1138:
1118:
1182:
1162:
104:
1305:
548:
509:
1271:
1251:
3102:
1222:
495:
1325:
1202:
1291:
117:
88:
467:
158:
562:
170:
1100:
81:
849:
675:
859:'s work fully brought the Farnese dynasty back to the center of great politics. Having inherited a disastrous financial situation, in order to try to heal it he cut all the unnecessary expenses of the court by firing most of the servants, musicians, jesters and dwarves. He also abolished performances, court parties and banquets. A hydraulic work was built to defend the city of Piacenza from the erosion of the Po, the expansion of the
777:, modern legislation was passed, which made Parma a center of excellence both in terms of lifestyle and as an architectural model, elevating it as a cultural capital to the same level of other important European capitals. His government was guilty of the public execution of over 100 Parma citizens accused of conspiring against him. In 1628, on the death of Ranuccio I, the duchy was passed on to his just sixteen-year-old son
534:
481:
817:
the carefree life of the court and the coffers of the treasury was truly remarkable and to keep all the characters who rotated at the court of Parma, the duke was forced to tax everything, avoiding, however, touching the ecclesiastical income. During his reign, Ranuccio II bought precious paintings and volumes, he moved most of the works belonging to the
1061:
in Italy). It was the only case in Italy where the ruling monarchs were successfully driven out by two consecutive uprisings, both in 1848 and 1859: the reasons behind this are to be found both in the rising aspiration for
Italian unification and a strong despise towards the Bourbons, after the less
816:
and plundered by the four thousand soldiers who arrived in Parma with women and children; not only their maintenance fell on the subjects, but rape, abuse and violence followed one another without respite. Ranuccio II made many works to improve the situation of his subjects, but the contrast between
764:
Alessandro died far from Parma on 3 December 1592 from gangrene caused by an arquebus ball during the Siege of Can de Bec, a year before his death he ordered the construction of the fortress of the
Citadel with the aim of affirming the power of the family but also to provide work to a labor force of
796:
These were difficult years for the duchy, in addition to the terrible plague of 1630 which decimated the population, the new duke maintained an army of 6,000 infantry and to finance it he forced his subjects into severe deprivation, getting into debt with bankers and merchants. Despite the high
748:
strove to make the duchy prosperous, to win the benevolence of the people by applying the wise measures already taken by his father and to flatter the local nobility using more moderation than Pier Luigi, he knew how to consolidate the duchy by promoting its economy and financial and commercial
765:
2,500 people made up mostly of the poor sections of the city population. Ranuccio I, passionate about arts and music, made the ducal court the first in Italy in the musical arts. During this period, the city was enriched with unique monuments, such as the
1018:
Napoleon
Bonaparte was undecided about the future of the duchy, aspiring to a total engagement of the Bourbons in the European wars as his allies. Even as French laws and administration were gradually introduced, the formal annexation to the
863:
and the
Collegio dei Nobili was favored, encouraging the study of public law, history, languages and geography. Artists, writers, musicians and playwrights enjoyed the protection of the Court. In 1712 the renovation works of the
1709:
749:
exchanges and cultural, it started the territorial expansion with the annexation of some fiefdoms. In 1573 the number of inhabitants of the new capital had increased considerably reaching 26,000.
103:
1049:, styled in Italian Maria-Luigia, who ruled them for the rest of her life. After her death in 1847, the Duchy was restored to the Bourbon-Parma family, which had been ruling the tiny
1057:. The Bourbons ruled until 1859, when they were driven out by a revolution following the French and Sardinian victory in the war against Austria (called Austrian War in France and
1759:
1137:
3362:
662:), then ruled as its duchess until her death. Parma was restored to Bourbon rule in 1847, and in 1859, the duchy was formally abolished as it was integrated into the
3713:
1117:
900:. On the death of childless Duke Antonio in 1731, Philip V asserted the rights that his wife had over the duchies according to the agreements signed in the
3708:
1304:
1181:
1161:
1583:
801:, and Odoardo was forced to sign a peace treaty with Spain under which, once the alliance with France was dissolved, he would have evacuated Piacenza.
