Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

2075: 50: 4152:-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some of them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor would undertake new voyages of discovery on their own. Neither by sea nor by land. -In the colonizations: parcels would be prohibited from the first life; Indian slaves would be freed (it was forbidden to make them slaves in the future); a revision of the repartimientos de indios (to the Audiencias) would be ordered so that those that some Spaniards had in excess would pass to the Crown; All the Indians that private individuals had without legitimate title would be transferred to the Crown; it would be forbidden to charge the natives (except where it was inexcusable); moderate rates would be imposed on taxes and services; Rates and tributes would be completely abolished in those places where the Indians had been subjected to fierce exploitation (The 6566: 6554: 5292: 5342: 5319: 5269: 5246: 3029:

uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases ... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly ... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me.

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would frighten the devil". Terrence McIntosh notes that, Charles V, like his grandfather, "relied heavily on German military manpower, fearsome landsknechts, as well as redoubtable Swiss-German mercenaries. Maximilian invaded northern Italy in 1496, 1508, and repeatedly between 1509 and 1516. Soon after the Imperial election in 1519, Charles V was waging war there. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering between six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months."

6357: 6012: 3102:. He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died. Following his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off. 17820: 3114:. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson 6586: 18037: 6265: 6628:

Historically seen as a great ruler by some or a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned. References to Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name.

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archduke. Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar. Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant". Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.

24174: 6035: 492: 6334: 5492: 4070:, wanted to be sure that their power was beyond reproach. Therefore, it was ordered to stop all military companies in the overseas domains until a board of wise men ruled on the fairest way to carry them out, seriously considering the total or partial abandonment of the New World until the imperial doubt was resolved, regarding how to avoid in the future the possibility of abusive discoveries, overwhelming conquests and predatory colonizations that were based on the oppressive exploitation of indigenous labor. 19016: 4810: 3143: 5989: 5468: 6081: 6449: 6311: 1370:, respectively his step-grandmother and aunt, his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace. The death in July 1500 of the young heir presumptive Miguel de Paz to the Iberian realms of his maternal grandparents meant baby Charles's future inheritance potentially expanded to include Castile, Aragon, and the overseas possessions in the Americas. 5966: 1701: 6196: 6104: 2969: 18626: 4994: 1841: 1445: 6426: 5545:. Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor". 1374: 17722: 6672: 6173: 5942: 22783: 24432: 5219: 3572:

long as it guaranteed the delivery of court mail at clearly defined speeds, regulated by time sheets to be filled in by the post riders on the way to their destination. In return, imperial privileges guaranteed exemption from local taxes, local jurisdiction, and military service. 21 The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations." He confirmed Jannetto's son

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weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude. Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter

2369: 3794: 847: 6058: 2302:. Others point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part. The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction. 3230:

spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions. As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey".

2003:, which Charles suppressed. Comuneros released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King 5092:. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the 5552:, during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of king of Hungary, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to 3016:(reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour of his son Philip as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery. During the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor 1650:("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo" — "it is Austria's destiny to rule the world"; although its exact meaning remains disputed). Charles staunchly defended Catholicism as Lutheranism spread. Various German princes broke with him on religious grounds, fighting against him. Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of 676:. With no fixed capital, he made 40 journeys through the different entities he ruled and spent a quarter of his reign travelling within his realms. Although his empire came to him peacefully, he spent most of his life waging war, exhausting his revenues and leaving debts in his attempt to defend the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the 3859:, which still perceived a significant threat from Islam. The conquest of central Mexico, bringing a high indigenous civilization under Spanish rule, compelled Charles to grapple with creating structures of institutional rule in the Americas. Charles had begun creating councils to oversee aspects of his realms, first reorganizing the existing 5041:. The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options. Instead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister 4700:, Sieur de Chièves, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. He was tough taskmaster, and when questioned about it he said "Cousin, I am the defender and guardian of his youth. I do not want him to be incapable because he has not understood affairs nor been trained to work." 5156:; the emperor made provisions for the child in a secret codicil to his will. As with his other out-of-wedlock children, the baby was taken from the mother. He met this son once. The relationship was not revealed to his legitimate children in his lifetime, but they became aware of the relationship after his death. 965:), Maximilian and his descendants fought wars aplenty (Maximilian alone fought 27 wars during his four decades of ruling). His general strategy was to combine his intricate systems of alliance, wars, military threats and offers of marriage to realize his expansionist ambitions. Ultimately he succeeded in coercing 5112:

The marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two

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Due to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe, as well

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After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against

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Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarch's own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions. By contrast,

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Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly

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would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage brought him the additional titles as "monarch of the Canaries and of the Indies, the isles of mainland, and the Ocean Sea." Marrying Isabella would allow Charles to have her serve as regent in Spain whenever he

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to replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transshipped to

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in Augsburg. For example, of nearly 2 million escudos' worth of treasury, the largest recipient was Germany, followed by the Low Countries. Charles's travels throughout his reign also show his priority quite clearly: he visited Italy on seven occasions, France on four, and England and Africa on two,

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The New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side

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Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.

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Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of

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would defend the opposite. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. It was the first time that kings and philosophers conceded that

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New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his indigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549, Charles ordered the Council of the Indies to stop all the conquests until it was certain that Spain was acting in accordance with

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After his father's death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the contract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as

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His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German polity, despite the fact that in the

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in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops in the first half of the 16th century for their brutal and ruthless efficiency, with a French saying going "a Landsknecht thrown out heaven couldn't get in hell because he

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had formed an alliance with Spain and were instrumental in the overthrow of the Aztecs and other conquests in the Americas. Charles’ decrees recognized their contributions and promised that Tlaxcala’s autonomy would be preserved. His treatment of the Tlaxcallans and other friendly native peoples as

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According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of France; the never-ending

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When I was nineteen ... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms ... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and

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threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation. The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on 20 June. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably

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You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church ... After their deaths they left, by

1942:, he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his instatement throughout the kingdom. Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King. 6627:

Charles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign.

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Some advisors considered him physically weak and used that as a reason for him to delay his marriage to Mary Tudor. A diplomat in Charles's court described him as "not much of a womaniser" and did not have out of wedlock children during his marriage. He suffered from fainting spells, which might

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Overall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he

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The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.

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in the 1520s and about 4.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1540s. Ferdinand I's annual revenue totalled between 1.7 million and 1.9 million Venetian ducats (2.15–2.5 million florin or Rhine gulden). Their chief enemy, the Ottomans, had a more streamlined and profitable system, yielding in total 10

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failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne, so Charles remained the heir presumptive to the Iberian realms. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognised as Prince of Asturias (heir presumptive of Castile) and honorific Archduke

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In the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda, who conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system.

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His opponents, chiefly France, found a counterweight though, by the alliance with the Ottoman Empire, which Francis I admitted to be the only force that could prevent the Habsburgs from transforming European states into a Europe-wide empire. Moreover, Charles V's military might frightened other

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Charles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent envoys (earlier than other secular powers). The

2662:, acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige. 1995:. This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold absolute power in the country. 2879:

began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened

6766:, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. Conversely, in 3109:

in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the Monastery of San Lorenzo de

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natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present.

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rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the

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Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the

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By 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King

2062:. Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the 13671:

Puype, Jan Piet (2018). "Wilfried Tittmann, Die Nürnberger Handfeuerwaffen vom Spätmittelalter bis zum Frühbarock: Der Beitrag Nürnbergs zur Militärischen Revolution der frühen Neuzeit (= The Portable Firearms of Nuremberg from the Late Middle Ages to the Early Modern Age)".

4148:. Given this, there was no longer talks about conquest, but about pacification, so urbanization was resumed, with specific instructions to avoid harm to the Indians. The regulations on how to act in the future, in terms of discoveries and colonizations, were the following: 5060:, and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only six years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry. 5152:, a teenager exactly the same age as his son Philip." He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The child named Gerónimo, later became known as 3870:

Unlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court

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European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. After the Battle of Pavia, the European rulers united to prevent harsh terms from being placed upon France.

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16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by

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of the Atlantic: again and again, it was bullion from the Indies – a fifth of total revenue – which either funded campaigns against the French, Turks, and German princes directly, or provided the security against which the Emperor could borrow the great banking

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prudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." The violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by

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He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey."

1621:, was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest. 2282:. According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520, he was crowned in Germany and some ten years later, on 14998: 1887:, Archbishop of Zaragoza, (an illegitimate son of King Ferdinand) expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the 5028:

After his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin

3957:. In the Americas, Charles was forced to temper the initial order ending inheritance, allowing grants to be passed on to one further generation, but he refused to yield on the question of allowing enslavement of the indigenous. 3936:'s long term campaign to protect indigenous populations from Spanish conquerors' exploitation influenced Charles's new policy. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy, 1606:), later became the national motto of Spain and features on the country's flag as part of the Spanish coat of arms since the 18th century. However, at his accession to the Iberian thrones, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince. 4744:, and spoke Latin. A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." A variant of the quote is attributed to him by 3118:, the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter 2534:, the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the 5104:

in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century.

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reported that Philip often visited and they had lots of fun. The couple's unhappy marriage and Joanna's unstable mental state however created many difficulties, making it unsafe for the children to stay with the parents.

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and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Castilian

6901:. With the announcement that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares an amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of Elvira. The opera, based on the 4778:. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory. 13056:"A Habsburg–Persian alliance against the Ottomans finally brought a respite from the Turkish threat in the 1540s. This entanglement kept Suleiman tied down on his eastern border, relieving the pressure on Carlos V" in 3427:. Later they would become "the most formidable fighting force of the sixteenth century". The original tercios were exclusively Spanish and this situation remained until Philip II organized the Italian tercios in 1584. 3097:

and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was revealed in the twenty-first century to be

13128: 3510:, a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I, Pope Clement VII, Francis I, the Duke of Cleves, the Duke of Saxony, and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse 1524:

in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel. The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both

13121:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois [manuscript]" 3987:

The question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of

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Therefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed, but it was recognized that the Indians were people with their own rights as de las Casas paid for and enshrined in the New Laws, together with the

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on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the Emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by

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Philip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of

1019:. Both heirs to the crowns of Castile and Aragon John and Isabella died in 1498, and the Catholic Monarchs desired to keep the Spanish kingdoms in Iberian hands, so they designated their Portuguese grandson 10909:

Several sources claim he abdicated on 27 August, while others give 3 August or 7 September Moreover, his abdication was not recognized by the prince-electors until February 1558, on either the 24th or 28th.

3964:, who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar to the treatment of 1334:

into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth.

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in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.

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Although even at the beginning of his reign, his position was more powerful than that of any of his predecessors, the decentralized structure of the Empire proved resilient, not least because of the

626:. Heir of his grandparents, Charles inherited his family dominions at a young age. After his father's death in 1506, he inherited the Low Countries. In 1516 he became King of Spain as co-monarch of 3350:

Under the organization and patronage of Maximilian I, Southern Germany had become the leading arms industry region of the 16th century, rivalled only by Northern Italy with the chief centers being

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in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by

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massacred 12,000 invaders. Leaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns which would be recovered to furnish the ramparts of Algiers, Charles' army was taken prisoner in such numbers that the

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to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the

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Thus, after the commemoration of Ferdinand II's obsequies on 14 March 1516, Charles was proclaimed king of the crowns of Castile and Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, when the Castilian

1744:. Since he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay 1415:. Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude. Ferdinand's new marriage with 3719:. Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and Charles in Vienna. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style. 2054:

Protestant heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the

3041:

in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the

2329:, who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". Afterwards, Ferdinand managed to gain control of 15564:"Henry VIII: June 1518, 1–15 pp. 1302–1311 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515–1518. Originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1864" 3757:

had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to

3243:

and spent six long stays in Spain itself, but he travelled to Flanders and Germany on no fewer than nineteen occasions; he never visited the Americas. His imperial status stemmed from the

6780:

under his rule, his punishment being that he would feel the pain of anyone tortured by the Inquisition. De Coster's book also mentions the story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of

3993:

the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade.

2186:, one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the 12443: 12432: 13868:

Jean-Marie Le Gall, « Les Combattants de Pavie. Octobre 1524 – 24 février 1525 », Revue historique, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, no 671, juillet 2014, pp. 567–596

11442: 6541: 3233:

Charles never traveled to his overseas possessions in the Americas, since such a transatlantic crossing to a place not central to his political interests at the time was unthinkable.

15739: 3377:

of Milan were among the foremost families of armourers of the time. Under Charles V, the Spanish arms industry was also significantly expanded, with significant improvements of the

15679: 12506: 3247:, not the global sweep of his lands. In short, the Holy Roman Empire, not the emerging Spanish empire, provided the Imperial context in which the ambitions of Charles V played out. 15087:

All Mankind is One: A study of the Disputation Between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indian

2665:

In 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a

3968:

rebels early in his Iberian rule. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown. Relatively early in his rule, Charles assigned a concession (1528) in

1961:; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the Crown of Aragon. 3738:, becoming a friend of the artist. These portraits helped to spread the image of Charles as a powerful ruler and protector of Christendom, promoting his image as an enlightened 2481:(1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy. 49: 5597:. However, the Byzantine imperial title was never formally hereditary and rested on possession of that city, which led to imperial status being claimed by the Ottoman sultans. 5164:

Charles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed.

3514:

The Habsburg expansion and consolidation of rule was accompanied by remarkable development of communication, diplomatic and espionage systems. In 1495, Emperor Maximilian and

13120: 4672:

His father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists

3924:(1544). As it became clear that establishing royal control was important, Charles sought to undermine growing power of the group of conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, awarded 16289: 3573: 926:. The political marriage of Philip and Joanna was first conceived in a letter sent by Maximilian to Ferdinand to seal an Austro-Spanish alliance, established as part of the 22008: 14520: 13581: 12265: 11956: 11870: 4133:

written in the treaties. Never before had a European people wondered in such depth where their own rights of the victor ended, and where the rights of the defeated begin.

15608: 12580:

Claims that he gained the imperial crown through bribery have been questioned. H.J. Cohn, "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?"

1520:) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian 5408:

Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon or attached to the household of

14851: 5072:. A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000 2022:

After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the

1987:) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the parliament kept piling up grievances. 2920:

by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to

12245: 11936: 11850: 2500:, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, 16305:

Enepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].

3408:

Charles V also favoured German heavy cavalry, although costly. Many cavalrymen and noblemen fighting for Charles V were of Burgundian extraction, often part of the

822:

and abandoned his multi-national project with abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son

27780: 27735: 26205:

Generations are numbered by male-line descent from the first archdukes. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919.

3548:, who negotiated new standards for the systems with the Taxis, and unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in 2799:

and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in

11522: 3130:

behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson

1923:, while Charles became governor general. Nevertheless, the Flemings wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by Emperor Maximilian I and 15103: 11646:

Kaiser Maximilian I. : Bewahrer und Reformer; [Katalog zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung vom 2.8. bis 31.10.2002 im Reichskammergerichtsmuseum Wetzlar]

4113: 12397: 11207: 2774:

and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise

947:

in 1486, Charles's paternal grandfather Maximilian had carried a very financially risky policy of maximum expansionism, relying mostly on the resources of the

21138: 6585: 2688:. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the 1975:, and he was recognized as King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona jointly with his mother, while his mother was kept confined and could only rule in name. The 1983:

jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre (

15701: 980:

The fact that the marriages between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras, originally conceived as a marital alliance against France, would bring the crowns of

27830: 6606: 2827: 2578: 16197:

Dixon, C. Scott (1 January 2003). "Charles V and the Historians: Some Recent German Works on the Emperor and his Reign". German History. 21 (1): 104–124.

12464: 20147: 17010: 15839: 13971: 3219: 2928:

from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the

1813:

in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from

12355: 12336: 12312: 12289: 6920:, the final scene implies that it is Charles V, now living the last years of his life as a hermit, who rescues his grandson, Don Carlo, from his father 3012:

The most famous – and only public – abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the

1572:. Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 while confined, allegedly because she was mentally ill. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself 26943: 26505: 21158: 20073: 16141:

Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck : The Museum of Military History in Vienna. The museum and its representative rooms. Kiesel Verlag, Salzburg 1981,

15202: 14975: 14960: 5291: 5144:

During his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,

1728:. The latter territories mostly lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire and 16081: 961:

or "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee.", reportedly spoken by

26683: 22076: 12892: 1665:, many of which were represented at his imperial court. Many German princes, noblemen and generals led his military campaigns against France and the 15571: 26948: 26582: 24764: 24055: 22745: 16473:

Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Spanish Reformation: Institutional Reform, Taxation, and the Secularization of Ecclesiastical Properties under Charles V",

6772: 4138:"After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces." 1945:

Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian

11682: 3289:

important allies rather than conquered subjects ensured strong support from Tlaxcala and other allied native groups for the next three centuries.

2858:

required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an

688:. Charles borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, to repay them, relied on the wealth of the Low Countries and on flow of silver from 27025: 21623: 16253: 4116:) together with the jurisconsults of the Council of the Indies. Bartolomé de las Casas would defend that the wars of conquest were unjust, while 3469:

He often had to depend on loans from bankers. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the

21118: 15888: 13774:

Rüstungsgeschäfte im dreissigjährigen Krieg: Unternehmerkräfte, Militärgüter und Marktstrategien im Handel zwischen Genua, Amsterdam und Hamburg

6527:, as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the 3435: 1814: 26933: 26905: 26723: 26617: 26531: 11547: 7044: 6797: 5590: 4708:

Charles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking

4038:

was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the

25887: 12440: 12426: 5129:. Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the 3541:. The system quickly converged with the European trade system and an emerging market for news, spurring a pan-Europe communication revolution 3045:

assembled at Frankfurt only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559. The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and

2819:, in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace. 26703: 26673: 25603: 24824: 22172: 22081: 21168: 17467: 12982: 11458: 5486: 4912: 4020: 3167: 3127: 3078: 1497: 16532: 12164: 12082: 27216: 26187: 23777: 20773: 20131: 19221: 18230: 17972: 13433: 11925:

Charles was made honorific Archduke by Maximilian in 1508, and was recognized Prince of Asturias by the Castilian cortes in 1504 and 1510.

