Theatre - Knowledge

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puppets' heads. Thus, they were not seen by the audience when the shadow was created. Pekingese puppets were more delicate and smaller. They were created out of thin, translucent leather (usually taken from the belly of a donkey). They were painted with vibrant paints, thus they cast a very colourful shadow. The thin rods which controlled their movements were attached to a leather collar at the neck of the puppet. The rods ran parallel to the bodies of the puppet and then turned at a ninety degree angle to connect to the neck. While these rods were visible when the shadow was cast, they laid outside the shadow of the puppet; thus they did not interfere with the appearance of the figure. The rods are attached at the necks to facilitate the use of multiple heads with one body. When the heads were not being used, they were stored in a muslin book or fabric-lined box. The heads were always removed at night. This was in keeping with the old superstition that if left intact, the puppets would come to life at night. Some puppeteers went so far as to store the heads in one book and the bodies in another, to further reduce the possibility of reanimating puppets. Shadow puppetry is said to have reached its highest point of artistic development in the eleventh century before becoming a tool of the government.

1582: 2482: 3257: 3309: 1422: 1329: 1738: 63: 1809: 720:. Finding its origins in rural, agricultural rituals dedicated to Dionysus, the satyr play eventually found its way to Athens in its most well-known form. Satyr's themselves were tied to the god Dionysus as his loyal woodland companions, often engaging in drunken revelry and mischief at his side. The satyr play itself was classified as tragicomedy, erring on the side of the more modern burlesque traditions of the early twentieth century. The plotlines of the plays were typically concerned with the dealings of the pantheon of Gods and their involvement in human affairs, backed by the chorus of 3031: 1711:, round with no place for the actors to prepare for the next act and with no "theatre manners", the theatre house became transformed into a place of refinement, with a stage in front and stadium seating facing it. Since seating was no longer all the way around the stage, it became prioritized—some seats were obviously better than others. The king would have the best seat in the house: the very middle of the theatre, which got the widest view of the stage as well as the best way to see the point of view and vanishing point that the stage was constructed around. 2274: 743: 583:(384–322 BCE), the first theoretician of theatre, are to be found in the festivals that honoured Dionysus. The performances were given in semi-circular auditoria cut into hillsides, capable of seating 10,000–20,000 people. The stage consisted of a dancing floor (orchestra), dressing room and scene-building area (skene). Since the words were the most important part, good acoustics and clear delivery were paramount. The actors (always men) wore masks appropriate to the characters they represented, and each might play several parts. 437: 3325:

have their own theatre venue, perform at rental theatres or at presenting theatres. Both rental and presenting theatres have no full-time resident companies. They do, however, sometimes have one or more part-time resident companies, in addition to other independent partner companies who arrange to use the space when available. A rental theatre allows the independent companies to seek out the space, while a presenting theatre seeks out the independent companies to support their work by presenting them on their stage.

3900:. This substitution, he suggests, produces a similar effect: "The 'historic' events evoked by the chorus, recounted by the messenger and interpreted by Darius' ghost are presented on stage in a legendary atmosphere. The light that the tragedy sheds upon them is not that in which the political happenings of the day are normally seen; it reaches the Athenian theatre refracted from a distant world of elsewhere, making what is absent seem present and visible on the stage"; Vernant and Vidal-Naquet (1988, 245). 1040:" is "holder of the strings or threads". The performers were trained rigorously in vocal and physical technique. There were no prohibitions against female performers; companies were all-male, all-female, and of mixed gender. Certain sentiments were considered inappropriate for men to enact, however, and were thought better suited to women. Some performers played characters their own age, while others played ages different from their own (whether younger or older). Of all the elements of theatre, the 458: 1662: 8657: 3154:

skilled carpenters, painters, electricians, stagehands, stitchers, wigmakers, and the like. This modern form of stagecraft is highly technical and specialized: it comprises many subdisciplines and a vast trove of history and tradition. The majority of stagecraft lies between these two extremes. Regional theatres and larger community theatres will generally have a technical director and a complement of designers, each of whom has a direct hand in their respective designs.

7966: 1734:), but on the other hand, it was still very new and revolutionary that they were on the stage, and some said they were unladylike, and looked down on them. Charles II did not like young men playing the parts of young women, so he asked that women play their own parts. Because women were allowed on the stage, playwrights had more leeway with plot twists, like women dressing as men, and having narrow escapes from morally sticky situations as forms of comedy. 74: 83: 54: 3532: 8006: 7986: 1232: 8640: 8623: 8606: 2735: 2793: 7996: 8589: 7976: 3518: 3871:, a torchlight procession carried the statue back to the temple, a symbolic re-creation of the god's arrival into Athens, as well as a reminder of the inclusion of the Boeotian town into Attica. As the name Eleutherae is extremely close to eleutheria, 'freedom', Athenians probably felt that the new cult was particularly appropriate for celebrating their own political liberation and democratic reforms." 856: 3131: 3917:: "Comedy, as we have said, is a representation of inferior people, not indeed in the full sense of the word bad, but the laughable is a species of the base or ugly. It consists in some blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster, an obvious example being the comic mask which is ugly and distorted but not painful'." 3153:

In its most basic form, stagecraft is managed by a single person (often the stage manager of a smaller production) who arranges all scenery, costumes, lighting, and sound, and organizes the cast. At a more professional level, for example in modern Broadway houses, stagecraft is managed by hundreds of

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There are many modern theatre movements which produce theatre in a variety of ways. Theatrical enterprises vary enormously in sophistication and purpose. People who are involved vary from novices and hobbyists (in community theatre) to professionals (in Broadway and similar productions). Theatre can

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Cantonese shadow puppets were the larger of the two. They were built using thick leather which created more substantial shadows. Symbolic colour was also very prevalent; a black face represented honesty, a red one bravery. The rods used to control Cantonese puppets were attached perpendicular to the

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Goldhill argues that although activities that form "an integral part of the exercise of citizenship" (such as when "the Athenian citizen speaks in the Assembly, exercises in the gymnasium, sings at the symposium, or courts a boy") each have their "own regime of display and regulation", nevertheless

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are needed. When a theatre company is the sole company in residence at a theatre venue, this theatre (and its corresponding theatre company) are called a resident theatre or a producing theatre, because the venue produces its own work. Other theatre companies, as well as dance companies, who do not

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Repertory theatre generally involves a group of similarly accomplished actors, and relies more on the reputation of the group than on an individual star actor. It also typically relies less on strict control by a director and less on adherence to theatrical conventions, since actors who have worked

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are recognized as the first teachers of improvisation in modern times, with Johnstone exploring improvisation as an alternative to scripted theatre and Spolin and her successors exploring improvisation principally as a tool for developing dramatic work or skills or as a form for situational comedy.

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is an ancient form of storytelling that renowned for its elaborate puppet/human and complex musical styles. The earliest evidence is from the late 1st millennium CE, in medieval-era texts and archeological sites. The oldest known record that concerns wayang is from the 9th century. Around 840 AD an

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Stagecraft is a generic term referring to the technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and

590:-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world), and continued to be popular until the beginning of the 2547:

Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude: in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the

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French comedy to create some of the longest lasting and most influential satiric comedies. Tragedies were similarly victorious in their sense of righting political power, especially poignant because of the recent Restoration of the Crown. They were also imitations of French tragedy, although the

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account of the origin of theatre. In doing so, it provides indications about the nature of actual theatrical practices. Sanskrit theatre was performed on sacred ground by priests who had been trained in the necessary skills (dance, music, and recitation) in a . Its aim was both to educate and to

1726:. The beliefs in this paper were mainly held by non-theatre goers and the remainder of the Puritans and very religious of the time. The main question was if seeing something immoral on stage affects behaviour in the lives of those who watch it, a controversy that is still playing out today. 4045:). All forms of improvisation take their cue from their immediate response to one another, their characters' situations (which are sometimes established in advance), and, often, their interaction with the audience. The classic formulations of improvisation in the theatre originated with 3013:

seem to be common sense and self-evident testifies to its hegemonic success. Actors frequently employ his basic concepts without knowing they do so. Thanks to its promotion and elaboration by acting teachers who were former students and the many translations of his theoretical writings,

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In 1902, Stanislavski wrote that "the author writes on paper. The actor writes with his body on the stage" and that the "score of an opera is not the opera itself and the script of a play is not drama until both are made flesh and blood on stage"; quoted by Benedetti (1999a,

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in 508–07 BCE—and the cult-image of Dionysus Eleuthereus was moved to its new home. Athenians re-enacted the incorporation of the god's cult every year in a preliminary rite to the City Dionysia. On the day before the festival proper, the cult-statue was removed from the

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French had a larger distinction between comedy and tragedy, whereas the English fudged the lines occasionally and put some comedic parts in their tragedies. Common forms of non-comedic plays were sentimental comedies as well as something that would later be called

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first emerged as a recognized form of theatre in China. There were two distinct forms of shadow puppetry, Pekingese (northern) and Cantonese (southern). The two styles were differentiated by the method of making the puppets and the positioning of the rods on the

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Stanislavski's 'system' acquired an unprecedented ability to cross cultural boundaries and developed an international reach, dominating debates about acting in Europe and the United States. Many actors routinely equate his 'system' with the North American

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in 480 BCE—is the notable exception in the surviving drama. When Aeschylus won first prize for it at the City Dionysia in 472 BCE, he had been writing tragedies for more than 25 years, yet its tragic treatment of recent history is the earliest example of

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of plays (though the individual works were not necessarily connected by story or theme), which usually consisted of three tragedies and one satyr play. The performance of tragedies at the City Dionysia may have begun as early as 534 BCE; official records

3336:. Non-traditional venues can be used to create more immersive or meaningful environments for audiences. They can sometimes be modified more heavily than traditional theatre venues, or can accommodate different kinds of equipment, lighting and sets. 1502:

mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Aringgit means Wayang puppet show, Atapukan means Mask dance show, and abanwal means joke art. Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure.

3764:—is a 4th-century play by an unknown author; modern scholarship agrees with the classical authorities and ascribes the play to Euripides; see Walton (1997, viii, xix). (This uncertainty accounts for Brockett and Hildy's figure of 31 tragedies.) 3150:

recording and mixing of sound. Stagecraft is distinct from the wider umbrella term of scenography. Considered a technical rather than an artistic field, it relates primarily to the practical implementation of a designer's artistic vision.

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and practices. Some are related to political or spiritual ideologies, while others are based purely on "artistic" concerns. Some processes focus on a story, some on theatre as event, and some on theatre as catalyst for social change. The

2831:) is the earliest-surviving example and its arguments have influenced theories of theatre ever since. In it, he offers an account of what he calls "poetry" (a term which in Greek literally means "making" and in this context includes 899:

and before the development of theatre in other parts of Asia. It emerged sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE and flourished between the 1st century CE and the 10th, which was a period of relative peace in the

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companies rehearse multiple shows at one time. These companies are able to perform these various pieces upon request and often perform works for years before retiring them. Most dance companies operate on this repertory system. The

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The seventeenth century had also introduced women to the stage, which was considered inappropriate earlier. These women were regarded as celebrities (also a newer concept, thanks to ideas on individualism that arose in the wake of

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Comedies were full of the young and very much in vogue, with the storyline following their love lives: commonly a young roguish hero professing his love to the chaste and free minded heroine near the end of the play, much like

3739:. If not attaining the quality and stature of the fifth-century 'classics', original tragedies nonetheless continued to be written and produced and competed with in large numbers throughout the remaining life of the 3661:

incarnates a fictional world by means of signs, such that by the end of the process of signification and symbolization the spectator has reconstructed a theoretical and aesthetic model that accounts for the dramatic

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are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. Places, normally buildings, where performances regularly take place are also called "theatres" (or "theaters"), as derived from the

311:, to present experiences of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of 5136: 5040: 1755:. Many of the comedies were fashioned after the French tradition, mainly Molière, again hailing back to the French influence brought back by the King and the Royals after their exile. 3005:'s contribution should be respected as that of only one of an ensemble of creative artists. His innovative contribution to modern acting theory has remained at the core of mainstream 1357:

performed by the puppets. Both styles generally performed plays depicting great adventure and fantasy, rarely was this very stylized form of theatre used for political propaganda.

