II 9695:Giuseppe Garibaldi 9538:Five Days of Milan 9406:Pre-unitary states 9092:Alio, Jacqueline. 9016:Past & Present 9010:(Oxford UP, 2013). 8992:Alio, Jacqueline. 8930:26#1 (1996): 7–29. 8815:(Routledge, 1994) 8787:Nevada Law Journal 7233:Hickman, Kennedy. 7193:Denis Mack Smith, 7098:on 2 February 2011 6998:Evans, Charles T. 6677:Liberliber website 6509:Historical Journal 6389:Denis Mack Smith, 6365:"Giuseppe Mazzini" 5624:German unification 5545:Kingdom of Italy, 5416:(later adapted by 5392:Roberto Rossellini 5315:, and directed by 5282: 5213:Victor Emmanuel II 5165: 5078: 5018:Giuseppe Garibaldi 4998:Italian literature 4963:Revolution of 1848 4934: 4909:Canzone all'Italia 4804:Alessandro Manzoni 4800: 4680: 4633: 4541:Dalmatian Italians 4497: 4344: 4237: 4171:1,018 (14.5%), in 4167:7,423 (64.6%), in 4141:Dalmatian Italians 4108: 4100:Dalmatian Italians 4028:Dalmatian Italians 3923: 3849:Dalmatian Italians 3805: 3767:Christopher Duggan 3686: 3569: 3509:Royal Italian Army 3476:In July 1870, the 3474: 3395: 3323:) and the city of 3313: 3309:Victor Emmanuel II 3277:Battle of Bezzecca 3221: 3218:Battle of Bezzecca 3162: 3114: 3046:Kingdom of Prussia 3002:Padre della Patria 2963:Italian Parliament 2951: 2920:with the title of 2909: 2862:, a French exile. 2824: 2757: 2740:dictator of Sicily 2699:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2657: 2653:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2620:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2586: 2558:. On 12 July, the 2548:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2528: 2458:Victor Emmanuel II 2392:Victor Emmanuel II 2379: 2349:Garibaldi went to 2331:Victor Emmanuel II 2323:Albert Chrzanowski 2288:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2275: 2251:itself, where the 2177: 2103: 2052:coast against the 2034: 1897: 1861:1830 insurrections 1819:Cisalpine Republic 1793: 1742: 1671:Giuseppe Garibaldi 1663: 1585: 1515:Alessandro Manzoni 1503:Francesco Lomonaco 1444:Congress of Vienna 1440: 1401:self-determination 1389:Cispadane Republic 1351:Napoleon Bonaparte 1319: 1311:Cispadane Republic 1287:Gian Rinaldo Carli 1266:, which ruled the 1199:Lorenzo de' Medici 1128:Holy Roman Emperor 1014:Dalmatian Italians 978:Padre della Patria 942:Giuseppe Garibaldi 919:Congress of Vienna 445:Maritime republics 431:(6th–8th c.) 385:Carolingian Empire 70:, 18–22 March 1848 68:Five Days of Milan 55: 12332: 12331: 12301:Albanian Revolts 12158:German Naval Laws 12142:Naval arms races 12126:Berlin Conference 12058:Hague Conventions 11727: 11726: 11694: 11693: 11329: 11328: 11264:Southern question 11184: 11183: 11116:Political parties 11064:Foreign relations 11036: 11035: 10889: 10888: 10610:Kingdom of Naples 10598:Kingdom of Sicily 10195: 10194: 10022:National revivals 9988: 9987: 9975:Southern question 9786:Vincenzo Gioberti 9766:Felice Cavallotti 9665:Massimo d'Azeglio 9618:Law of Guarantees 9225:978-88-348-2552-5 9155:. Nicola Guerra. 9073:Napoleon's Empire 8978:Massimo Colella, 8639:Collier, Martin, 8618:978-0-582-36958-0 8384:on 6 October 2014 7245:on 6 October 2014 7145:(1969) pp 89–100. 6858:J. Woolf Stuart, 6583:978-88-04-50946-2 6162:978-0-226-57973-3 6147:. United States: 6079:978-88-04-50946-2 5922:978-88-04-50946-2 5703:978-0-203-41234-3 5659:978-0-435-32754-5 5403:Alfredo Giannetti 5284:Giuseppe Verdi's 5150:Gaetano Donizetti 5139:Austrian officers 5092:Gioachino Rossini 5055:Antonio Fogazzaro 5045:Edmondo De Amicis 5016:; he fought with 4990:Luigi Settembrini 4894:Giuseppe Nicolini 4890:Ludovico di Breme 4700:marble sculptures 4380:mutilated victory 4368:Treaty of Rapallo 4104:Venetian Dalmatia 4034:(1866), when the 3876:Corsican Republic 3837:Corsican Italians 3821:Savoyard Italians 3729:Gaetano Salvemini 3718:southern question 3690:Massimo d'Azeglio 3672:Southern question 3577:Law of Guarantees 3393:, 3 November 1867 3344:French annexation 3291:Otto von Bismarck 2860:Louis Lamoricière 2776:Strait of Messina 2697:In the meantime, 2683:Swiss mercenaries 2624:National Assembly 2532:Battle of Magenta 2509:found an ally in 2241:Battle of Custoza 2160:Kingdom of Sicily 2133:Fratelli d'Italia 2031:Bandiera Brothers 2029:Execution of the 1998:, which prompted 1885:Gabriele Rossetti 1829:, approved a new 1823:Victor Emmanuel I 1684:La Giovine Italia 1606:French Revolution 1539:Vincenzo Gioberti 1475:Italian tricolour 1413:tricolour cockade 1385:Italian tricolour 1315:Italian tricolour 1264:House of Habsburg 1256:Spanish Habsburgs 1195:Cosimo de' Medici 1175:Holy Roman Empire 1148:Kingdom of Naples 1144:Kingdom of Sicily 1045:Treaty of Rapallo 1002:Corsican Italians 986:Savoyard Italians 911:Italian Peninsula 791: 790: 638:COVID-19 pandemic 634:(2014–2016) 628:(2007–2009) 622:(1992–2001) 614:(1986–1992) 592:(1943–1945) 590:Italian Civil War 577:(1940–1945) 571:(1922–1943) 565:(1914–1918) 559:(1882–1960) 553:(1861–1946) 525:(1815–1871) 486:(1545–1648) 480:(1494–1559) 441:in southern Italy 409: 408: 400:Holy Roman Empire 232:Prehistoric Italy 189: 188: 124:Kingdom of Sicily 16:(Redirected from 12442: 12365:History of Savoy 12252:Spanish–American 12172:Fashoda Incident 12048:Treaty of Björkö 12033:Treaty of Berlin 11967:Open Door Policy 11901:Eastern question 11848:Entente Cordiale 11754: 11747: 11740: 11731: 11730: 11717: 11716: 11709:Italy portal 11706: 11705: 11646:National symbols 11340: 11339: 11195: 11194: 11047: 11046: 10900: 10899: 10780:Kingdom of Italy 10707:Napoleonic Italy 10246: 10245: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10199: 10198: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9992: 9991: 9796:Giacomo Leopardi 9776:Giuseppe Ferrari 9710:Bettino Ricasoli 9705:Giuseppe Mazzini 9690:Francesco Crispi 9670:Agostino Bertani 9644:Cockade of Italy 9628:Impresa di Fiume 9558:Belfiore martyrs 9543:Sortie on Mestre 9461: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9355: 9354: 9353: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9308:on 28 March 2012 9304:. Archived from 9302:History of Italy 9292: 9290: 9288: 9279:. Archived from 9277:History of Italy 9241: 9187: 9166: 9141:De Rosa, Luigi. 9099:Bacchin, Elena. 9068: 9051:(345): 795–811. 9035: 9018:(217): 247–268. 8975: 8923: 8905: 8894: 8859:Ridley, Jasper. 8856: 8825:(Yale UP, 2008). 8804:Rapone, Danilo. 8794: 8739:Mendola, Louis. 8691:Hearder, Harry. 