868:
began, completed in 1730. In 1714 the duchy achieved an important diplomatic success when
Francesco, thanks to the offices of his ambassador in Spain
1752:
3683:
1221:
797:
expenses incurred, his first campaign was negative: Piacenza was occupied by the
Spanish troops, his troops were defeated in Parma territory by
790:
821:
preserved in the Roman residences to Parma and in 1688 the new Ducal
Theater was inaugurated. Ranuccio II had a son destined to succeed him,
1558:
1745:
1508:
829:
1633:
836:. On 11 December 1694, upon the sudden death of Ranuccio II, the duchy then passed into the hands of the just sixteen-year-old second son
822:
1533:
1379:
3688:
3153:
1270:
1250:
157:
1483:
3698:
3571:
3240:
3101:
2110:
1608:
3027:
1324:
1692:
798:
3718:
3235:
2412:
2130:
1201:
1078:
3703:
3576:
3535:
3056:
2925:
2668:
2616:
1074:
753:, who was also an important general of the Spanish army, succeeding the leadership of the duchy, was forced by the King
3653:
3550:
3540:
3215:
2807:
2478:
1058:
805:
405:
3545:
3250:
3220:
3175:
2919:
2527:
1070:
813:
758:
707:
628:
555:
333:
290:
3663:
3648:
3048:
1768:
948:
856:
837:
750:
350:
828:
Three years before his death, thanks to the mediation of the ambassador Count Fabio
Perletti, Odoardo had married
3693:
3110:
3071:
2937:
3509:
3418:
3317:
3265:
2913:
2817:
2761:
1919:
1458:
1374:
1046:
944:
893:
778:
745:
655:
17:
804:
On his death, which took place in
Piacenza on 11 September 1646 at the age of 34, the duchy passed to his son
93:
3163:
2802:
2736:
2535:
2267:
2190:
2041:
1290:
3678:
3433:
3128:
921:
169:
808:
and for two years the regency was ensured by his wife
Margherita de' Medici and by his uncle the Cardinal
3612:
3190:
3066:
2931:
2574:
1099:
3519:
3270:
3225:
3091:
3020:
2877:
2871:
2822:
2812:
2242:
2227:
2090:
1354:
1054:
3658:
3504:
3230:
2989:
2272:
1658:
995:
761:, as regent, since the Spanish King did not want to deprive himself of the able and valiant general.
210:
3138:
2895:
2247:
2100:
2036:
991:
896:, was declared the Farnese heiress. She received many marriage proposals, finally marrying in 1714
782:
80:
1433:
3723:
3668:
3643:
3483:
3473:
3205:
2983:
2658:
2550:
2512:
2007:
1937:
925:
865:
809:
305:
3210:
3514:
3081:
2943:
2889:
2837:
2827:
2663:
2606:
2277:
1406:
1369:
1364:
1066:
1007:
960:
901:
640:
122:
1682:
3673:
3555:
3327:
3158:
3013:
2907:
2751:
2703:
2689:
2517:
2257:
2170:
2120:
1799:
1782:
952:
770:
766:
116:
1034:
3307:
3036:
2955:
2832:
2771:
2756:
2679:
2643:
2599:
2589:
2367:
2339:
2145:
1989:
1887:
1831:
913:
8:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3388:
3195:
3148:
3133:
3118:
2977:
2708:
2611:
2594:
2584:
2439:
2362:
2185:
2180:
2115:
2015:
1925:
1684:
Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes: French diplomacy in the age of revolution, 1719–1787
1349:
1020:
860:
663:
363:
87:
1724:
3453:
3443:
3372:
3337:
3180:
2901:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2766:
2731:
2726:
2684:
2648:
2507:
2402:
2324:
2297:
2237:
2140:
2125:
1963:
1943:
1484:"Alessandro Farnese principe e poi duca di Parma e Piacenza nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
980:
818:
754:
541:
514:
500:
389:
3398:
3005:
832:, with whom he had two children: Alessandro, who died at the age of eight months, and
3617:
3607:
3428:
3408:
3260:
2746:
2741:
2674:
2633:
2627:
2468:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2175:
2155:
2105:
2095:
2076:
1688:
937:
933:
929:
905:
897:
889:
877:
873:
833:
636:
527:
486:
255:
233:
1729:
721:, becoming thus also Duke of Piacenza, and so the state was thereafter known as the
654:, having its sovereignty restored in 1814 after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon's wife,
3438:
3352:
3347:
3332:
3312:
3286:
3200:
3185:
2963:
2545:
2540:
2463:
2397:
2392:
2262:
2232:
2200:
2056:
2001:
1980:
1958:
1737:
1359:
1082:
999:
976:
968:
909:
734:
726:
620:
593:
215:
110:
45:
3478:
3448:
3367:
3255:
2486:
2454:
2449:
2429:
2292:
2252:
2222:
2205:
2165:
2150:
2135:
2066:
2051:
1968:
1948:
1821:
869:
714:
632:
2344:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3413:
3403:
3245:
3086:
3060:
2969:
2865:
2859:
2459:
2434:
2307:
2302:
2287:
2282:
2217:
2212:
2195:
2160:
1953:
1931:
1875:
1814:
1050:
1024:
825:, who, however, predeceased his father and therefore never governed the duchy.