6911:, portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler. 6655:

intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the

3625: 16112: 15731: 14897:

History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes

14578: 5341: 5318: 5268: 5245: 3877:

to administer justice. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending

3049:

rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526.

2008: 1586:. Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and 27785: 25998: 25958: 25895: 25679: 18752: 18496: 17758: 15671: 6040: 5502:

Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by

4754:, but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to 1748:

to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.

16946: 16329: 15360: 15331: 15302: 15269: 15239: 14410: 12382: 2557:, but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, 2155:

in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the

2015:

surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and

27710: 27030: 26928: 26698: 18906: 11294: 5398: 3852: 2473:

the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the

14911: 11388: 27685: 24591: 23527: 22120: 15930: 13522:

The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas

4096:

and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as

16783: 12310:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada en los Países Bajos (1505–1506); José María de Francisco Olmos

11591:

The high and puissant princess Marguerite of Austria, princess dowager of Spain, duchess dowager of Savoy, regent of the Netherlands

3366:. Charles V continued with the development of mass production (and standardization of gun caliber), which greatly affected warfare. 2945: 2904:, Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with 27725: 27720: 27695: 27690: 26860: 26541: 24921: 21988: 21092: 19770: 15532: 4692:, which advocated simplicity and promoted a cult of indigence and deprivation. The Brethren had many important members, including 3215: 1346:

and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the

16281: 15325: 11146: 5397:, Seigneur de Montigny, daughter of Gilles Johann van der Gheynst and wife Johanna van der Caye van Cocamby. Married firstly with 27356: 26953: 26627: 26413: 21072: 16724: 14501: 10191: 5453: 5283: 5069: 4936: 4256: 3660:, Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first 3584:

Habsburg network developed in parallel to their postal system. Charles V combined the Spanish and the Imperial systems into one.

2847:

was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the

2689: 2591: 2182:

In 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of

1763:). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523. 415: 17819: 13847: 13618:'The Confusion of the Battlefield: A New Perspective on the Tapestries of the Battle of Pavia (c. 1525–1528)', RIHA Journal 0102 12261: 11952: 11866: 2822:

Following this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial

2205:

consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the

27865: 27715: 27670: 27573: 27288: 26546: 26443: 26438: 25559: 25551: 25229: 25221: 24770: 11267: 10319: 10304: 5017:

of England, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Cardinal

4618: 4034:

Since the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the

3728: 588: 55: 20210: 17260: 11366: 2699:, the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. A Turkish 27800: 27705: 27700: 26976: 26835: 26825: 26799: 26577: 26459: 26418: 26392: 26382: 26022: 25871: 25791: 25711: 25695: 21846: 19957: 15141: 13972:"H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 H-German H-Net" 13593: 11572: 10478: 10206: 9971: 9941: 6488: 5656: 3996:

Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the

3312: 3163: 2408: 1669:

or accompanied him in his travels, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial

1509: 1394:, which were reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, when her mother Isabella died, Joanna became 1367: 1363: 1016: 20808: 20677: 20304: 20300: 16463:

Espinosa, Aurelio. "The Grand Strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, War, and Dynastic Priority in the Mediterranean",

26850: 26840: 26708: 26567: 25879: 25855: 24758: 24048: 23902: 23307: 22738: 21941: 21936: 21304: 20710: 20353: 19806: 12521:

Aurelio Espinosa, "The grand strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean."

5660: 5624: 5210: 3841: 3814: 3159: 3119: 2299: 2121: 991:

The marriage contract between Philip and Joanna was signed in 1495, and celebrations were held in 1496. Philip was already

756: 697: 572: 540: 410: 105: 16082:"Kohler on Tracy, 'Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics'" 15134:

Bartolomé de Las Casas : Face à l'esclavage des Noir-e-s en Amériques/Caraïbes. L'aberration du Onzième Remède (1516)

12401: 12352:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos

12333:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos

12287:

Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I fabricada en los Países Bajos (1517); José María de Francisco Olmos

12241: 11928: 11842: 5077:

left. Ultimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the

2383:, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited 783:

in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. After years of negotiations, Charles V came to an agreement with

26958: 26845: 26820: 26784: 26779: 26774: 26769: 26759: 26622: 26464: 26433: 26362: 26014: 25799: 22003: 21123: 19306: 15605: 13404: 11505:

De strijd om het regentschap over Filips de Schone : opstand, facties en geweld in Brugge, Gent en Ieper (1482–1488)

10289: 9851: 5716: 3913: 3580:) in 1520. By Charles V's time, "the Holy Roman Empire had become the centre of the European communication(s) universe." 3065: 2880:

hostilities against it in 1546. The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated

2865:

Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the

2735: 2117: 2035: 1920: 1569: 701: 576: 568: 19992: 16223: 16176: 16119:(in Dutch). Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. Archived from 14828: 11706:

From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica: War, Religion and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th–16th Centuries)

6897:, the election of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of 5141:

in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife.

4092:, making the Hispanic Monarchy a pioneer, both in theory and in practice, on how to approach respect for the conquered. 3950: 2317:

as many responsibilities involving the management of the Empire, was subcontracted to Ferdinand. Charles V abdicated as

27136: 26880: 26855: 26830: 26713: 26693: 26668: 26663: 26484: 21770: 21087: 21023: 20745: 20725: 20200: 19932: 19895: 19296: 16757: 16736: 16671: 16631: 16614: 16570: 16506: 16365: 16033: 15970: 15916:"A Treatise on International Law: With an Introductory Essay on the Definition and Nature of the Laws of Human Conduct" 15898: 15643: 15497: 15172: 14859: 14723: 14689: 14655: 14514: 14477: 14443: 14404: 14355: 14321: 14287: 14253: 14219: 14185: 14151: 14117: 14083: 14046: 14012: 13948: 13914: 13816: 13782: 13748: 13714: 13655: 13530: 13473: 13290: 13226: 12861: 12827: 12793: 12759: 12725: 12691: 12632: 12490: 12199: 12092: 12062: 11987: 11903: 11794: 11760: 11714: 11654: 11620: 11516: 11503: 11452: 11425: 11398: 11349: 11324: 11304: 11277: 11238: 11074: 10890: 10594: 9067: 7037: 6644: 5640: 5360:

through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (

5038: 3761:, an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the 3657: 3336: 3223: 2338: 1991:

in the Crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as

22135: 21239: 19253: 19065: 18713: 18301: 6705:

Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.

5303: 2916:, instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the 2309:. It was exactly during this crucial period, Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to prevent 27542: 26865: 26794: 26764: 26754: 26678: 26658: 26597: 26572: 26428: 26306: 26301: 26217: 26110: 25719: 25631: 25596: 25511: 25374: 25205: 25165: 25133: 24817: 24752: 24238: 23483: 22535: 22515: 22495: 22165: 21836: 21745: 21143: 20687: 20240: 19870: 19286: 17667: 17647: 17627: 17460: 16654:

Four Princes: Henry VIII, Francis I, Charles V, Suleiman the Magnificent and the Obsessions that Forged Modern Europe

16389: 15480:

Burke, "Languages and communities in early modern Europe" p. 28; Holzberger, "The letters of George Santayana" p. 299

12138: 10274: 9500: 9469: 8577: 5230: 4712:, which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learnt some 4198: 3420: 3393: 3171: 3013: 2917: 2881: 2234: 1651: 19042: 18690: 18269: 15960: 11204: 6531:. From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and 3053:

advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of

27840: 27537: 27209: 27015: 26648: 26587: 26474: 26377: 26243: 26180: 25535: 25487: 25422: 25390: 25197: 25141: 24889: 24475: 24372: 24323: 23872: 23770: 23443: 22540: 22530: 22500: 22387: 22036: 20720: 20204: 19982: 19214: 18223: 17965: 17662: 17632: 17602: 17283: 10564: 9926: 8741: 6611: 5119: 5068:, making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister, 4224: 3734: 2796: 2251: 1449: 1058: 895: 603: 221: 126: 21412: 21347: 19037: 18685: 18264: 13157: 6575:

of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble

3057:

such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.

2900:

The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in

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in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms.

2562: 1953:(1518) proved difficult. In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak 1399: 955:) that Charles V and the Habsburgs gained their vast empire through peaceful policies (exemplified by the saying 827: 231: 136: 21891: 21407: 20851: 20735: 15051: 15024: 11231:

Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest from Greece to the Present

5193: 4774:), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term 4740:

following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French. By 1532, Charles was proficient in

4684:, she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon." She saw to his education, securing as tutor 1428: 1403: 649:, as well as Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. At the death of his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited the 27795: 27255: 26653: 26562: 26536: 26510: 26387: 26372: 26227: 26222: 25543: 25479: 25382: 25293: 25285: 25253: 25213: 24974: 24849: 24776: 24722: 24661: 24653: 24614: 24315: 24160: 24144: 24064: 24012: 23683: 23467: 22974: 22618: 22580: 22575: 22555: 22456: 21993: 21931: 21730: 21148: 20861: 20841: 20813: 20730: 20705: 20565: 20373: 20280: 20220: 20187: 19331: 19321: 19258: 18899: 18179: 18011: 17707: 17702: 17682: 17617: 16914: 16894: 16877: 16856: 16839: 16822: 16805: 16590: 16526: 16146: 15196: 15063: 14905: 14785: 13622: 13173:

Christopher W. Close, "Estate Solidarity and Empire: Charles V's Failed Attempt to Revive the Swabian League."

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The Empire of the Cities: Emperor Charles V, the Comunero Revolt, and the Transformation of the Spanish System

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Gottfried G. Krodel, "Law, Order, and the Almighty Taler: The Empire in Action at the 1530 Diet of Augsburg."

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Cohn, H.J. (1 January 2001). "Did Bribes Induce the German Electors to Choose Charles V as Emperor in 1519?".

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Infanta Isabella of Castile (20 August 1518 – 1537), perhaps daughter of Charles's maternal step-grandmother,

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The Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent

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and united all provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders. In 1549, Charles issued a

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In 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in

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Alonso, Jordi; J. de Zulueta; et al. (August 2006). "The severe gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V".

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Paula Sutter Fichtner, "When Brothers Agree: Bohemia, The Habsburgs, and the Schmalkaldic Wars, 1546–1547."

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Charles was only referred to as "King of Spain" instead of by his extensive titulature. (see Crowley, p. 89)

11250: 6857:. In Act 4 Scene 1 of the A Text, Faustus attends Court by the Emperor's request and with the assistance of 4771: 27825: 27820: 27790: 27760: 27755: 27745: 26870: 26500: 26357: 25979: 25911: 25589: 25519: 25455: 25342: 25245: 25181: 25093: 24966: 24857: 24810: 24710: 24283: 24260: 24152: 23867: 23459: 23427: 23379: 23355: 23339: 22550: 22525: 22446: 22372: 22323: 22308: 22303: 22158: 21978: 21946: 21477: 21342: 20778: 20158: 19967: 19763: 18777: 17725: 17677: 17657: 17612: 17592: 17572: 17557: 17552: 17453: 16977: 16931: 10803: 9836: 8140: 7173: 6743: 6710: 4117: 2826:

was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the

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Francisco C. Ceballos, and G. Álvarez, "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs."

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and the King. So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the

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Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe".

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Charles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of

4793:

As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the

3900:

Ad hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the

2430:, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the 27765: 27423: 27104: 27062: 26612: 26607: 26352: 26327: 26062: 25944: 25751: 25447: 25109: 25085: 25055: 25047: 25023: 24913: 24120: 23862: 23746: 23536: 22674: 22590: 22473: 21886: 21249: 20896: 20783: 20695: 20667: 20294: 20264: 20069: 19900: 19730: 19230: 18482: 18239: 17981: 17744: 17103: 15259: 13017: 11674: 11337: 9821: 9776: 8339: 8081: 7757: 7742: 7523: 6695: 6524: 6471:

Below is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of

6270: 6247: 6086: 5575: 5553: 3897:, Charles's advisors urged regulation of mining to ensure that bullion was directed to crown coffers. 3778: 3704: 3629: 3409: 3257:

He did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based

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Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the

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Revista General de Información y Documentación 2002, vol 12, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)

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Revista General de Información y Documentación 2003, vol 13, núm.2 (Universidad complutense de Madrid)

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in 1557. In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer

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Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion

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Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics

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Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

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Praktisches Handbuch der historischen Chronologie aller Zeiten und Völker, besonders des Mittelalters

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Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion

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From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of

1625: 1398:. Charles only met his father again in 1503 while his mother returned in 1504 (after giving birth to 1347: 780: 544: 20430: 16323: 13808:

The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History

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in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe." The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the

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went even further and presented it to Charles V. The Emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the

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alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by

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and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's

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In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,

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Defenders of the Faith: Charles V, Suleyman the Magnificent, and the Battle for Europe, 1520–1536

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The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici

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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V

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With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the

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Warriors for a Living: The Experience of the Spanish Infantry during the Italian Wars, 1494–1559

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between a senior Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications all occurred at the

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in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.

2209:. Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the 1687: 27855: 27594: 27568: 27428: 26744: 26643: 26196: 26126: 26094: 25839: 25301: 24700: 24522: 23967: 23937: 23877: 23641: 23626: 23558: 23242: 22623: 22392: 22091: 21663: 21598: 21102: 20988: 20871: 20831: 20475: 20268: 19927: 19917: 19625: 19445: 19364: 19301: 19161: 18980: 18945: 18846: 18642: 18398: 18131: 17800: 17352: 17227: 17123: 16698:

History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V, with a View of the Progress of Society in Europe

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

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Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns and became king of Portugal.

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Alfred Kohler, ed., Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Darmstadt: WBG, 1990, pp. 466–468, 480–482

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Erasmus: The Education of a Christian Prince with the Panegyric for Archduke Philip of Austria

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Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and

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in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the

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on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957.

3676: 3443: 3258: 2643: 2275: 2137: 1802:, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs. 1779: 1741: 1526: 1275: 915: 615: 22071: 21472: 21259: 21219: 21178: 20152: 19075: 18995: 18990: 18960: 18723: 18652: 16025:

The Histories of Emperor Charles V: Nationale Perspektiven Von Persönlichkeit und Herrschaft

14073: 14036: 13265: 11784: 11610: 11562: 6663:. In 2000, celebrations for the 500th anniversary of Charles's birth took place in Belgium. 5680: 5117:

to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's

5089: 4101: 3863:, established by the Catholic Monarchs. Indicating the Americas' importance, he founded the 3679:(1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the 3154:

Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed

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He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the

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were marginal to Charles's European empire and not the focus of his attention. Through the

3813:'s first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas. 3810: 3534: 3458: 3389: 3329: 3183: 2981: 2811:

led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by

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MacCulloch, D. (2 September 2004). Reformation: Europe's House Divided 1490–1700. p. 216.

4696:. Adrian later became Pope Adrian VI. A third major influence in Charles's early life was 3984:), was revoked in 1546 during the rebellion in Peru by Spanish colonists against Charles. 3617: 1355: 8: 27558: 27474: 27351: 27346: 27265: 27260: 27109: 26469: 26342: 26259: 26142: 26038: 26006: 25831: 25807: 25775: 25663: 25031: 25015: 25007: 24545: 24498: 24362: 24273: 24228: 24182: 24094: 24081: 23997: 23987: 23957: 23907: 23852: 23837: 23677: 23665: 23631: 23610: 23600: 23592: 23579: 23272: 23237: 23206: 23171: 23155: 23099: 22799: 22791: 22436: 22426: 22414: 22252: 22223: 22208: 22194: 22115: 21871: 21856: 21740: 21720: 21673: 21653: 21457: 21452: 21397: 21367: 21133: 20758: 20715: 20672: 20601: 20570: 20341: 20320: 20286: 20192: 20162: 20093: 19937: 19910: 19810: 19708: 19669: 19659: 19606: 19547: 19528: 19392: 19326: 19170: 19152: 19132: 18855: 18837: 18817: 18600: 18445: 18435: 18407: 18389: 18369: 18174: 18164: 18121: 18068: 18021: 18016: 17899: 17856: 17846: 17809: 17537: 17527: 17387: 17376: 17290: 17176: 17053: 16780: 16649: 15635: 15629: 15136:, Études (in Spanish), Perpignan: Presses universitaires de Perpignan, pp. 159–183, 11215: 11183: 10493: 9791: 8866: 7706: 7489: 7304: 6924:

and the Inquisition, by taking Carlo with him to his hermitage at the monastery in Yuste.

6862: 6854: 6820: 6776:(1867), after his death Charles V is consigned to Hell as punishment for the acts of the 6691: 6576: 6512: 6402: 5908: 5820: 5768: 5664: 5644: 5605: 5571: 5526: 5148:, which may have produced a child, Isabel. After the death of his wife, Charles "seduced 5101: 5057: 4864: 4856: 4755: 4741: 4376: 4282: 4085:, from which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise according to the 4063: 4002: 3917: 3855:

in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of

3826: 3766: 3746: 3545: 3266: 2962: 2876: 2844: 2832: 2708: 2586: 2489: 2474: 2466: 2465:, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's 2419: 2415: 2400: 2388: 2357: 2271: 2243: 2183: 2160: 2152: 2141: 2129: 2004: 1908: 1845: 1787: 1682: 1644:

even outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the House of Habsburg used by Charles was

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Charles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of

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with the Kingdom of Naples on 2 October and with the Kingdom of Sicily on 18 November.