8669: 8667: 8665: 8622: 8583: 8573: 8567: 8557: 8551: 8544: 8538: 8531: 8525: 8522: 8516: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8491: 8485: 8478: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8467: 8452: 8446: 8439: 8433: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8332:on 19 March 2022 8322: 8316: 8315: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8244:on 6 August 2011 8240:. Archived from 8234: 8228: 8227: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8163: 8157: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8112: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8070:on 19 March 2022 8060: 8054: 8053: 8041: 8035: 8028: 8022: 8021: 8016:. Archived from 8010: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7990:. Archived from 7984: 7978: 7977: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7902: 7896: 7895: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7844: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7820:"Istrian Spring" 7816: 7810: 7809: 7789: 7783: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7713: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702: 7688: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7589: 7583: 7576: 7570: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7547: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7519: 7510: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7442: 7436: 7429: 7423: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7358:on 10 April 2022 7348: 7342: 7341: 7327: 7321: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7241:. Archived from 7230: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7204: 7198: 7197:(1969) pp 76–82. 7191: 7185: 7184:(1969) pp 65–66. 7178: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7158:(1969) pp 63–65. 7152: 7146: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7062: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7007: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6937: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6882: 6876: 6871:Giuseppe André, 6869: 6863: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6743: 6737: 6730: 6724: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6674: 6666: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6641:Ridley, Jasper. 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6544: 6538: 6531: 6525: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6426: 6420: 6413: 6407: 6400: 6394: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6238: 6232: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6202: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6114: 6108: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5980:on 31 March 2019 5961: 5955: 5952: 5946: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5908: 5902: 5895: 5889: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5782: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5687: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5645: 5604: 5593:Kingdom of Italy 5589: 5571:Kingdom of Italy 5567: 5538: 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5418:Stephen Sondheim 5409:Passione D'Amore 5381:Luchino Visconti 5370:Vittorio De Sica 5359:Vittorio De Sica 5317:Luchino Visconti 5154:Giuseppe Mazzini 5106:Vincenzo Bellini 4937:Niccolò Tommaseo 4904:Giacomo Leopardi 4872:Giovanni Berchet 4858:, known for the 4828:Vittorio Alfieri 4822:world literature 4818:I Promessi Sposi 4816:(orig. Italian: 4808:Italian language 4768:Giovanni Fattori 4749:Sicilian Vespers 4712:Vittorio Alfieri 4579:Italian Republic 4537:Istrian Italians 4485:Istrian Italians 4410:Second World War 4384:Benito Mussolini 4333:province of Zara 4317:Italia irredenta 4300:Treaty of London 4193:Italian language 4136:Istrian Italians 4131: 4096:Istrian Italians 4024:Istrian Italians 4007:, the island of 4000:Impresa di Fiume 3933:in 1866. During 3895:Italia irredenta 3872:Italian language 3868:Niccolò Tommaseo 3853:Kingdom of Italy 3845:Istrian Italians 3841:Maltese Italians 3825:Corfiot Italians 3813:Italian speakers 3763:Denis Mack Smith 3620:old constitution 3534:Via XX Settembre 3513:Raffaele Cadorna 3437:Italian border. 3370:Piazza San Marco 3359:Treaty of Vienna 3257:invade the Tyrol 2761:Ferdinando Lanza 2744:Siege of Palermo 2707:), steamed from 2451: 2442: 2304:Giuseppe Mazzini 2284:Pellegrino Rossi 2271:Niccolò Tommaseo 2245:Lombardy–Venetia 2123:set to music by 2091:copy of 1847 of 2000:Pope Gregory XVI 1975:in place of the 1933:Louis-Philippe I 1872:Denis Mack Smith 1667:Giuseppe Mazzini 1561:federal republic 1553:Giuseppe Mazzini 1528:I Promessi Sposi 1520:I promessi sposi 1507:Niccolò Tommaseo 1499:Vittorio Alfieri 1495:Italian Republic 1436:Giuseppe Mazzini 1359:Viceroy of Italy 1327:client republics 1296: 1010:Istrian Italians 1006:Maltese Italians 990:Corfiot Italians 946:Giuseppe Mazzini 915:Kingdom of Italy 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 876: 871: 867: 866: 863: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 813: 808: 783: 776: 769: 757:Italy portal 755: 754: 753: 484:Catholic revival 337: 336: 219: 209: 191: 190: 182:Kingdom of Italy 156:Kingdom of Italy 144:Hungarian legion 81: 76:Native name 65: 58: 54: 21: 12450: 12449: 12445: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12440: 12439: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12267:Boxer Rebellion 12225: 12089: 12043:Treaty of Paris 12008: 12002: 11935:New Imperialism 11896:Ottoman decline 11879: 11826:Triple Alliance 11814: 11775:Austria-Hungary 11763: 11758: 11728: 11723: 11703: 11690: 11661:Public holidays 11492: 11438:Life expectancy 11325: 11180: 11096:Law enforcement 11032: 10885: 10832: 10821:Social Republic 10785:Colonial Empire 10768:Capture of Rome 10721: 10614: 10523: 10416:Ancient peoples 10404: 10341: 10302:Historic states 10260: 10235: 10226: 10196: 10191: 10025: 10019: 9989: 9984: 9938: 9917: 9881: 9845: 9836:Antonio Rosmini 9806:Goffredo Mameli 9756:Giosuè Carducci 9734: 9725:Ruggero Settimo 9653: 9632: 9613:Capture of Rome 9462: 9453: 9400: 9391: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9329: 9311: 9309: 9298:"Italy's Unity" 9286: 9284: 9235: 9230: 9163: 9096:(2018), 250 pp. 9089: 9039:pp. 27–60. 8996:(2018), 250 pp. 8989: 8940:Woolf, Stuart. 8679:Gilmour, David. 