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during which hundreds of plays were written. The wealth of archeological evidence from earlier periods offers no indication of the existence of a tradition of theatre. The ancient

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be performed with a shoestring budget or on a grand scale with multimillion-dollar budgets. This diversity manifests in the abundance of theatre subcategories, which include:

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Improvisation has been a consistent feature of theatre, with the Commedia dell'arte in the sixteenth century being recognized as the first improvisation form. Popularized by

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is conventionally divided into three periods, "Old Comedy", "Middle Comedy", and "New Comedy". Old Comedy survives today largely in the form of the eleven surviving plays of

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Aristotle's phrase "several kinds being found in separate parts of the play" is a reference to the structural origins of drama. In it the spoken parts were written in the

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No tragedies from the 6th century BCE and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in during the 5th century BCE have survived. We have complete texts

8543: 728:, satyr actors did not always perform typical satyr actions and would break from the acting traditions assigned to the character type of a mythical forest creature. 3273:

While most modern theatre companies rehearse one piece of theatre at a time, perform that piece for a set "run", retire the piece, and begin rehearsing a new show,

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Some performance groups perform in non-theatrical spaces. Such performances can take place outside or inside, in a non-traditional performance space, and include

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reworkings of the tragic canon, tragedy has remained an important site of cultural experimentation, negotiation, struggle, and change. In the wake of Aristotle's

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to produce a form of drama that was primarily musical. That is why actors are commonly called "Children of the Pear Garden". During the dynasty of Empress Ling,

5074: 4964:""Wayang puppet theatre", Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)" 552:, both of which were understood as analogous to the theatre and increasingly came to absorb its dramatic vocabulary. The Greeks also developed the concepts of 5819:"Actors' Equity Association joins other arts, entertainment and media industry unions To Announce Legislative Push To Advance Diversity, Equity and Inclusion" 3634: 1441:, theatre performances have become an important part of local culture, theatre performances in Indonesia have been developed for thousands of years. Most of 3022:

approach, which explores character and action both from the 'inside out' and the 'outside in' and treats the actor's mind and body as parts of a continuum.

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Peterson, Richard A. (1982). "Five Constraints on the Production of Culture: Law, Technology, Market, Organizational Structure and Occupational Careers".

5125: 3758:, a satyr play by Euripides. Some critics since the 17th century have argued that one of the tragedies that the classical tradition gives as Euripides'— 713:. Aristotle defined comedy as a representation of laughable people that involves some kind of blunder or ugliness that does not cause pain or disaster. 1658:. Theatre (among other arts) exploded, with influence from French culture, since Charles had been exiled in France in the years previous to his reign. 1393:, with a four- or five-act structure. Yuan drama spread across China and diversified into numerous regional forms, one of the best known of which is 1581: 639:). As contestants in the City Dionysia's competition (the most prestigious of the festivals to stage drama) playwrights were required to present a 7019:. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 1. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen. 3697:

the term "performance" provides "a useful heuristic category to explore the connections and overlaps between these different areas of activity".

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The Italian Comedy: The Improvisation Scenarios Lives Attributes Portraits and Masks of the Illustrious Characters of the Commedia dell'Arte

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is an independent theatre or dance company that travels, often internationally, being presented at a different theatre venue in each city.

5790: 3735:, and regularly honoured their plays with revivals, tragedy itself was not merely a 5th-century phenomenon, the product of a short-lived 516: 3382: 961:), a compendium whose date of composition is uncertain (estimates range from 200 BCE to 200 CE) and whose authorship is attributed to 4935: 283: 3826:

offers the following argument as evidence that tragedy was not institutionalised until 501 BCE: "The specific cult honoured at the

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Spolin also became interested in how the process of learning improvisation was applicable to the development of human potential.

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was one of the top comedic playwrights of the time, revolutionizing the way comedy was written and performed by combining Italian

3679:: all the dramatists who were later regarded as classics were active at Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE (the time of the 3379:, an Australian union created in 1992 as a merger of the unions covering actors, journalists and entertainment industry employees 2425: 7216:. Ed. Raymond Geuss and Ronald Speirs. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2259:, the drama does not pre-exist the moment of performance; performers devise a dramatic script spontaneously before an audience. 1718:

Because of the turmoil before this time, there was still some controversy about what should and should not be put on the stage.

3376: 3358: 4156:. Taxidou, however, reads epic theatre as an incorporation of tragic functions and its treatments of mourning and speculation. 8495: 8480: 7448: 7202: 7187: 7172: 7157: 7142: 7124: 7109: 7091: 7075: 6982: 6951: 6918: 6855: 6817: 6772: 6704: 6643: 6595: 6576: 6557: 6538: 6479: 6457: 6435: 6395: 6357: 6291: 6270: 6226: 6207: 6111: 6042: 6023: 6004: 5985: 5928: 4996: 4919: 3590: 3220: 3018:, although the latter's exclusively psychological techniques contrast sharply with Stanislavski's multivariant, holistic and 2481: 775:. Beacham argues that they had been familiar with "pre-theatrical practices" for some time before that recorded contact. The 545: 8490: 8461: 8418: 8042: 5103:

The Actors remonstrance or complaint for the silencing for their profession, and banishment from their severall play-houses

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The Actors remonstrance or complaint for the silencing of their profession, and banishment from their severall play-houses

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Under the patronage of royal courts, performers belonged to professional companies that were directed by a stage manager (

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is sometimes known as "The Age of 1000 Entertainments". During this era, Ming Huang formed an acting school known as The

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together in multiple productions can respond to each other without relying as much on convention or external direction.

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Having been an important part of human culture for more than 2,500 years, theatre has evolved a wide range of different

7057: 1776:—that is, the tragedy of common life—were more popular in England because they appealed more to English sensibilities. 7374: 6699:. European Studies in English Literature series. Translated by John Halliday. Cambridige: Cambridge University Press. 5517: 2600:. That tradition has been multiple and discontinuous, yet the term has often been used to invoke a powerful effect of 1296: 532:

as an audience member (or even as a participant in the theatrical productions) in particular—was an important part of

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Beushausen, Katrin (2018). "From Audience to Public: Theatre, Theatricality and the People before the Civil Wars".

2528:. Theatre expressing bleak, controversial or taboo subject matter in a deliberately humorous way is referred to as 2122: 1712: 1646:(1633), the most notorious attack on theatre prior to the ban. Viewing theatre as sinful, the Puritans ordered the 823:

of the highest quality for the stage. The only surviving plays from the Roman Empire are ten dramas attributed to

327:, though live theatre has now been joined by modern recorded forms. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and 8538: 8386: 7830: 7690: 7260: 2362: 1783:

were formerly often travelling, the idea of the national theatre gained support in the 18th century, inspired by

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in the 3rd century BCE had a profound and energizing effect on Roman theatre and encouraged the development of

340:θέατρον (théatron, "a place for viewing"), itself from θεάομαι (theáomai, "to see", "to watch", "to observe"). 7284: 4963: 3706:

Taxidou notes that "most scholars now call 'Greek' tragedy 'Athenian' tragedy, which is historically correct".

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in the fictional mode). In effect, theatre makes the sources of the words visual and concrete: it indicates

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One of the big changes was the new theatre house. Instead of the type of the Elizabethan era, such as the

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We have seven by Aeschylus, seven by Sophocles, and eighteen by Euripides. In addition, we also have the

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was one of the most influential set designers of the time because of his use of floor space and scenery.

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In addition to the categories of comedy and tragedy at the City Dionysia, the festival also included the

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Carnicke, Sharon Marie (2000). "Stanislavsky's System: Pathways for the Actor". In Hodge, Alison (ed.).

6514:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 379–393. 4520: 4121:, in the narrow sense, cuts across the traditional division between comedy and tragedy in an anti- or a- 2407: 1445:

oldest theatre forms are linked directly to local literary traditions (oral and written). The prominent

891:, earliest-surviving fragments of which date from the 1st century CE. It began after the development of 8687: 7438: 6657:. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World series. Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 83–102. 4233: 4129: 2350: 2175: 1966:, American and British musicals, the collective creations of companies of actors and directors such as 1828: 1737: 1328: 1136: 705:, while Middle Comedy is largely lost (preserved only in relatively short fragments in authors such as 500: 6653:

Pelling, Christopher (2005). "Tragedy, Rhetoric, and Performance Culture". In Gregory, Justina (ed.).

3063:, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The production of 8548: 8500: 7951: 7665: 7443: 7347: 5799: 5215: 3672: 3633:, Pavis goes on to suggest that "the specificity of theatrical signs may lie in their ability to use 3441: 3436: 3431: 3421: 3260: 2923: 2774:

popularized improvisational theatre as a theatrical art form when he founded, as its first director,

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Aristotle argues that tragedy consists of six qualitative parts, which are (in order of importance)

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contains the earliest reference to what may have been the seeds of Sanskrit drama. This treatise on

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Poetics with Tractatus Coislinianus, Reconstruction of Poetics II and the Fragments of the On Poets

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The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: Volume 3: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century

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Theatre took on many alternative forms in the West between the 15th and 19th centuries, including

1485:, which uses actors. Some wayang golek performances, however, also present Muslim stories, called 7491: 7352: 7237: 3998:

While there is some dispute among theatre historians, it is probable that the plays by the Roman

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explains, "almost every detail about his seminal work has aroused divergent opinions." Important

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Brandon, James R. (1993) . "Introduction". In Baumer, Rachel Van M.; Brandon, James R. (eds.).

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A theatre company is an organisation that produces theatrical performances, as distinct from a

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Old Javanese (Kawi) inscriptions called Jaha Inscriptions issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala from

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The Art of the Actor: The Essential History of Acting, From Classical Times to the Present Day

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musicals of the early 20th century, and comedies in the 1920s and 1930s (such as the works of

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wrote that the Romans first experienced theatre in the 4th century BCE, with a performance by

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is a certain traditional Chinese comedic performance in the forms of monologue or dialogue.

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improvisational theatre continues to evolve with many different streams and philosophies.

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is a form of theatre that also combines music, spoken dialogue, and dance. It emerged from

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musicals often include lavish costumes and sets supported by multimillion-dollar budgets.

8: 8472: 8438: 8403: 8217: 8028: 7905: 7875: 7855: 7766: 7711: 7650: 7620: 7213: 6352:. American University Studies, Ser. 26 Theatre Arts. Vol. 29. New York: Peter Lang. 5131: 5075:"From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered" 3971: 3959: 3880: 3860: 3481: 3461: 3426: 3406: 3321: 3196: 3030: 2939: 2820: 2680: 2641: 2558: 2532:. Black Comedy can have several genres like slapstick humour, dark and sarcastic comedy. 2187: 2151: 2096: 2048: 1840: 1060: 986: 932: 684: 121: 6367:

Goldhill, Simon (1997). "The Audience of Athenian Tragedy". In Easterling, P. E. (ed.).