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against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as

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Urban Regimes and Strategies: Building Europe's Central Executive District in Brussels

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who demanded and received several special privileges for his city and its people. The

2957:'s depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between 2871:

between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the

2120:. As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as 1513: 27563: 27387: 27330: 27089: 27010: 26102: 26086: 25727: 25581: 25435: 25330: 24995: 24635: 24604: 24568: 24488: 24007: 24002: 23972: 23962: 23823: 23803: 23647: 23587: 23569: 23313: 23294: 23139: 22892: 22284: 22213: 22056: 21998: 21831: 21603: 21577: 21567: 21557: 21492: 21447: 21377: 21357: 21332: 21279: 21254: 20519: 20046: 19987: 19942: 19801: 19688: 19640: 19630: 19468: 19397: 19374: 19180: 19166: 19137: 18865: 18851: 18822: 18463: 18417: 18403: 18374: 18197: 18146: 18136: 18126: 18063: 17985: 17919: 17884: 17874: 17805: 17767: 17502: 17404: 17366: 17298: 17247: 17223: 17210: 17189: 17180: 17139: 17086: 17077: 16910: 16890: 16873: 16869: 16852: 16835: 16818: 16801: 16753: 16732: 16667: 16627: 16623: 16610: 16586: 16566: 16522: 16502: 16385: 16361: 16310: 16142: 16029: 15966: 15894: 15639: 15168: 15137: 14901: 14781: 14769: 14719: 14685: 14651: 14630: 14574: 14562: 14547:"Bibliographie Maximilien d'Autriche, cinq cents ans après. Diplomatie et propagande" 14510: 14473: 14439: 14400: 14351: 14317: 14283: 14249: 14215: 14181: 14147: 14113: 14079: 14042: 14008: 13944: 13910: 13839: 13812: 13778: 13744: 13710: 13689: 13651: 13589: 13526: 13469: 13357: 13330: 13286: 13222: 13100: 13037: 12960: 12857: 12823: 12789: 12755: 12721: 12687: 12628: 12486: 12375: 12220: 12195: 12118: 12112: 12088: 12058: 11983: 11899: 11790: 11756: 11710: 11650: 11616: 11589: 11568: 11512: 11448: 11421: 11394: 11345: 11320: 11300: 11273: 11234: 11080: 11070: 10919: 9150: 7115: 7052: 7011: 6965: 6767: 6720:

Among other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the façade of the

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Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a

2993: 2989: 2977: 2929: 2913: 2885: 2647: 2550: 2478: 2435: 2380: 2255: 2210: 2172: 2156: 2113: 2109: 2016: 1916: 1912: 1896: 1869: 1783: 1729: 1565: 1561: 1454: 1433: 1351: 996: 948: 933: 819: 611: 564: 560: 532: 528: 470: 450: 420: 389: 309: 191: 112: 27239: 24733: 20077: 19316: 18006: 15553:"Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." His The Record. 4 August 2006, Nation. 15287: 14004:

The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland, 1572–1588

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Finally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:

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friars starting in the mid-1520s. With the discovery of large deposits of silver in

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with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.

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denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the

958:

Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe / Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus

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The Emperor and His Chancellor: A Study of the Imperial Chancellery under Gattinara

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Charles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film

6500: 6431: 6201: 6109: 6063: 6017: 5994: 5971: 5948: 5904: 5880: 5848: 5824: 5764: 5744: 5740: 5530: 5515: 5443: 5376: 5149: 5145: 4798: 4723: 4717: 4344: 4318: 4055: 4035: 3954: 3692: 3450: 2893: 2872: 2823: 2659: 2651: 2458: 2291: 2193:

In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the

2079: 1954: 1873: 1833: 1771: 1737: 1545: 1416: 1378: 1331: 1327: 1130: 1024: 992: 981: 962: 928: 903: 796: 788: 760: 705: 627: 607: 524: 329: 249: 24173: 23605: 22066: 20098: 19084: 18732: 16907:

Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.

13681: 6034: 3976:, in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as 3612:, a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed 3608:

Several notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet

3578:

chief et maistre general de noz postes par tous noz royaumes, pays, et seigneuries

2795:

Charles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.

2768:

in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the

1602:, the rendition from French into Latin of Charles's personal motto "Plus Oultre" ( 1533:. Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent a large part of his life in 24450: 24307: 23808: 23347: 23256: 23179: 23163: 22336: 22228: 22218: 22131:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

21881: 21821: 21735: 21643: 21517: 21497: 21462: 21244: 21214: 21153: 20763: 20753: 20649: 20534: 20426: 20383: 20143: 20051: 19922: 19505: 18036: 17532: 17512: 17492: 17359: 17325: 17234: 17201: 17155: 17082: 17068: 17064: 17060: 16935: 16787: 16641:

The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and the New: Volume 3 The Emperor

16580: 16576: 16379: 16023: 15612: 15501: 15291: 15195: 14645: 14141: 13879: 13772: 13259: 13161: 12853:

Monarchs of the Renaissance: The Lives and Reigns of 42 European Kings and Queens

12715: 12468: 12447: 12436: 12359: 12340: 12316: 12293: 11644: 11211: 11150: 10960: 10942: 8035: 6907: 6802: 6793: 6721: 6648: 6508: 6480: 6476: 6264: 5852: 5812: 5808: 5752: 5491: 5435: 5409: 5153: 5109:

impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions.

4998: 4767: 4737: 4729: 4709: 4097: 4010: 3961: 3882: 3830: 3637: 3526: 3515: 3374: 3344: 3210:. By virtue of these agreements Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained 3175: 3158:

to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first

3042: 3006: 2924:

in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture

2669:. In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the 2632: 2431: 2198: 2176: 2133: 2105: 2059: 2023: 1892: 1760: 1745: 1691:

The Dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556

1662: 1592:(the formidable Spanish infantry of the time), while Joanna remained confined in 1549: 985: 740: 712: 631: 480: 430: 20: 21790: 17238: 16966: 14748:"The Power of the Quill: Espionage under Charles V during the Tunisian Campaign" 6333: 4809: 3829:

had agreed on a division of overseas territories, so that with the exception of

3280:

In 1534, Charles accepted a personal audience with Maxixcatzin, a nobleman from

1716:

served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries.

999:

itself had been lost to the French crown), given Mary's death in 1482, and also

23323: 23115: 22362: 22293: 22269: 21725: 21638: 21522: 21274: 21097: 21082: 20983: 20957: 20942: 20823: 20418: 20412: 20316: 20083: 19997: 19947: 19825: 19779: 19384: 19015: 17828: 17788: 17542: 17306: 17294: 17167: 17151: 17130: 16955: 16705:

Changing Face of Empire: Charles V, Philip II and Habsburg Authority, 1551–1559

16375: 12607: 12242:"'Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla'; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)" 11226: 11056: 10996: 10978: 7802: 7006: 6888: 6880: 6858: 5912: 5732: 5704: 5503: 5495:

Equestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the

5412:. She was brought up in an Augustinian convent in Madrigal de las Altas Torres. 4745: 4713: 4498: 3873: 3712: 3684: 3423:, in 1536, Charles reorganized his infantry and created the first units of the 3142: 3106: 3038: 2997: 2976:

Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the

2816: 2812: 2783: 2775: 2741: 2608: 2514: 2497: 2259: 2194: 2125: 2085: 2055: 1969: 1666: 1541: 1517: 855: 764: 681: 638: 580: 556: 552: 333: 20230: 16202: 15258: 13400: 6547:

Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.

5988: 3687:, and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was 2038:, but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married 27664: 25261: 24622: 23725: 23264: 22754: 22693: 21289: 20139: 20056: 19865: 19713: 19497: 18801: 17934: 17909: 17340: 17000: 16941: 16437: 16423: 16314: 16215: 16160: 15349: 15335:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 266–267. 15320: 15297: 15273:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 922–932. 15264: 15228: 14820: 14773: 14566: 12952: 12371: 11084: 10923: 9071: 6954: 6732: 6699: 6080: 5365: 5082: 5078: 5018: 4716:, being given lessons from the age of thirteen. He later added an acceptable 4145: 4017: 3977: 3758: 3749:

was commissioned Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the

3648:

publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades". His

3641: 3553: 3474: 3470: 3340: 3239: 3199: 2765: 2761: 2728: 2724: 2527: 2469:

and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from

2361: 2167:

where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack.

1829: 1795: 1720:

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included

1465: 1339: 1020: 1000: 784: 728: 724: 516: 143: 16950:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 899–905. 16849:

Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee

16455:

The Emperor Charles V: The growth and destiny of a man and of a world-empire

15494: 15306:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–933. 6448: 6310: 3252:

Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms

3226:

were viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.

1381:

representing the extended Habsburg family with a young Charles in the middle

22238: 22189: 22061: 22051: 21780: 21319: 21173: 20998: 20514: 20290: 19972: 19820: 19698: 17929: 17889: 15128:

Salmoral, Manuel Lucena (9 November 2017), Lavou Zoungbo, Victorien (ed.),

13361: 13334: 6995: 6875: 5892: 5788: 5564: 5429: 4775: 4130: 4105: 3909: 3886: 3845: 3818: 3777:. The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of 3665: 3439: 3385: 3270: 3147: 2804: 2681: 2655: 2187: 2148: 1992: 1670: 1552:, included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the 937: 685: 646: 21372: 16563:

Charles V: Duty and Dynasty: The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558.

15353: 15165:

Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558

15129: 14650:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 48, 53, 98, 99. 12430:; Santiago Penén y Debesa, Pascual Savall y Dronda, Miguel Clemente (1866) 12142: 11980:

Charles V: Duty and Dynasty – The Emperor and his Changing World 1500–1558

6639:", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor 6523:", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the 5965: 4801:. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms. 3867:

in 1524 to deal with the complexities of Castile's overseas possessions.

2972:

Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V

2968: 2395:, to ally himself with the Emperor. In 1508 Charles had been nominated by 1700: 25863: 25847: 24950: 24033: 23201: 23107: 22403: 20962: 20788: 20357: 20235: 19718: 19601: 17924: 17914: 17487: 16450: 15625: 14991:"Details of horrific first voyages in transatlantic slave trade revealed" 14558: 14347:

The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany

13326: 11817: 11475: 6902: 6898: 6777: 6660: 6640: 6425: 6195: 6103: 4993: 4987: 4126: 4122: 4093: 4089: 4028: 3908:(1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of 3905: 3878: 3856: 3762: 3739: 3688: 3413: 3370: 3303: 3274: 3211: 3111: 3090: 2808: 2753: 2684:

to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a

2306: 2012: 1958: 1593: 1574: 1530: 1473: 1412: 835: 677: 662: 634: 344: 147: 20952: 18625: 16959: 16484: 15364:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859. 15243:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421. 14900:(3rd ed.). Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. 14764: 12386:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 416. 11472:

Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-empire

11269:

Mapping Ethnography in Early Modern Germany: New Worlds in Print Culture

6637:

most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation

3461:, which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish 1840: 1444: 1373: 24068: 23086: 23062: 23038: 22712: 21826: 20560: 19840: 19581: 18580: 18570: 17866: 16688:

Renaissance Monarchy: The Reigns of Henry VIII, Francis I and Charles V

16381:

The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century

15211: 13555: 13348:

de Zulueta, J. (June 2007). "The cause of death of Emperor Charles V".

13154: 12819:

Recultivating the Vineyard: The Reformation Agendas of Christianization

6970: 6814: 6781: 6671: 5507: 5506:

in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of

5014: 4142: 4067: 3925: 3894: 3656:(On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and 3466:

million gold ducats in 1527–1528 and also did not suffer from deficit.

3285: 2423: 2392: 1950: 1924: 1790:

had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were

1767: 1646: 1477: 720: 24802: 22150: 19199: 18474: 18208: 17445: 16851:. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, 13586:

From Colony to Nationhood in Mexico: Laying the Foundations, 1560–1840

6172: 5941: 5422:), daughter of Orsolina della Penna. Married to Sinibaldo di Copeschi. 5218: 4736:

secretaries serving in the royal court. He gained a decent command of

2654:

in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the

1864:

of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the

1794:

of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Charles eventually won the

27194: 26165: 25903: 24431: 23755: 23636: 23505: 23281: 23131: 23030: 22990: 22966: 22950: 22815: 22807: 22782: 20793: 20550: 20450: 20225: 20127: 20061: 19596: 19586: 19057: 18705: 18565: 18555: 18293: 17950: 17939: 17497: 13840:"Famous Makers of Arms and Armors and European Centers of Production" 13465: 13218:

The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II

6916: 6884:(opus 73, 1930) examines the title character's career via flashbacks. 6600: 5896: 5784: 5022: 4078: 3932:

of 1542, ending grant holders' rights in perpetuity. Dominican friar

3890: 3834: 3770: 3769:

still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to

3680: 3636:

at the service of Spain, wrote the first accounts of explorations in

3633: 3538: 3351: 2901: 2850: 2700: 2353: 1464:, which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the 689: 17736: 16988:

The Library of Charles V preserved in the National Library of France

14747: 14435:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

14245:

War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders

13616: 12717:

The Administration of Spain Under Charles V, Spain's New Charlemagne

11417:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

6218: 5137:

to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his

3817:

began in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and

951:

hereditary lands. Even though it is often implied (among others, by

23887: 23251: 23215: 23046: 23022: 23014: 22998: 22982: 22958: 22918: 22599: 20967: 19845: 19591: 18884: 18575: 18525: 17024: 14279:

The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe

12508:

The Albany Law Journal: A Monthly Record of the Law and the Lawyers

12192:

La invención de Toledo. Imágenes históricas de una identidad urbana

11786:

The Origins of the Thirty Years War and the Revolt in Bohemia, 1618

6149: 6126: 5916: 5872: 5558: 5093: 4783: 4153: 3929: 3798: 3750: 3492: 3478: 3355: 3191: 3046: 2985: 2800: 2226: 2164: 1880: 1713: 1709: 1534: 1493: 1481: 1386: 1004: 650: 16982: 16357:

Bramante's Tempietto, the Roman Renaissance, and the Spanish Crown

5383:; Isabella died at the age of 19, never married, and had no issue. 4009:. This was because philosophical questions arose, especially from 3833:, which Portugal could claim, Charles could claim the rest of the 3652:

are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His

3202:(1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as 2862:

of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.

2731:

signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.

2066:, resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II. 27225: 23078: 23070: 22942: 22934: 22926: 22910: 22902: 22831: 22823: 22769: 22125: 22096: 20606: 20591: 19748: 18615: 18590: 18545: 18535: 18530: 16750:

Carlo V e la Sicilia. Tra guerre, rivolte, fede e ragion di Stato

15801: 15799: 15759: 15757: 15732:"Thomas Crecquillon: Missa 'Mort m'a privé', motets and chansons" 15167:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 269–272. 12655:

Justi, Ferdinand; Stevenson, Sara Yorke; Jastrow, Morris (1905).

12001: 11999: 6785: 6676: 6635:, dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the " 6572: 5884: 5720: 5533:

in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of

5097: 4086: 4047: 4024: 4005:, so penetration into the American continent was suspended until 3700: 3549: 3486: 3363: 3099: 2921: 2704: 2368: 2295: 2238: 2230: 2089: 1849: 1766:

Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of

1588: 1469: 445: 16729:

The Golden Empire: Spain, Charles V, and the Creation of America

13940:

Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry

3793: 3442:

burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by

2756:

was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As

23006: 22876: 22847: 22839: 21062: 20616: 20611: 20388: 19538: 19520: 18610: 18605: 18560: 18550: 18540: 12885:"Royal Collection – The Knights of the Garter under Henry VIII" 12480: 11673:

Skjelver, Danielle Mead; Wiesflecker, Hermann (18 March 2021).

6893: 6747: 6620: 5876: 5792: 5114: 4986:

The bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in

4976: 4051: 4013: 3782: 3723: 3661: 3424: 3378: 3307: 3155: 3094: 2779: 2628: 2373: 1931: 716: 16965: 15991: 15796: 15754: 12215:

Martínez Gil, Fernando (1999). "Toledo es Corte (1480–1561)".

11996: 5048:

In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially

3596:, Emperor Charles V possessed a network of spies based in the 2313:

in Upper Germany from becoming estranged from Imperial power.

1832:

served as the main seat of the Imperial court of Charles V in

846: 527:

from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising

22884: 22103: 20377: 20041: 15931:"Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria" 15232: 12942:

Note: the link goes to p. 480, then click the View All option

11752:

Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile

6713:

was erected in 1631 and depicts him triumphant following the

6057: 4790:, presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat. 4023:, about whether the Hispanic Monarchy had the moral right to 3940:, attempted to implement the measure. In Mexico, Viceroy don 3774: 3696: 3645: 3561: 3557: 3482: 3462: 3359: 2505: 2442:, as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over 2321:

in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes

2168: 871: 859: 504: 14376: 14374: 14067: 14065: 13906:

Transcultural Wars: from the Middle Ages to the 21st Century

12785:

Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present

12194:. Almud, ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. pp. 113–121. 6647:. The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in 4121:

men have fundamental rights for the mere fact of being men (

3644:

in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original

22855: 20446: 20361: 16866:

Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs

15089:. Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. p. 67. 13805:

Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2011).