8663: 8661: 8660:on 29 June 2011 8632:Clark, Martin. 8619: 8592: 8587: 8586: 8574: 8570: 8558: 8554: 8545: 8541: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8479: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8454: 8453: 8449: 8440: 8436: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8236: 8235: 8231: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8196:on 5 March 2016 8186: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8147: 8143: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8099: 8097: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8073: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8029: 8025: 8020:on 29 May 2013. 8012: 8011: 8007: 7997: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7958: 7954: 7939: 7935: 7922: 7918: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7878: 7874: 7863:Bartoli, Matteo 7860: 7856: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7790: 7786: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7733: 7723: 7721: 7714: 7710: 7700: 7698: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7644: 7640: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7590: 7586: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7545: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7522: 7520: 7513: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7431:Harry Hearder, 7430: 7426: 7417: 7413: 7396: 7392: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7359: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7328: 7324: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7286:. Victorian Web 7282: 7281: 7277: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7201: 7192: 7188: 7179: 7175: 7166: 7162: 7153: 7149: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7119: 7118: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7052: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7005: 7003: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6953: 6949: 6938: 6934: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6870: 6866: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6773:Avery, Robert. 6771: 6767: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6731: 6727: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6699:"Daniele Manin" 6697: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6515: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6427: 6423: 6414: 6410: 6402:Jasper Ridley, 6401: 6397: 6388: 6384: 6374: 6372: 6371:on 13 June 2016 6363: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6317:10.2307/3033969 6301: 6297: 6274: 6270: 6255:10.2307/1844987 6239: 6235: 6226: 6222: 6209: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6137: 6133: 6115: 6111: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6066: 6062: 6044: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5944:Wayback Machine 5934: 5930: 5923: 5909: 5905: 5896: 5892: 5880: 5876: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5785: 5768: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5678: 5674: 5660: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5615: 5608: 5605: 5596: 5590: 5581: 5579:Capture of Rome 5568: 5559: 5541:Italy in 1861: 5539: 5530: 5495:Italy in 1860: 5493: 5484: 5481: 5472: 5469: 5460: 5457: 5448: 5304: 5296:Lorenzo Ferrero 5279:Lorenzo Ferrero 5129:was performing 5063: 4953:Austrian Empire 4877:Il Conciliatore 4797:Francesco Hayez 4784: 4764:Gerolamo Induno 4760:Domenico Induno 4726:Francesco Hayez 4710:on the tomb to 4665: 4660: 4621: 4615: 4575:Treaty of Osimo 4545:Istro-Romanians 4523:was annexed by 4515:as well as the 4478: 4391:Italian Fascism 4386:and led to the 4292:Austria-Hungary 4287:Triple Alliance 4229:Snežnik Plateau 4227:(tan), and the 4205: 4132: 4129: 3939:terre irredente 3927:Austrian Empire 3898:was an Italian 3829:Niçard Italians 3809:Capture of Rome 3802:Italian Maltese 3790: 3785: 3779: 3741:Antonio Gramsci 3674: 3664: 3643: 3608: 3549:Quirinal Palace 3491:Battle of Sedan 3471:Capture of Rome 3464: 3462:Capture of Rome 3458: 3456:Capture of Rome 3443: 3423:Capitoline Hill 3383: 3378: 3273:Battle of Lissa 3244:(1848) and the 3211: 3205: 3199: 3159:Gerolamo Induno 3104: 3098: 3026:Austrian Empire 3016:. In reaction, 3010: 2901:Victor Emmanuel 2883:Enrico Cialdini 2856:excommunication 2816: 2780:Reggio Calabria 2646: 2640: 2614:Niçard Italians 2606:Treaty of Turin 2503: 2497: 2473: 2471:Pisacane fiasco 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2407:Il Risorgimento 2371: 2346:Charles Oudinot 2308:Catholic Church 2174:Ruggero Settimo 2164:Ruggero Settimo 2121:Goffredo Mameli 2113:national anthem 2099:national anthem 2023: 2015:Main articles: 2013: 1945:Papal Legations 1921:July Revolution 1869: 1863: 1778: 1752:, commanded by 1732: 1718: 1713: 1643: 1577: 1523:(The Betrothed) 1448:Austrian Empire 1429: 1393:sister republic 1391:, a Napoleonic 1303: 1294: 1122:, the title of 1120:Frankish Empire 1066: 1061: 1037:Austria-Hungary 1033:terre irredente 994:Niçard Italians 927:capture of Rome 899:social movement 890: 887: 884: 881: 869: 823: 819: 806: 787: 751: 749: 747: 738: 737: 736: 734: 694:Historic states 658: 650: 649: 626:Great Recession 557:Colonial Empire 546: 538: 537: 536: 517: 467: 459: 458: 419: 411: 410: 334: 326: 325: 265: 255: 254: 227: 207: 200: 173:Capture of Rome 108:Italian society 79: 71: 51: 46:Il Risorgimento 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12448: 12438: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12400:1870s in Italy 12397: 12395:1860s in Italy 12392: 12390:1850s in Italy 12387: 12385:1840s in Italy 12382: 12380:1830s in Italy 12377: 12375:1820s in Italy 12372: 12370:1810s in Italy 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12299: 12294: 12284: 12279: 12277:Russo-Japanese 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12242:Anglo-Egyptian 12239: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12216:Bosnian Crisis 12213: 12212: 12211: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12168: 12167: 12165:Austro-Italian 12162: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12140: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12063:Martens Clause 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12018: 12012: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11945:Egyptian Lever 11932: 11930:Pax Britannica 