1001:
1076:
928:, who had occupied it during the war. That acquisition had further advanced Prussia as a great European power, which now posed an increasing threat to Austria's central European position, and the growth of Prussia was welcomed by the British, who saw it as a means of balancing French power and reducing French influence in Germany, which might otherwise have grown in response to Austria's weakness. Conversely, the French, determined to impede further Prussian progress, were now willing to support Austria whose force had grown less intimidating.
305:
47:
213:
38:
943:
786:
442:
625:
461:, stayed with the Spanish crown, whereas the German regions remained with the Austrian branch of the dynasty within the Holy Roman Empire. France regarded the encirclement by the Habsburg powers as a permanent threat, and intervened in several years, to prevent Austro-Spanish domination in Europe. For example, in 1609, the death of
536:. France later joined the conflict, and like in the Jülich War and the 80 Years War, fought on the side of the Protestants in spite of the fact that France's national religion was Catholicism. This was for the political reason of attempting to prevent the Habsburgs from achieving total hegemony over the German lands.
696:. The fighting generally favoured France's armies, but by 1696 his country was in the grip of an economic crisis. The Maritime Powers (England and the Dutch Republic) were also financially exhausted, and when Savoy defected from the Alliance, all parties were keen to negotiate a settlement. By the terms of the
224:
During the late Middle Ages, the
Habsburgs, whose dominions consisted principally of Austria, and later Spain, sought alliances, principally through marriage, a policy which had the added benefit of gaining territory through marital inheritance. Territorial expansion in this way allowed the Habsburgs
1024:
and several states within the Holy Roman Empire. According to Chris McNab: "The problems faced by the
Austrian Emperor were in large part due to past Habsburg successes. Primarily through marriages, they had acquired many provinces with varied ethnic and racial populations – therefore, no universal
160:. The expansion of the Habsburgs into western Europe increasingly led to border tensions with the Kingdom of France, which found itself encircled by Habsburg territory. The subsequent rivalry between the two powers became a cause for several conflicts. These include parts of the
330:. The Italian peninsula, economically advanced but politically divided between several states, became the main battleground for European supremacy. The conflicts involved the major powers of Italy and Europe, in a series of events that followed the end of the 40-year long
749:
After two centuries, the rivalry had lost its original cause. After the potent decline of Spain, the 18th
Century witnessed a major restructuring in European politics. Austria, the dominant power in Central Europe, now had to face the rising power of
648:
ruler who had won numerous military victories. Using a combination of aggression, annexation, and quasi-legal means, Louis set about extending his gains to stabilize and strengthen France's frontiers, culminating in the brief
596:
and a
European coalition of Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Spain, England and Savoy. It was fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, North America and in India. It is sometimes considered the first
766:. And last, Britain's ever-growing might in Europe and America finally challenged the hegemony that France had upheld for years. Nevertheless, the two powers remained hostile for several decades.
562:
in 1659, Spain's power began its slow decline in what proved to be the last decades of a degenerating
Habsburg regime there. After their victory over the Turks in the second Turkish
617:
struggled for control of
England and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indigenous allies, today called
1483:. This varying nomenclature reflects the fact that contemporaries – as well as later historians – viewed the general conflict from particular national or dynastic viewpoints.
419:(1559), which put an end to the Italian Wars, had mixed results: France renounced its claims to territories in Italy, but gained certain other territories, including the
904:, crowned Emperor in 1745, she had been forced to relinquish valuable territory in the process. Under British diplomatic pressure, Maria Theresa had given up most of
708:
to its ruler and give up any gains on the right bank of the Rhine. Louis also accepted
William III as the rightful king of England, while the Dutch acquired a
981:, which ended the war in 1763, established France's withdrawal from the American continent and consolidated Prussian gains in Europe to Austria's detriment.
677:
and
William III brought the Dutch and the English into the war against France, the French king faced a powerful coalition aimed at curtailing his ambitions.