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Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present

2083:, is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception. The 1650:. On 24 January 1643, the actors protested against the ban by writing a pamphlet titled 1087:'s greatest Sanskrit dramatist. Three famous romantic plays written by Kālidāsa are the 8612: 8423: 8391: 8192: 8177: 8009: 7880: 7845: 7825: 7746: 7695: 7685: 7431: 7389: 7339: 7130: 6787: 6687: 6632: 6328: 6308:

The Idea of a Theater: A Study of Ten Plays, The Art of Drama in a Changing Perspective

6306: 6238: 6100: 5899: 5254: 3999: 3951: 3947: 3740: 3680: 3509: 3471: 3056: 3035: 2994: 2931: 2872: 2653: 2613: 2490: 2449: 2076: 1975: 1512: 1383:, there were many popular plays involving acrobatics and music. These developed in the 1221: 918:

in the world) contain no hint of it (although a small number are composed in a form of

808: 556:

and theatre architecture. Actors were either amateur or at best semi-professional. The

553: 496: 426: 368: 247: 136: 39: 8646: 6386:

Goldhill, Simon (2004). "Programme Notes". In Goldhill, Simon; Osborne, Robin (eds.).

461:

A depiction of actors playing the roles of a master (right) and his slave (left) in a

8288: 8271: 8197: 8187: 8139: 7900: 7787: 7567: 7421: 7399: 7217: 7198: 7183: 7168: 7153: 7138: 7120: 7105: 7087: 7071: 7053: 7038: 7020: 6996: 6978: 6962: 6947: 6932: 6914: 6887: 6851: 6832: 6813: 6794: 6768: 6749: 6722: 6700: 6658: 6639: 6613: 6591: 6572: 6553: 6534: 6515: 6496: 6490: 6475: 6453: 6431: 6412: 6406: 6391: 6372: 6353: 6334: 6313: 6301: 6287: 6266: 6260: 6245: 6222: 6203: 6184: 6161: 6142: 6107: 6084: 6057: 6038: 6019: 6000: 5981: 5962: 5943: 5924: 5905: 5298: 5294: 5054: 4992: 4915: 4080: 3939: 3897: 3586: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3446: 3401: 3191: 3176: 3092: 2890: 2661: 2601: 2467: 2127: 2029: 1935: 1916: 1864: 1787:. The major promoter of the idea of the national theatre in Germany, and also of the 1681: 1677: 1289: 1140: 1099: 1032:), who may also have acted. This task was thought of as being analogous to that of a 994: 742: 666: 662: 598: 508: 352: 7197:. Theater: Theory/Text/Performance Series. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 7010: 6638:. Translated by Christine Shantz. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. 4261: 3610: 3009:

performance training for much of the last century. That many of the precepts of his

1963: 1654:. This stagnant period ended once Charles II came back to the throne in 1660 in the 8682: 8355: 7969: 7921: 7835: 7782: 7680: 7645: 7590: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7357: 7308: 7063: 6879: 6865: 6683: 6176: 6175:

Cartledge, Paul (1997). "'Deep Plays': Theatre as Process in Greek Civic Life". In

5046: 4202: 3963: 3955: 3893: 3864: 3843: 3775: 3716: 3684: 3676: 3578: 3491: 3411: 3215: 3210: 3171: 3167: 3104: 3096: 3072: 3019: 2621: 2605: 2596:

that has played a unique and important role historically in the self-definition of

2589: 2475: 2471: 2455: 2443: 2293: 2283: 2232: 1971: 1908: 1852: 1773: 1697: 1689: 1669: 1466: 1462: 1416: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1122: 945: 901: 884: 877: 836: 820: 725: 492: 484: 364: 207: 3986:

See the entries for "opera", "musical theatre, American", "melodrama" and "Nō" in

3111:

and technical director. Depending on the production, this team may also include a

2672: 2273: 1848: 1477:. These tales also provide source material for the wayang wong (human theatre) of 436: 8360: 8350: 8309: 8261: 8112: 8085: 7895: 7792: 7731: 7635: 7605: 7562: 7476: 6924: 6467: 5794: 5290: 4986: 4198: 4050: 4046: 3827: 3803: 3798: 3574: 3451: 3302: 3298:(or acting company), which is a group of theatrical performers working together. 3245: 3084: 3006: 2979: 2959: 2951: 2911: 2807: 2787: 2775: 2759: 2609: 2597: 2389: 2383: 2326: 2268: 2220: 2163: 2060: 1987: 1967: 1888: 1883: 1872: 1789: 1625:

and toward a more naturalistic prose style of dialogue, especially following the

1614: 1565: 1495: 1126: 1064: 1002: 679: 652: 529: 528:

Participation in the city-state's many festivals—and mandatory attendance at the

414: 398: 390:(or acting company), which is a group of theatrical performers working together. 372: 356: 304: 242: 237: 168: 94: 3683:), and all the surviving plays date from this period". "The dominant culture of 3313: 8243: 8227: 7890: 7802: 7797: 7761: 7736: 7726: 7625: 7471: 7394: 7228: 7182:

Theater: Theory/Text/Performance Ser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

7006: 6874:(Supplement, with appendix) (20) (2nd ed.). University of London: iii–190. 6763:

Richmond, Farley P.; Swann, Darius L. & Zarrilli, Phillip B., eds. (1993).

6610:

Studies in Islamic History and Civilization in Honour of Professor David Ayalon

6121: 4133: 3754: 3537: 3523: 3329: 3295: 3230: 3186: 3181: 3124: 3064: 2947: 2943: 2935: 2915: 2836: 2701: 2665: 2575: 2524: 2431: 2419: 2413: 2395: 2278: 2171: 1995: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1876: 1844: 1784: 1780: 1719: 1637: 1556: 1534: 1446: 1354: 1022: 990: 888: 796: 784: 780: 569: 462: 394: 387: 371:

of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other

7274: 7015: 5050: 613:. The origins of tragedy remain obscure, though by the 5th century BCE it was 8676: 8466: 7931: 7384: 6627: 5286: 5278: 4085: 3760: 3048: 3015: 2967: 2675: 2567: 2401: 2208: 2196: 2192: 2068: 2044: 1991: 1983: 1943: 1912: 1900: 1896: 1764: 1708: 1693: 1661: 1642: 1552: 1080: 812: 457: 386:

is an organisation that produces theatrical performances, as distinct from a

360: 337: 257: 98: 4084:(1892), even though it was produced eight years before the beginning of the 2512:

as a vehicle to tell a story qualify as comedies. This may include a modern

2183: 8595: 8521: 8516: 8428: 8293: 8281: 8065: 7885: 7817: 7807: 7741: 7640: 7595: 7516: 7290: 6782: 6605: 4141: 4137: 4054: 3943: 3885: 3856: 3646: 3205: 3201: 3120: 3100: 3088: 2975: 2963: 2848: 2763: 2717: 2697: 2645: 2529: 2463: 2377: 2338: 2308: 2252: 2244: 2142: 1999: 1920: 1856: 1499: 1458: 1450: 1394: 1384: 1380: 1337: 1186: 969:

is the most complete work of dramaturgy in the ancient world. It addresses

962: 953: 927: 800: 761: 709:). New Comedy is known primarily from the substantial papyrus fragments of 702: 657: 116: 7989: 7086:. Directors in Perspective series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6510:

Kovacs, David (2005). "Text and Transmission". In Gregory, Justina (ed.).

5428: 2628:

2,500 years ago, from which there survives only a fraction of the work of

1001:, the organisation of companies, the audience, competitions, and offers a 937: 8370: 8338: 8299: 8144: 8070: 7630: 7582: 7511: 7404: 7030: 6492:

Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of the American Musical Theatre

3892:

substitutes for the usual temporal distance between the audience and the

3851: 3650: 3345: 3076: 2955: 2852: 2713: 2693: 2649: 2571: 2330: 2248: 2204:

encompassed all theatrical plays, tragic, comic, or anything in between.

2138: 2105: 2040: 1904: 1832: 1794: 1622: 1621:. The general trend was away from the poetic drama of the Greeks and the 1520: 1474: 1426: 1345: 1341: 1018: 850: 614: 533: 465: 212: 102: 8663: 5980:. Sidcup, Kent: Stanislavski Centre Rose Bruford College. pp. 6–9. 1632:

Theatre took a big pause during 1642 and 1660 in England because of the

1170:. Among these three, the last two cover between them the entire epic of 8331: 8256: 8222: 8149: 8134: 8122: 8090: 8051: 7577: 7379: 6160:. Russian Theatre Archive series. London: Harwood Academic Publishers. 4521:"Theatre | Chambers Dictionary of World History – Credo Reference" 3831: 3116: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3042: 3002: 2998: 2844: 2771: 2617: 2346: 2342: 2080: 2072: 2055:, "to do" or "to act". The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by 1538: 1529: 1524: 1400: 1148: 982: 914:

from between 1500 and 1000 BCE that are among the earliest examples of

865: 788: 717: 573: 376: 328: 202: 177: 140: 112: 8629: 6390:(New ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–29. 4783: 4781: 2896: 1756: 1722:, a preacher, was one of the heads in this movement through his piece 678:

analysed 5th-century Athenian tragedy in the oldest surviving work of

73: 8315: 8304: 8266: 8159: 7926: 7840: 7751: 7600: 7426: 7409: 6714: 6445: 5079: 4907: 3889: 3863:

and taken to a temple on the road to Eleutherae. That evening, after

3823: 3807: 3793: 3780: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3654: 3638: 3274: 2856: 2815: 2709: 2705: 2668: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2574:, these discrepancies reflecting the differing religious origins and 2553: 2486: 2371: 2236: 2146: 2117: 1836: 1813: 1636:

Interregnum. The rising anti-theatrical sentiment among Puritans saw

1618: 1590: 1586: 1438: 1430: 1196: 1180: 827:(4 BCE–65 CE), the Corduba-born Stoic philosopher and tutor of Nero. 675: 640: 636: 610: 606: 602: 580: 521: 131: 82: 3320:

In order to put on a piece of theatre, both a theatre company and a

2120:

are among the masterpieces of the art of drama. A modern example is

1369: 1231: 413:, costumes and staging. They were influential in the development of 130:, an ancient Indian form of performing art that originated in early 53: 8343: 8232: 8154: 8100: 8075: 7860: 7721: 5844: 4778: 3626: 3456: 3112: 2990: 2971: 2749: 2738: 2224: 2064: 1724:

A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage

1633: 1470: 1191: 1033: 919: 860: 855: 710: 624: 586:

Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of

537: 347:, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into 332: 232: 6608:(1986). "Live Theater in Medieval Islam". In Sharon, Moshe (ed.). 6244:. Translated by Randolph T. Weaver. New York: Dover Publications. 6200:

Signs of Performance: An Introduction to Twentieth-Century Theatre

6141:(Expanded ed.). Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 5788:

Non-traditional venues can inspire art, or just great performances

3565:. From around 1550 to 1700 or later, the most common spelling was 3531: 2734: 1178:(606–648) is credited with having written three plays: the comedy 8326: 8276: 8250: 8080: 7486: 7180:

To Act, To Do, To Perform: Drama and the Phenomenology of Action.

6350:

Lear's Daughters: The Studios of the Moscow Art Theatre 1905–1927

6079:(Rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5869: 5189: 4153: 4004: 3967: 3835: 3783:

adds a fourth, anonymous playwright to those whose work survives.

3642: 3143: 3139: 2884: 2864: 2840: 2792: 2585: 2541: 2321:), as were some of the actors' responses and their 'solo songs' ( 2296: 2166:. The use of "drama" in the narrow sense to designate a specific 2087: 2036: 2033: 1821: 1014: 941: 804: 792: 753: 565: 541: 488: 312: 7150:

Systems of Rehearsal: Stanislavsky, Brecht, Grotowski and Brook.