774:
687:
613:
609:
601:
143:
59:
1029:
3637:
3357:
3342:
3322:
3291:
3143:
2653:
2491:
1995:
1869:
1841:
912:. The Duchy would thus be inherited by his first son with Elisabeth, Infante
683:
624:
337:
271:
1711:
Il potere della tradizione. Guillaume Du Tillot e la questione della nobiltà
3499:
3393:
3170:
3076:
2026:
1881:
1861:
848:
812:, until the age of eighteen. In 1691 the Duchy of Parma was invaded by the
695:
472:
1559:"RANUCCIO II Farnese, duca di Parma e Piacenza in "Dizionario Biografico""
737:
family continued to rule until the extinction of their male line in 1731.
3423:
2579:
2444:
1509:"ODOARDO Farnese, duca di Parma e di Piacenza in "Dizionario Biografico""
438:
1714:, "Nuova Rivista Storica", 100, 1 (gennaio-aprile 2016), pp. 73–106
1634:"FRANCESCO Farnese, duca di Parma e Piacenza in "Dizionario Biografico""
1065:
In December 1859, the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was combined with the
3622:
883:
674:
990:, and the political situation of the state became extremely confused.
3123:
1846:
2564:
2046:
1851:
1794:
987:
786:
718:
691:
647:
197:
781:, who on 11 October of the same year married the fifteen-year-old
1826:
1787:
678:
The 16th-century city of Parma, at the early stages of the duchy.
240:
994:
maintained his throne under French military governors until the
951:, ceded back the duchy to the Bourbons in the person of Infante
2334:
1609:"FARNESE, Odoardo, detto Odoardo II in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
1534:"La famiglia Farnese - la storia dei Duchi di Parma e Piacenza"
1003:
920:. He ruled his territories for four years until the end of the
651:
631:, it was ruled by the dynasty until 1731, when the last duke,
2312:
1836:
1809:
1045:
In 1814, the duchies were given to Napoleon's Habsburg wife,
699:
580:
260:
220:
193:
183:
1804:
1040:
703:
1073:. In March 1860, after a referendum, this merged with the
1002:
and Napoleon formally decided the cession of the duchy to
1434:"Parma e Piacenza, ducato di nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"
1010:, but the Duke remained in Parma until he died in 1802.
3035:
1407:"Duchy of Parma and Piacenza | historical duchy, Italy"
986:
In 1796, the duchy was occupied by French troops under
686:(Alessandro Farnese) in 1545 from former parts of the
608:) was an Italian state created in 1545 and located in
943:
The Habsburgs only ruled until the conclusion of the
332:• Creation and granting of the title of duke to
1767:
1088:
1023:
was declared only in 1808 after the outbreak of the
884:
Extinction of the Farnese and House of Bourbon-Parma
698:
in 1512. These territories, centered on the city of
924:, when, according to what was established in the
840:, who married the widow of his brother Dorothea.
740:
27:Former Italian state from 1545–1802 and 1814–1859
3635:
2953:
635:, died without direct heirs. After a decade of
3714:States and territories disestablished in 1859
3021:
1753:
1584:"FARNESE, Odoardo in "Dizionario Biografico""
1459:"FARNESE, Ottavio in "Dizionario Biografico""
1013:
908:of 1729, and he claimed both for the Spanish
37:
2156:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
1538:Informazioni turistiche su Parma e provincia
843:
830:Countess Palatine Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg
387:
791:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
135:
51:
3709:States and territories established in 1545
3028:
3014:
1760:
1746:
1380:History of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
880:, who had been widowed earlier that year.
168:
156:
3154:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1041:Last decades of the duchy (1814 to 1860)
847:
673:
627:made it a hereditary duchy for his son,
3684:1545 establishments in the Papal States
3572:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
3241:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
2111:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
998:, when a general agreement between the
947:in 1748, whose final peace treaty, the
162:The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (green)
14:
3636:
1680:
965:Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla
757:to appoint his seventeen-year-old son
3009:
1741:
973:Ducato di Parma, Piacenza e Guastalla
928:, he handed over both duchies to the
3536:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
3236:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1428:
1426:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1069:and the Duchy of Modena to form the
918:Duke Charles I of Parma and Piacenza
3577:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
1062:reactionary reign of Marie Louise.