11927: 11926: 11925: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11911:Sovereign debt 11908: 11903: 11893: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11838:Triple Entente 11835: 11834: 11833: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11805:United Kingdom 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11764: 11757: 11756: 11749: 11742: 11734: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11711: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11502: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11432: 11431: 11416: 11415: 11414: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11269:Stock exchange 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11186: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11171:Municipalities 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11131:Prime Minister 11128: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11018:Regional parks 11015: 11013:National parks 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10925: 10924: 10922:Climate change 10914: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10890: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10840: 10838: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10787: 10782: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10685:Duchy of Savoy 10682: 10677: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10607: 10606: 10605: 10595: 10593:Lombard League 10590: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10517: 10515:Western Empire 10507: 10502: 10500:Roman conquest 10497: 10492: 10482: 10481: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10421:Italic peoples 10412: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10268: 10266: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10225: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10202: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10018: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9995: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9931: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9826:Carlo Pisacane 9823: 9821:Silvio Pellico 9818: 9816:Ippolito Nievo 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9771:Vincenzo Cuoco 9768: 9763: 9761:Carlo Cattaneo 9758: 9753: 9748: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9603:Roman Question 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9521:Roman Republic 9518: 9513: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9472: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9444:Duchy of Parma 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9418:House of Savoy 9410: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9390: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9367: 9360: 9359: 9347: 9327: 9326: 9318: 9293: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9234: 9233:External links 9231: 9229: 9228: 9215:Carlo Cardia, 9213: 9208:Tomaz, Luigi. 9206: 9199: 9188: 9176:Chronica Mundi 9167: 9162:978-8890416804 9161: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9040: 9036: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8988: 8987:Historiography 8985: 8984: 8983: 8976: 8958:(1): 161–176. 8945: 8944:(1960), 519 pp 8938: 8931: 8924: 8910: 8895: 8877:(4): 476–490. 8864: 8857: 8839:(2): 191–204. 8826: 8819: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8778: 8768: 8754: 8744: 8737: 8730: 8720: 8713: 8708:Körner, Axel. 8706: 8699: 8689: 8677: 8670: 8647: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8617: 8604: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8568: 8560:Mary Ann Smart 8552: 8539: 8526: 8517: 8508: 8486: 8473: 8447: 8434: 8421: 8395: 8369: 8343: 8317: 8303: 8292:on 28 May 2023 8277: 8255: 8229: 8207: 8180: 8158: 8148:G.Sabbatucci, 8141: 8128:978-8856818680 8127: 8107: 8081: 8055: 8036: 8023: 8005: 7994:on 29 May 2013 7979: 7952: 7949:. p. 396. 7945:(in Italian). 7933: 7916: 7897: 7890: 7872: 7854: 7842:"Istria" 7832: 7811: 7804: 7784: 7768: 7753: 7731: 7708: 7683: 7674: 7655:(3): 323–324. 7638: 7632:978-0230248007 7631: 7611: 7600:(4): 433–457. 7584: 7571: 7562: 7553: 7531: 7511: 7494: 7477: 7464: 7458:978-0618619191 7457: 7437: 7424: 7418:Martin Clark, 7411: 7390: 7369: 7343: 7322: 7306: 7297: 7275: 7266: 7256: 7225: 7199: 7186: 7173: 7167:John W. Bush, 7160: 7147: 7134: 7109: 7083: 7050: 7035: 7013: 6990: 6965: 6947: 6932: 6917: 6891: 6877: 6864: 6851: 6830: 6809: 6787: 6765: 6759:978-0435327545 6758: 6738: 6725: 6712: 6690: 6648: 6645:. p. 268. 6633: 6611: 6589: 6582: 6564: 6539: 6526: 6513: 6500: 6478: 6456: 6451:10.1086/531319 6443:10.1086/531319 6437:(2): 380–408. 6421: 6408: 6395: 6382: 6356: 6339:"Il tricolore" 6330: 6311:(4): 785–807. 6307:. New Series. 6295: 6284:(4): 234–241. 6278:Social Science 6268: 6249:(2): 353–370. 6233: 6220: 6217:. P.J. Kenedy. 6203: 6190: 6168: 6161: 6131: 6109: 6092:Ghisi, Enrico 6085: 6078: 6060: 6038: 6016: 6009: 5991: 5972:(in Italian). 5956: 5947: 5928: 5921: 5903: 5890: 5874: 5859: 5846: 5833:978-1139456340 5832: 5812: 5783: 5759: 5734: 5712: 5702: 5672: 5658: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5582: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5494: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5431: 5405: 5394: 5383: 5372: 5365:Heart and Soul 5361: 5350: 5339: 5321:Burt Lancaster 5319:. It features 5303: 5300: 5260:Mary Ann Smart 5169:Giuseppe Verdi 5113:(The Puritans) 5074:Teatro Massimo 5062: 5059: 5008:Ippolito Nievo 4898:Silvio Pellico 4856:Vincenzo Monti 4838:Italian people 4783: 4780: 4756:Andrea Appiani 4716:Veiled Rebecca 4708:Italia turrita 4696:Antonio Canova 4688:Ancient Greece 4677:Antonio Canova 4673:Italia turrita 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4617:Main article: 4614: 4611: 4571:House of Savoy 4511:, most of the 4477: 4474: 4304:Central Powers 4296:Triple Entente 4204: 4201: 4127: 4013:County of Nice 3975:Istro-Romanian 3864:Pasquale Paoli 3833:Swiss Italians 3789: 3786: 3781:Main article: 3778: 3775: 3755:Savoy monarchy 3737:southern Italy 3709:southern Italy 3701:northern Italy 3663: 3662:Historiography 3660: 3652:southern Italy 3642: 3639: 3607: 3604: 3559:and after the 3557:Kings of Italy 3517:Aurelian Walls 3460:Main article: 3457: 3454: 3442: 3439: 3427:Piazza Colonna 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3301:" ('I obey'). 