6850:. The World's Classics series. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5333: 3896:

a spatial distance between the Western audience and the Eastern

2470:, and elsewhere, but it often includes spectacle. For instance, 1469:—draw much of their repertoire from indigenized versions of the 1332:

Public performance in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain Open Air Theatre

8365: 8237: 8095: 7506: 7501: 7481: 7295: 5316:"7028 end. Tartu Saksa Teatrihoone Vanemuise 45a, 1914–1918.a." 4908:

Don Rubin; Chua Soo Pong; Ravi Chaturvedi; et al. (2001).

4694: 3839: 3396: 2689: 2578:

of the parts that were fused into a new entity, the theatrical

2509: 2503: 2322: 2134: 2091: 1543: 1516: 1490: 1361: 1350: 1175: 1121:

and is the most famous. It was the first to be translated into

970: 923: 846: 721: 444: 410: 402: 182: 127: 106: 6721:. Theatre Production Studies. London and New York: Routledge. 5582: 4718: 4682: 4639: 4567: 4501: 4016:". See the entries on "Seneca" and "Byron (George George)" in 2292:

and theatre have had a close relationship since ancient times—

1576: 760:

Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the

487:

is where Western theatre originated. It was part of a broader

8571: 8117: 8020: 7496: 7466: 6793:(3rd ed.). Evanston, Il: Northwestern University Press. 6428:

The Purpose of Playing: Modern Acting Theories in Perspective

6037:(2nd, rev. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5744: 5507: 5505: 4122: 4118: 4034: 3830:

was that of Dionysus Eleuthereus, the god 'having to do with

3732: 3080: 2902: 2878: 2860: 2832: 2685: 2593: 2513: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2289: 2216: 2212: 2056: 2025: 2020: 1879: 1868: 1817: 1084: 1083:

in the 1st century BCE, is arguably considered to be ancient

978: 974: 906: 873: 869: 772: 748: 671: 587: 561: 480: 406: 348: 324: 320: 316: 308: 222: 217: 197: 192: 6569:

The Theatricality of Greek Tragedy: Playing Space and Chorus

5106:. January 24, 1643 – via Early English Books Online – 4911:

The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific

3517: 3130: 2700:) or at the scale of the drama (where tragedy is opposed to 944:

from 140 BCE provides a feasible date for the beginnings of

6911:

Theatre as Sign-System: A Semiotics of Text and Performance

5708: 5042:

Theatre, Theatricality and the People before the Civil Wars

4627: 4328: 4326: 4324: 3946:, is not primarily a composition in the verbal medium; the 3868: 3687:", Goldhill writes, "can be said to have invented theatre". 2318: 2243:, for example). In certain periods of history (the ancient 2228: 2137:

in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the

1569:

literature, though they were less common than puppetry and

1482: 1478: 1389: 911: 811:. Although Rome had a native tradition of performance, the 765: 632: 619: 7300: 7137:. Ed. and trans. Edward Braun. Rev. ed., London: Methuen. 6102:

The Drama 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Plays of All Time

6056:(Ninth, International ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 5976:

Benedetti, Jean (2008). Dacre, Kathy; Fryer, Paul (eds.).

5698: 5696: 5657: 5635: 5633: 5558: 5502: 4879: 4877: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4766: 4603: 4213: 4211: 3846:

annexed Eleutherae—most likely after the overthrow of the

648:) begin from 501 BCE, when the satyr play was introduced. 536:. Civic participation also involved the evaluation of the 8544:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

8107: 6868:(1967). "Monuments Illustrating Tragedy and Satyr Play". 6848:

Specimens of English Dramatic Criticism XVII–XX Centuries

6588:

Modern Theories of Performance: From Stanislavski to Boal

5756: 5490: 5466: 4369: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 3802:

in 438 BCE. There were also separate competitions at the

2859:). He examines its "first principles" and identifies its 2240: 1684:. Performances were held in converted buildings, such as 1672:. Opened in May 1663, it is the oldest theatre in London. 1548: 1365: 1158:). He is said to have written the following three plays: 343:

Modern Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the

6995:

Sidcup, Kent: Stanislavski Centre Rose Bruford College.

6634:

Dictionary of the Theatre: Terms, Concepts, and Analysis

5732: 5669: 5606: 5372: 5362: 5360: 5234: 5005: 4651: 4429: 4321: 3603:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

8170: 6931:

Trans. John Osborne. London and New York: Verso, 1998.

5720: 5693: 5630: 5594: 4991:. Harvard University Press. pp. 143–145, 352–353. 4874: 4853: 4836: 4793: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4591: 4446: 4444: 4208: 674:

to survive. More than 130 years later, the philosopher

579:

The origins of theatre in ancient Greece, according to

7195:

The Player's Passion: Studies in the Science of Acting

6286:. New Accents series. London and New York: Routledge. 5645: 5570: 5546: 5478: 5454: 4555: 4461: 4459: 4417: 4338: 4311: 4309: 4307: 3962:

remarks, 'the poet, or "maker" should be the maker of

7296:

Music Hall and Theatre History of Britain and Ireland

7233:"The Best Theater of 2021: The Curtain Goes Up Again" 6762: 6312:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 5768: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5357: 5190:"Women's Lives Surrounding Late 18th Century Theatre" 5017: 4824: 4787: 4615: 4405: 4393: 3966:

rather than of verses; since he is a poet because he

2640:, through its singular articulations in the works of 2462:

Musical theatre may be produced on an intimate scale

1676:

In 1660, two companies were licensed to perform, the

1079:). Actors may have specialized in a particular type. 951:

The major source of evidence for Sanskrit theatre is

6452:. Translated by Janko, Richard. Cambridge: Hackett. 6052:

Brockett, Oscar G. & Hildy, Franklin J. (2003).

5681: 4754: 4742: 4663: 4579: 4543: 4441: 4179: 3513: 3371:

International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees

2429:(1986), as well as more contemporary hits including 2235:

or musical accompaniment underscoring the dialogue (

1059:

Its drama is regarded as the highest achievement of

38:"Theatrical" redirects here. For the racehorse, see 6571:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 6408:

Lazzi: The Comic Routines of the Commedia dell'Arte

6219:

Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan

5618: 4889: 4730: 4456: 4304: 1256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 431: 6977:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 11–36. 6944:What is Theatre?: An Introduction and Exploration. 6786: 6744:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6631: 6590:. Basingstoke, Hampshire, and New York: Palgrave. 6305: 6262:Dramatic Theory and Criticism: Greeks to Grotowski 6237: 6099: 5345: 5124: 4706: 4531: 2708:era, tragedy has also been defined against drama, 2311:whose parts were sung (to the accompaniment of an 930:do not appear to have developed into theatre. The 779:was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from 409:are also theatre and use many conventions such as 4491:"Introduction to Theatre – Ancient Greek Theatre" 4471: 4381: 3950:result, as one might put it, from the underlying 3355:(AEA), for actors and stage managers in the U.S.) 3157: 2570:whereas the choral (recited or sung) ones in the 665:response to news of their military defeat at the 8674: 6018:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. xvii–xx. 5166:. CWU Department of Theatre Arts. Archived from 4984: 3842:that had a sanctuary to Dionysus. At some point 3593:). Recent dictionaries of American English list 2485:Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic, 7100:Leach, Robert, and Victor Borovsky, eds. 1999. 6959:Writing & Staging A New Musical: A Handbook 6533:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 5045:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–112. 2178:. Drama in this sense refers to a play that is 7287:British Library & University of Sheffield. 6871:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 3942:writes that "a drama, as distinguished from a 3792:Exceptions to this pattern were made, as with 2671:meditations on death, loss and suffering, and 1506: 651:Most Athenian tragedies dramatize events from 8409:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8036: 7316: 6327:Gassner, John & Allen, Ralph G. (1992) . 6051: 5339: 4901: 4724: 4700: 4688: 4645: 4633: 4609: 4573: 4507: 3850:tyranny in 510 and the democratic reforms of 3034:A theatre stage building in the backstage of 2692:in general (where the tragic divides against 1527:productions) and live passion plays known as 277: 6326: 5803:, July 7, 2008. Retrieved February 12, 2011. 4772: 4256: 4254: 2200:(1887). In Ancient Greece however, the word 1056:), though the major focus is on the latter. 1048:), which consists of two styles: realistic ( 7070:. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7037:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6430:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 6265:. Florence, Kentucky: Heinle & Heinle. 5923:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5272: 1577:Early modern and modern theatre in the West 1117:). The last was inspired by a story in the 8043: 8029: 7323: 7309: 6585: 6388:Performance Culture and Athenian Democracy 5738: 5038: 4978: 4914:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 184–186. 4037:' or rough outlines of scenic action (see 3383:Stage Directors and Choreographers Society 3282:in London performs on a repertory system. 623:) held as part of festivities celebrating 284: 270: 6991:Dacre, Kathy, and Paul Fryer, eds. 2008. 6831:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 6765:Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance 6612:. Cana, Leiden: Brill. pp. 565–601. 6550:Makers of Modern Theatre: An Introduction 6466: 6300: 6235: 6174: 5975: 5956: 5937: 5904:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5750: 5600: 5588: 5378: 5119: 5117: 4597: 4363: 4332: 4279: 4251: 4228: 4226: 4058: 4042: 4029:Some forms of improvisation, notably the 3599:Random House Webster's College Dictionary 2684:(335 BCE), tragedy has been used to make 2624:puts it. From its obscure origins in the 1316:Learn how and when to remove this message 7291:University of Bristol Theatre Collection 7210:The Birth of Tragedy and Other Writings. 6909:Aston, Elaine, and George Savona. 1991. 6878: 6735: 6671: 6385: 6369:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy 6366: 6197: 6181:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy 6155: 6130:Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism 5774: 5762: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5663: 5651: 5612: 5496: 5484: 5472: 4883: 4868: 4847: 4423: 4399: 4375: 4351: 4234:"Theatre company definition and meaning" 3577:, but was either retained or revived in 3373:(IATSE), for designers and technicians). 3307: 3255: 3134:The rotating auditorium of the open air 3129: 3029: 2867:constitutes the core of the discussion. 2791: 2733: 2480: 2317:—an instrument comparable to the modern 2272: 2051:", which is derived from the verb δράω, 1807: 1736: 1660: 1580: 1420: 1387:into a more sophisticated form known as 1327: 1008: 854: 741: 456: 435: 393:Modern theatre includes performances of 7117:Approaches to Acting: Past and Present. 7104:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6864: 6826: 6694: 6652: 6136: 6120: 6032: 6013: 5918: 5576: 5552: 5511: 5426: 5366: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4561: 4435: 4411: 4185: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4092:(FrasrWeb 2007, accessed May 12, 2011). 2989:Stanislavski treated the theatre as an 2796:Village feast with theatre performance 14: 8675: 6781: 6528: 6509: 6495:. Hanover: Brandeis University Press. 6425: 6404: 6258: 5897: 5862: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5675: 5639: 5523: 5460: 5114: 5034: 5032: 5023: 4956: 4621: 4450: 4223: 4062: 4038: 4017: 3987: 3377:Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance 3251: 3067:usually involves contributions from a 2906:or "spectacle". "Although Aristotle's 2688:distinctions, whether at the scale of 2251:) some dramas have been written to be 1533:, where actors re-enact episodes from 1519:theatre (which included hand puppets, 8496:National Endowment for the Humanities 8481:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 8024: 7304: 6807: 6626: 6604: 6547: 6488: 6444: 6411:. New York: Performing Arts Journal. 6347: 6070: 5994: 5687: 5624: 5564: 5414: 5240: 5139:from the original on January 11, 2022 5011: 4676: 4657: 4585: 4549: 4465: 4315: 4217: 4088:; see, for example, Fraser Charlton, 3635:the three possible functions of signs 3221:Regional theatre in the United States 1741:Billing for a British theatre in 1829 1700:and built on the site of the present 1406: 1203: 746:Roman mosaic depicting actors and an 420: 8578: 8491:Moscow University for the Humanities 8462:Arts and Humanities Research Council 8419:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7975: 6845: 6810:Drama: A Guide to the Study of Plays 6713: 6472:Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre 6279: 6216: 6097: 6035:The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre 5402: 5390: 5351: 5157: 4895: 4712: 4477: 4387: 4110: 3544: 3289: 3025: 2863:and basic elements; his analysis of 2182:a comedy nor a tragedy—for example, 1461:(leather shadow-puppet play) of the 1254:adding citations to reliable sources 1225: 1147:The next great Indian dramatist was 1135:(in English translation) influenced 491:of theatricality and performance in 359:, and plot elements. Theatre artist 27:Collaborative form of performing art 7995: 7068:The Oxford Companion to the Theatre 6586:Milling, Jane; Ley, Graham (2001). 6566: 6221:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5806: 5252: 5029: 4788:Richmond, Swann & Zarrilli 1993 4537: 4002:were not intended to be performed. 3359:Canadian Actors' Equity Association 2910:is universally acknowledged in the 2548:proper purgation of these emotions. 1930:These trends continued through the 307:that uses live performers, usually 24: 6929:The Origin of German Tragic Drama. 6913:. London and New York: Routledge. 6902: 6688:10.1111/j.0022-3840.1982.1451443.x 6474:(Rev. ed.). London: Methuen. 6283:The Semiotics of Theatre and Drama 6202:. London and New York: Routledge. 5942:(Rev. ed.). London: Methuen. 5921:The Roman Theatre and Its Audience 5890: 5213: 4952:from the original on June 3, 2021. 2262: 1831:, the popular theatrical forms of 1648:closure of London theatres in 1642 1372:developed in the 17th century CE. 752:player (House of the Tragic Poet, 25: 8704: 7254: 6236:Duchartre, Pierre Louis (1966) . 5222:. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia 3675:"was essentially the creation of 1105:Pertaining to Vikrama and Urvashi 830: 544:evidenced in performances in the 8655: 8638: 8621: 8604: 8587: 8004: 7994: 7984: 7974: 7965: 7964: 7152:London and New York: Routledge. 7119:London and New York: Continuum. 6975:Twentieth-Century Actor Training 6697:The Theory and Analysis of Drama 6259:Dukore, Bernard F., ed. (1974). 5837: 5780: 5533: 5160:"The English Theatre, 1642–1800" 4159: 4152:respectively) against models of 4095: 3834:', a town on the border between 3597:as a less common variant, e.g., 3530: 3516: 2723: 1713:Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg 1593:, two stock characters from the 1453:(wooden rod-puppet play) of the 1230: 1044:gives most attention to acting ( 731: 432:Classical and Hellenistic Greece 81: 72: 61: 52: 8539:Humanities in the United States 8387:American Journal of Archaeology 8005: 7115:Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel. 2001. 6886:. London: Chatto & Windus. 6829:Tragedy, Modernity and Mourning 6330:Theatre and Drama in the Making 6156:Carnicke, Sharon Marie (1998). 6033:Brandon, James R., ed. (1997). 6016:Sanskrit Theatre in Performance 5442: 5420: 5308: 5255:"The Drama in the 18th Century" 5246: 5207: 5182: 5151: 5094: 5067: 4928: 4513: 4483: 4287:"Troupe definition and meaning" 4068: 4023: 3992: 3980: 3933: 3920: 3903: 3874: 3817: 3786: 3767: 3746: 3715:Cartledge writes that although 3709: 3700: 3690: 3665: 2604:and historical continuity—"the 2231:; and some forms of drama have 1241:needs additional citations for 795:'s broadly appealing situation 91:Clockwise, from left to right: 8414:Journal of Controversial Ideas 8050: 6767:. University of Hawaii Press. 6742:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 6675:The Journal of Popular Culture 6077:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 5940:Stanislavski: His Life and Art 5901:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 5283:Dictionary of German Biography 5108:University of Michigan Library 4191: 4078:" is usually considered to be 3619: 3607:New Oxford American Dictionary 3551: 3158:Subcategories and organisation 2746:1997 Nobel Prize in Literature 2223:generally include both spoken 2219:is generally sung throughout; 1559:. Secular plays were known as 1397:which is still popular today. 1174:. The powerful Indian emperor 13: 1: 7208:Speirs, Ronald, trans. 1999. 7102:A History of Russian Theatre. 6789:Improvisation for the Theater 6531:The Making of Theatre History 5898:Banham, Martin, ed. (1998) . 5194:English 3621 Writing by Women 5126:"London's 10 oldest theatres" 4033:, improvise on the basis of ' 3264: 2825: 2797: 2508:Theatre productions that use 2361:that began in the 1890s, the 2299:, for example, was a form of 2207:Drama is often combined with 2156: 2123:Long Day's Journey into Night 2110: 1152: 1115:The Recognition of Shakuntala 689: 469: 8434:Revue des Études Arméniennes 7285:Theatre Archive Project (UK) 6961:. Kindle Direct Publishing. 6946:Boston and Oxford: Focal P. 6655:A Companion to Greek Tragedy 6512:A Companion to Greek Tragedy 6333:. New York: Applause Books. 5995:Black, Joseph, ed. (2010) . 5919:Beacham, Richard C. (1996). 5216:"Moliere – French Dramatist" 4173: 2620:, in a common activity", as 2522:or a classical play such as 1692:, known as Theatre Royal in 1353:, as opposed to the type of 864:or the demon as depicted in 560:consisted of three types of 511:, athletics and gymnastics, 7: 7330: 6942:Brown, John Russell. 1997. 6740:. In Banham, Martin (ed.). 6106:. New York: Facts on File. 6075:. In Banham, Martin (ed.). 5999:. Canada: Broadview Press. 5429:"History of Stage Musicals" 5319:Kultuurimälestiste register 3970:, and what he imitates are 3685:Athens in the fifth century 3389: 3057:structure of dramatic texts 2818:, in his seminal treatise, 2813:classical Greek philosopher 2781: 2077:structure of dramatic texts 1946:, the political theatre of 1507:Medieval Islamic traditions 323:. It is the oldest form of 303:is a collaborative form of 10: 8709: 6736:Richmond, Farley (1998) . 6695:Pfister, Manfred (2000) . 6348:Gauss, Rebecca B. (1999). 5823:Actors' Equity Association 5259:Moonstruch Drama Bookstore 4291:Collins English Dictionary 4238:Collins English Dictionary 3731:"as the nonpareils of the 3719:of the 4th century judged 3612:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 3507: 3353:Actors' Equity Association 3051:modes of production and a 3040: 2785: 2727: 2539: 2535: 2501: 2266: 2255:rather than performed. In 2071:modes of production and a 2018: 1907:'s drawing-room comedies; 1812:The "Little House" of the 1696:, London, was designed by 1541:plays revolved around the 1410: 1207: 844: 834: 735: 519:, weddings, funerals, and 450: 424: 29: 8549:Outline of the humanities 8529:Criticism of mass culture 8509: 8501:National Humanities Medal 8454: 8379: 8210: 8058: 7960: 7944: 7914: 7816: 7775: 7704: 7673: 7664: 7576: 7525: 7459: 7338: 7275:Resources in your library 6489:Jones, John Bush (2003). 