13545:

Emperor, a new life of Charles V, by Geoffrey Parker, p. 8.

12013: 12011: 11982:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 23. 4787: 4006: 3997: 3921: 3565: 3054: 2951:

Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels

2925: 2778:, and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of 2526:

and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the

2509: 2233:

seat of the Imperial court and the location of many of the

1791: 1712:

from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.

1658: 24686: 20339: 16800:. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, 16621:

Charles V: Ruler, Dynast and Defender of the Faith 1500–58

15326:"Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. of Aragon" 14396:

Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

14075:

The Irish in the Spanish Armies in the Seventeenth Century

13071:"The Story of the Barbary Corsairs, by Stanley Lane-Poole" 6865:

and his paramour as a demonstration of his magical powers.

5045:

to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518.

5005:

On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old

3600:

that watched over all the corners of the Ottoman Empire."

3198:

archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the

2831:

the 1530 declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the

2461:

had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the

1883:

and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but

15282: 15280: 14371: 14211:

The Buried Mirror: Reflections on Spain and the New World

14062: 13588:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–56, 13099:(2nd ed.). Vanderbilt University Press. p. 24. 12428:

Fueros, observancias y actos de corte del Reino de Aragón

11115:"Instruction for the abdication mission to Ferdinand I", 6763:

De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V

3603: 2839:), a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant 2744:

in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the

2341:, with support from local nobles and his German vassals. 1578:, thus becoming co-monarch with Joanna with the title of 1484:

proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of

1338:

Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally

16847:

Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg):

16003: 15453: 15210:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 112 – via 13193: 12008: 11642: 3722:

Charles commissioned several portraits from the painter

2642:

in 1535. The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the

2088:. It depicts the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into 1492:. During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in 747:

by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers. Charles then

22753: 16061: 15948:

Relazioni degli ambasciatori Veneti al Senato: Germania

15812: 15197:"Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich" 14882:

Europe, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present

13740:

Enzyklopädie der Neuzeit: Band 11: Renaissance–Signatur

13033:

Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1

12131: 3388:, originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and 2627:, followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the 2379:

Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with

2237:

presided over by Charles V depicted in a hand-coloured

1964:

He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese

977:

into acquiescence in the Habsburgs' expansionist plan.

866:

Charles of Austria was born on 24 February 1500 in the

657:

as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of

25611: 16767:

Charles Quint, Maître du Monde: Entre Mythe et Realite

15979: 15890:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

15277: 14509:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 350, 351. 13556:"Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala" 12214: 12189: 11730: 11189:

Historia del reinado de Felipe Segundo, Rey de España.

2631:

river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary

2477:. In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the 1342:

only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific

641:'s possessions included the Castilian colonies of the 587:

he ruled was the first collection of realms labelled "

20094:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

16721:. (New Orleans: University Press of the South, 2000). 16307:

Akten des 11. Internat. Byzantinisten-Kongresses 1958

15652: 15413: 15252: 15250: 14399:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. 14109:

War and Conflict in the Early Modern World: 1500–1700

12654: 12398:"Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla" 12190:

Martínez Gil, Fernando (2007). "Corte renacentista".

3960:

Regarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of

3840:

The realm of his known possessions expanded with the

3332:

leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery

3328:

leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and

1007:. Joanna, in contrast, was only third in the Spanish 25966: 16834:

Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990,

16384:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 15315: 15313: 13221:. University of California Press. pp. 935–936. 13003:

Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535."

6607:

Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

5052:, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin, 2568: 1817:, was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent. 1516:(later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later 988:

to Maximilian's male line, however, was unexpected.

910:. Charles's mother Joanna was a younger daughter of 735:, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a 16796:Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: 15104:"Indígenas sin explotación, esclavitud y exclusión" 13368: 13312: 11931:

Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla

11845:

Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla

11816:The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power, 11672: 3214:over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556. 2011:. Main military operations lasted until 1524, when 24348: 24080: 16309:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. pp. 138–143. 16049: 15416:Sociedad y lengua vasca en los siglos XVII y XVIII 15293:"Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy" 15247: 15203:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich 14976:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 14961:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 14681:Ottoman Diplomacy: Conventional or Unconventional? 13804: 13676:. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt: 4. 12979:"Life Span of Suleiman The Magnificent, 1494–1566" 12046: 11829:Charles V and the end of the Respublica Christiana 11643:Baumann, Anette; Schmidt-von Rhein, Georg (2002). 6809:De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen 6601:Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture 5088:On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the 4720:, which he was required to learn by the Castilian 4058:. Thus, Charles, influenced by the reflections of 571:. In the Americas, he oversaw the continuation of 16983:The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558 16779:Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 ( 16246:"Every Upcoming Adrien Brody Movie & TV Show" 15886: 15344: 15342: 15310: 14469:Albrecht Dürer and the Epistolary Mode of Address 13706:Armour and Masculinity in the Italian Renaissance 11103:Europaeische Chronik von 1492 bis Ende April 1865 5001:, the natural son of Charles during his widowhood 3926:personal grants of indigenous labor in perpetuity 3592:Gennaro Varriale writes that, "on the eve of the 2082:and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy 1695: 507:, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was 27662: 16978:Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors 15208:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire 15052:"The Las Casas-Sepúlveda Controversy: 1550–1551" 14282:. Princeton University Press. pp. 273–275. 13777:(in German). Duncker & Humblot. p. 79. 6559:Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. 5574:' will, he theoretically inherited the title of 3493:Communication, diplomatic, and espionage systems 826:, and Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother 27781:Grand masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece 27736:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial 26547:Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne 20638: 15702:"Empress Isabella of Portugal – The Collection" 15223: 15221: 15186: 15184: 13560:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 13214: 13029: 12483:Conquista e Incorporación de Navarra a Castilla 12117:(3rd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education. 12080: 12069:Brussels was the imperial capital of Charles V. 3060: 2673:. Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating 2449:When he was released, however, Francis had the 2422:began in 1521. Charles allied with England and 661:as his main title, and styled himself as a new 16110: 15407: 15339: 13497:including his last voyage after the abdication 13278: 12754:. Oxford University Press. pp. 239, 284. 5371:Charles also had six children out of wedlock: 3801:issued by Charles V, Emperor and King of Spain 3405:long term, it was in general not belligerent. 2692:, forcing it to split its military resources. 2522:, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan 27210: 26181: 25952: 25597: 24818: 24049: 23771: 23521: 22739: 22166: 20283:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 19764: 19215: 18900: 18490: 18224: 17966: 17752: 17461: 16973:. Vol. 1. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. 16421:Atkins, Sinclair. "Charles V and the Turks", 16216:"Prinsenhof: Medieval gem in the city centre" 14605:"Diplomacia e Estado na primeira modernidade" 14432:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 12976: 12208: 12028: 12026: 11668: 11666: 11485: 11483: 11414:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 11342:The Ideological Origins of the British Empire 7038: 6847:Charles V appears as a character in the play 5487:Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 4721: 4042:, which could cause anguish in people of all 2250:After the death of his paternal grandfather, 2175:captured Francis and crushed his army in the 19:"Karl V." redirects here. For the opera, see 19958:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 16585:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 15460:Spanish Protestants in the Sixteenth Century 15447: 15218: 15181: 15084: 14982: 14350:. University of Virginia Press. p. 67. 13884:. Doubleday, Doran, Incorporated. p. 80 12822:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 165. 12624:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation 12081:Maitland, Robert; Ritchie, Brent W. (2019). 12044: 6947:and is figured prominently in the 2003 film 6940:, covering Luther's years from 1505 to 1530. 6731:A statue of Charles, donated by the city of 4975:depicting Charles' wife, a 1548 portrait by 3449:Charles's main sources of revenue were from 2996:, the latter a Papal fief, and the Imperial 2940: 2579:Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568) 2518:ended the war but lasted only a short time. 2434:in 1525. To gain his freedom, Francis ceded 1815:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba 70: 27831:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery 14718:. Manchester University Press. p. 33. 14472:. University of Chicago Press. p. 48. 13743:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 480. 13709:. University of Toronto Press. p. 17. 12932: 12920: 12485:. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. pp. 37–43. 12084:City Tourism: National Capital Perspectives 11255:(in French). La Renaissance du Livre. 1943. 11171:Gebhardts Handbuch der deutschen geschichte 6761: 6516: 5600:Charles's full titulature went as follows: 4160: 3190:). For the regency and governorship of the 2258:. He was also the natural candidate of the 1654:to maintain religious and political unity. 956: 795:to recognize the council's validity led to 27217: 27203: 26188: 26174: 25959: 25945: 25604: 25590: 24825: 24811: 24063: 24056: 24042: 23778: 23764: 23528: 23514: 22746: 22732: 22173: 22159: 19771: 19757: 19222: 19208: 18907: 18893: 18497: 18483: 18231: 18217: 17973: 17959: 17759: 17745: 17468: 17454: 17004:biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 16996:biography of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 16752:, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 2009, 16666:. New Haven: Yale University Press (2019) 16321: 16304: 16067: 15997: 15043: 14958:Burkholder, Mark A. "New Laws of 1542" in 14821:"The Alhambra in Granada: Carlos V Palace" 14598: 14596: 14431: 14392: 14248:. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. 14214:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 168. 13506:Including one visit to Sicily and Sardinia 13347: 13272: 13210: 13208: 13005:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History 12915:Pavia 1525: the climax of the Italian Wars 12720:. LAP Lambert Acad. Publ. pp. 20–40. 12627:. Princeton University Press. p. 47. 12481:Monreal, Gregorio; Jimeno, Roldan (2012). 12023: 11663: 11546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11480: 11413: 11344:. Cambridge University Press. p. 32. 11021:as King of Spain and Archduke of Austria; 7045: 7031: 5480: 4174:Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3277:civilizations were conquered in his name. 2026:in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir 1540:The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a 1038:Ancestors of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 48: 27470:Frederick I, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 22077:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 16930: 15286: 15018: 15016: 14887: 14763: 14745: 14620: 14545:Cauchies, Jean-Marie (5 September 2020). 14499: 14380: 14343: 13514: 13512: 12553:Famous Italian Families, Stampa di Milano 11898:. Yale University Press. pp. 9, 10. 11615:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. 5366:personal union between Spain and Portugal 4114:Civil Wars between the conquerors of Peru 3671:Martyr was given the post of chronicler ( 3616:(imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520. 2714: 2545:erupted with Francis' son and successor, 27424:William II, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 22082:Colonial universities in the Philippines 16360:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 16353: 16344: 16009: 15818: 15348: 15319: 15227: 15190: 15127: 15025:"La Efeméride : 3 de Julio de 1549" 14893: 14850:SL, Alhambra Valparaiso Ocio y Cultura. 14677: 14544: 14393:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014). 14241: 14146:. Indiana University Press. p. 61. 14105: 14041:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 7–15. 13943:. Cornell University Press. p. 27. 13702: 13257: 12422: 12420: 12370: 12259: 12239: 12106: 12104: 11950: 11926: 11864: 11840: 11782: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11336: 11065:. Memoirs. Vol. 162. Philadelphia: 11051: 11049: 11047: 7019: 6682: 6670: 6615:Emperor Charles V and Empress Isabella. 6610: 5490: 5100:. Charles began the construction of the 4992: 4981: 4965: 4808: 4761: 3920:in the newly founded Spanish capital of 3853:Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe 3792: 3683:. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of 3502: 3434: 3419:In Spain, inheriting the reform work of 3335: 3311: 3141: 3064: 2967: 2944: 2935: 2734: 2718: 2590: 2488:erupted in 1536. Following the death of 2367: 2352: 2220: 2073: 1839: 1824: 1699: 1686: 1460:The Burgundian inheritance included the 1443: 1427: 1372: 845: 263:25 September 1506 – 25 October 1555 24832: 22180: 21073:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 19229: 18504: 18238: 17475: 16582:A Brief History of the Episcopal Church 16073: 15526: 15256: 14973:Cook David Noble, "Gonzalo Pizarro" in 14852:"La Alhambra de Granada - alhambra.org" 14711: 14593: 14465: 14275: 14207: 14143:The War of Succession in Spain, 1700–15 14078:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 9. 13770: 13614: 13579: 13518: 13205: 12815: 12620: 12541:Penguin Books (New York: 2002), p. 208. 12114:Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict 12053:. University of Chicago Press. p. 11748: 11736: 11560: 11501: 11364: 6491:present in the previous coat, those of 5399:Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence 5021:, and Mary was instead married to King 1330:of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the 696:, brought under his rule following the 531:. His dominions in Europe included the 421:Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma 27663: 27289:Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Provence 27224: 26195: 23785: 23535: 22026: 17980: 16575: 16511: 16430:Blockmans, W. P., and Nicolette Mout. 16374: 16158: 15985: 15913: 15123: 15121: 15098: 15096: 15013: 14643: 14602: 14413:from the original on 26 September 2021 14309: 14173: 14112:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 178. 13936: 13902: 13736: 13643: 13509: 13264:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13097:Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale 13094: 13010: 12849: 12747: 12414:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883), chapter XXIV 12377:"Jimenes de Cisneros, Francisco" 11891: 11608: 11440: 11390:History of the German speaking nations 11386: 11265: 11055: 10845: 6968:in one episode of the Showtime series 6928: 6659:, also propelling a peculiar brand of 6595:used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. 5393:, who Charles recognized a servant of 5379:, but strongly disputed by biographer 5013:and younger sister to the future King 4540: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4298: 4188: 4184: 3916:in the 1530s, Charles established the 3604:Patronage of the arts and architecture 3150:an ocean away from his European realms 2549:, in 1551. Henry won early success in 1732:fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of 1321: 1188: 1048: 589:the empire on which the sun never sets 27419:Manfred, Duke of Athens and Neopatria 27198: 26460:Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias 26169: 25940: 25585: 24806: 24685: 24347: 24079: 24037: 23759: 23509: 22727: 22154: 22025: 21921: 21920: 21044: 20922: 20637: 20496: 20464: 20401: 20338: 20253: 20176: 20116: 20030: 20019: 19791: 19790: 19752: 19203: 18888: 18478: 18212: 17954: 17766: 17740: 17449: 17011:Charles V the Habsburg emperor, video 16954: 16535:from the original on 20 November 2022 16398: 16279: 16226:from the original on 30 December 2019 16092:from the original on 10 February 2022 16055: 16021: 15928: 15842:from the original on 21 February 2021 15742:from the original on 24 December 2019 15658: 15624: 15535:from the original on 28 November 2009 15431:, Pierre Chaunu and Michèle Escamilla 15162: 15049: 15022: 14858:(in European Spanish). Archived from 14831:from the original on 11 November 2016 14180:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 83. 14139: 14034: 14000: 13877: 13850:from the original on 5 September 2022 13670: 13615:Paredes, Cecilia (28 December 2014). 13374: 13199: 13177:(2013 104#1 pp. 134–157), in English. 12985:from the original on 21 November 2010 12781: 12713: 12679: 12417: 12110: 12101: 11977: 11685:from the original on 28 December 2018 11407: 11375: 11368:Encyclopædia metropolitana; Volume 17 11292: 11233:. New York: Random House 2007, p. 76 11205:Carlos V: La coronación del Emperador 11044: 10817: 10815: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10722: 10706: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10593: 10591: 10578: 10576: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10492: 10490: 10477: 10437: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10399: 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4228: 4222: 4212: 4196: 4192: 3533:, a postal system that connected the 3261:in 1524 and the establishment of the 3146:Empire of Charles V at its peak with 2815:in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial 2163:retook the initiative, crossing into 2128:, however, was under French control. 2034:. Jeanne was instead forced to marry 1510:Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy 1273: 1263: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1225: 1206: 1196: 1192: 1178: 1157: 1147: 1128: 1118: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1080: 1056: 1052: 471:Joanna, Queen of Castile & Aragon 374: 235:(in the name of Charles V until 1556) 26568:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 20354:Captaincy General of the Philippines 19846:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 18914: 16690:(2002) 246 pp., covers 1497 to 1558. 16292:from the original on 9 February 2022 16256:from the original on 8 February 2022 15958: 14988: 14071: 13982:from the original on 26 January 2022 13650:. Casemate Publishers. p. 260. 13457: 13439:from the original on 27 January 2012 13131:from the original on 29 October 2020 12593: 11587: 11286: 11200: 11198: 11096: 11094: 6827:Charles V is a notable character in 6824:refers to Charles as "The Spaniard". 3893:in the 1540s and in 1545 in Peru at 3842:Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire 3815:Spanish colonization of the Americas 3544:The system was developed further by 2988:. First he abdicated the thrones of 2782:. He outlawed Luther and issued the 2607:Charles fought continually with the 2216: 1868:, heir-apparent to his mother Queen 791:(1545). The refusal of the Lutheran 434: 424: 213:12 January 1519 – 21 April 1521 16:Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556 26760:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany 26465:Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias 22057:Indochristian painting in New Spain 20177: 15118: 15093: 15001:from the original on 21 August 2018 14914:from the original on 29 August 2012 14894:Prescott, William Hickling (1873). 14603:Mainka, Peter Johann (April 2022). 14526:from the original on 9 October 2022 13401:"El Escorial History – El Escorial" 11528:from the original on 9 October 2022 6807:(1882–1939) included both tales in 6666: 5081:died out in 1580, resulting in the 4732:, acquired by the influence of the 3914:Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 2595:Detail of a tapestry depicting the 2348: 2064:inflation that affected the kingdom 2036:William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg 1820: 818:Ultimately, Charles V conceded the 13: 27786:Infectious disease deaths in Spain 26628:Karl Ambrosius, Primate of Hungary 25923: 25613:Princes and Princesses of Asturias 21024:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 20497: 19778: 16815:Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie 16742: 16518:The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon 16409: 16286:Oxford Bibliographies Online (obo) 16179:from the original on 17 April 2021 16079: 15682:from the original on 7 August 2018 14788:from the original on 26 March 2023 13625:from the original on 26 March 2023 13058:The Indian Ocean in world history? 11444:The Thirty Years War, a sourcebook 11252:Charles Quint, prince des Pays-Bas 10891:Museum of Military History, Vienna 6645:Museum of Military History, Vienna 6511:. Charles I also incorporates the 5364:, in 1580), thus establishing the 4786:. He was seriously afflicted with 4766:Charles suffered from an enlarged 3711:in giving naval assistance to the 3508:Allegory of the reign of Charles V 3316:The second tapestry in the series 3297: 3224:Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez 2151:troops succeeded in re-installing 2108:inherited by Charles included the 1872:. On the other hand, in 1502, the 1402:in Spain). The Spanish Ambassador 830:. In 1557, Charles retired to the 378: 14: 27877: 27711:16th-century archdukes of Austria 26659:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 25472:Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 20254: 20117: 19998:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 16924: 16444:(Oxford University Press, 2002). 15712:from the original on 8 March 2021 15634:. Yale University Press. p. 15574:from the original on 11 June 2020 15454:Cornelius August Wilkens (1897). 14715:The Rise and Fall of World Orders 13909:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 65. 13407:from the original on 16 July 2017 13175:Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte 12550: 12268:from the original on 10 June 2008 12248:from the original on 10 June 2008 11959:from the original on 10 June 2008 11939:from the original on 10 June 2008 11873:from the original on 10 June 2008 11853:from the original on 10 June 2008 11594:. Harper & Brothers. p. 11195: 11091: 6861:conjures up spirits representing 5231:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 4813:The children of Philip and Joanna 4199:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 4081:, which included figures such as 3707:was a poet who participated with 3392:, formed the bulk of Charles V's 3172:Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 3137: 3014:States General of the Netherlands 2882:John Frederick, Elector of Saxony 2803:. There, he began to work on his 2569:Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire 2266:. He defeated the candidacies of 2254:, in 1519, Charles inherited the 2069: 2030:to marry the heiress of Navarre, 1031:; but he died as a baby in 1500. 805:new support to the Lutheran cause 763:. In 1535, he took possession of 585:European and American territories 27686:16th-century Holy Roman Emperors 26154: 25968:Princes and Princesses of Girona 24732: 24430: 24172: 22781: 22109:Criollos in the colonial society 22037:Spanish missions in the Americas 21159:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 19014: 18624: 18283: 18035: 17818: 17721: 17720: 17002:New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia 16968:The New Student's Reference Work 16664:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 16238: 16208: 16191: 16165:Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez 16152: 16135: 16104: 16015: 15952: 15937: 15922: 15907: 15880: 15867: 15854: 15824: 15783: 15770: 15724: 15694: 15664: 15618: 15599: 15586: 15556: 15547: 15520: 15507: 15483: 15474: 15442:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 15434: 15422: 15394: 15381: 15368: 15257:Holland, Arthur William (1911). 