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3130:o Roma o Morte 3102:Roman Question 3100:Main article: 3097: 3096:Roman Question 3094: 3077:Ottoman Empire 3057:United Kingdom 3044:convinced the 3038:Queen Victoria 3022:Russian Empire 3009: 3006: 2984:Roman emperors 2879:Manfredo Fanti 2815: 2812: 2808:River Volturno 2642:Main article: 2639: 2636: 2632:Niçard Vespers 2598:Duchy of Parma 2583:Niçard Vespers 2499:Main article: 2496: 2493: 2477:Carlo Pisacane 2472: 2469: 2456: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2396:House of Savoy 2370: 2367: 2359:Guglielmo Pepe 2292:Roman Republic 2221:Charles Albert 2210:Josef Radetzky 2129:Inno di Mameli 2125:Michele Novaro 2111:, the Italian 2097:, the Italian 2079:Viva l'Italia! 2012: 2009: 1981:Duchy of Parma 1913:northern Italy 1905:Duke of Modena 1865:Main article: 1862: 1859: 1854:Silvio Pellico 1827:Charles Albert 1805:House of Savoy 1791:, civic museum 1777: 1774: 1754:Guglielmo Pepe 1739:Guglielmo Pepe 1731: 1728: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1703:(then part of 1642: 1639: 1630:Carlo Di Rudio 1593:southern Italy 1576: 1573: 1557:Carlo Cattaneo 1532:Tuscan dialect 1428: 1425: 1421:Lombard Legion 1367:King of Naples 1302: 1299: 1272:Duchy of Milan 1268:Spanish Empire 1248:Charles VIII's 1140:Southern Italy 1081:Roman Republic 1073:Roman Republic 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 998:Swiss Italians 960:Roman emperors 907:various states 803:Unità d'Italia 789: 788: 786: 785: 778: 771: 763: 760: 759: 740: 739: 732: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 660: 659: 656: 655: 652: 651: 648: 647: 646: 645: 635: 629: 623: 615: 603: 593: 578: 572: 566: 560: 554: 547: 544: 543: 540: 539: 535: 534: 528: 527: 526: 516: 515: 514: 513: 508: 500: 499: 498: 492: 487: 481: 475: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 456: 451: 442: 432: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 406: 405:962–1801 403: 392: 391: 388: 377: 376: 373: 367: 366: 363: 357: 356: 353: 347: 346: 343: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 322: 321: 313:Western Empire 310: 304: 303: 302: 289: 284: 273: 266: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 246: 240: 234: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 212: 211: 202: 201: 194: 187: 186: 185: 184: 175: 170: 163: 159: 158: 128:Roman Republic 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 66: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12447: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12415:1871 in Italy 12413: 12411: 12410:1815 in Italy 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12325: 12322: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12282:Italo-Turkish 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12237:Russo-Turkish 12235: 12234: 12232: 12228: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12210: 12209:Treaty of Fes 12207: 12206: 12205: 12204:Agadir Crisis 12202: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12005: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11924: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11916: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11882: 11876: 11875:Balkan League 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11836: 11832: 11831:Dual Alliance 11829: 11828: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11811: 11810:United States 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11748: 11743: 11741: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11720: 11712: 11710: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11501: 11499: 11495: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11420: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10964: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10892: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10864:Years of Lead 10862: 10860: 10859:Economic Boom 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10839: 10835: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10802:Fascist Italy 10800: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10748:Niçard exodus 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10617: 10611: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10538: 10537: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10468:Magna Graecia 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10223: 10218: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10028: 10023: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10004: 10002: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922:National days 9920: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9848: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9715:Aurelio Saffi 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9700:Daniele Manin 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9680:Celso Ceretti 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9656: 9650: 9649:Flag of Italy 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9501:Neo-Guelphism 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9397: 9388: 9383: 9381: 9376: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9365: 9358: 9348: 9346: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9294: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9246:at Wikiquote 9245: 9240: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9194:. (vol. 1 di 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8827: 8824: 8821:Riall, Lucy. 8820: 8818: 8814: 8811:Riall, Lucy. 8810: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8779: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8701:Holt, Edgar. 