6217:Deal, William E. (2007). 5938:Benedetti, Jean (1999) . 5800:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 5340:Brockett & Hildy 2003 5051:10.1017/9781316850411.004 4988:Theatre in Southeast Asia 4985:James R. Brandon (2009). 4725:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4701:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4689:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4646:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4634:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4610:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4574:Brockett & Hildy 2003 4525:search.credoreference.com 4508:Brockett & Hildy 2003 3585:, 2nd ed., 2009, CD-ROM: 3583:Oxford English Dictionary 3569:. Between 1720 and 1750, 3442:List of theatre directors 3437:List of theatre festivals 3432:List of theatre personnel 3422:List of awards in theatre 3339: 3261:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 2497: 2133:Considered as a genre of 1702:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 1666:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 1601:Museo Teatrale alla Scala 1036:—the literal meaning of " 558:theatre of ancient Greece 453:Theatre of ancient Greece 441:Greek theatre of Taormina 379:and the arts in general. 345:theatre of ancient Greece 8534:Educational essentialism 8171:Interdisciplinary fields 7616:Theatrical superstitions 7165:Stanislavski In Practise 7048:Harrison, Martin. 1998. 6812:. New York: Peter Lang. 6198:Counsell, Colin (1996). 6137:Carlson, Marvin (1993). 6098:Burt, Daniel S. (2008). 5957:Benedetti, Jean (2005). 4773:Gassner & Allen 1992 4150:Theatre of the Oppressed 4076:Edwardian musical comedy 4012:is a good example of a " 3609:, third edition (2010); 3059:, unlike other forms of 3011:system of actor training 2984:Robert Wilson (director) 2754:Upright Citizens Brigade 2752:and troupes such as the 2612:, in one cultural form; 2426:The Phantom of the Opera 2359:Edwardian musical comedy 2162:); the earliest work of 2079:, unlike other forms of 2043:. The term comes from a 2014: 2009: 2004:Theatre of the Oppressed 1925:Edwardian musical comedy 724:. However, according to 367:, stage writing and the 33:Theatre (disambiguation) 7238:The Wall Street Journal 7193:Roach, Joseph R. 1985. 7050:The Language of Theatre 6426:Gordon, Robert (2006). 4266:www.merriam-webster.com 3930:is "to carry forwards". 3926:The literal meaning of 3810:and, after 488–87 BCE, 3806:for the performance of 3477:Theatre for development 3417:Illusionistic tradition 3344:There are many theatre 3136:Pyynikki Summer Theatre 3055:form of reception. The 2928:Konstantin Stanislavski 2730:Improvisational theatre 2367:Rodgers and Hammerstein 2075:form of reception. The 1799:Hamburgische Entreprise 1563:, recorded in medieval 777:theatre of ancient Rome 738:Theatre of ancient Rome 363:defines theatricality, 143:, a character from the 8322:Liberal arts education 7611:Theatrical constraints 7148:Mitter, Shomit. 1992. 7082:Leach, Robert (1989). 6993:Stanislavski on Stage. 6827:Taxidou, Olga (2004). 6548:Leach, Robert (2004). 6071:Brown, Andrew (1998). 6054:History of the Theatre 5739:Milling & Ley 2001 5427:Kenrick, John (2003). 5164:Scott R. Robinson Home 4262:"Definition of Troupe" 4146:Non-Aristotelian drama 3653:), or as symbol (as a 3631:Charles Sanders Peirce 3605:, 4th edition (2006); 3361:, for actors in Canada 3317: 3280:Royal National Theatre 3270: 3241:Theatre and disability 3146: 3089:scenic or set designer 3038: 2803: 2741: 2564: 2494: 2286: 1824: 1803:Seyler Theatre Company 1752:The School for Scandal 1742: 1673: 1604: 1513:medieval Islamic world 1434: 1333: 1095:Mālavikā and Agnimitra 1025: 880: 841:Indian classical drama 764:. The Roman historian 757: 707:Athenaeus of Naucratis 476: 448: 228:Professional wrestling 8398:History of Humanities 7851:Theatrical technician 7757:Theatrical Technician 7717:Electrician (theatre) 7691:Production management 7231:(December 13, 2021). 7178:Rayner, Alice. 1994. 7167:. London: Routledge. 7163:O'Brien, Nick. 2010. 7052:. London: Routledge. 6808:Styan, J. L. (2000). 6552:. London: Routledge. 6529:Kuritz, Paul (1988). 6158:Stanislavsky in Focus 5978:Stanislavski on Stage 5281:, "Seyler, Abel", in 4201:always "theatre", in 4090:"What are EdMusComs?" 3952:structure of incident 3649:(in the situation of 3467:Site-specific theatre 3334:site-specific theatre 3311: 3259: 3226:Site-specific theatre 3133: 3033: 3001:and one in which the 2920:theatre practitioners 2914:critical tradition", 2795: 2737: 2656:, to the more recent 2588:refers to a specific 2545: 2484: 2276: 1956:Theatre of the Absurd 1915:in the late works of 1811: 1740: 1664: 1627:Industrial Revolution 1584: 1424: 1331: 1156: 7th century CE 1012: 983:dramatic construction 954:A Treatise on Theatre 858: 825:Lucius Annaeus Seneca 803:, verbally elaborate 745: 460: 439: 8554:Renaissance humanism 8486:Master of Humanities 7871:Light board operator 7656:Costume construction 7135:Meyerhold on Theatre 6719:Greek Tragic Theatre 6567:Ley, Graham (2007). 6405:Gordon, Mel (1983). 5591:, pp. 124, 202. 5567:, pp. xx, 7–10. 4936:"Pengetahuan Teater" 4126:deterritorialization 3236:Summer stock theatre 3047:Theatre presupposes 2598:Western civilisation 2335:Gilbert and Sullivan 1893:Gilbert and Sullivan 1732:Renaissance Humanism 1686:Lisle's Tennis Court 1413:Theatre of Indonesia 1250:improve this article 1067:, such as the hero ( 1052:) and conventional ( 868:, a form of musical 791:, to the staging of 787:, nude dancing, and 31:For other uses, see 8473:Geisteswissenschaft 8439:Teaching Philosophy 8218:Abductive reasoning 7906:Wardrobe supervisor 7876:Lighting technician 7767:Wardrobe supervisor 7712:Carpenter (theatre) 7651:Theatrical property 7621:Technical rehearsal 7370:English Renaissance 7214:Friedrich Nietzsche 7131:Meyerhold, Vsevolod 7035:Rethinking Tragedy. 6957:Bryant, Jye (2018). 6846:Ward, A.C (2007) . 6280:Elam, Keir (1980). 6126:"Psychic Polyphony" 5961:. London: Methuen. 5825:. February 11, 2021 5753:, pp. 147–148. 5514:, pp. 193–209. 5342:, pp. 293–426. 5243:, pp. 533–535. 5158:Robinson, Scott R. 5014:, pp. 565–601. 4821:, pp. 516–517. 4660:, pp. 441–447. 4495:novaonline.nvcc.edu 4220:, pp. 345–346. 4205:normally "theater". 3881:Jean-Pierre Vernant 3861:theatre of Dionysus 3779:was not written by 3673:ancient Greek drama 3655:semiological system 3557:Originally spelled 3482:Theater (structure) 3427:List of playwrights 3407:Black light theatre 3252:Repertory companies 3197:Interactive theatre 2940:Edward Gordon Craig 2349:genres of the late 1974:, experimental and 1841:Victorian burlesque 1797:, the owner of the 1770:tragédie bourgeoise 1425:Rama and Shinta in 1061:Sanskrit literature 401:. The art forms of 365:theatrical language 309:actors or actresses 122:Journey to the West 8560:Studia Humanitatis 8010:Outline of theatre 7881:Spotlight operator 7846:Technical director 7831:Production manager 7747:Spotlight operator 7696:Company management 7686:Technical director 7375:Spanish Golden Age 7364:Commedia dell'arte 7084:Vsevolod Meyerhold 6302:Fergusson, Francis 5793:2010-09-03 at the 5786:Alice T. Carter, " 5717:, pp. 1, 167. 5543:1447a13 (1987, 1). 5253:Matthew, Brander. 4703:, pp. 13, 15. 4031:Commedia dell'arte 3681:Athenian democracy 3671:Brown writes that 3510:Outline of theatre 3472:Theatre consultant 3318: 3316:, a modern theatre 3271: 3147: 3109:production manager 3083:, and a technical 3039: 3036:Vienna State Opera 2932:Vsevolod Meyerhold 2804: 2742: 2626:theatres of Athens 2495: 2491:Capitoline Museums 2489:, 2nd century CE. 2287: 2101:classical Athenian 1976:postmodern theatre 1825: 1761:commedia dell'arte 1743: 1674: 1610:commedia dell'arte 1605: 1596:commedia dell'arte 1435: 1407:Indonesian theatre 1360:Japanese forms of 1334: 1222:Theatre of Vietnam 1204:East Asian theatre 1110:Abhijñānaśākuntala 1026: 1013:Performer playing 883:The first form of 881: 758: 661:—which stages the 592:Hellenistic period 554:dramatic criticism 550:political assembly 477: 449: 427:History of theatre 421:History of theatre 351:, and many of its 248:Street performance 146:Commedia dell'arte 137:Eduardo De Filippo 40:Theatrical (horse) 8688:Stage terminology 8569: 8568: 8289:General knowledge 8272:Cultural literacy 8206: 8205: 8140:Religious studies 8076:Classical studies 8018: 8017: 7940: 7939: 7788:Lighting designer 7380:French Classicism 7261:Library resources 7203:978-0-472-08244-5 7188:978-0-472-10537-3 7173:978-0-415-56843-2 7158:978-0-415-06784-3 7143:978-0-413-38790-5 7125:978-0-8264-7879-5 7110:978-0-521-03435-7 7093:978-0-521-31843-3 7076:978-0-19-211546-1 7064:Hartnoll, Phyllis 6984:978-0-415-19452-5 6952:978-0-240-80232-9 6919:978-0-415-04932-0 6880:Williams, Raymond 6866:Webster, T. B. L. 6857:978-1-4086-3115-7 6819:978-0-8204-4489-5 6774:978-0-8248-1322-2 6706:978-0-521-42383-0 6645:978-0-8020-8163-6 6597:978-0-333-77542-4 6578:978-0-226-47757-2 6559:978-0-415-31241-7 6540:978-0-13-547861-5 6481:978-0-7136-8701-9 6459:978-0-87220-033-3 6437:978-0-472-06887-6 6397:978-0-521-60431-4 6359:978-0-8204-4155-9 6293:978-0-415-03984-0 6272:978-0-03-091152-1 6228:978-0-19-533126-4 6209:978-0-415-10643-6 6177:Easterling, P. E. 6113:978-0-8160-6073-3 6073:"Greece, Ancient" 6044:978-0-521-58822-5 6025:978-81-208-0772-3 6006:978-1-55111-611-2 5987:978-1-903454-01-5 5930:978-0-674-77914-3 5678:, pp. 37–40. 5666:, pp. 24–25. 5499:, pp. 13–84. 5475:, pp. 14–16. 5393:, pp. 30–35. 5295:Walter de Gruyter 4998:978-0-674-02874-6 4921:978-0-415-26087-9 4727:, pp. 15–16. 4691:, pp. 15–17. 4648:, pp. 13–15. 4576:, pp. 32–33. 4510:, pp. 15–19. 4438:, pp. 83–84. 4378:, pp. 20–xx. 3940:Francis Fergusson 3591:978-0-19-956383-8 3545:Explanatory notes 3502:World Theatre Day 3497:Theatrical troupe 3487:Theatre technique 3447:Lists of theatres 3402:Antitheatricality 3290:Other terminology 3192:Immersive theater 3177:Community theatre 3093:lighting designer 3026:Technical aspects 2602:cultural identity 2468:regional theatres 2145:modes ever since 1917:August Strindberg 1814:Vanemuine Theatre 1537:. In particular, 1429:performance near 1326: 1325: 1318: 1300: 1168:Uttar Ramacharita 1100:Vikramuurvashiiya 1090:Mālavikāgnimitram 667:Battle of Salamis 617:in competitions ( 615:institutionalized 501:religious rituals 294: 293: 107:eponymous tragedy 16:(Redirected from 8700: 8668: 8667:from Wikiversity 8660: 8659: 8658: 8651: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8634: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8617: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8600: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8580: 8356:Self-realization 8168: 8167: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8022: 8021: 8008: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7988: 7978: 7977: 7968: 7967: 7922:Musical ensemble 7783:Costume designer 7681:Stage management 7671: 7670: 7646:Set construction 7325: 7318: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7097: 6988: 6925:Benjamin, Walter 6897: 6875: 6861: 6842: 6823: 6804: 6792: 6778: 6759: 6732: 6710: 6691: 6668: 6649: 6637: 6623: 6601: 6582: 6563: 6544: 6525: 6506: 6485: 6468:Johnstone, Keith 6463: 6441: 6422: 6401: 6382: 6363: 6344: 6323: 6311: 6297: 6276: 6255: 6243: 6232: 6213: 6194: 6171: 6152: 6133: 6117: 6105: 6094: 6067: 6048: 6029: 6010: 5991: 5972: 5953: 5934: 5915: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5815: 5804: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5765:, pp. 1, 8. 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5531: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5424: 5418: 5417:, pp. 4–11. 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5312: 5306: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5214:Bermel, Albert. 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5128: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5036: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4940: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4845: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4454: 4448: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4366:, pp. 3, 6. 4361: 4355: 4349: 4336: 4330: 4319: 4313: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4206: 4203:American English 4195: 4189: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4130:mid-19th century 4099: 4093: 4072: 4066: 4027: 4021: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3878: 3872: 3821: 3815: 3790: 3784: 3776:Prometheus Bound 3773:The theory that 3771: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3743:—and beyond it". 