888:Because of the lack of male heirs,
375:• Formal annexation by France
24:
3551:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
3541:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
3216:Second Italian War of Independence
799:Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
682:The Duchy of Parma was created by
25:
3735:
3546:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
3251:Third Italian War of Independence
3221:United Provinces of Central Italy
3176:First Italian War of Independence
2920:United Provinces of Central Italy
1718:
1681:Murphy, Orville Theodore (1982).
1423:
1392:
1089:Historical flags and coat of arms
1071:United Provinces of Central Italy
556:United Provinces of Central Italy
3689:1859 disestablishments in Europe
3100:
1769:List of historic states of Italy
1323:
1303:
1289:
1269:
1249:
1220:
1200:
1180:
1160:
1136:
1116:
1098:
1027:. The duchy was reformed as the
955:, younger brother of Charles I.
932:in exchange for the Kingdoms of
852:Parma in the early 18th century.
706:to Paul III's illegitimate son,
694:which had been conquered by the
560:
546:
532:
507:
493:
479:
465:
115:
102:
86:
79:
2902:Provisional Government of Milan
1651:
1626:
3699:18th-century House of Habsburg
3510:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
3318:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
3266:Italian entry into World War I
2101:City of Fiume and its District
1601:
1576:
1551:
1526:
1501:
1476:
1451:
945:War of the Austrian Succession
872:, was able to marry his niece
741:The consolidation of the duchy
639:rule, the duchy passed to the
13:
1:
3363:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
2536:County of Apulia and Calabria
2042:Campagna e Marittima Province
1385:
3434:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
3129:Revolutions during the 1820s
963:, reigning over an expanded
922:War of the Polish Succession
606:Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae
53:Ducatus Parmae et Placentiae
7:
3719:Former monarchies of Europe
3613:Revisionism of Risorgimento
3191:Sicilian revolution of 1848
3072:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
3067:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2938:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2932:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2884:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
2062:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1343:
723:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
612:, in the current region of
590:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
430:501,000 in the 19th century
34:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
10:
3740:
3704:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3520:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
3226:Expedition of the Thousand
3092:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2878:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2872:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2273:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
2243:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2228:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1355:Historical states of Italy
1059:Second War of Independence
1014:Napoleonic era (1796-1814)
996:Treaty of Aranjuez of 1801
959:became the founder of the
731:Ducato di Parma e Piacenza
713:In 1556, the second Duke,
669:
619:Originally a realm of the
598:Ducato di Parma e Piacenza
39:Ducato di Parma e Piacenza
3654:History of Emilia-Romagna
3585:
3564:
3528:
3505:Franz Joseph I of Austria
3492:
3382:Literature and philosophy
3381:
3300:
3279:
3231:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
3109:
3098:
3047:
2990:Free Territory of Trieste
2850:
2780:
2719:
2702:
2626:
2563:
2526:
2508:Principality of Benevento
2500:
2477:
2422:
2411:
2353:
2323:
2075:
2025:
1979:
1910:
1897:
1860:
1775:
1053:. Guastalla was ceded to
983:having died out in 1746.
949:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
844:Rule of Francesco Farnese
576:
444:
434:
424:
419:
415:
402:
383:
373:
360:
351:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
347:
330:
326:
318:
314:
299:
284:
280:
270:
249:
239:
229:
203:
189:
179:
167:
155:
131:
75:
68:
32:
2896:Italian United Provinces
2248:Principality of Piombino
2037:Patrimony of Saint Peter
902:Treaty of Vienna of 1725
717:, was given the city of
3664:2nd millennium in Italy
3649:Modern history of Italy
3484:Francesco Saverio Salfi
3474:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
2984:Italian Social Republic
2659:Principality of Taranto
2551:Principality of Taranto
2513:Principality of Salerno
2268:Bishopric of Tarantasia
2091:Bishopric of Bressanone
2008:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1411:Encyclopedia Britannica
979:rulers of neighbouring
926:Treaty of Vienna (1738)
866:Ducal Palace of Colorno
810:Francesco Maria Farnese
174:Northern Italy in 1815.