857:
A significant reversal in French–Habsburg relations known as the
Diplomatic Revolution, occurred in 1756. In a move masterminded by Austrian diplomat
973:
Despite early successes in the war, the Franco-Austrian alliance did not prevail. The war ended in a victory for
Britain and Prussia, aided by the
529:
661:(the revocation of the Edict of Nantes) in 1685 – led to the deterioration of his military and political dominance. Louis's decision to cross the
453:
Even though the realm of Charles V was divided between the German and the Spanish branches of his dynasty in 1556, most of the territories of the
1593:
1588:
1583:
807:
592:
The Nine Years' War (1688–1697), often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a conflict between
454:
524:. Eventually, the conflict spread from an intrastate rebellion into a full-scale war between two religious groups: the Protestant North
462:
1397:
858:
288:, united all of these possessions in 1519. France had the Habsburgs on three sides as its neighbor, with Spain to the south, the
17:
1227:
548:
1563:
1533:
1456:
1380:
1321:
1200:
renounced participation in state affairs and the Habsburg Monarchy was officially brought to an end with the passing of the
1042:
1244:
1145:
974:
1107:
1070:
833:
674:
544:
1000:
815:
1208:
Constitutional Assembly on 3 April 1919. France would play a major role in the creation of the postwar independent
947:
885:
513:
369:
257:
217:
165:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1185:
1061:, which saw the seventh and final coalition emerge victorious over the French and an end to the Coalition Wars.
466:
185:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1025:
language existed in the army." Due to difficulties such as this, the Austrian Army suffered defeats during the
967:
889:
811:
746:
in a Spain that was by now a second-rank power, and in bringing the Habsburg encirclement of France to an end.
470:
201:
1106:
of 1830, in which the Bourbon monarchy was overthrown. Hostilities between the two nations resumed during the
1613:
1193:
1091:
901:
865:
for the first time in over two hundred years. The alliance was sealed with the marriage of Austrian princess
721:
670:
633:
540:
521:
474:
393:
392:) to reinforce the anti-French alliance between Austria and Spain. The son of Philip and Joanna would become
285:
193:
189:
56:
416:
1249:
354:
197:
1041:, the ability of the Habsburgs to govern the Holy Roman Empire was dramatically weakened. This led to the
1173:
963:
878:
220:, whose expansion of the Holy Roman Empire through strategic marriage heightened Franco-Habsburg tension.
1205:
1054:
1050:
1038:
1259:
1189:
1026:
602:
977:
and Britain's control of the seas, and both France and Austria were left in weakened positions. The
349:
in 1494 on the ground of a dynastic claim. The French were however forced to leave Naples after the
1254:
1172:
declared war on Austria-Hungary in response to Austria's declarations against Serbia and Russia. A
1021:
862:
852:
796:
533:
884:
The diplomatic change was triggered by a separation of interests between Austria and Britain. The
1209:
1161:
925:
897:
800:
1373:
On the verge of war: international relations and the Jülich-Kleve succession crises (1609-1614)
1177:
978:
917:
658:
657:
guaranteed France's new borders for twenty years, but Louis's subsequent actions – notably his
610:
559:
409:
385:
342:
273:
1428:
DAVID PARROTT, The Mantuan Succession, 1627–31: A Sovereignty Dispute in Early Modern Europe,
1432:, Volume CXII, Issue 445, February 1997, Pages 20–65, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CXII.445.20
1295:
1169:
1099:
1017:
900:. Despite having successfully defended her claim to the Habsburg throne and had her husband,
775:
618:
389:
326:
The Italian Wars were a long series of wars fought between 1494 and 1559 in Italy during the
97:. The Habsburgs headed an expansive and evolving empire that included, at various times, the
1223:
1197:
1153:
1034:
501:
494:
436:
405:
289:
173:
141:
106:
8:
1141:
1111:
1083:
1004:
The Battle of Austerlitz, in which Habsburg power was crushed by the French forces under
962:, France, and Austria, broke out. France and Austria expanded upon the First Treaty with
937:
731:
727:
681:
650:
614:
593:
458:
446:
377:
277:
60:
555:
1095:
1094:
was one of peace between France and Austria, as the two monarchies participated in the
1075:
763:
751:
587:
554:
After 1648, France became predominant in central Europe. Following the peace treaty of
532:); and the Catholic powers of the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs as well as the German
517:
482:
350:
177:
130:
114:
110:
1539:
1529:
1452:
1376:
1327:
1317:
1239:
1013:
954:
Several months after the signing of the treaty, the Seven Years' War, which involved
870:
739:
735:
697:
666:
654:
645:
629:
381:
346:
281:
269:
246:
181:
161:
157:
149:
98:
94:
1181:
1165:
866:
709:
705:
641:
606:
563:
486:
424:
397:
373:
365:
261:
122:
118:
1053:. The Confederation was dissolved following Napoleon's defeat at the hands of the
570:
in 1683, the Austrian Habsburgs focused less and less on their conflicts with the
485:
intervened to prevent the Habsburgs from gaining more influence by supporting the
293:
1219:
1149:
1103:
1046:
1030:
743:
509:
401:
265:
82:
74:
1345:
1412:
1119:
1115:
995:
759:
755:
689:
571:
490:
420:
358:
304:
153:
145:
102:
1057:, which included Austria. Fighting between the two Empires resumed during the
396:
in 1519 succeeding Maximilian and controlling an Habsburg empire inclusive of
341:
The collapse of the alliance in the 1490s left Italy open to the ambitions of
1557:
1331:
1184:'s entry into the war in 1915. Austro-Hungarian defeat resulted in it ceding
1157:
1098:
in 1818. However, this alliance was dissolved following the death of Emperor
893:
335:
331:
308:
242:
1543:
1201:
1079:
1058:
321:
230:
169:
46:
27:
Territorial and military conflicts between the House of Habsburg and France
1311:
1020:
with assistance from several coalitions of monarchical nations, including
758:
finally grew to become a recognized great power after its success against
1523:
1135:
327:
212:
126:
1497:
665:
in September 1688 was designed to extend his influence and pressure the
504:
began in 1618 as a result of conflict between the Protestant estates in
1525:
The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933
598:
1152:
under the Habsburg Emperor. In 1879, Austria-Hungary entered into the
942:
1214:
874:
693:
685:
37:
1396:
Gemeentearchief, Amsterdam (Netherlands); Scheltema, Pieter (1866).
785:
478:
1375:. Studies in Central European histories. Boston: Humanities Press.
1123:
1016:
was opposed by the Habsburgs in Austria, who sought to destroy the
1005:
905:
284:, who became heir to the Spanish thrones. Joanna and Philip's son,
234:
137:
1313:
Italy : a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present
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1280:
The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation
955:
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system in the Spanish Netherlands to help secure their borders.
959:
701:
567:
226:
90:
1492:
Franz A.J. Szabo, "Prince Kaunitz and the Balance of Power."
1294:. (2011). "Tu felix Austria nube 1430–1570". Retrieved from:
913:
662:
238:
680:
The main fighting took place around France's borders in the
989:
970:, which was founded on the Westminster Convention of 1756.
1296:
http://www.habsburger.net/en/stories/tu-felix-austria-nube
738:, which caused the War of the Spanish Succession. In the
1395:
1045:, which was divided between France and the newly formed
673:
and the German princes resolved to resist, and when the
516:, who was heir to Austria. Ferdinand II was deposed as
1168:
in 1894 and 1904 respectively. On 12 August 1914, the
877:. The alliance was formalised with the signing of the
1512:. (London, Great Britain: Oxford Publishing). p. 168.
669:
into accepting his territorial and dynastic claims.
253:– "Let others wage war. You, happy Austria, marry!"
1086:, which secured the Austrian withdrawal from Italy.
644:in 1678 as the most powerful monarch in Europe, an
632:and just prior to Louis XIV's last great war, the
1555:
628:Map of European borders as they stood after the
245:. This practice was described by Hungarian king
125:until the dissolution of the monarchy following
1451:. Modern wars in perspective. London: Longman.
920:. Finally, the valuable Bohemian crown land of
539:Corresponding to the Thirty Years' War was the
1419:. (London, Britain: Osprey Publishing). p. 7.