8700: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8659: 8655: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8594: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8549: 8543: 8536: 8530: 8521: 8512: 8497:. Fordham.edu 8496: 8490: 8483: 8477: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8444: 8438: 8431: 8425: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8383: 8379: 8373: 8358: 8357:My Modern Met 8354: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8313: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8265: 8259: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8169:. Treccani.it 8168: 8162: 8155: 8152:, in AA.VV., 8151: 8145: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8027: 8019: 8015: 8009: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7929: 7928: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7891:9780416189407 7887: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7850: 7849: 7843: 7836: 7821: 7815: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7788: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7741: 7735: 7719: 7712: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7566: 7557: 7542:. Treccani.it 7541: 7535: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7498: 7491: 7481: 7474: 7468: 7460: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7441: 7434: 7428: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7373: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7301: 7285: 7279: 7270: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7151: 7144: 7138: 7122: 7116: 7114: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7046: 7039: 7024:. Treccani.it 7023: 7017: 7001: 6994: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6943: 6936: 6928: 6921: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6887: 6881: 6874: 6868: 6861: 6855: 6840: 6834: 6819: 6813: 6797: 6791: 6776: 6769: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6700: 6694: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6637: 6621: 6615: 6599: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6553: 6549: 6543: 6537:(1960) p 552. 6536: 6530: 6523: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6488: 6482: 6466: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6399: 6392: 6386: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6178: 6172: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6135: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6026: 6020: 6012: 6010:88-15-07163-6 6006: 6002: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5780: 5779:0-674-01870-2 5776: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5747: 5741: 5739: 5722: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5685: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5651: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5577:, before the 5576: 5572: 5566: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5491: 5486: 5483:Italy in 1843 5479: 5474: 5471:Italy in 1796 5467: 5462: 5459:Italy in 1494 5455: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5440:Mario Martone 5437: 5436: 5435:Noi credevamo 5432: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5348:Mario Soldati 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5291:Risorgimento! 5287: 5280: 5276: 5275:Risorgimento! 5271: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4949:Daniele Manin 4946: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4851: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4813:The Betrothed 4809: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684:Neoclassicism 4678: 4674: 4669: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4403:liberal Italy 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4331:(1941–1943): 4330: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4077:Germanization 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048:Kingdom Italy 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3935:World War One 3932: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3913: 3910:Residents of 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3713:protectionist 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3452: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3431:Papal Zouaves 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404:Civitavecchia 3401: 3392: 3389:Garibaldi at 3387: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3319:and parts of 3318: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065:United States 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2979:Pater Patriae 2975: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2944:Carlo Bossoli 2941: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922:King of Italy 2919: 2915: 2914:Sessa Aurunca 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2802:. Meanwhile, 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610:Niçard exodus 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2463: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2390:) under King 2389: 2383: 2375: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355:Daniele Manin 2352: 2351:New York City 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:Carlo Arduini 2293: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2268: 2267:Daniele Manin 2264: 2260: 2258: 2257:Daniele Manin 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2119:, written by 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044:, members of 2043: 2039: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:July Monarchy 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839:Holy Alliance 1836: 1835:Charles Felix 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1770:Michele Amari 1767: 1763: 1762:Holy Alliance 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1723:Enlightenment 1708: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:(Young Italy) 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1622:Felice Orsini 1619: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1482:, during the 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405:Tricolour Day 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Joachim Murat 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191:Italic League 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:nation-states 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:King of Italy 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970: 965: 961: 957: 956: 955:Pater Patriae 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 903:consolidation 900: 896: 875: 865: 817: 812: 804: 800: 796: 784: 779: 777: 772: 770: 765: 764: 762: 761: 758: 748: 746: 742: 741: 735: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 661: 654: 653: 643: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 620: 616: 613: 610: 609: 607: 606:Years of Lead 604: 601: 597: 594: 591: 587: 583: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 542: 541: 533: 530: 529: 524: 