121:Coat of Arms under the
109:Coat of Arms under the
3694:House of Bourbon-Parma
3515:Klemens von Metternich
3082:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3037:Unification of Italy (
2890:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2664:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2568:(from the 9th century)
2278:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1370:List of Dukes of Parma
1365:House of Bourbon-Parma
1067:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
972:
961:House of Bourbon-Parma
853:
730:
679:
641:House of Bourbon-Parma
605:
597:
388:
136:
52:
38:
3556:Tricolour Flag Museum
3328:Federico Confalonieri
3159:Republic of San Marco
2908:Republic of San Marco
2690:Crown Colony of Malta
2518:Principality of Capua
2258:Marquisate of Saluzzo
2121:County of Santa Fiora
1783:Etruscan civilization
851:
783:Margherita de' Medici
767:Palazzo della Pilotta
677:
364:French administration
204:Common languages
3211:Plombières Agreement
2704:French Revolutionary
2644:State of the Presidi
2368:Republic of Florence
2340:Domini di Terraferma
1990:Exarchate of Ravenna
1888:Western Roman Empire
1832:Nuragic civilization
1730:Constitution of 1848
3679:Italian city-states
3603:Italian nationalism
3598:Italian irredentism
3593:Altare della Patria
3389:Giovanni Arrivabene
3196:Ten Days of Brescia
3149:Revolutions of 1848
3134:Revolutions of 1830
3119:Rimini Proclamation
3057:Kingdom of Sardinia
2978:Free State of Fiume
2926:Kingdom of Sardinia
2669:Neapolitan Republic
2617:Kingdom of Sardinia
2612:Republic of Sassari
2440:Catepanate of Italy
2363:Republic of Cospaia
2186:Duchy of Montferrat
2181:March of Montferrat
2116:County of Guastalla
2016:Exarchate of Africa
1659:"Francesco Farnese"
1350:County of Guastalla
1075:Kingdom of Sardinia
861:University of Parma
406:Italian unification
3454:Alessandro Manzoni
3444:Francesco Lomonaco
3373:Victor Emmanuel II
3338:Giuseppe Garibaldi
3181:Five Days of Milan
3049:Pre-unitary states
2808:Lucca and Piombino
2685:Malta Protectorate
2649:Duke of San Donato
2403:Republic of Ancona
2325:Republic of Venice
2238:Duchy of Mirandola
2126:Duchy of Guastalla
1964:Duchy of Tridentum
1944:Duchy of Benevento
1911:Barbarian kingdoms
1663:www.histouring.com
854:
819:family collections
759:Ranuccio I Farnese
755:Philip II of Spain
751:Alessandro Farnese
708:Pier Luigi Farnese
702:, were given as a
680:
646:It was invaded by
629:Pier Luigi Farnese
542:Kingdom of Etruria
515:Kingdom of Etruria
501:Duchy of Guastalla
334:Pier Luigi Farnese
291:Pier Luigi Farnese
3631:
3630:
3618:Southern question
3429:Vincenzo Gioberti
3409:Felice Cavallotti
3308:Massimo d'Azeglio
3261:Law of Guarantees
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2846:
2845:
2813:Massa and Carrara
2698:
2697:
2675:Hospitaller Malta
2634:Kingdom of Naples
2628:Kingdom of Sicily
2559:
2558:
2469:Duchy of Sorrento
2388:Republic of Genoa
2383:Republic of Siena
2378:Republic of Massa
2373:Republic of Lucca
2106:County of Gorizia
2096:Corsican Republic
2077:Holy Roman Empire
1708:Alessandro Cont,
1694:978-0-87395-482-2
1375:Pauline Bonaparte
1316:Habsburg-Lorraine
1153:Habsburg-Lorraine
1129:Habsburg-Lorraine
930:House of Habsburg
916:, who reigned as
906:Treaty of Seville
898:Philip V of Spain
890:Elisabeth Farnese
878:Philip V of Spain
857:Francesco Farnese
664:new Italian state
586:
585:
572:
571:
568:
567:
528:Taro (department)
520:
519:
487:Taro (department)
343:16 September 1545
310:
301:• 1854–1859
295:
286:• 1545–1547
256:Absolute monarchy
234:Roman Catholicism
150:Lead me, oh Lord!
137:Dirige me Domine!