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3677:classical Athens 3669: 3663: 3625:Drawing on the " 3623: 3617: 3579:American English 3555: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3492:Theatrical style 3462:Reader's theatre 3412:Culinary theatre 3312:Interior of the 3269: 3266: 3216:Playback theatre 3211:Off-off-Broadway 3172:West End theatre 3168:Broadway theatre 3097:costume designer 3087:that includes a 2882:or "character", 2830: 2827: 2802: 2799: 2622:Raymond Williams 2562: 2363:Princess Theatre 2307:that employed a 2284:London Palladium 2233:incidental music 2161: 2158: 2115: 2112: 2028:is the specific 1972:Theatre Workshop 1954:, the so-called 1855:gave way to the 1774:domestic tragedy 1698:Thomas Killigrew 1690:West End theatre 1417:Balinese theatre 1321: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1258: 1234: 1226: 1218:Theater in Korea 1214:Theatre of Japan 1210:Theatre of China 1157: 1154: 1065:stock characters 1023:Sanskrit theatre 946:theatre in India 902:history of India 889:Sanskrit theatre 837:Theatre of India 821:Latin literature 783:performances of 694: 691: 493:classical Greece 474: 471: 357:stock characters 315:, speech, song, 286: 279: 272: 156: 155: 85: 76: 65: 56: 43: 36: 21: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8693:Performing arts 8673: 8672: 8671: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8644: 8639: 8637: 8627: 8622: 8620: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8579:sister projects 8576:at Knowledge's 8570: 8565: 8505: 8450: 8375: 8361:Self-reflection 8351:Moral character 8310:Human condition 8262:Critical theory 8202: 8166: 8113:Performing arts 8054: 8049: 8019: 8014: 7956: 7936: 7910: 7896:Property master 7812: 7793:Scenic designer 7771: 7732:Property master 7700: 7660: 7636:Lighting design 7581: 7572: 7521: 7477:Musical theatre 7455: 7334: 7329: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7252: 7243: 7241: 7229:Teachout, Terry 7227: 7094: 7081: 7007:Deleuze, Gilles 6985: 6972: 6905: 6903:Further reading 6900: 6894: 6858: 6839: 6820: 6801: 6775: 6756: 6729: 6707: 6665: 6646: 6620: 6598: 6579: 6560: 6541: 6522: 6503: 6482: 6460: 6438: 6419: 6398: 6379: 6360: 6341: 6320: 6294: 6273: 6252: 6229: 6210: 6191: 6168: 6149: 6122:Carlson, Marvin 6114: 6091: 6064: 6045: 6026: 6007: 5988: 5969: 5950: 5931: 5912: 5893: 5891:General sources 5888: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5828: 5826: 5817: 5816: 5807: 5795:Wayback Machine 5785: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642:, p. 1032. 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5538: 5534: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5463:, p. 1118. 5459: 5455: 5448:S. H. Butcher, 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5381:, pp. 2–3. 5377: 5373: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5291:Rudolf Vierhaus 5277: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5220:Discover France 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5037: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4875: 4867: 4854: 4846: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809:, p. xvii. 4805: 4794: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4339: 4335:, pp. 3–5. 4331: 4322: 4314: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4209: 4199:British English 4196: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4160: 4100: 4096: 4073: 4069: 4057:in the US; see 4051:Keith Johnstone 4047:Joan Littlewood 4028: 4024: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3938: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3908: 3904: 3898:Persian culture 3883:argues that in 3879: 3875: 3822: 3818: 3791: 3787: 3772: 3768: 3751: 3747: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3670: 3666: 3624: 3620: 3575:British English 3573:was dropped in 3556: 3552: 3547: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3452:Performance art 3392: 3342: 3303:touring company 3292: 3267: 3254: 3246:Touring theatre 3160: 3085:production team 3045: 3028: 2980:Keith Johnstone 2960:Jerzy Grotowski 2952:Joan Littlewood 2900:or "song", and 2828: 2800: 2790: 2788:Dramatic theory 2784: 2776:The Second City 2760:Keith Johnstone 2732: 2726: 2563: 2552: 2544: 2538: 2506: 2500: 2390:The Fantasticks 2384:West Side Story 2327:musical theatre 2271: 2269:Musical theatre 2265: 2263:Musical theatre 2215:: the drama in 2174:dates from the 2164:dramatic theory 2159: 2113: 2023: 2017: 2012: 1968:Joan Littlewood 1889:musical theatre 1884:Gesamtkunstwerk 1845:well-made plays 1790:Sturm und Drang 1781:theatre troupes 1615:Italian theatre 1579: 1547:(martyrdom) of 1511:Theatre in the 1509: 1496:Mataram Kingdom 1447:puppet theatres 1419: 1411:Main articles: 1409: 1346:shadow puppetry 1322: 1311: 1305: 1302: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1235: 1224: 1208:Main articles: 1206: 1164:Mahaviracharita 1155: 853: 843: 835:Main articles: 833: 740: 734: 699:Athenian comedy 692: 680:dramatic theory 653:Greek mythology 472: 455: 434: 429: 423: 415:musical theatre 399:musical theatre 384:theatre company 373:performing arts 290: 243:Stand-up comedy 169:Performing arts 154: 153: 152: 151: 95:Sarah Bernhardt 88: 87: 86: 78: 77: 68: 67: 66: 58: 57: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8706: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8670: 8669: 8652: 8650:from Wikibooks 8635: 8633:from Wikiquote 8618: 8601: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8244:Belles-lettres 8240: 8235: 8230: 8228:Antipositivism 8225: 8220: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8174: 8172: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8048: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8002: 7992: 7982: 7972: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7891:Sound operator 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7803:Sound engineer 7800: 7798:Sound designer 7795: 7790: 7785: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7762:Technical crew 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7737:Pyrotechnician 7734: 7729: 7727:Make-up artist 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7626:Technical week 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7278: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255:External links 7253: 7251: 7250: 7225: 7206: 7191: 7176: 7161: 7146: 7128: 7113: 7098: 7092: 7079: 7061: 7058:978-0878300877 7046: 7028: 7011:Félix Guattari 7004: 6989: 6983: 6970: 6955: 6940: 6922: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6892: 6884:Modern Tragedy 6876: 6862: 6856: 6843: 6837: 6824: 6818: 6805: 6799: 6779: 6773: 6760: 6754: 6733: 6727: 6711: 6705: 6692: 6682:(2): 143–153. 6669: 6663: 6650: 6644: 6628:Pavis, Patrice 6624: 6618: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6577: 6564: 6558: 6545: 6539: 6526: 6520: 6507: 6501: 6486: 6480: 6464: 6458: 6442: 6436: 6423: 6417: 6402: 6396: 6383: 6377: 6364: 6358: 6345: 6339: 6324: 6318: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6256: 6250: 6233: 6227: 6214: 6208: 6195: 6189: 6172: 6166: 6153: 6147: 6134: 6118: 6112: 6095: 6089: 6068: 6062: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6011: 6005: 5992: 5986: 5973: 5967: 5954: 5948: 5935: 5929: 5916: 5910: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5861: 5836: 5805: 5779: 5767: 5755: 5751:Benedetti 2005 5743: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5629: 5617: 5615:, p. 162. 5605: 5601:Benedetti 2008 5593: 5589:Benedetti 1999 5581: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5532: 5516: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5441: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5379:Fergusson 1968 5371: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5307: 5305:, p. 308. 5297:editor, 2005, 5271: 5245: 5233: 5206: 5181: 5170:on May 2, 2012 5150: 5113: 5093: 5066: 5059: 5028: 5026:, p. 305. 5016: 5004: 4997: 4977: 4955: 4927: 4920: 4900: 4898:, p. 276. 4888: 4886:, p. 518. 4873: 4871:, p. 517. 4852: 4850:, p. 516. 4835: 4823: 4811: 4792: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4679:, p. 442. 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4624:, p. 379. 4614: 4602: 4598:Cartledge 1997 4590: 4588:, p. 444. 4578: 4566: 4564:, p. 104. 4554: 4552:, p. 140. 4542: 4540:, p. 206. 4530: 4512: 4500: 4482: 4470: 4455: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4364:Cartledge 1997 4356: 4337: 4333:Cartledge 1997 4320: 4318:, p. 441. 4303: 4278: 4250: 4222: 4207: 4190: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4134:Bertolt Brecht 4132:onwards. Both 4094: 4067: 4059:Johnstone 2007 4053:in the UK and 4043:Duchartre 1966 4022: 3991: 3979: 3932: 3919: 3902: 3873: 3816: 3785: 3766: 3745: 3708: 3699: 3689: 3664: 3660: 3618: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3541: 3538:Society portal 3527: 3524:Theatre portal 3508:Main article: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3341: 3338: 3330:street theatre 3296:theatre troupe 3291: 3288: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3231:Street theatre 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3187:Fringe theatre 3184: 3182:Dinner theater 3179: 3174: 3159: 3156: 3125:fight director 3121:video designer 3101:sound designer 3041:Main article: 3027: 3024: 3020:psychophysical 2948:Antonin Artaud 2944:Bertolt Brecht 2936:Jacques Copeau 2916:Marvin Carlson 2894:or "diction", 2888:or "thought", 2829: 335 BCE 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2770:Spolin's son, 2728:Main article: 2725: 2722: 2714:the tragicomic 2550: 2540:Main article: 2537: 2534: 2525:As You Like It 2502:Main article: 2499: 2496: 2420:Into the Woods 2408:Les Misérables 2267:Main article: 2264: 2261: 2188:Thérèse Raquin 2160: 335 BCE 2128:Eugene O'Neill 2114: 429 BCE 2067:, presupposes 2047:word meaning " 2019:Main article: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 1996:Tomson Highway 1964:Eugène Ionesco 1960:Samuel Beckett 1952:Bertolt Brecht 1948:Erwin Piscator 1785:Ludvig Holberg 1720:Jeremy Collier 1682:King's Company 1678:Duke's Company 1638:William Prynne 1603:, Milan, Italy 1578: 1575: 1557:Husayn ibn Ali 1535:Muslim history 1508: 1505: 1433:temple complex 1408: 1405: 1324: 1323: 1238: 1236: 1229: 1205: 1202: 1160:Malati-Madhava 1063:. It utilised 885:Indian theatre 832: 831:Indian theatre 829: 785:street theatre 736:Main article: 733: 730: 693: 335 BCE 495:that included 451:Main article: 433: 430: 425:Main article: 422: 419: 388:theatre troupe 305:performing art 292: 291: 289: 288: 281: 274: 266: 263: 262: 261: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 172: 171: 165: 164: 150: 149: 134: 125: 111:The character 109: 90: 89: 80: 79: 71: 70: 69: 60: 59: 51: 50: 49: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8705: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8666: 8665: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8619: 8616:from Wikinews 8615: 8614: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8575: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8467:Human science 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8399: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8183:Environmental 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086:Language arts 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8011: 8003: 8001: 7993: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7973: 7971: 7963: 7962: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945:Miscellaneous 7943: 7933: 7932:Pit orchestra 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7836:Stage manager 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7492:Improvisation 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7319: 7314: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7222:0-521-63987-5 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7043:0-8018-8740-2 7040: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7025:0-416-72060-9 7022: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7001:1-903454-01-8 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6968: 6967:9781730897412 6964: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6937:1-85984-899-0 6934: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6893:0-7011-1260-3 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6838:0-7486-1987-9 6834: 6830: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6800:0-8101-4008-X 6796: 6791: 6790: 6784: 6783:Spolin, Viola 6780: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6757: 6755:0-521-43437-8 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6728:0-415-11894-8 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6664:1-4051-7549-4 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6619:965-264-014-X 6615: 6611: 6607: 6606:Moreh, Shmuel 6603: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6521:1-4051-7549-4 6517: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6502:1-58465-311-6 6498: 6494: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6418:0-933826-69-9 6414: 6410: 6409: 6403: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6380: 6378:0-521-42351-1 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6340:1-55783-073-8 6336: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6319:0-691-01288-1 6315: 6310: 6309: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6251:0-486-21679-9 6247: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6190:0-521-42351-1 6186: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6167:90-5755-070-9 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6148:0-8014-8154-6 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124:(Fall 1986). 6123: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6096: 6092: 6090:0-521-43437-8 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6063:0-205-41050-2 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5968:0-413-77336-1 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5949:0-413-52520-1 5945: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5911:0-521-43437-8 5907: 5903: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5775:Peterson 1982 5771: 5764: 5763:Carnicke 1998 5759: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5729:, p. 24. 5728: 5727:Counsell 1996 5723: 5716: 5715:Carnicke 1998 5711: 5705:, p. 25. 5704: 5703:Counsell 1996 5699: 5697: 5690:, p. 29. 