15156: 15078: 14967: 14952: 14947:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 14939: 14934:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 14926: 14874: 14843: 14813: 14800: 14739: 14705: 14671: 14637: 14581:from the original on 3 June 2022 14538: 14503:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 14493: 14459: 14425: 14386: 14337: 14303: 14269: 14235: 14201: 14167: 14133: 14099: 14028: 13994: 13964: 13930: 13896: 13871: 13862: 13832: 13798: 13764: 13730: 13696: 13664: 13637: 13608: 13582:"Tlaxcalan Vassals of the North" 13573: 13548: 13539: 13500: 13491: 13482: 13451: 13419: 13393: 13380: 12033:Germany in the Holy Roman Empire 11895:Emperor: A New Life of Charles V 11649:. Ramstein: Paqué. p. 117. 11612:The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 11490:Emperor, a new life of Charles V 6584: 6564: 6552: 6540: 6447: 6424: 6401: 6378: 6355: 6332: 6309: 6286: 6263: 6240: 6217: 6194: 6171: 6148: 6125: 6102: 6079: 6056: 6033: 6010: 5987: 5964: 5940: 5466: 5452: 5340: 5317: 5290: 5267: 5244: 5217: 5192: 5120:Portrait of Isabella of Portugal 4225:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 4066:, together with the pressure of 3773:, a mode then in its infancy in 3735:Equestrian Portrait of Charles V 2797:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony 2680:Charles V made overtures to the 2360:and Charles V made peace at the 2298:, the last emperor to receive a 1560:) and the Aragonese kingdoms of 1450:Portrait of Charles V with a Dog 1432:A 1519 portrait of Charles V by 1011:, preceded by her older brother 896:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 604:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 490: 27726:16th-century Navarrese monarchs 27721:16th-century monarchs of Naples 27696:16th-century Castilian monarchs 27691:16th-century Aragonese monarchs 27632:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 22136:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 20020: 16832:Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. 16731:. New York: Random House 2010. 16551:. London: Franklin Watts (1970) 16465:Journal of Early Modern History 16427:(Dec 1980) 30#12 pp. 13–18 16332:from the original on 9 May 2015 16322:Ferdinandy, Michael de (2021). 16272: 16113:"Keizer Karel in de literatuur" 15914:Foulke, Roland Roberts (1920). 15838:(in Spanish). 12 January 2020. 15462:. William Heinemann. p. 66 13881:Fatal Partners, War and Disease 13341: 13306: 13251: 13242: 13180: 13167: 13143: 13113: 13088: 13063: 13050: 13023: 12997: 12970: 12945: 12907: 12877: 12843: 12809: 12775: 12741: 12707: 12673: 12648: 12614: 12587: 12574: 12559: 12544: 12531: 12523:Journal of Early Modern History 12515: 12499: 12474: 12452: 12390: 12364: 12345: 12326: 12303: 12280: 12233: 12183: 12157: 12074: 12038: 11971: 11919: 11885: 11834: 11822: 11810: 11776: 11742: 11697: 11636: 11602: 11581: 11554: 11495: 11465: 11434: 11358: 11330: 11313: 11259: 11243: 11220: 11008: 10933: 10912: 5304:João Manuel, Prince of Portugal 4929:Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia 4112:(Peru's first peacemaker after 3805:From his maternal grandmother, 3695:, as proposed by Charles V, as 3620:, twin brother of the humanist 3069:Deathbed of the Emperor at the 2805:German translation of the bible 2658:. At the same time, the Muslim 2563:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 1580:Charles I of Castile and Aragon 1423: 890:. His father Philip, nicknamed 370: 27393:Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas 20465: 20188:Captaincy General of Guatemala 19896:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 17020:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 16712:Palace of Charles V in Granada 16501:(Boydell & Brewer, 2012). 16432:The World of Emperor Charles V 16111:Heymans, Frans (4 June 2007). 15893:. Cambridge University Press. 15418:. Euskaltzaindia. p. 712. 15414:Madariaga Orbea, Juan (2014). 15064:San Francisco State University 14989:Keys, David (17 August 2018). 14849: 14808:Spain, the Center of the World 14622:10.1590/1806-93472022v42n89-04 14609:Revista Brasileira de História 13580:McEnroe, Sean F., ed. (2012), 13095:Garcés, María Antonia (2005). 12686:. Read Books Ltd. p. 59. 12219:. Azacanes. pp. 259–308. 12165:"Gilde van de Stroppendragers" 12067:– via Internet Archive. 12045:Papadopoulos, Alex G. (1996). 12005:History of Spain, Joseph Perez 11567:. Cambridge University Press. 11177: 11162: 11137: 11122: 11109: 11067:American Philosophical Society 10903: 6853:by the Elizabethan playwright 6750:that is named after Charles V. 6690:, a 1912 watercolour portrait 5591:of inheriting the Roman legacy 5588:claim of the Holy Roman Empire 5403:Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma 2262:to succeed his grandfather as 2046:would oppose Philip II in the 1981:invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon 1852:was built upon his wedding to 1696:Burgundy and the Low Countries 751:from the Turks and obtained a 1: 27866:Children of Joanna of Castile 27716:16th-century Spanish monarchs 27671:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 27315:Alfonso II, Count of Provence 26333:Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias 22087:General Archive of the Indies 21348:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 21019:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 21004:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 19953:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 19906:War of the Spanish Succession 19871:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 16798:Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit 16777:Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V. 16549:Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor 16467:(2005) 9#3 pp. 239–283. 16442:Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558. 16325:Charles V: Holy Roman emperor 16205:. Retrieved 11 February 2022. 15832:"La hija secreta de Carlos V" 15529:"German Epilepsy Museum Kork" 14712:Knutsen, Torbjørn L. (1999). 14038:The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704 14035:López, Ignacio J. N. (2012). 13903:Kortüm, Hans-Henning (2010). 13682:10.1080/17416124.2020.1791406 13519:Jenkins, Everett Jr. (2015). 13030:Stanley Sandler, ed. (2002). 12788:. Basic Books. p. 1737. 11100:Chillany, F. Wilhelm (1865). 11032: 8363: 7811: 7730: 7313: 7182: 6784:, the one about a paysant of 6754: 6735:, was erected in 1966 in the 6711:Charles V Monument in Palermo 6651:, brought together the local 5416: 5391:Johanna Maria van der Gheynst 4403:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3206:in Germany, which took place 2418:with Charles's great nemesis 2372:Charles V in the 1550s after 2042:, and both she and their son 838:and died there a year later. 698:Spanish conquest of the Aztec 27801:Knights of the Golden Fleece 27706:16th-century Roman Catholics 27701:16th-century kings of Sicily 27574:Peter, Count of Alburquerque 25488:Maximilian I the Last Knight 25391:Maximilian I the Last Knight 25142:Maximilian I the Last Knight 24938:Frederick II the Quarrelsome 21045: 20159:Captaincy General of Yucatan 20089:Union with Holy Roman Empire 20068:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 19983:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 18778:Portuguese House of Burgundy 16817:. C. H. Beck, München 2001, 16626:series (1992; 2nd ed. 2000) 16608:Charles V: The World Emperor 16345:Fletcher, Catherine (2016). 15672:"The Glory – The Collection" 13878:Major, Ralph Hermon (1941). 13060:Milo Kearney – 2004 – p. 112 13007:(Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63. 12680:Mahan, J. Alexander (2011). 12565:Brinckmeier, Eduard (1882). 11749:Fleming, Gillian B. (2018). 11709:. Brill. 2020. p. 197. 11561:Erasmus, Desiderius (1997). 11293:Ferer, Mary Tiffany (2012). 11117:Charles V: The World Emperor 11037: 6744:Plaza del Emperador Carlos V 4703: 4667: 4165: 4073:In 1550, Charles convened a 3481:. Other creditors were from 3444:Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker 3421:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba 3194:, Charles named his brother 3061:Retirement, death and burial 3020:and, crying, pronounced his 2599:in the Tapestry Room of the 2492:, Charles installed his son 1537:and various Flemish cities. 1420:(heir apparent of Austria). 1404:Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida 787:for the organization of the 759:and Holy Roman Emperor from 555:with its possessions of the 416:Joanna, Princess of Portugal 7: 27166:also an infante of Portugal 26328:Charles, Prince of Asturias 26111:Infante Michael of Portugal 25335:Styria, Carinthia, Carniola 20923: 20639:Administrative subdivisions 19836:War of the League of Cognac 16558:(1983) covers 1518 to 1530. 16521:. Kessinger, reprint 2005. 16280:Boone, Rebecca Ard (2021). 16028:. Aschendorff. p. 10. 15929:Vehse, Carl Eduard (1856). 15877:, pp. 400–401, 483–484, 560 15355:"Isabella of Castile" 15029:Centro Diego de Covarrubias 14746:Varri̇ale, Gennaro (2021). 13285:. OUP Oxford. p. 343. 13190:(1975), Vol. 11, pp. 67–78. 11609:Ingrao, Charles W. (2019). 11511:. Gent. pp. 203, 204. 11119:, Harald Kleinschmidt, 2011 10879: 6746:is a square in the city of 6525:collar of the Golden Fleece 5438:(1547–1578), victor of the 4961: 4905:Anna of Bohemia and Hungary 4804: 4728:. He could also speak some 4690:Brethren of the Common Life 4319:Charles I, Duke of Burgundy 3788: 3160:Governor of the Netherlands 2875:was finally opened and the 2426:against the French and the 1740:, a powerful player in the 894:, was the firstborn son of 841: 799:, won by Charles. However, 10: 27882: 26800:Archduke Ladislaus Philipp 26613:Francis IV, Duke of Modena 26393:Charles, Bishop of Wroclaw 25126:Ladislaus I the Posthumous 24636:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 22675:North German Confederation 22591:Confederation of the Rhine 21353:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 21338:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 21240:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 20402: 20138:), Western United States ( 20031: 19901:Portuguese Restoration War 17104:Count Palatine of Burgundy 16415: 16349:. Oxford University Press. 15944:Relazione di Germania 1526 15887:Thomas A Brady JR (2009). 14678:Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2016). 14007:. OUP Oxford. p. 27. 13737:Jaeger, Friedrich (2017). 13703:Springer, Carolyn (2010). 13258:Robinson, H., ed. (1846). 13018:Truce of Adrianople (1547) 12959:. Brill Publishers, 1975. 12856:. McFarland. p. 334. 12850:Potter, Philip J. (2014). 12816:Hendrix, Scott H. (2004). 12661:. Lea Brothers. p. 56 12608:10.1191/026635501672200203 12460:Historia general de España 11588:Hare, Christopher (1907). 10926:with the titular title of 7005:Charles V is portrayed by 6964:Charles V is portrayed by 6943:Charles V is portrayed by 6696:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6604: 6087:Count Palatine of Burgundy 5875:of the Holy Roman Empire, 5586:, therefore cementing the 5554:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 5514:in the city of Bologna by 5484: 5415:Tadea of Austria (1523? – 4680:and master tapestry-maker 4534: 4418: 4292: 4186: 3628:, was a Spanish humanist. 3496: 3430: 3410:Order of the Golden Fleece 3301: 3132:Carlos, Prince of Asturias 2955:Frans Francken the Younger 2776:unified only in his person 2671:Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois 2633:fell under Ottoman control 2572: 2502:Charles III, Duke of Savoy 1993:a contract with the people 1736:, the last remnant of the 1680: 1522:Order of the Golden Fleece 1496:together with his sisters 1438:Order of the Golden Fleece 1166:Archduke of Austria (1519) 1134:Duchess of Burgundy (1477) 1063:Archduke of Austria (1493) 943:From the moment he became 920:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 862:, where Charles V was born 624:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 395: 18: 27640: 27619: 27603: 27582: 27551: 27530: 27522:James II, Count of Urgell 27509: 27501:Peter II, Count of Urgell 27483: 27442: 27401: 27365: 27339: 27323: 27302: 27294:Sancho, Count of Provence 27287:Peter, Count of Cerdanya/ 27274: 27248: 27232: 27154: 27129: 27122: 27082: 27075: 27055: 27039: 27001: 26994: 26967: 26914: 26896: 26889: 26808: 26732: 26719:Francis V, Duke of Modena 26636: 26555: 26519: 26493: 26452: 26401: 26338:Diego, Prince of Asturias 26320: 26289: 26268: 26252: 26236: 26210: 26203: 26152: 26023:Infante Balthasar Charles 25974: 25921: 25619: 25434: 25329: 24994: 24949: 24850:Leopold I the Illustrious 24840: 24741: 24730: 24699: 24695: 24688:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 24681: 24634: 24603: 24580: 24557: 24487: 24439: 24428: 24361: 24357: 24343: 24272: 24227: 24204: 24181: 24170: 24095:Elder House of Luxembourg 24093: 24089: 24075: 23822: 23793: 23743: 23543: 23306: 23191: 23098: 22867: 22790: 22779: 22762: 22692: 22673: 22654: 22632: 22608: 22589: 22278: 22237: 22188: 22121:Slavery in Spanish Empire 22032: 22021: 21927: 21916: 21814: 21708: 21701: 21586: 21435: 21428: 21421: 21408:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 21318: 21187: 21149:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 21111: 21055: 21051: 21040: 21009:Barcelona Trading Company 20976: 20933: 20929: 20918: 20822: 20774:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 20744: 20686: 20648: 20644: 20633: 20584: 20543: 20507: 20503: 20492: 20471: 20408: 20349: 20281:Venezuela, part of Guyana 20260: 20183: 20134:, Central United States ( 20123: 20037: 20026: 20015: 19866:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 19851:Expulsion of the Moriscos 19797: 19786: 19727: 19678: 19639: 19615: 19561: 19537: 19519: 19496: 19459: 19426: 19383: 19350: 19267: 19241: 19179: 19123: 19056: 19023: 19012: 18926: 18864: 18808: 18794: 18776: 18704: 18671: 18633: 18622: 18516: 18454: 18416: 18360: 18292: 18281: 18250: 18188: 18145: 18107: 18044: 18033: 17992: 17865: 17827: 17816: 17787: 17774: 17716: 17483: 17433: 17418: 17409: 17401: 17394: 17384: 17357: 17349: 17334: 17323: 17313: 17288: 17280: 17265: 17257: 17232: 17220: 17199: 17149: 17128: 17120: 17110: 17058: 17050: 17045: 17018: 16476:Sixteenth Century Journal 16203:10.1191/0266355403gh277xx 15611:24 September 2016 at the 15050:Hernandez, Bonar Ludwig. 14553:(in French) (1): 99–105. 14438:. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. 14242:Phillips, Andrew (2010). 14072:Mesa, Eduardo de (2014). 13811:. ABC-CLIO. p. 526. 13535:– via Google Books. 13478:– via Google Books. 13188:Austrian History Yearbook 13151:Sixteenth Century Journal 12539:Imperial Spain 1469–1716. 12462:; Modesto Lafuente (1861) 12260:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 12240:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 12139:"Gentenaars Stropdragers" 12097:– via Google Books. 11951:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11933:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)" 11927:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11892:Parker, Geoffrey (2019). 11865:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11847:; Manuel Colmeiro (1883)" 11841:Colmeiro, Manuel (1884). 11441:Wilson, Peter H. (2010). 11430:– via Google Books. 11282:– via Google Books. 11149:24 September 2021 at the 11131:Allgemeine Weltgeschichte 10716: 10714: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10435: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10349: 10345: 10343: 10341: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10141: 10139: 10137: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10087: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9997: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9663: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9635: 9627: 9623: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9607: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9553: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9291: 9289: 9048: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8970: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8938: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8809: 8807: 8677: 8675: 8651: 8649: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8503: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8457: 8455: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8266: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8220: 8218: 8064: 8062: 8054: 8052: 7996: 7994: 7986: 7984: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7898: 7878: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7247: 7245: 6675:A statue of Charles V in 6633:Franz Joseph I of Austria 6517: 5925: 5627:, King of all Spains, of 5518:in the medieval fashion. 5389:(1522–1586), daughter of 5302:Married her first cousin 5229:Married her first cousin 5074:doblas de oro castellanas 4855:second marriage in 1530, 4604: 4596: 4568: 4546: 4542: 4506: 4484: 4476: 4448: 4426: 4422: 4384: 4362: 4354: 4345:Mary, Duchess of Burgundy 4326: 4304: 4300: 4264: 4242: 4234: 4206: 4190: 3797:Frontispiece of the 1542 3473:and 4.2 million from the 3292: 3192:Austrian hereditary lands 3166:(succeeded by his sister 2941:Division of the Habsburgs 2908:, rebelled again and the 2892:, capturing both. At the 2711:were filled with slaves. 2686:Habsburg–Persian alliance 2092:in 1530 when Charles was 1626:Austrian hereditary lands 1508:at the court of his aunt 1436:with the insignia of the 1362:were his godfathers, and 1261: 1253: 1219: 1194: 1190: 1163:Holy Roman Emperor (1519) 1141: 1116: 1108: 1074: 1066:Holy Roman Emperor (1508) 1050: 858:for "Princes' Court", in 850:The entrance gate to the 651:Austrian hereditary lands 545:Austrian hereditary lands 486: 476: 466: 456: 444: 411:Maria, Holy Roman Empress 388: 352: 339: 315: 291: 287: 277: 267: 259: 240: 227: 217: 209: 200: 187: 177: 167: 156: 142: 132: 122: 88: 78: 64: 47: 38: 33: 27645:also a prince of Majorca 27611:John, Prince of Asturias 27590:Charles, Prince of Viana 27455:James I, Count of Urgell 27184:also a prince of Belgium 27172:also a prince of Tuscany 27160:also an infante of Spain 25375:Frederick V the Peaceful 25134:Frederick V the Peaceful 24922:Frederick I the Catholic 24743:House of Nassau-Weilburg 24441:House of Valois-Burgundy 23194:(title disputed 887–933) 22643:Archduke John of Austria 22062:Quito painting tradition 22052:Cusco painting tradition 21413:García López de Cárdenas 21403:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 21310:Felipe González de Ahedo 21230:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 19807:Conquest of the Americas 16903:Manuel Fernández Álvarez 16889:Goldmann, München 1999, 16748:Salvatore Agati (2009). 16717:Saint-Saëns, Alain, ed. 16703:Rodriguez-Salgado, Mia. 16683:(2009), popular history. 16656:(2017), popular history; 16399:Tracy, James D. (2002). 16159:Alares, Gustavo (2020). 16086:Habsburg – H-Net reviews 16022:Dixon, C. Scott (2005). 15706:Museo Nacional del Prado 15676:Museo Nacional del Prado 15192:Wurzbach, Constantin von 14684:. Springer. p. 22. 14344:Häberlein, Mark (2012). 14208:Fuentes, Carlos (1999). 14174:Maltby, William (2017). 14106:Sandberg, Brian (2016). 13215:Fernand Braudel (1995). 12748:Whaley, Joachim (2011). 12683:Maria Theresa of Austria 12658:A History of All Nations 11783:Mortimer, Geoff (2015). 11755:. Springer. p. 21. 11393:. Troubador Publishing. 11387:Kanski, Jack J. (2019). 11365:Smedley, Edward (1845). 11156:Neue Deutsche Biographie 11128:Flathe, Theodor (1886). 10928:Duke/Duchess of Burgundy 10896: 6914:In another Verdi opera, 6869: 6841: 6248:King of Castile and León 5362:Henry, the Cardinal-King 5159: 5056:, daughter of his aunt, 4849:first marriage in 1518, 4161:Dynasty and private life 4075:conference at Valladolid 3902:Viceroyalty of New Spain 3626:secretary of the Emperor 3531:Niederländische Postkurs 3263:Viceroyalty of New Spain 2746:Ghent University Library 2613:Suleiman the Magnificent 2524:Suleiman the Magnificent 2512:in 1538 on the basis of 2504:, including his capital 1676: 1558:Province of Tierra Firme 1354:. The Burgundian nobles 1013:John, Prince of Asturias 1003:of Austria as honorific 813:Suleiman the Magnificent 775:during the struggle for 731:in 1521. The same year, 549:Burgundian Low Countries 406:Philip II, King of Spain 27841:Spanish Roman Catholics 27650:also a prince of Sicily 27383:Frederick III of Sicily 27178:also a prince of Modena 26475:Ferdinand IV of Hungary 26015:Infante Philip Prospero 24930:Leopold VI the Glorious 24866:Adalbert the Victorious 21847:Comuneros (New Granada) 21624:Balearic Islands (1558) 21343:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 21270:Ruy López de Villalobos 21225:Miguel López de Legazpi 21139:García de Toledo Osorio 20003:Western Sahara conflict 19993:Independence of Morocco 19933:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 19876:Piracy in the Caribbean 19861:French Wars of Religion 18786:Ferdinand I of Portugal 16994:Luminarium Encyclopedia 16947:Encyclopædia Britannica 16637:Merriman, Roger Bigelow 16354:Freiberg, Jack (2014). 