523: 519: 518: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 493: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 469: 463: 462: 455: 452: 450: 446: 443: 440: 436: 433: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 415: 414: 404: 401: 397: 394: 393: 390:774–962 389: 386: 382: 379: 378: 375:568–774 374: 372: 369: 368: 365:435–534 364: 362: 359: 358: 355:493–553 354: 352: 349: 348: 345:476–493 344: 342: 339: 338: 330: 329: 320: 317: 316: 314: 311: 308: 305: 301: 300: 295: 294: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 274: 271: 268: 267: 264: 259: 258: 250: 249:Magna Graecia 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 223: 222: 218: 214: 213: 210: 204: 203: 198: 193: 192: 183: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 164: 160: 157: 153: 149: 148:Southern Army 145: 141: 137: 136:French Empire 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 78: 74: 69: 64: 59: 53: 49: 47: 42: 41: 40:Risorgimento! 33: 19: 12150: 12146:Anglo-German 12135: 12110: 12007:Treaties and 11768:Great powers 11546:Architecture 11516:Quattrocento 11473:Social class 11453:Prostitution 11367:Demographics 11289:Trade unions 11232:Central Bank 11074:Human rights 11054:Constitution 10837:Contemporary 10807:World War II 10732: 10695:Italian Wars 10619:Early modern 10561:Papal States 10539:Italy under 10485:Ancient Rome 10141: 10115: 9857:Pope Pius IX 9751:Cesare Balbo 9658:Main leaders 9528:Quadrilatero 9434:Papal States 9396:Risorgimento 9395: 9393: 9321: 9310:. Retrieved 9306:the original 9301: 9285:. Retrieved 9281:the original 9276: 9236: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9191: 9175: 9151: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9082:42#1 (2008). 9079: 9072: 9048: 9044: 9015: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8979: 8955: 8949: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8915: 8900: 8874: 8868: 8860: 8836: 8832:Modern Italy 8830: 8822: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8771: 8757: 8747: 8746:Mowat, R.B. 8740: 8733: 8723: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8692: 8680: 8673: 8662:. Retrieved 8658:the original 8652: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8608: 8597: 8590:Bibliography 8579: 8576:Roger Parker 8571: 8563: 8555: 8547: 8542: 8534: 8529: 8520: 8511: 8499:. Retrieved 8489: 8476: 8466:30 September 8464:. Retrieved 8460:the original 8450: 8443:Modern Italy 8442: 8437: 8429: 8424: 8414:30 September 8412:. Retrieved 8408:the original 8398: 8388:30 September 8386:. Retrieved 8382:the original 8372: 8360:. Retrieved 8356: 8346: 8334:. Retrieved 8330:the original 8320: 8306: 8296:30 September 8294:. Retrieved 8290:the original 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8266:(in Italian) 8258: 8246:. Retrieved 8242:the original 8238:"Popis 2002" 8232: 8219: 8210: 8198:. Retrieved 8194:the original 8183: 8171:. Retrieved 8161: 8153: 8149: 8144: 8132:. Retrieved 8117: 8110: 8098:. Retrieved 8094:the original 8084: 8072:. Retrieved 8068:the original 8058: 8045: 8044:"Dalmazia", 8039: 8031: 8026: 8018:the original 8008: 7996:. Retrieved 7992:the original 7982: 7965: 7955: 7942: 7936: 7926: 7919: 7906: 7905:"Dalmazia", 7900: 7881: 7875: 7866: 7857: 7846: 7835: 7823:. Retrieved 7814: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7744:. Retrieved 7742:(in Italian) 7734: 7724:30 September 7722:. Retrieved 7711: 7699:. Retrieved 7695: 7686: 7677: 7652: 7649:Modern Italy 7648: 7641: 7621: 7614: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7579: 7574: 7565: 7556: 7544:. Retrieved 7534: 7526: 7521:Nelson Moe, 7506: 7501:Nelson Moe, 7497: 7489: 7484:Nelson Moe, 7480: 7472: 7467: 7447: 7440: 7435:(1980) p 240 7432: 7427: 7419: 7414: 7400: 7393: 7379: 7372: 7362:30 September 7360:. Retrieved 7356:the original 7346: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7314:Michele Rosi 7309: 7300: 7290:30 September 7288:. Retrieved 7278: 7269: 7259: 7249:30 September 7247:. Retrieved 7243:the original 7238: 7228: 7218:30 September 7216:. Retrieved 7212:the original 7202: 7194: 7189: 7181: 7180:Mack Smith, 7176: 7168: 7163: 7155: 7154:Mack Smith, 7150: 7142: 7141:Mack Smith, 7137: 7125:. Retrieved 7123:(in Italian) 7100:. Retrieved 7096:the original 7086: 7074:. Retrieved 7070:the original 7044: 7038: 7026:. Retrieved 7016: 7006:30 September 7004:. Retrieved 6993: 6983:30 September 6981:. Retrieved 6977: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6941: 6935: 6926: 6920: 6908:. Retrieved 6894: 6880: 6872: 6867: 6859: 6854: 6842:. Retrieved 6833: 6821:. Retrieved 6812: 6800:. Retrieved 6790: 6778:. 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Ohio.edu 6471:28 January 6151:. p. 6031:28 January 5692:. p. 5635:References 5525:pale green 5277:(2011) by 5111:I puritani 5076:in Palermo 4979:ETH Zürich 4929:(1890) by 4795:(1841) by 4782:Literature 4560:Yugoslavia 4525:Yugoslavia 4499:Under the 4414:Yugoslavia 4366:after the 4233:Yugoslavia 3929:after the 3819:Italians, 3771:Lucy Riall 3747:in Italy. 3711:, a state 3666:See also: 3575:under the 3363:referendum 3207:See also: 3167:Aspromonte 2784:Basilicata 2669:San Marino 2616:to Italy. 2196:, and the 2185:Leopold II 2101:since 1946 1977:Papal flag 1909:Francis IV 1335:Francis II 1274:until the 1237:barbarians 1232:The Prince 1227:Italia Mia 1223:Italia Mia 1171:proxy wars 1098:After the 1059:Background 984:Italians, 888:Resurgence 612:Maxi Trial 495:Napoleonic 140:Red Shirts 132:Carboneria 11972:Meiji era 11819:Alliances 11641:Mythology 11616:Libraries 11536:Ottocento 11478:Terrorism 11419:Languages 11372:Education 11294:Transport 11244:Companies 11151:Provinces 11121:President 11086:Judiciary 11059:Elections 10971:Volcanoes 10966:Volcanism 10959:Apennines 10944:Mountains 10912:Peninsula 10895:Geography 10826:Civil War 10551:Byzantium 10458:Etruscans 10393:Canegrate 10388:Golasecca 10373:Rinaldone 10368:Terramare 10358:Neolithic 10187:Ukrainian 10162:Norwegian 10137:Icelandic 10132:Hungarian 10069:Bulgarian 9965:Redshirts 9850:Opponents 9481:Carbonari 9184:2239-7515 9178:: 53–68. 8972:154971989 8891:144416217 8861:Garibaldi 8853:143746713 8362:1 October 7974:1330-0474 7716:Felluga. 