96:Bottom: 1851–1859
16:(Redirected from
3731:
3659:House of Farnese
3439:Giacomo Leopardi
3419:Giuseppe Ferrari
3353:Bettino Ricasoli
3348:Giuseppe Mazzini
3333:Francesco Crispi
3313:Agostino Bertani
3287:Cockade of Italy
3271:Impresa di Fiume
3201:Belfiore martyrs
3186:Sortie on Mestre
3104:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3006:
2964:Kingdom of Italy
2951:
2950:
2717:
2716:
2546:County of Sicily
2541:County of Aversa
2464:Byzantine Sicily
2450:Theme of Lucania
2420:
2419:
2398:Republic of Pisa
2393:Republic of Noli
2263:Duchy of Spoleto
2233:Duchy of Merania
2131:Kingdom of Italy
2057:Duchy of Ferrara
2002:Duchy of Perugia
1981:Byzantine Empire
1959:Duchy of Spoleto
1926:Ostrogothic rule
1908:
1907:
1776:Pre-Roman period
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1403:
1360:House of Farnese
1327:
1307:
1293:
1273:
1253:
1224:
1204:
1184:
1164:
1140:
1120:
1102:
1083:Kingdom of Italy
1079:changed its name
1077:, which in 1861
1006:in exchange for
1000:House of Bourbon
910:House of Bourbon
892:, niece of Duke
564:
563:
550:
549:
536:
535:
524:
523:
511:
510:
497:
496:
483:
482:
469:
468:
462:
461:
446:
445:
393:
308:
293:
172:
160:
147:
139:
119:
106:
90:
83:
69:1545–1802 (1808)
63:
55:
49:
41:
30:
29:
21:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3581:
3560:
3524:
3488:
3479:Antonio Rosmini
3449:Goffredo Mameli
3399:Giosuè Carducci
3377:
3368:Ruggero Settimo
3296:
3275:
3256:Capture of Rome
3105:
3096:
3043:
3034:
3004:
2995:
2949:
2852:
2851:Post-Napoleonic
2842:
2776:
2712:
2706:
2694:
2636:
2632:
2631:(1130–1816) and
2630:
2622:
2567:
2555:
2522:
2496:
2487:Emirate of Bari
2473:
2460:Theme of Sicily
2455:Duchy of Naples
2430:Duchy of Amalfi
2415:
2407:
2355:
2354:Other Republics
2349:
2327:
2319:
2313:County of Tenda
2293:County of Savoy
2253:Duchy of Reggio
2223:Duchy of Mantua
2151:March of Friuli
2083:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2067:Duchy of Urbino
2052:Duchy of Castro
2029:
2021:
1975:
1969:Duchy of Tuscia
1949:Duchy of Friuli
1912:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1872:(753 BC–509 BC)
1856:
1771:
1766:
1732:
1721:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1641:
1638:www.treccani.it
1632:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1613:www.treccani.it
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1588:www.treccani.it
1582:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1563:www.treccani.it
1557:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1516:
1513:www.treccani.it
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1488:www.treccani.it
1482:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1463:www.treccani.it
1457:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1438:www.treccani.it
1432:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1388:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1091:
1043:
1016:
953:Philip of Spain
914:Carlos of Spain
894:Antonio Farnese
886:
870:Giulio Alberoni
846:
746:Ottavio Farnese
743:
715:Ottavio Farnese
672:
650:and annexed by
633:Antonio Farnese
561:
547:
533:
508:
494:
480:
466:
427:
426:• Estimate
411:3 December 1859
408:
395:
376:
369:1 November 1802
366:
353:
340:
302:
287:
225:
196:
175:
163:
151:
148:
141:
127:
126:
125:
120:
113:
107:
99:
98:
95:
91:
84:
70:
64:
57:
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3724:Former duchies
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Italian states
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Duchy of Parma
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3469:Carlo Pisacane
3466:
3464:Silvio Pellico
3461:
3459:Ippolito Nievo
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Vincenzo Cuoco
3411:
3406:
3404:Carlo Cattaneo
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Roman Question
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:Roman Republic
3161:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:Duchy of Parma
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3061:House of Savoy
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:Italian Empire
2960:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2914:Roman Republic
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2866:Duchy of Lucca
2863:
2860:Duchy of Genoa
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2714:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Duchy of Gaeta
2432:
2426:
2424:
2417:
2413:Southern Italy
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2356:(c. 1000–1797)
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2308:County of Nice
2305:
2303:Duchy of Aosta
2300:
2295:
2290:
2283:Savoyard state
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Duchy of Milan
2215:
2213:Duchy of Ivrea
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1954:Duchy of Ivrea
1951:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1920:Odoacer's rule
1916:
1914:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1884:(27 BC–395 AD)
1879:
1878:(509 BC–27 BC)
1876:Roman Republic
1873:
1866:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:Cisalpine Gaul
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1725:Flags of Parma
1720:
1719:External links
1717:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1693:
1687:. SUNY Press.