15361:Encyclopædia Britannica 15332:Encyclopædia Britannica 15303:Encyclopædia Britannica 15270:Encyclopædia Britannica 15240:Encyclopædia Britannica 15163:Heath, Richard (2018). 15023:admin (7 August 2018). 14644:Metzig, Gregor (2016). 14466:Brisman, Shira (2017). 14276:Ágoston, Gábor (2021). 13771:Zunckel, Julia (1997). 13279:Joachim Whaley (2012). 13016:In particular, in this 12782:Simms, Brendan (2013). 12383:Encyclopædia Britannica 12358:5 February 2012 at the 12315:14 January 2012 at the 12292:5 February 2012 at the 11978:Heath, Richard (2018). 11831:, José Hernando Sanchez 11789:. Springer. p. 3. 11679:Encyclopedia Britannica 11502:Haemers, Jelle (2014). 11168:Bruno Gebhardt (1890). 11017:as Holy Roman Emperor; 10886:Royal Armoury of Madrid 10857:Habsburg family website 6994:Charles V is played by 6726:Royal Palace of Caserta 6688:Escutcheon of Charles V 5525:Following the death of 5497:Royal Armoury of Madrid 5481:Titles and coat of arms 5033:, the daughter of King 5009:, the daughter of King 4881:Christian II of Denmark 4118:Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda 3781:on the lower level and 3630:Peter Martyr d'Anghiera 3576:as Postmaster General ( 3000:, in favour of his son 2910:Second Schmalkaldic War 2667:Franco-Ottoman alliance 2646:after its victories at 2268:Frederick III of Saxony 2048:French Wars of Religion 2001:Revolt of the Comuneros 1724:and, most notably, the 1615:Revolt of the Comuneros 1611:Revolt of the Germanies 1468:and covered modern-day 1279:Queen of Castile (1474) 1241:Queen of Castile (1504) 1175:Duke of Burgundy (1506) 1096:Duke of Burgundy (1482) 1027:of Spain by naming him 809:Franco-Ottoman alliance 680:, the expansion of the 521:Lord of the Netherlands 519:from 1516 to 1556, and 245:Lord of the Netherlands 27861:Sons of queens regnant 27816:Monarchs who abdicated 27569:Henry, Duke of Villena 27465:Frederick IV of Sicily 27429:John, Duke of Randazzo 26745:Maximilian I of Mexico 26740:Emperor Franz Joseph I 25928: 25383:Albert VI the Prodigal 25102:Albert III the Pigtail 25048:Leopold I the Glorious 25024:Rudolf II the Debonair 24914:Leopold V the Virtuous 24701:House of Orange-Nassau 24523:Isabella Clara Eugenia 22092:Colonial Spanish Horse 21766:Colonia del Sacramento 20989:Spanish treasure fleet 20566:Royal Decree of Graces 16765:D'Amico, Juan Carlos. 16606:Kleinschmidt, Harald. 15568:British History Online 15531:. Epilepsiemuseum.de. 15493:111.2 (2013): 114–121 15456:"VIII. Juan de Valdés" 14856:La Alhambra de Granada 14177:The Reign of Charles V 13937:Singer, P. W. (2011). 12981:. Personal.umich.edu. 12889:royalcollection.org.uk 12714:Beard, Joseph (2010). 12621:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 12511:. Weed, Parsons. 1899. 11447:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11000: 10991: 10982: 10973: 10964: 10955: 10946: 10853:"Habsburg family tree" 6998:in the upcoming movie 6762: 6702: 6680: 6657:Universitas Christiana 6624: 6515:with the inscription " 5595:Fall of Constantinople 5584:Isabella I of Castille 5580:Ferdinand II of Aragon 5499: 5002: 4990: 4979: 4814: 4772:mandibular prognathism 4722: 4467:Ferdinand II of Aragon 4158: 4129:that are prior to any 4083:Bartolomé de las Casas 4040:New Kingdom of Granada 3974:Bartholomeus V. Welser 3934:Bartolomé de las Casas 3802: 3765:style, with traces of 3753:palaces. Although the 3675:) in the newly formed 3529:family) developed the 3511: 3499:Kaiserliche Reichspost 3446: 3347: 3333: 3255: 3151: 3122:and Charles's sisters 3074: 3031: 2973: 2965: 2868:Colloquy of Regensburg 2793: 2749: 2732: 2715:Protestant Reformation 2625:Siege of Vienna (1529) 2604: 2583:Ottoman wars in Europe 2536:status quo ante bellum 2376: 2365: 2280:1519 Imperial election 2247: 2136:after victory against 2101: 1857: 1837: 1717: 1692: 1624:Charles inherited the 1490:Charles II of Burgundy 1457: 1441: 1382: 1244:Queen of Aragon (1516) 1209:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1169:King of Castile (1516) 1099:King of Castile (1506) 1059:Maximilian of Habsburg 957: 912:Ferdinand II of Aragon 908:Burgundian Netherlands 863: 704:empires, which caused 620:Ferdinand II of Aragon 27796:Knights of the Garter 26724:Ferdinand Karl Viktor 26618:Ferdinand Karl Joseph 25927: 25464:William the Courteous 25448:Rudolf IV the Founder 25351:William the Courteous 25110:Albert IV the Patient 25086:Rudolf IV the Founder 24983:Ottokar II of Bohemia 24959:Vladislaus of Moravia 24206:House of Hohenstaufen 23706:Parthenopean Republic 21250:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 21210:Juan Sebastián Elcano 20525:Council of the Indies 19886:Spanish–Moro conflict 19856:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 19816:Treaty of Tordesillas 18635:Astur-Leonese dynasty 17781:Monarchs' family tree 17360:King of Lower Navarre 17202:King of Upper Navarre 16513:Froude, James Anthony 16497:Ferer, Mary Tiffany. 16479:(2006) 37#1 pp 3–24. 15962:The Emperor Charles V 15959:Rady, Martyn (2014). 15260:"Maximilian I." 15106:(in European Spanish) 15085:Hanke, Lewis (1974). 14752:Osmanlı Araştırmaları 14316:. Brill. p. 42. 14310:Sherer, Idan (2017). 14140:Kamen, Henry (1969). 14001:Tracy, James (2008). 13644:Loades, Mike (2011). 13461:The Emperor Charles V 13458:Rady, Martyn (2014). 12551:Litta, Count Pompeo. 12525:9.3 (2005): 239–283. 12111:Kamen, Henry (2005). 7020:Male-line family tree 6984:Carlos, Rey Emperador 6953:covering the life of 6686: 6674: 6614: 6593:Royal Bend of Castile 5610:Emperor of the Romans 5576:Eastern Roman Emperor 5494: 5485:Further information: 5139:Missa 'Mort m'a privé 4996: 4985: 4969: 4931:and had no children. 4859:and had no children. 4812: 4762:Appearance and health 4587:Isabella I of Castile 4150: 3865:Council of the Indies 3823:Treaty of Tordesillas 3807:Isabella I of Castile 3796: 3729:Portrait of Charles V 3705:Juan Boscán Almogáver 3677:Council of the Indies 3506: 3438: 3416:were also recruited. 3396:. They surpassed the 3339: 3315: 3259:Council of the Indies 3235: 3145: 3068: 3026: 2971: 2948: 2936:Abdications and death 2788: 2738: 2722: 2697:expedition of Algiers 2644:Eastern Mediterranean 2594: 2575:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 2573:Further information: 2409:Saint George's Chapel 2391:, urged her husband, 2371: 2356: 2276:Henry VIII of England 2224: 2084:, a 1580 portrait by 2077: 2009:reconquer the kingdom 1895:, which consisted of 1843: 1828: 1703: 1690: 1453:, a 1532 portrait by 1447: 1440:prominently displayed 1431: 1376: 1276:Isabella I of Castile 1212:King of Aragon (1479) 1172:King of Aragon (1516) 932:directed against the 916:Isabella I of Castile 849: 807:and strengthened the 719:, Charles sided with 616:Isabella I of Castile 598:to Habsburg Archduke 160:14 March 1516 – 56:Portrait of Charles V 27434:James III of Majorca 25456:Leopold III the Just 25343:Leopold III the Just 25094:Leopold III the Just 25040:Frederick I the Fair 24986:(claimant 1251–1278) 24978:(claimant 1250–1268) 24975:Frederick I of Baden 24970:(claimant 1248–1250) 24962:(claimant 1246–1247) 24906:Henry II Jasomirgott 24898:Leopold the Generous 24890:Leopold III the Good 24582:House of Wittelsbach 23404:Lothair III (or II) 22757:between 476 and 1556 22656:German Confederation 22610:German Confederation 22047:Mesoamerican Codices 21771:Comuneros (Paraguay) 21609:Siege of Castelnuovo 21195:Christopher Columbus 21014:Consulate of the Sea 20994:Casa de Contratación 20585:Titles and positions 19978:Spanish–American War 19968:Liberal constitution 19811:Asia and the Pacific 16786:17 July 2011 at the 16650:Norwich, John Julius 16619:MacDonald, Stewart. 16282:"Charles V, Emperor" 16123:on 27 September 2007 15736:The Brabant Ensemble 14559:10.3917/rma.261.0099 13647:Swords and Swordsmen 13327:10.1056/NEJMon060780 13160:7 April 2022 at the 12940:pp. 35, 90–91, 96–97 12467:4 April 2023 at the 12446:10 June 2008 at the 11210:25 July 2021 at the 11025:as Duke of Burgundy. 6987:and is portrayed by 6887:In the third act of 6694:, now housed at the 5621:King in (of) Germany 5401:, and secondly with 5395:Charles I de Lalaing 5358:Manuel I of Portugal 5066:John III of Portugal 5035:Manuel I of Portugal 5031:Isabella of Portugal 5011:Henry VII of England 4972:Isabella of Portugal 4953:John III of Portugal 4851:Manuel I of Portugal 4619:Isabella of Portugal 4060:Francisco de Vitoria 4046:, even if they were 3811:Christopher Columbus 3745:The building of the 3709:Garcilaso de la Vega 3610:Garcilaso de la Vega 3390:Georg von Frundsberg 3373:of Augsburg and the 3330:Georg von Frundsberg 3184:Isabella of Portugal 3085:. He arrived at the 2982:Palace of Coudenberg 2532:Franco-Ottoman fleet 2132:took Milan from the 1854:Isabella of Portugal 1844:The exterior of the 1706:Palace of Coudenberg 1630:Charles I of Austria 1609:Two rebellions, the 1462:Habsburg Netherlands 1348:Church of Saint John 1238:Joanna of Trastámara 953:Erasmus of Rotterdam 888:Joanna of Trastámara 880:Habsburg Netherlands 706:widespread inflation 670:the medieval concept 668:Charles revitalized 594:Charles was born in 573:Spanish colonization 377:; died 359:Isabella of Portugal 306:Habsburg Netherlands 27826:Princes of Asturias 27821:Nobility from Ghent 27791:Knights of Santiago 27761:Deaths from malaria 27756:Counts of Charolais 27746:Counts of Barcelona 27475:James IV of Majorca 27352:James II of Majorca 26954:Franz Karl Salvator 26816:Crown Prince Rudolf 26674:Frederick Ferdinand 26644:Emperor Ferdinand I 26470:Charles II of Spain 26343:Philip III of Spain 26260:Philip I of Castile 25032:Rudolf III the Good 24882:Leopold II the Fair 24834:Monarchs of Austria 24082:County of Luxemburg 22195:Carolingian dynasty 22182:Monarchs of Germany 21776:Cartagena de Indias 21398:Diego de Mazariegos 21368:Pere Fages i Beleta 21235:Sebastián de Ocampo 20716:Provincias Internas 20688:Captaincies General 20602:Municipal president 20571:School of Salamanca 20342:Spanish East Indies 20321:Misiones Orientales 20193:Spanish West Indies 20157:, Central America ( 20104:Pyrénées-Orientales 20057:Union with Portugal 19948:Napoleonic invasion 19928:War of Jenkins' Ear 19739:King/Queen of Spain 19617:House of Trastámara 19461:House of Trastámara 19125:House of Trastámara 18928:Astur-Leonese house 18810:House of Trastámara 18362:House of Trastámara 18109:House of Trastámara 17477:Holy Roman emperors 17291:Archduke of Austria 16710:Rosenthal, Earl E. 16686:Richardson, Glenn. 16490:Espinosa, Aurelio. 16000:, pp. 138–143. 15606:Palace of Charles V 14765:10.18589/oa.1041507 13403:. el-escorial.com. 13202:, pp. 229–248. 12977:Sandra Arlinghaus. 12957:A Great Expectation 12584:(2001) 19#1 pp 1–27 12404:on 24 February 2013 11266:Leitch, S. (2010). 11216:National Geographic 11184:William H. Prescott 10324:Archduke of Austria 10309:Archduke of Austria 9961:Archduke of Austria 9886:Archduke of Austria 9871:Archduke of Austria 9856:Archduke of Austria 9528:Archduke of Austria 9505:Archduke of Austria 8612:Archduke of Austria 8597:Archduke of Austria 6929:Television and film 6863:Alexander the Great 6855:Christopher Marlowe 6821:Napoleon Buonaparte 6737:Prinsenhof in Ghent 6692:John Singer Sargent 6577:Order of the Garter 6513:pillars of Hercules 6499:, modern Burgundy, 6363:Archduke of Austria 5737:Archduke of Austria 5606:by the grace of God 5572:Andreas Palaiologos 5387:Margaret of Austria 5102:Palace of Charles V 5058:Catherine of Aragon 5037:and Charles's aunt 5025:of France in 1514. 4857:Francis I of France 4756:Frederick the Great 4525:Joanna I of Castile 4377:Isabella of Bourbon 4283:Philip I of Castile 4257:Eleanor of Portugal 4064:School of Salamanca 3918:Viceroyalty of Peru 3767:Gothic architecture 3747:Palace of Charles V 3546:Philip the Handsome 3267:Viceroyalty of Peru 3164:Margaret of Austria 2963:Emperor Ferdinand I 2877:Counter-Reformation 2845:Schmalkaldic League 2837:Confessio Augustana 2833:Augsburg Confession 2703:confirmed that the 2690:Ottoman–Safavid War 2587:Barbary slave trade 2561:, and his brother, 2520:War resumed in 1542 2490:Francesco II Sforza 2475:English Reformation 2467:sack of Rome (1527) 2420:Francis I of France 2401:Order of the Garter 2389:Catherine of Aragon 2319:Archduke of Austria 2272:Francis I of France 2244:Nuremberg Chronicle 2184:Massimiliano Stampa 2161:Francis I of France 2153:Francesco II Sforza 2142:Battle of Marignano 2118:Kingdom of Sardinia 1936:Jiménez de Cisneros 1846:Palace of Charles V 1788:Seventeen Provinces 1683:Empire of Charles V 1632:, and obtained the 1554:Spanish West Indies 1368:Margaret of Austria 1322:Birth and childhood 1160:Charles of Habsburg 924:House of Trastámara 900:Archduke of Austria 892:Philip the Handsome 793:Schmalkaldic League 733:Francis I of France 614:, younger child of 600:Philip the Handsome 577:German colonization 543:with rule over the 515:from 1519 to 1556, 513:Archduke of Austria 461:Philip the Handsome 298:Prinsenhof of Ghent 272:Philip the Handsome 202:Archduke of Austria 82:28 June 1519 – 41:Imperator Romanorum 27806:Margraves of Namur 27776:Dukes of Montblanc 27751:Counts of Burgundy 27741:Castilian infantes 27731:Aragonese infantes 27627:Charles I of Spain 27517:Martin I of Sicily 27414:Peter II of Sicily 27226:Infantes of Aragon 27137:Ferdinand Zvonimir 26409:Philip IV of Spain 26297:Philip II of Spain 26197:Austrian archdukes 25929: 25872:Emanuele Filiberto 25480:Sigismund the Rich 25359:Leopold IV the Fat 25056:Albert II the Wise 24967:Herman VI of Baden 24858:Henry I the Strong 24842:House of Babenberg 24350:Duchy of Luxemburg 23787:Monarchs of Sicily 23537:Monarchs of Naples 22280:Kingdom of Germany 22244:Kingdom of Germany 22072:Academia Antártica 22027:Other civil topics 21393:Pánfilo de Narváez 21295:Sebastián Vizcaíno 21260:Andrés de Urdaneta 21220:Juan Ponce de León 21205:Ferdinand Magellan 21179:Bernardo de Gálvez 21078:Indian auxiliaries 20576:Trial of residence 20556:Laws of the Indies 20340:Asia and Oceania ( 20201:Dominican Republic 19352:House of Champagne 19307:García Sánchez III 18796:House of Lancaster 18046:House of Barcelona 17423:Title next held by 17412:Prince of Asturias 17337:Holy Roman Emperor 17173:Count of Barcelona 16956:Beach, Chandler B. 16937:"Charles V." 16909:. Stuttgart 1977, 16872:, Stuttgart 1999, 16694:Robertson, William 16376:Setton, Kenneth M. 16252:. 23 August 2021. 15873:Parker, Geoffrey. 15500:4 May 2021 at the 14862:on 19 October 2016 13976:networks.h-net.org 12895:on 6 December 2011 12435:2008-06-10 at the 12339:2012-02-05 at the 12217:Historia de Toledo 10918:Monarchs from the 10569:King of the Romans 10483:Prince of Asturias 9916:Margrave of Burgau 9901:Margrave of Burgau 9781:Prince of Asturias 6834:All Men Are Mortal 6829:Simone de Beauvoir 6739:where he was born. 6703: 6681: 6625: 6535:are incorporated. 6409:King of the Romans 6386:Holy Roman Emperor 6317:Count of Barcelona 6133:Count of Charolais 5729:King of the Indies 5550:Philip II of Spain 5500: 5426:Cornelis de Hooghe 5251:22 November 1529 – 5201:13 September 1598 5186:Philip II of Spain 5135:Thomas Crecquillon 5131:Monastery of Yuste 5090:Alcázar of Seville 5003: 4991: 4980: 4955:and had children. 4907:and had children. 4883:and had children. 4815: 4795:Monastery of Yuste 4751:Gulliver's Travels 4688:, a member of the 4561:John II of Castile 4102:Bartolomé Carranza 3970:Venezuela Province 3942:Antonio de Mendoza 3861:Council of Castile 3825:(1494), Spain and 3803: 3512: 3447: 3348: 3334: 3326:Marquis of Pescara 3204:King of the Romans 3188:Philip II of Spain 3152: 3124:Eleanor of Austria 3087:Monastery of Yuste 3083:Eleanor of Austria 3075: 3071:Monastery of Yuste 3022:resignation speech 3018:William the Silent 2974: 2966: 2959:Philip II of Spain 2906:Henry II of France 2890:Battle of Mühlberg 2860:ecumenical council 2841:Philip Melanchthon 2771:Ninety-five Theses 2758:Holy Roman Emperor 2750: 2733: 2709:markets of Algiers 2605: 2451:Parlement of Paris 2438:to Charles in the 2405:Garter stall plate 2387:, where his aunt, 2377: 2366: 2327:King of the Romans 2288:Holy Roman Emperor 2264:Holy Roman Emperor 2248: 2102: 2098:Holy Roman Emperor 2040:Antoine de Bourbon 1977:Kingdom of Navarre 1866:Prince of Asturias 1858: 1838: 1800:Pragmatic Sanction 1757:Pier Gerlofs Donia 1742:Hundred Years' War 1718: 1693: 1638:Holy Roman Emperor 1619:Philip II of Spain 1584:Charles I of Spain 1458: 1442: 1383: 1360:John III of Glymes 1344:Duke of Luxembourg 1093:Philip of Habsburg 1029:Prince of Asturias 1017:Isabella of Aragon 1009:line of succession 945:King of the Romans 864: 832:Monastery of Yuste 824:Philip II of Spain 801:Henry II of France 781:Algiers expedition 674:universal monarchy 575:and a short-lived 509:Holy Roman Emperor 326:Monastery of Yuste 282:Philip II of Spain 111:24 February 1530 ( 104:22 February 1530 ( 66:Holy Roman Emperor 27766:Dukes of Burgundy 27658: 27657: 27388:Sancho of Majorca 27192: 27191: 27150: 27149: 27118: 27117: 27071: 27070: 27011:Crown Prince Otto 26990: 26989: 26901:Emperor Charles I 26836:Leopold Ferdinand 26578:Alexander Leopold 26563:Emperor Francis I 26444:Sigismund Francis 26439:Ferdinand Charles 26383:Maximilian Ernest 26163: 26162: 26127:Infante Ferdinand 26055:Infante Ferdinand 25934: 25933: 25792:Balthasar Charles 25579: 25578: 25572: 25564: 25560:Sigismund Francis 25556: 25552:Ferdinand Charles 25548: 25540: 25532: 25524: 25516: 25508: 25500: 25492: 25484: 25476: 25468: 25460: 25452: 25441: 25436:House of Habsburg 25427: 25419: 25411: 25403: 25395: 25387: 25379: 25371: 25363: 25355: 25347: 25336: 25331:House of Habsburg 25322: 25314: 25306: 25298: 25290: 25282: 25274: 25270:Francis I Stephen 25266: 25258: 25250: 25242: 25241:(1657, 1665–1705) 25234: 25230:Sigismund Francis 25226: 25222:Ferdinand Charles 25218: 25210: 25202: 25201:(1590, 1619–1637) 25194: 25186: 25178: 25170: 25162: 25154: 25146: 25138: 25130: 25122: 25114: 25106: 25098: 25090: 25082: 25074: 25068: 25060: 25052: 25044: 25036: 25028: 25020: 25012: 25001: 24996:House of Habsburg 24987: 24979: 24971: 24963: 24942: 24934: 24926: 24918: 24910: 24902: 24894: 24886: 24878: 24870: 24862: 24854: 24800: 24799: 24796: 24795: 24792: 24791: 24677: 24676: 24673: 24672: 24666: 24658: 24650: 24627: 24619: 24605:House of Habsburg 24596: 24573: 24550: 24542: 24534: 24527: 24519: 24511: 24503: 24489:House of Habsburg 24480: 24471: 24463: 24455: 24423: 24415: 24404: 24393: 24385: 24377: 24339: 24338: 24335: 24334: 24328: 24320: 24312: 24304: 24296: 24288: 24265: 24257: 24246: 24220: 24197: 24165: 24157: 24149: 24141: 24133: 24125: 24117: 24109: 24031: 24030: 23824:Kingdom of Sicily 23753: 23752: 23747:Monarch of Sicily 23736: 23717: 23701: 23597: 23584: 23568: 23503: 23502: 23314:Holy Roman Empire 22721: 22720: 22647: 22646:(Imperial Regent) 22285:Holy Roman Empire 22214:Louis the Younger 22148: 22147: 22144: 22143: 22017: 22016: 21922:Spanish conquests 21912: 21911: 21908: 21907: 21904: 21903: 21900: 21899: 21697: 21696: 21378:Pedro de Alvarado 21363:Gaspar de Portolà 21358:Pedro de Valdivia 21333:Francisco Pizarro 21285:Nicolás de Ovando 21280:Alonso de Ercilla 21255:Alonso de Salazar 21088:Ships of the line 21036: 21035: 21032: 21031: 20914: 20913: 20910: 20909: 20629: 20628: 20625: 20624: 20488: 20487: 20484: 20483: 20460: 20459: 20417:Northern Africa ( 20413:Equatorial Guinea 20397: 20396: 20334: 20333: 20249: 20248: 20172: 20171: 20163:Spanish Caribbean 20136:Spanish Louisiana 20112: 20111: 20047:Crown of Castille 20011: 20010: 19988:Spanish Civil War 19963:Adams–Onís Treaty 19943:Nootka Convention 19891:Thirty Years' War 19881:Eighty Years' War 19802:Catholic Monarchs 19792:Timeline–immersed 19746: 19745: 19641:House of Habsburg 19297:García Sánchez II 19197: 19196: 19181:House of Habsburg 19058:House of Burgundy 18882: 18881: 18866:House of Habsburg 18706:House of Burgundy 18472: 18471: 18418:House of Habsburg 18294:House of Burgundy 18206: 18205: 18147:House of Habsburg 17948: 17947: 17768:Monarchs of Spain 17734: 17733: 17444: 17443: 17385:Succeeded by 17314:Succeeded by 17111:Succeeded by 17078:Margrave of Namur 17040:21 September 1558 17025:House of Habsburg 16961:"Charles V" 16932:Armstrong, Edward 16885:Ferdinant Seibt: 16870:Kohlhammer Verlag 16775:Norbert Conrads: 16677:Reston Jr., James 16624:Access to History 16554:Headley, John M. 16173:Casa de Velázquez 15862:The Golden Empire 15807:The Golden Empire 15765:The Golden Empire 15594:The Golden Empire 15402:The Golden Empire 15389:The Golden Empire 15376:The Golden Empire 15143:978-2-35412-284-3 14806:Goodwin, Robert, 13844:www.metmuseum.org 13674:Arms & Armour 13595:978-1-107-00630-0 13488:Including Austria 13075:www.gutenberg.org 12145:on 4 January 2014 11574:978-0-521-58811-9 11492:, Geoffrey Parker 11299:. Boydell Press. 