1160:. In response, France entered into alliances
1316:. New York, NY: Facts On File. p. 342.
734:claimed the Spanish throne for his grandson
715:
846:
814:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
543:, which erupted in 1628. France backed the
311:of Spain and Portugal between 1580 and 1640
276:, in 1477. Nineteen years later, their son
251:Bella gerant alii, tu felix Austria, nube!
1479:, or in North American historiography as
834:Learn how and when to remove this message
528:states (which later included Denmark and
1471:Older texts may refer to the war as the
1399:Inventaris van het Amsterdamsche Archief
1370:
1074:
999:
990:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
968:an alliance of Great Britain and Prussia
941:
769:
623:
481:in the name of the Emperor, French king
463:John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
440:
334:agreed in 1454 with the formation of an
303:
211:
1521:
1282:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 93.
1114:victory which resulted in the gains of
966:and, along with Russia, fought against
489:. France also supported the protestant
368:was the political marriage arranged by
14:
1556:
1064:
299:
1594:18th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1589:17th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1584:16th century in the Habsburg monarchy
1309:
1174:western front against Austria-Hungary
1090:The period immediately following the
984:
152:(1438–1806). All these lands were in
63:initiated the French-Habsburg rivalry
1446:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1305:
1303:
1043:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
812:adding citations to reliable sources
779:
742:, Louis succeeded in installing the
700:(1697) France retained the whole of
558:in 1648 and, more particularly, the
430:
87:Habsburgisch-französischer Gegensatz
1528:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
975:miracle of the House of Brandenburg
931:
24:
1417:The Thirty Years' War: 1618 – 1648
1071:Second Italian War of Independence
1049:, leading to the formation of the
964:a further treaty concluded in 1757
581:
25:
1625:
1435:
1300:
140:, the Habsburg dynasty ruled the
1449:The wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714
1102:in 1825 and France's subsequent
784:
726:With the death of the childless
370:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
364:An important consequence of the
166:War of the Burgundian Succession
89:) describes the rivalry between
45:
36:
1515:
1502:
1486:
1465:
1192:signed 3 November 1918. At the
640:Louis XIV had emerged from the
601:. The conflict encompassed the
547:, and the Habsburgs backed the
315:
225:to gain territories throughout
1473:War of the Palatine Succession
1422:
1406:
1389:
1364:
1338:
1285:
1272:
1129:
1082:with the French forces at the
1037:on 2 December 1805 during the
946:Europe in the years after the
890:War of the Austrian Succession
207:
79:Rivalité franco-habsbourgeoise
13:
1:
1510:Armies of the Napoleonic Wars
1477:War of the English Succession
1430:The English Historical Review
1265:
1194:Armistice of 11 November 1918
1140:In the aftermath of the 1866
722:War of the Spanish Succession
634:War of the Spanish Succession
541:War of the Mantuan Succession
522:Frederick V of the Palatinate
394:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
57:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
1494:International History Review
1402:(in Dutch). Stads-Drukkerij.
1371:Anderson, Alison D. (1999).
1148:resulted in the creation of
1122:for France, and the loss of
7:
1233:
1212:by insisting on forbidding
136:In addition to holding the
10:
1630:
1292:The World of The Hapsburgs
1133:
1068:
1051:Confederation of the Rhine
1039:War of the Third Coalition
993:
935:
879:First Treaty of Versailles
850:
773:
719:
585:
434:
417:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis
412:, thus encircling France.
319:
256:Following this tradition,
1352:. Encyclopedia Britannica
1190:Armistice of Villa Giusti
948:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
716:War of Spanish Succession
704:but was forced to return
603:Williamite war in Ireland
497:against Habsburg Spain.
138:Austrian hereditary lands
1564:Austria–France relations
1250:Austria–France relations
894:Maria Theresa of Austria
888:which had concluded the
886:Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
873:, who later became King
859:Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz
853:Franco-Austrian Alliance
847:Franco-Austrian Alliance
353:formed an alliance with
1210:First Austrian Republic
1166:with the United Kingdom
1150:Austro-Hungarian Empire
71:French–Habsburg rivalry
18:French-Habsburg rivalry
1579:18th century in France
1574:17th century in France
1569:16th century in France
1522:Steiner, Zara (2005).