1675:
1674:
1650:
1625:
1600:
1575:
1550:
1525:
1500:
1475:
1450:
1422:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1051:Duchy of Lucca
1042:
1039:
1025:Peninsular War
1015:
1012:
885:
882:
845:
842:
789:, daughter of
775:Teatro Farnese
771:Palazzo Ducale
742:
739:
688:Duchy of Milan
671:
668:
621:Farnese family
614:Emilia-Romagna
610:northern Italy
584:
583:
578:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
558:
552:
551:
544:
538:
537:
530:
521:
518:
517:
512:
504:
503:
498:
490:
489:
484:
476:
475:
470:
458:
457:
452:
442:
441:
436:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
400:
399:
396:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
367:
361:
358:
357:
354:
348:
345:
344:
341:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
316:
315:
312:
311:
303:
300:
297:
296:
288:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
251:
247:
246:
243:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
224:
223:
218:
213:
207:
205:
201:
200:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
161:
153:
152:
149:
129:
128:
114:
108:
101:
100:
94:Top: 1545–1731
92:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
66:
65:
36:
33:
26:
18:Duchy of Parma
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:National days
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Aurelio Saffi
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:Daniele Manin
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Celso Ceretti
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3292:Flag of Italy
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Neo-Guelphism
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3008:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
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2654:Duchy of Sora
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2017:
2014:
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1996:Duchy of Rome
1994:
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1982:
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1965:
1962:
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1870:Roman Kingdom
1868:
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1336:Bourbon-Parma
1332:
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1287:
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1237:Bourbon-Parma
1233:
1229:
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1213:Bourbon-Parma
1209:
1203:
1198:
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1193:Bourbon-Parma
1189:
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1173:Bourbon-Parma
1169:
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1021:French Empire
1011:
1009:
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974:
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839:
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814:Imperial army
811:
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794:
792:
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690:south of the
689:
685:
684:Pope Paul III
676:
667:
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638:
634:
630:
626:
625:Pope Paul III
622:
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579:
577:Today part of
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559:
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418:
414:
410:
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401:
398:11 April 1814
397:
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392:
391:
382:
378:
372:
368:
365:
359:
356:24 April 1748
355:
352:
346:
342:
339:
338:Pope Paul III
335:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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307:
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182:
178:
171:
166:
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134:
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123:Bourbon-Parma
118:
112:
105:
97:
89:
82:
74:
67:
61:
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
3674:Papal States
3500:Pope Pius IX
3394:Cesare Balbo
3301:Main leaders
3171:Quadrilatero
3077:Papal States
3039:Risorgimento
3038:
2966:(1861–1946)
2944:Papal States
2883:
2772:Transpadania
2345:Stato da Màr
2061:
2027:Papal States
1938:Lombard rule
1902:Early Modern
1890:(395–476 AD)
1882:Roman Empire
1862:Ancient Rome
1733:(in Italian)
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1683:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1642:. Retrieved