7669:232397474 7318:I Cairoli 7127:12 August 7102:12 August 7076:12 August 6643:Garibaldi 6604:1 October 6404:Garibaldi 5690:Routledge 5387:Garibaldi 4671:Mourning 4517:Dalmatian 4444:(Italian 4424:(Italian 4251:with the 4195:lost its 4177:Dubrovnik 4044:Austrians 3918:Legionari 3914:cheering 3888:bourgeois 3881:The term 3522:Porta Pia 3311:in Venice 3299:Obbedisco 3259:with his 3171:Varignano 3142:Calabrian 2546:, led by 2475:In 1857, 2382:Austria. 2237:Peschiera 2074:gendarmes 2050:Calabrian 1985:tricolore 1973:tricolore 1925:Charles X 1814:tricolore 1679:Marseille 1651:Garibaldi 1589:Carbonari 1575:Carbonari 1423:in 1796. 1211:Boccaccio 1055:in Rome. 895:political 586:Partisans 341:Odoacer's 299:Optimates 293:Populares 89:1848–1871 12435:Unionism 11719:Category 11606:Internet 11596:Folklore 11526:Seicento 11511:Trecento 11506:Duecento 11468:Religion 11429:Regional 11407:Italians 11382:Gambling 11274:Taxation 11101:Military 11042:Politics 10844:Republic 10631:Florence 10556:Lombards 10495:Republic 10441:Samnites 10436:Picentes 10378:Apennine 10337:Railways 10317:Military 10265:By topic 10249:Overview 10233:articles 10122:Galician 10099:Estonian 10089:Croatian 10049:Asturian 10044:Armenian 10034:Albanian 9468:Timeline 9312:19 March 9287:19 March 9032:23324209 8793:(2): 15. 8685:(2011). 8336:17 March 8134:12 March 8100:12 March 8074:12 March 8050:Treccani 7911:Treccani 7865:(1919). 7606:40400981 6904:Archived 6780:27 March 6683:19 March 6290:41885047 5940:Archived 5839:1 August 5752:17 March 5727:17 March 5613:See also 5242:(1846), 5236:(1844), 5230:(1843), 5224:(1842), 5207:talia (' 5194:manuele 5190:ittorio 4731:The Kiss 4591:Sardinia 4556:Slovenia 4533:Italians 4519:city of 4466:Croatian 4454:Trentino 4312:Dalmatia 4308:irredent 4225:Dalmatia 4154:Dalmatia 4152:, (i.e. 4128:— 4122:Littoral 4118:Dalmatia 4068:Dalmatia 3991:Dalmatia 3967:Croatian 3682:moderate 3606:Problems 3601:endured. 3441:Memorial 3248:(1859). 3191:Florence 3122:Adriatic 3079:and the 3069:Portugal 3059:and the 3032:border. 3020:and the 2988:Italians 2844:Holy See 2828:en masse 2717:Talamone 2536:Lombardy 2342:Venetian 2316:Titolo I 2144:Lombardy 2070:Corsican 1874:argues: 1797:Piedmont 1746:revolted 1705:Piedmont 1569:Piedmont 1417:war flag 1371:Austrian 1207:Petrarch 1114:and the 1093:Augustus 1091:. Under 1077:de facto 964:Italians 870:Italian: 807:Italian: 745:Timeline 709:Military 657:By topic 596:Republic 580:Fascist 551:Monarchy 506:Republic 418:Medieval 396:Germanic 381:Frankish 276:Republic 197:a series 195:Part of 94:Location 11952:In Asia 11785:Germany 11676:Theatre 11651:Palaces 11631:Museums 11601:Gardens 11586:Fashion 11576:Cuisine 11556:Castles 11498:Culture 11448:Poverty 11424:Italian 11335:Society 11316:Welfare 11284:Tourism 11254:Exports 11222:Banking 11202:Economy 11190:Economy 11146:Regions 11028:Valleys 10998:Islands 10978:Beaches 10949:Prealps 10929:Geology 10917:Climate 10581:Normans 10541:Odoacer 10490:Kingdom 10473:Ligures 10409:Ancient 10383:Nuragic 10332:Postage 10307:Judaism 10297:Genetic 10287:Fashion 10282:Economy 10241:History 10182:Turkish 10177:Serbian 10167:Occitan 10152:Latvian 10142:Italian 10116:Vormärz 10114:German 10109:Flemish 10104:Finnish 10081:(incl. 10074:Catalan 10064:Bengali 9886:Museums 9637:Symbols 9357:History 9331:Portals 9087:Italian 8937:(1969). 8776:excerpt 8762:excerpt 8750:(1922) 8743:(2015). 8728:excerpt 8726:(1995) 8724:Mazzini 8705:(1971). 8697:excerpt 8695:(1983) 8687:excerpt 8676:(2004). 8674:Pius IX 8645:excerpt 8600:(2001) 8248:10 June 8226:. 2002. 7471:Clark, 6910:6 March 6393:(1996). 6391:Mazzini 6325:3033969 6263:1844987 6106:1843352 5595:in 1871 5427:Passion 5286:Nabucco 5245:Macbeth 5222:Nabucco 5178:Nabucco 5141:at the 5084:In his 5000:at the 4860:Italian 4552:Croatia 4509:Kvarner 4470:Balkans 4438:Corsica 4434:Cattaro 4426:Spalato 4388:rise of 4352:Gorizia 4348:Trieste 4260:Trieste 4215:, i.e. 4169:Šibenik 4064:Kvarner 4005:Corsica 3963:Slovene 3959:Italian 3947:Trieste 3759:fascism 3593:Pontiff 3530:Via Pia 3489:at the 3425:and of 3400:Mentana 3391:Mentana 3357:In the 3265:Custoza 3233:Venetia 3229:Prussia 3223:In the 3134:Catania 3120:to the 3089:Belgium 2998:Italian 2982:of the 2959:Venetia 2926:Caprera 2800:Salerno 2798:, near 2792:Cosenza 2769:Bourbon 2734:at the 2721:Marsala 2704:I Mille 2692:Palermo 2688:Messina 2422:in the 2416:Britain 2335:Brescia 2181:Tuscany 2154:and in 2148:lottery 2066:La Sila 2062:Cosenza 2058:Crotone 1969:Perugia 1957:Ravenna 1953:Ferrara 1949:Bologna 1821:. King 1817:of the 1789:Saluzzo 1661:in 1833 1655:Mazzini 1618:failing 1464:Tuscany 1179:Austria 1165:in the 974:Italian 958:of the 909:of the 882: 799:Italian 729:Railway 724:Postage 699:Judaism 689:Genetic 679:Fashion 674:Economy 642:present 600:present 569:Fascism 511:Kingdom 439:Normans 371:Lombard 270:Kingdom 162:Outcome 12310:Second 12297:Second 12094:Events 11884:Trends 11800:Russia 11780:France 11707: 11581:Design 11566:Cinema 11541:Anthem 11463:Racism 11412:People 11387:Health 11249:Energy 11239:Brands 11166:Comune 11161:Cities 11023:Rivers 10983:Canals 10666:Amalfi 10651:Venice 10510:Empire 10451:Veneti 10426:Latins 10398:Latial 10231: 10172:Polish 10147:Jewish 10079:Celtic 10054:Basque 9223: 9182: 9159: 9065:562204 9063: 9030: 8970: 8889: 8851: 8817:online 8766:review 8719:(1985) 8717:Cavour 8615: 8602:online 8501:31 May 8173:31 May 8125: 7998:10 May 7972: 7888: 7802: 7746:2 June 7701:7 July 7667: 7629: 7604: 7455: 6802:14 May 6756: 6580: 6449: 6406:(2001) 6323: 6288: 6261: 6159: 6104: 6076: 6007: 5919: 5887:online 5830: 5805:6 July 5777: 5700: 5656: 5543:orange 5497:orange 5239:Attila 5233:Ernani 5188:Viva V 5127:chorus 5047:, and 4983:Naples 4967:Naples 4896:, and 4762:, and 4605:, and 4599:Sicily 4505:Istria 4487:leave 4458:Ticino 4356:Istria 4272:Trento 4264:Istria 4239:Italy 4219:, the 4197:status 4040:Friuli 4036:Veneto 4011:, the 3983:Istria 3955:German 3943:Trento 3769:, and 3707:, and 3538:Latium 3524:, the 3335:Vienna 3325:Mantua 3321:Friuli 3317:Veneto 3281:Trento 3253:Mincio 3246:Second 3138:Melito 3075:, the 3073:Greece 3050:Warsaw 3034:France 3030:Mincio 2986:, the 2976:title 2891:Ancona 2868:Umbria 2804:Naples 2788:Apulia 2728:Salemi 2709:Quarto 2667:, and 2600:, the 2596:, the 2568:Venice 2564:Mantua 2552:Varese 2489:Romani 2420:France 2327:Novara 2249:Venice 2219:Soon, 2156:Naples 2152:Sicily 2038:Venice 1965:Ancona 1766:Sicily 1473:, the 1460:Modena 1407:. 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