1447:Lynn, John A. (1999).
1310:Sarti, Roland (2004).
1224:Treaties of Versailles
1087:
1018:Revolutionary Republic
1009:
951:
896:dissatisfied with the
659:Edict of Fontainebleau
637:
560:Treaty of the Pyrenees
455:Burgundian Inheritance
450:
410:Burgundian Netherlands
386:Ferdinand II of Aragon
343:Charles VIII of France
312:
292:to the north, and the
274:Burgundian Netherlands
221:
86:
78:
55:The conflicts between
1609:18th century in Spain
1604:17th century in Spain
1599:16th century in Spain
1508:Chris McNab. (2011).
1496:1#3 (1979): 399–408.
1260:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
1228:Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1188:to Italy through the
1170:French Third Republic
1100:Alexander I of Russia
1078:
1003:
945:
924:had been given up to
861:, France and Austria
776:Diplomatic Revolution
770:Diplomatic Revolution
627:
495:independence struggle
444:
372:for his son, through
307:
215:
180:(1688–1697), and the
1614:Geopolitical rivalry
1255:French–German enmity
1218:– or union with the
1198:Charles I of Austria
1176:was opened upon its
1035:Battle of Austerlitz
1027:French Revolutionary
912:, as well as ceding
808:improve this section
473:was sent by Emperor
148:(1504–1700) and the
1278:1. R. J. W. Evans,
1142:Austro-Prussian War
1108:Franco-Austrian War
1092:Bourbon Restoration
1084:Battle of Solferino
1065:Franco-Austrian War
926:Frederick the Great
732:Louis XIV of France
728:Charles II of Spain
682:Spanish Netherlands
651:War of the Reunions
609:in Scotland, where
594:Louis XIV of France
447:Peace of Westphalia
390:Isabella of Castile
378:Philip the Handsome
300:Early modern period
278:Philip the Handsome
258:Archduke Maximilian
216:Holy Roman Emperor
61:Francis I of France
1481:King William's War
1245:Franco-Spanish War
1146:Compromise of 1867
1096:Quintuple Alliance
1088:
1010:
985:Late modern period
952:
764:Great Northern War
638:
619:King William's War
471:Archduke Leopold V
467:succession dispute
451:
351:Republic of Venice
345:, who invaded the
313:
222:
131:late modern period
1535:978-0-19-151881-2
1458:978-0-582-05628-2
1382:978-0-391-04092-2
1323:978-0-8160-7474-7
1240:Anglo-French Wars
1014:French Revolution
958:, Great Britain,
916:to Spain and the
892:in 1748 had left
871:Dauphin of France
844:
843:
836:
740:treaty of Utrecht
698:Treaty of Ryswick
667:Holy Roman Empire
655:Truce of Ratisbon
630:Treaty of Ryswick
549:Duke of Guastalla
502:Thirty Years' War
445:Europe after the
437:Thirty Years' War
431:Thirty Years' War
347:Kingdom of Naples
282:Joanna of Castile
247:Matthias Corvinus
176:(1618–1648), the
174:Thirty Years' War
172:(1494–1559), the
168:(1477–1482), the
164:(1066–1815), the
162:Anglo-French Wars
158:Emperor Charles V
150:Holy Roman Empire
99:Holy Roman Empire
95:House of Habsburg
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1182:Kingdom of Italy
1110:in 1859, Franco-
938:Seven Years' War
932:Seven Years' War
918:house of Bourbon
898:British alliance
867:Marie Antoinette
839:
832:
828:
825:
819:
788:
780:
710:barrier fortress
642:Franco-Dutch War
607:Jacobite risings
520:and replaced by
487:Protestant Union
457:, including the
425:Three Bishoprics
374:Mary of Burgundy
366:League of Venice
355:Habsburg Austria
200:(1733–1736) and
123:High Middle Ages
119:Diet of Augsburg
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1220:Weimar Republic
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1104:July Revolution
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1067:
1055:Sixth Coalition
1047:Austrian Empire
1031:Napoleonic Wars
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987:
979:Treaty of Paris
940:
934:
902:Francis Stephen
855:
849:
840:
829:
823:
820:
805:
789:
778:
772:
744:Bourbon dynasty
724:
718:
653:(1683–84). The
590:
588:Nine Years' War
584:
582:Nine Years' War
534:Catholic League
518:King of Bohemia
439:
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324:
318:
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182:succession wars
178:Nine Years' War
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1066:
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996:Coalition Wars
994:Main article:
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851:Main article:
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842:
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792:
790:
783:
774:Main article:
771:
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754:in the north.