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5664:Counsell 1996 5660: 5653: 5652:Carnicke 1998 5648: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5613:Carnicke 1998 5609: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5585: 5579:, p. 16. 5578: 5573: 5566: 5561: 5555:, p. 19. 5554: 5549: 5542: 5536: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5498: 5497:Williams 1966 5493: 5487:, p. 16. 5486: 5485:Williams 1966 5481: 5474: 5473:Williams 1966 5469: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5369:, p. 11. 5368: 5363: 5361: 5354:, p. 98. 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5321:(in Estonian) 5320: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5303:3-11-096629-8 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5287:Walther Killy 5284: 5280: 5279:Wilhelm Kosch 5275: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5132:The Telegraph 5127: 5120: 5118: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5097: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5062: 5060:9781107181458 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5033: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4989: 4981: 4965: 4959: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4884:Richmond 1998 4880: 4878: 4870: 4869:Richmond 1998 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848:Richmond 1998 4844: 4842: 4840: 4833:, p. 70. 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4790:, p. 12. 4789: 4784: 4782: 4775:, p. 93. 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4715:, p. 15. 4714: 4709: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4636:, p. 15. 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4600:, p. 33. 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4468:, p. ix. 4467: 4462: 4460: 4453:, p. 31. 4452: 4447: 4445: 4437: 4432: 4426:, p. 25. 4425: 4424:Goldhill 2004 4420: 4414:, p. 83. 4413: 4408: 4401: 4400:Goldhill 2004 4396: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4376:Goldhill 2004 4372: 4365: 4360: 4354:, p. 54. 4353: 4352:Goldhill 1997 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4219: 4214: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4188:, p. 36. 4187: 4182: 4178: 4162: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4140:define their 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4086:Edwardian era 4083: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4015: 4014:dramatic poem 4011: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3899: 3895: 3894:age of heroes 3891: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3828:City Dionysia 3825: 3820: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:City Dionysia 3801: 3800: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3348:, including: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3322:theatre venue 3315: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3287: 3283: 3281: 3276: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:stage manager 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3049:collaborative 3044: 3037: 3032: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:Eugenio Barba 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2809: 2794: 2789: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2724:Improvisation 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2676:postmodernist 2674: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2576:poetic metres 2573: 2572:Doric dialect 2569: 2568:Attic dialect 2561: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2519:Boeing Boeing 2515: 2511: 2505: 2492: 2488: 2487:Roman artwork 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2439: 2438:The Lion King 2434: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2402:A Chorus Line 2398: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2257:improvisation 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239:and Japanese 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2154: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069:collaborative 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:August Wilson 1989: 1985: 1984:Robert Lepage 1981: 1980:Robert Wilson 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Lee Strasberg 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:Expressionism 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:W. S. Gilbert 1898: 1897:F. C. Burnand 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:problem plays 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1816:from 1918 in 1815: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1709:Globe Theatre 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694:Covent Garden 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1643:Histriomastix 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553:Hasan ibn Ali 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1320: 1317: 1309: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: – 1266: 1262: 1261:Find sources: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1239:This article 1237: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1150: 1145: 1144:(1808–1832). 1143: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1075:), or clown ( 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 934: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908: 903: 898: 897:Roman theatre 894: 890: 886: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862: 857: 852: 848: 842: 838: 828: 826: 822: 818: 817:Roman culture 814: 813:Hellenization 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 771: 767: 763: 755: 751: 750: 744: 739: 732:Roman theatre 729: 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 659: 654: 649: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 584: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 530:City Dionysia 526: 524: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 467: 464: 459: 454: 446: 442: 438: 428: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361:Patrice Pavis 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 338:Ancient Greek 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 287: 282: 280: 275: 273: 268: 267: 265: 264: 259: 258:Ventriloquism 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 188:Circus skills 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 170: 167: 166: 162: 158: 157: 148: 147: 142: 138: 135: 133: 129: 126: 124: 123: 118: 114: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 92: 84: 75: 64: 55: 46: 41: 34: 19: 8662: 8645: 8628: 8611: 8599:from Commons 8594: 8573: 8558: 8522:Philistinism 8517:Antihumanism 8471: 8443: 8429:Nova Religio 8396: 8314: 8294:Hermeneutics 8249: 8242: 8127: 8066:Anthropology 7818:Running crew 7808:Video design 7742:Running crew 7641:Sound design 7596:Curtain Call 7517:Variety show 7444:20th century 7439:19th century 7385:Neoclassical 7362: 7331: 7265: 7242:. Retrieved 7236: 7209: 7194: 7179: 7164: 7149: 7134: 7116: 7101: 7083: 7067: 7066:, ed. 1983. 7049: 7034: 7033:, ed. 2008. 7031:Felski, Rita 7014: 6992: 6974: 6958: 6943: 6928: 6910: 6883: 6869: 6847: 6828: 6809: 6788: 6764: 6741: 6718: 6696: 6679: 6673: 6654: 6633: 6609: 6587: 6568: 6549: 6530: 6511: 6491: 6471: 6449: 6427: 6407: 6387: 6368: 6349: 6329: 6307: 6282: 6261: 6239: 6218: 6199: 6180: 6157: 6138: 6129: 6101: 6076: 6053: 6034: 6015: 5996: 5977: 5958: 5939: 5920: 5900: 5879:February 25, 5877:. Retrieved 5873: 5864: 5852:. Retrieved 5848: 5839: 5827:. Retrieved 5798: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5746: 5741:, p. 1. 5734: 5722: 5710: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5654:, p. 1. 5647: 5627:, p. 2. 5620: 5608: 5603:, p. 6. 5596: 5584: 5577:Carlson 1993 5572: 5560: 5553:Carlson 1993 5548: 5540: 5535: 5519: 5512:Taxidou 2004 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5432:. Retrieved 5422: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5367:Pfister 2000 5347: 5335: 5323:. Retrieved 5318: 5310: 5282: 5274: 5262:. Retrieved 5258: 5248: 5236: 5224:. Retrieved 5219: 5209: 5197:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5172:. Retrieved 5168:the original 5163: 5153: 5141:. Retrieved 5130: 5102: 5096: 5086:December 17, 5084:. Retrieved 5078: 5069: 5041: 5019: 5007: 4987: 4980: 4968:. Retrieved 4958: 4942: 4930: 4910: 4903: 4891: 4831:Brandon 1997 4826: 4819:Brandon 1997 4814: 4807:Brandon 1993 4768: 4763:, p. 3. 4761:Beacham 1996 4756: 4751:, p. 2. 4749:Beacham 1996 4744: 4737:Webster 1967 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4612:, p. 5. 4605: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4562:Taxidou 2004 4557: 4545: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4480:, p. 1. 4473: 4436:Pelling 2005 4431: 4419: 4412:Pelling 2005 4407: 4402:, p. 1. 4395: 4390:, p. 3. 4383: 4371: 4359: 4296:December 14, 4294:. Retrieved 4290: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4265: 4243:December 14, 4241:. Retrieved 4237: 4193: 4186:Carlson 1986 4181: 4161: 4142:epic theatre 4138:Augusto Boal 4115:Taxidou 2004 4107:Pfister 2000 4103:Carlson 1993 4097: 4079: 4070: 4055:Viola Spolin 4025: 4003: 3994: 3982: 3977:" (1949, 8). 3935: 3927: 3922: 3910: 3905: 3886:The Persians 3884: 3876: 3848:Peisistratid 3819: 3797: 3788: 3774: 3769: 3759: 3753: 3748: 3711: 3702: 3692: 3667: 3621: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3343: 3327: 3319: 3314:Teatro Colón 3300: 3293: 3284: 3272: 3206:Off West End 3202:Off-Broadway 3161: 3152: 3148: 3046: 2988: 2976:Viola Spolin 2964:Augusto Boal 2924:20th century 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2849:lyric poetry 2847:—as well as 2819: 2805: 2778:in Chicago. 2769: 2764:Viola Spolin 2758: 2743: 2718:epic theatre 2679: 2658:naturalistic 2646:Lope de Vega 2610:Elizabethans 2584: 2579: 2565: 2557: 2546: 2530:black comedy 2523: 2517: 2507: 2464:Off-Broadway 2461: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2423:(1986), and 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2378:My Fair Lady 2376: 2370: 2357:. After the 2355:20th century 2333:(especially 2312: 2288: 2277: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2186: 2179: 2176:19th century 2167: 2150: 2132: 2121: 2104: 2090: 2085:early modern 2052: 2024: 2000:Augusto Boal 1988:postcolonial 1940:Stanislavski 1932:20th century 1929: 1921:Henrik Ibsen 1895:'s operas); 1882: 1829:19th century 1827:Through the 1826: 1788: 1778: 1769: 1765:neoclassical 1750: 1744: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1706: 1688:. The first 1675: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1608: 1606: 1594: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1542: 1539:Shia Islamic 1528: 1521:shadow plays 1510: 1500:Central Java 1486: 1459:wayang kulit 1451:wayang golek 1436: 1399: 1395:Peking Opera 1388: 1385:Yuan dynasty 1381:Song dynasty 1378: 1374: 1359: 1338:Tang dynasty 1335: 1312: 1306:January 2024 1303: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1260: 1248:Please help 1243:verification 1240: 1195: 1187:Priyadarsika 1185: 1179: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1146: 1139: 1130: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1076: 1072: 1071:), heroine ( 1068: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1029: 1027: 1003:mythological 987:architecture 966: 963:Bharata Muni 958: 952: 950: 931: 928:Vedic period 905: 882: 859: 759: 747: 715: 703:Aristophanes 697: 683: 658:The Persians 656: 650: 645: 618: 596: 585: 578: 527: 520: 478: 392: 383: 381: 342: 300: 296: 295: 252: 144: 120: 117:Peking opera 45: 8371:Work of art 8339:Metaphysics 8300:Historicism 8145:Visual arts 8071:Archaeology 8059:Disciplines 8000:WikiProject 7866:Electrician 7631:Performance 7583:Scenography 7512:Radio drama 7405:Romanticism 7390:Restoration 7016:Anti-Œdipus 5676:Gordon 2006 5640:Banham 1998 5524:Gordon 2006 5461:Banham 1998 5024:Kuritz 1988 4970:October 10, 4622:Kovacs 2005 4451:Dukore 1974 4074:The first " 4063:Spolin 1999 4039:Gordon 1983 4018:Banham 1998 3988:Banham 1998 3909:Aristotle, 3852:Cleisthenes 3651:enunciation 3643:mimetically 3268: 1821 2956:Peter Brook 2876:or "plot", 2853:epic poetry 2801: 1600 2660:tragedy of 2642:Shakespeare 2453:(2015) and 2331:comic opera 2247:and modern 2106:Oedipus Rex 2097:Shakespeare 2041:performance 2037:represented 1990:theatre of 1905:Oscar Wilde 1891:(including 1833:Romanticism 1795:Abel Seyler 1793:poets, was 1656:Restoration 1623:Renaissance 1585:Statues of 1475:Mahabharata 1443:Indonesia's 1427:Wayang Wong 1342:Pear Garden 1119:Mahabharata 1054:natyadharmi 1019:Koodiyattam 1006:entertain. 959:Nātyaśāstra 851:Koodiyattam 646:didaskaliai 534:citizenship 466:phlyax play 369:specificity 103:Shakespeare 97:in 1899 as 8677:Categories 8630:Quotations 8332:Quadrivium 8257:Creativity 8223:Aesthetics 8150:Filmmaking 8135:Philosophy 8091:Literature 8052:Humanities 7990:Wiktionary 7674:Management 7578:Stagecraft 7432:Postmodern 7417:Naturalism 6715:Rehm, Rusj 5870:"About Us" 5854:January 8, 5688:Leach 2004 5625:Gauss 1999 5565:Janko 1987 5539:Aristotle 5526:, p. 5415:Jones 2003 5293:, Vol. 9, 5241:Black 2010 5012:Moreh 1986 4677:Brown 1998 4658:Brown 1998 4586:Brown 1998 4550:Styan 2000 4466:Janko 1987 4316:Brown 1998 4218:Pavis 1998 4144:projects ( 3915:line 1449a 3832:Eleutherae 3808:dithyrambs 3737:golden age 3662:universe." 3263:, London, 3069:playwright 3061:literature 3053:collective 3043:Stagecraft 3003:playwright 2999:literature 2995:autonomous 2855:, and the 2845:satyr play 2843:, and the 2772:Paul Sills 2704:). 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