1640:(in Italian)
1637:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1615:(in Italian)
1612:
1603:
1592:. Retrieved
1590:(in Italian)
1587:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1565:(in Italian)
1562:
1553:
1542:. Retrieved
1540:(in Italian)
1537:
1528:
1517:. Retrieved
1515:(in Italian)
1512:
1503:
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1490:(in Italian)
1487:
1478:
1467:. Retrieved
1465:(in Italian)
1462:
1453:
1442:. Retrieved
1440:(in Italian)
1437:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1335:
1330:
1315:
1310:
1296:
1281:
1276:
1261:
1256:
1245:Coat of arms
1236:
1231:
1228:Civil ensign
1227:
1212:
1207:
1192:
1187:
1172:
1167:
1152:
1147:
1144:Civil ensign
1143:
1128:
1123:
1109:
1105:
1064:
1047:Marie-Louise
1044:
1028:
1017:
985:
964:
956:
942:
917:
887:
855:
827:
803:
795:
763:
744:
722:
712:
696:Papal States
681:
660:Maria Luigia
659:
656:Marie Louise
645:
618:
589:
587:
473:Papal States
455:Succeeded by
454:
449:
386:
133:Motto:
132:
3424:Ugo Foscolo
3206:Crimean War
3139:Young Italy
2992:(1947–1954)
2986:(1943–1945)
2980:(1920–1924)
2972:(1882–1960)
2956:unification
2946:(1814–1870)
2940:(1815–1866)
2934:(1816–1861)
2928:(1814–1860)
2922:(1859–1860)
2916:(1849–1850)
2910:(1848–1849)
2892:(1815–1859)
2886:(1814–1859)
2880:(1814–1859)
2874:(1814–1829)
2868:(1815–1847)
2862:(1815–1848)
2752:Parthenopea
2713:(1792–1815)
2671:(1647–1648)
2637:(1282–1816)
2619:(1324–1861)
2580:Agugliastra
2445:Longobardia
2082:independent
1932:Vandal rule
1700:21 February
1094:State Flags
1030:département
957:Duke Philip
806:Ranuccio II
450:Preceded by
439:Parman lira
3638:Categories
3623:Third Rome
2823:Pontecorvo
2781:Monarchies
2767:Subalpinia
2732:Cispadania
2727:Cisalpinia
2709:Napoleonic
2416:(774–1139)
2328:(697–1797)
2030:(754–1870)
1992:(584–751)
1940:(568–774)
1668:2022-07-12
1644:2022-07-12
1619:2022-07-12
1594:2022-07-12
1569:2022-07-12
1544:2022-07-12
1519:2022-07-12
1494:2022-07-12
1469:2022-07-12
1444:2021-08-05
1416:2020-11-02
1386:References
420:Population
250:Government
241:Demonym(s)
3608:Redshirts
3493:Opponents
3124:Carbonari
2798:Guastalla
2788:Benevento
2720:Republics
2575:Judicates
2423:Byzantine
2080:and other
2018:(585–698)
2010:(554–752)
2004:(554–752)
1998:(533–751)
1983:(584–751)
1934:(435–534)
1928:(493–553)
1922:(476–493)
1913:(476–774)
1847:Iapygians
1331:1847-1860
1311:1814-1847
1297:1748-1802
1277:1586-1731
1257:1545-1586
1232:1851-1859
1208:1851-1859
1188:1850-1851
1168:1848-1849
1148:1815-1847
1124:1815-1847
1110:(Farnese)
1106:1545-1731
992:Ferdinand
981:Guastalla
874:Elisabeth
838:Francesco
834:Elisabeth
230:Religion
71:1814–1859
3111:Timeline
2757:Piedmont
2607:Oristano
2600:Logudoro
2590:Cagliari
2565:Sardinia
2298:Piedmont
2047:Holy See
1898:Medieval
1852:Picentes
1795:Samnites
1344:See also
988:Napoleon
904:and the
876:to King
787:Florence
773:and the
719:Piacenza
692:Po River
648:Napoleon
637:Habsburg
435:Currency
390:Restored
306:Robert I
198:Piacenza
3529:Museums
3280:Symbols
2838:Corsica
2828:Tuscany
2793:Etruria
2742:Liguria
2595:Gallura
2585:Arborea
2501:Lombard
2201:Tuscany
2191:Trieste
1827:Ligures
1788:Etruria
1282:Farnese
1262:Farnese
1081:to the
1008:Tuscany
977:Gonzaga
975:), the
969:Italian
823:Odoardo
779:Odoardo
735:Farnese
733:). The
727:Italian
670:History
594:Italian
404:•
385:•
362:•
349:•
319:History
294:(first)
216:Italian
211:Emilian
190:Capital
111:Farnese
46:Italian
2904:(1848)
2898:(1831)
2853:states
2818:Naples
2528:Norman
2335:Dogado
2206:Verona
2171:Mantua
2166:Istria
2146:Finale
2136:Ancona
2084:states
1904:states
1822:Veneti
1800:Latins
1691:
1055:Modena
1004:France
938:Sicily
934:Naples
652:France
623:after
322:
309:(last)
276:
245:Parman
180:Status
140:
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42:
3586:Other
2954:Post-
2803:Italy
2747:Lucca
2737:Italy
2288:Savoy
2196:Turin
2176:Milan
2161:Ivrea
1837:Umbri
1810:Celts
700:Parma
602:Latin
581:Italy
261:Duchy
221:Latin
194:Parma
184:Duchy
144:Latin
60:Latin
2833:Elba
2762:Rome
2711:eras
2707:and
2680:Gozo
2479:Arab
2462:and
2141:Ceva
1805:Osci
1702:2011
1689:ISBN
1035:Taro
936:and
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588:The
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272:Duke
1900:and
1033:of
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336:by
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