730:in 1700, King
720:Main article:
717:
714:
690:Duchy of Savoy
675:States General
621:by Americans.
586:Main article:
583:
580:
572:Ottoman Empire
545:Duke of Nevers
491:Dutch Republic
435:Main article:
432:
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421:Pale of Calais
382:Joanna the Mad
320:Main article:
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154:personal union
103:Spanish Empire
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1127:
1126:for Austria.
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863:became allies
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793:This section
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384:(daughter of
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339:
337:
336:Italic League
333:
332:Peace of Lodi
329:
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310:
309:Iberian Union
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297:
296:to the east.
295:
294:Franche-Comté
291:
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248:
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243:Low Countries
240:
236:
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204:(1740–1748).
203:
199:
196:(1700–1713),
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192:(1628–1631),
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188:(1609-1614),
187:
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155:
151:
147:
144:(1482–1794),
143:
142:Low Countries
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39:
30:
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1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
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1291:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1213:
1202:Habsburg Law
1139:
1089:
1080:Napoleon III
1059:Hundred Days
1033:. After the
1011:
972:
953:
883:
856:
830:
824:October 2021
821:
806:Please help
794:
748:
725:
679:
639:
591:
553:
538:
514:Ferdinand II
499:
452:
414:
380:who married
363:
340:
325:
322:Italian Wars
316:Italian Wars
255:
250:
231:Spanish Road
229:such as the
223:
218:Maximilian I
170:Italian Wars
135:
70:
68:
29:
1178:former ally
1162:with Russia
1136:World War I
1130:World War I
611:William III
459:Netherlands
328:Renaissance
290:Netherlands
264:, the last
208:Middle Ages
127:World War I
1558:Categories
1415:. (2010).
1350:Britannica
1266:References
599:global war
508:and their
477:to occupy
408:, and the
1332:191029034
1215:Anschluss
1156:with the
1112:Sardinian
881:in 1756.
875:Louis XVI
795:does not
694:Catalonia
686:Rhineland
671:Leopold I
493:in their
475:Rudolf II
268:ruler of
249:' quote:
117:from the
69:The term
1544:86068902
1498:in JSTOR
1234:See also
1222:–in the
1206:Austrian
1124:Lombardy
1029:and the
1006:Napoleon
906:Lombardy
736:Philip V
706:Lorraine
646:absolute
615:James II
512:monarch
510:Catholic
483:Henry IV
465:, led a
423:and the
280:married
272:and the
270:Burgundy
260:married
241:and the
235:Burgundy
93:and the
1356:6 March
1204:by the
1022:Britain
956:Prussia
950:in 1748
922:Silesia
910:Bavaria
869:to the
816:removed
801:sources
762:in the
752:Prussia
576:Balkans
574:in the
556:Munster
506:Bohemia
469:. When
406:Austria
398:Castile
286:Charles
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121:in the
115:Hungary
111:Bohemia
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479:Jülich
449:, 1648
402:Aragon
266:Valois
227:Europe
198:Poland
190:Mantua
186:Jülich
156:under
101:, the
91:France
83:German
75:French
1116:Savoy
914:Parma
663:Rhine
564:siege
359:Spain
239:Milan
194:Spain
146:Spain
1540:OCLC
1530:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1358:2023
1328:OCLC
1318:ISBN
1226:and
1164:and
1120:Nice
1118:and
1012:The
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