11229:quoting Ariosto, 10920:House of Habsburg 10877: 10876: 10859:. 28 October 2023 10834: 10833: 10480:Balthasar Charles 10321:Sigismund Francis 10306:Ferdinand Charles 9943:Maximilian Ernest 7178:Count of Habsburg 7053:House of Habsburg 7012:The Serpent Queen 6966:Sebastian Armesto 6768:Charles De Coster 6715:Conquest of Tunis 6653:national catholic 6643:, located at the 6617:Peter Paul Rubens 6571:Arms of Charles, 6529:Cross of Burgundy 6469: 6468: 6459:12 September 1543 6436:12 September 1543 6229:25 September 1506 6206:25 September 1506 6183:25 September 1506 6179:Count of Hainault 6160:25 September 1506 6156:Count of Flanders 6140:21 September 1558 6137:25 September 1506 6114:25 September 1506 6091:25 September 1506 6068:25 September 1506 6064:Margrave of Namur 6045:25 September 1506 6041:Duke of Luxemburg 6022:25 September 1506 5999:25 September 1506 5976:25 September 1506 5953:25 September 1506 5829:Burgundy Palatine 5805:Count of Flanders 5725:King of Jerusalem 5460:Margaret of Parma 5440:Battle of Lepanto 5354: 5353: 5329:Died in infancy. 5324:19 October 1537 – 5299:7 September 1573 5256:Died in infancy. 5226:26 February 1603 4959: 4958: 4951:married in 1525, 4927:married in 1522, 4917:15 September 1505 4903:married in 1521, 4879:married in 1515, 4853:and had children; 4718:Castilian Spanish 4686:Adrian of Utrecht 4674:Bernard van Orley 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4441:John II of Aragon 4125:), rights of the 4110:Pedro de la Gasca 3951:rebellion in Peru 3947:Pedro de la Gasca 3938:Blasco Núñez Vela 3928:, by issuing the 3809:, who had funded 3755:Catholic Monarchs 3618:Alfonso de Valdés 3598:Kingdom of Naples 3574:Giovanni Battista 3398:Swiss mercenaries 3322:Bernard van Orley 3216:Charles de Lannoy 3212:hereditary rights 3180:Adrian of Utrecht 2978:House of Habsburg 2930:Peace of Augsburg 2914:Maurice of Saxony 2760:, Charles called 2752:The issue of the 2727:to appear at the 2640:conquest of Tunis 2597:conquest of Tunis 2479:Treaty of Cambrai 2286:, he was crowned 2256:Habsburg monarchy 2217:Holy Roman Empire 2211:Battle of Lepanto 2207:Battle of Preveza 2173:Charles de Lannoy 2157:Battle of Bicocca 2114:Kingdom of Sicily 2110:Kingdom of Naples 1860:In the Castilian 1642:Emperor Charles V 1596:until her death. 1544:of the crowns of 1455:Jakob Seisenegger 1434:Bernard van Orley 1356:Charles I de Croÿ 1352:Bishop of Tournai 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1015:and older sister 997:Duchy of Burgundy 934:Kingdom of France 906:, heiress to the 884:Philip of Austria 820:Peace of Augsburg 743:(1525). In 1527, 727:an outlaw at the 612:Joanna of Castile 535:, extending from 533:Holy Roman Empire 529:House of Habsburg 498: 497: 319:21 September 1558 310:Holy Roman Empire 236: 196: 97:23 October 1520 ( 27873: 27836:Spanish infantes 27651: 27646: 27219: 27212: 27205: 27196: 27195: 27127: 27126: 27080: 27079: 26999: 26998: 26894: 26893: 26851:Leopold Salvator 26709:Rainer Ferdinand 26190: 26183: 26176: 26167: 26166: 26158: 26157: 25961: 25954: 25947: 25938: 25937: 25926: 25606: 25599: 25592: 25583: 25582: 25570: 25562: 25554: 25546: 25538: 25530: 25522: 25514: 25506: 25498: 25490: 25482: 25474: 25466: 25458: 25450: 25439: 25425: 25417: 25409: 25401: 25393: 25385: 25377: 25369: 25361: 25353: 25345: 25334: 25320: 25312: 25310:Francis Joseph I 25304: 25296: 25288: 25280: 25272: 25264: 25256: 25248: 25240: 25232: 25224: 25216: 25208: 25200: 25192: 25184: 25176: 25168: 25160: 25152: 25144: 25136: 25128: 25120: 25112: 25104: 25096: 25088: 25080: 25072: 25066: 25064:Otto I the Merry 25058: 25050: 25042: 25034: 25026: 25018: 25010: 24999: 24985: 24977: 24969: 24961: 24940: 24932: 24924: 24916: 24908: 24900: 24892: 24884: 24876: 24874:Ernest the Brave 24868: 24860: 24852: 24827: 24820: 24813: 24804: 24803: 24736: 24697: 24696: 24683: 24682: 24664: 24656: 24648: 24625: 24617: 24594: 24571: 24559:House of Bourbon 24548: 24540: 24532: 24525: 24517: 24509: 24501: 24478: 24469: 24461: 24453: 24434: 24421: 24410: 24399: 24391: 24383: 24375: 24363:House of Limburg 24359: 24358: 24345: 24344: 24326: 24318: 24310: 24302: 24294: 24286: 24274:House of Limburg 24263: 24252: 24241: 24218: 24195: 24176: 24163: 24155: 24147: 24139: 24131: 24123: 24115: 24107: 24091: 24090: 24077: 24076: 24058: 24051: 24044: 24035: 24034: 23795:County of Sicily 23780: 23773: 23766: 23757: 23756: 23734: 23715: 23699: 23595: 23582: 23566: 23530: 23523: 23516: 23507: 23506: 23495: 23487: 23479: 23471: 23463: 23455: 23447: 23439: 23431: 23423: 23415: 23407: 23399: 23391: 23383: 23375: 23367: 23359: 23351: 23343: 23335: 23327: 23308:Kingdom of Italy 23298: 23290: 23276: 23268: 23260: 23246: 23232: 23224: 23210: 23183: 23175: 23167: 23159: 23151: 23143: 23135: 23127: 23119: 23111: 23090: 23082: 23074: 23066: 23058: 23050: 23042: 23034: 23026: 23018: 23010: 23002: 22994: 22986: 22978: 22970: 22962: 22954: 22946: 22938: 22930: 22922: 22914: 22906: 22898: 22888: 22880: 22859: 22851: 22843: 22835: 22827: 22819: 22811: 22803: 22785: 22773: 22748: 22741: 22734: 22725: 22724: 22645: 22204:Louis the German 22175: 22168: 22161: 22152: 22151: 22023: 22022: 21989:Chibchan Nations 21918: 21917: 21887:Santiago de Cuba 21746:Guadalupe Island 21706: 21705: 21433: 21432: 21426: 21425: 21388:Diego de Almagro 21265:Antonio de Ulloa 21169:Ambrosio Spinola 21164:Pedro de Zubiaur 21134:Alfonso d'Avalos 21124:Antonio de Leyva 21068:Army of Flanders 21053: 21052: 21042: 21041: 20931: 20930: 20920: 20919: 20646: 20645: 20635: 20634: 20505: 20504: 20494: 20493: 20462: 20461: 20435:Peñón of Algiers 20399: 20398: 20336: 20335: 20251: 20250: 20174: 20173: 20156: 20114: 20113: 20028: 20027: 20017: 20016: 19938:Seven Years' War 19911:Queen Anne's War 19788: 19787: 19773: 19766: 19759: 19750: 19749: 19680:House of Bourbon 19563:House of Bourbon 19287:García Sánchez I 19269:House of Jiménez 19242:House of Íñiguez 19224: 19217: 19210: 19201: 19200: 19025:House of Jiménez 19018: 18909: 18902: 18895: 18886: 18885: 18673:House of Jiménez 18628: 18499: 18492: 18485: 18476: 18475: 18456:House of Bourbon 18287: 18252:House of Jiménez 18233: 18226: 18219: 18210: 18209: 18190:House of Bourbon 18039: 17994:House of Jiménez 17975: 17968: 17961: 17952: 17951: 17822: 17777:List of monarchs 17761: 17754: 17747: 17738: 17737: 17724: 17723: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17447: 17446: 17436:Prince of Girona 17402:Preceded by 17350:Preceded by 17281:Preceded by 17272:Count of Zutphen 17268:Duke of Guelders 17258:Preceded by 17221:Preceded by 17121:Preceded by 17051:Preceded by 17041: 17034: 17033:24 February 1500 17016: 17015: 16974: 16972: 16963: 16951: 16939: 16919: 16899: 16882: 16861: 16844: 16827: 16810: 16793: 16772: 16762: 16660:Parker, Geoffrey 16603: 16601: 16599: 16577:Holmes, David L. 16561:Heath, Richard. 16544: 16542: 16540: 16404: 16395: 16371: 16350: 16341: 16339: 16337: 16318: 16301: 16299: 16297: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16261: 16242: 16236: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16212: 16206: 16195: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16184: 16156: 16150: 16139: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16097: 16080:Kohler, Alfred. 16077: 16071: 16065: 16059: 16053: 16047: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16019: 16013: 16007: 16001: 15995: 15989: 15983: 15977: 15976: 15956: 15950: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15926: 15920: 15919: 15911: 15905: 15904: 15884: 15878: 15871: 15865: 15858: 15852: 15851: 15849: 15847: 15828: 15822: 15816: 15810: 15803: 15794: 15787: 15781: 15774: 15768: 15761: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15747: 15728: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15698: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15687: 15668: 15662: 15656: 15650: 15649: 15622: 15616: 15603: 15597: 15590: 15584: 15583: 15581: 15579: 15560: 15554: 15551: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15540: 15524: 15518: 15511: 15505: 15487: 15481: 15478: 15472: 15471: 15469: 15467: 15451: 15445: 15438: 15432: 15426: 15420: 15419: 15411: 15405: 15398: 15392: 15385: 15379: 15372: 15366: 15365: 15357: 15346: 15337: 15336: 15328: 15317: 15308: 15307: 15295: 15284: 15275: 15274: 15262: 15254: 15245: 15244: 15236: 15225: 15216: 15215: 15199: 15188: 15179: 15178: 15160: 15154: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15125: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15111: 15100: 15091: 15090: 15082: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15047: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15020: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15006: 14986: 14980: 14971: 14965: 14956: 14950: 14943: 14937: 14930: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14919: 14891: 14885: 14880:Simms, Brendan, 14878: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14847: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14817: 14811: 14804: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14793: 14767: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14734: 14732: 14709: 14703: 14702: 14700: 14698: 14675: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14641: 14635: 14634: 14624: 14600: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14586: 14542: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14531: 14525: 14508: 14497: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14463: 14457: 14456: 14454: 14452: 14429: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14418: 14390: 14384: 14378: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14364: 14341: 14335: 14334: 14332: 14330: 14307: 14301: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14273: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14239: 14233: 14232: 14230: 14228: 14205: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14194: 14171: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14160: 14137: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14126: 14103: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14069: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14055: 14032: 14026: 14025: 14023: 14021: 13998: 13992: 13991: 13989: 13987: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13934: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13900: 13894: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13875: 13869: 13866: 13860: 13859: 13857: 13855: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13825: 13802: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13768: 13762: 13761: 13759: 13757: 13734: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13723: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13668: 13662: 13661: 13641: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13630: 13612: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13577: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13552: 13546: 13543: 13537: 13536: 13516: 13507: 13504: 13498: 13495: 13489: 13486: 13480: 13479: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13431: 13423: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13397: 13391: 13384: 13378: 13372: 13366: 13365: 13356:(1–2): 107–109. 13345: 13339: 13338: 13310: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13299: 13276: 13270: 13269: 13255: 13249: 13246: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13212: 13203: 13197: 13191: 13184: 13178: 13171: 13165: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13117: 13111: 13110: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13067: 13061: 13054: 13048: 13047: 13027: 13021: 13014: 13008: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12990: 12974: 12968: 12949: 12943: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12891:. Archived from 12881: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12813: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12779: 12773: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12745: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12711: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12591: 12585: 12578: 12572: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12548: 12542: 12535: 12529: 12519: 12513: 12512: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12478: 12472: 12456: 12450: 12424: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12400:. Archived from 12394: 12388: 12387: 12379: 12368: 12362: 12349: 12343: 12330: 12324: 12307: 12301: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12187: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12167:. Archived from 12161: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12150: 12141:. Archived from 12135: 12129: 12128: 12108: 12099: 12098: 12078: 12072: 12071: 12052: 12042: 12036: 12030: 12021: 12015: 12006: 12003: 11994: 11993: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11889: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11838: 11832: 11826: 11820: 11814: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11670: 11661: 11660: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11585: 11579: 11578: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11545: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11527: 11510: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11478: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11461:on 7 April 2022. 11457:. Archived from 11438: 11432: 11431: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11384: 11373: 11372: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11334: 11328: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11290: 11284: 11283: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11247: 11241: 11224: 11218: 11202: 11193: 11181: 11175: 11166: 11160: 11141: 11135: 11126: 11120: 11113: 11107: 11098: 11089: 11088: 11053: 11026: 11012: 11006: 10937: 10931: 10916: 10910: 10907: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10849: 10828: 10813: 10604: 10589: 10574: 10503: 10488: 10329: 10314: 10299: 10284: 10269: 10216: 10201: 10186: 9981: 9966: 9951: 9936: 9921: 9906: 9891: 9876: 9861: 9846: 9831: 9816: 9801: 9786: 9533: 9510: 9479: 9440: 9261: 9182: 9157: 9148: 9077: 9065: 8876: 8751: 8720: 8617: 8602: 8587: 8556: 8423: 8400: 8385: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8349: 8186: 8171: 8150: 8119: 8104: 8091: 8038: 8033: 8010: 8008:Albertinian line 8005: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7797: 7782: 7767: 7752: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7716: 7533: 7518: 7499: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7118: 7113: 7060: 7059: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7024: 7023: 6989:Álvaro Cervantes 6959:Diet of Augsburg 6945:Torben Liebrecht 6806: 6773:Thyl Ulenspiegel 6765: 6667:Public monuments 6588: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6522: 6521: 6497:ancient Burgundy 6455:Duke of Guelders 6451: 6432:Count of Zutphen 6428: 6416:24 February 1530 6405: 6382: 6359: 6336: 6313: 6290: 6267: 6244: 6225:Count of Zeeland 6221: 6202:Count of Holland 6198: 6175: 6152: 6129: 6106: 6083: 6060: 6037: 6014: 5991: 5968: 5949:Duke of Burgundy 5944: 5923: 5922: 5741:Duke of Burgundy 5531:Battle of Mohacs 5516:Pope Clement VII 5470: 5456: 5444:Barbara Blomberg 5421: 5418: 5377:Germaine of Foix 5344: 5321: 5294: 5271: 5248: 5221: 5196: 5167: 5166: 5150:Barbara Blomberg 5146:Germaine de Foix 4947: 4944:12 February 1578 4923: 4899: 4875: 4845: 4842:25 February 1558 4839:15 November 1498 4817: 4816: 4727: 4724:Cortes Generales 4682:Pieter van Aelst 4180: 4179: 4171: 4170: 4056:Spanish nobility 4036:Crown of Castile 3844:(1519–21) under 3726:, including the 3717:Turkish invasion 3693:Pope Clement VII 3658:Native Americans 3524: 3253: 3245:Imperium Romanum 3128:Maria of Hungary 3120:Maria of Austria 2894:Augsburg Interim 2873:Council of Trent 2824:Diet of Augsburg 2807:. The spread of 2695:During the 1541 2660:Barbary corsairs 2621:Battle of Mohács 2615:. The defeat of 2611:and its sultan, 2528:conquest of Nice 2459:Pope Clement VII 2455:League of Cognac 2440:Treaty of Madrid 2349:Wars with France 2300:papal coronation 2292:Pope Clement VII 2284:24 February 1530 2080:Pope Clement VII 2044:Henry of Navarre 1885:Alonso de Aragón 1821:Spanish kingdoms 1753:Frisian peasants 1738:Burgundian State 1417:Germaine de Foix 1396:Queen of Castile 1379:Bernhard Strigel 1364:Margaret of York 1332:Burgundian State 1328:Charles the Bold 1131:Mary of Burgundy 1044: 1043: 1035: 1034: 1025:heir presumptive 993:Duke of Burgundy 963:Mathias Corvinus 960: 929:League of Venice 904:Mary of Burgundy 789:Council of Trent 761:Pope Clement VII 739:that led to the 686:wars with France 608:Mary of Burgundy 557:southern Italian 525:Duke of Burgundy 494: 436: 426: 399: 382: 380: 376: 372: 330:Crown of Castile 322: 295:24 February 1500 250:Duke of Burgundy 234: 194: 163: 52: 31: 30: 27881: 27880: 27876: 27875: 27874: 27872: 27871: 27870: 27851:Royal reburials 27846:Counts of Malta 27661: 27660: 27659: 27654: 27649: 27644: 27636: 27620:17th generation 27615: 27604:16th generation 27599: 27583:15th generation 27578: 27552:14th generation 27547: 27531:13th generation 27526: 27510:12th generation 27505: 27484:11th generation 27479: 27460:Louis of Sicily 27443:10th generation 27438: 27397: 27361: 27335: 27319: 27298: 27270: 27244: 27228: 27223: 27193: 27188: 27146: 27123:19th generation 27114: 27076:18th generation 27067: 27051: 27035: 27003: 26995:17th generation 26986: 26969: 26963: 26959:Hubert Salvator 26916: 26910: 26890:16th generation 26885: 26846:Peter Ferdinand 26841:Josef Ferdinand 26821:Franz Ferdinand 26809:15th generation 26804: 26785:Charles Stephen 26770:Ludwig Salvator 26733:14th generation 26728: 26637:13th generation 26632: 26608:Cardinal Rudolf 26556:12th generation 26551: 26520:11th generation 26515: 26489: 26448: 26434:Leopold Wilhelm 26397: 26316: 26285: 26264: 26248: 26232: 26206: 26199: 26194: 26164: 26159: 26155: 26150: 26143:Infante Alfonso 26135:Infante Charles 26079:Infante Charles 26063:Infante Charles 26007:Infante Charles 25999:Infante Alfonso 25970: 25965: 25935: 25930: 25924: 25919: 25800:Philip Prospero 25615: 25610: 25580: 25575: 25438: 25430: 25367:Ernest the Iron 25333: 25325: 24998: 24990: 24945: 24836: 24831: 24801: 24788: 24745: 24737: 24728: 24703: 24691: 24669: 24638: 24630: 24607: 24599: 24584: 24576: 24561: 24553: 24491: 24483: 24443: 24435: 24426: 24365: 24353: 24331: 24276: 24268: 24231: 24223: 24208: 24200: 24185: 24177: 24168: 24097: 24085: 24071: 24062: 24032: 24027: 23818: 23789: 23784: 23754: 23749: 23739: 23539: 23534: 23504: 23499: 23493: 23485: 23477: 23469: 23461: 23453: 23445: 23437: 23429: 23421: 23413: 23405: 23397: 23389: 23381: 23373: 23365: 23357: 23349: 23341: 23333: 23325: 23316: 23311: 23302: 23296: 23288: 23274: 23266: 23258: 23244: 23230: 23222: 23208: 23193: 23187: 23181: 23173: 23165: 23157: 23149: 23141: 23133: 23125: 23117: 23109: 23094: 23088: 23080: 23072: 23064: 23056: 23048: 23040: 23032: 23024: 23016: 23008: 23000: 22992: 22984: 22976: 22968: 22960: 22952: 22944: 22936: 22928: 22920: 22912: 22904: 22896: 22886: 22878: 22863: 22857: 22849: 22841: 22833: 22825: 22817: 22809: 22801: 22786: 22777: 22771: 22758: 22752: 22722: 22717: 22688: 22669: 22650: 22628: 22604: 22585: 22452:Frederick (III) 22283: 22274: 22242: 22233: 22229:Louis the Child 22219:Charles the Fat 22193: 22184: 22179: 22149: 22140: 22116:Old inquisition 22028: 22013: 21923: 21896: 21852:Trinidad (1797) 21822:La Noche Triste 21810: 21806:San Juan (1797) 21756:San Juan (1595) 21693: 21582: 21422:Notable battles 21417: 21383:Martín de Ursúa 21314: 21245:Alonso de Ojeda 21215:Juan de la Cosa 21200:Pinzón brothers 21183: 21154:John of Austria 21129:Martín de Goiti 21107: 21047: 21028: 20972: 20925: 20906: 20818: 20814:Terra Australis 20809:Río de la Plata 20754:Castilla de Oro 20740: 20682: 20678:Río de la Plata 20640: 20621: 20580: 20539: 20535:Santa Hermandad 20499: 20480: 20476:Terra Australis 20467: 20456: 20423:Spanish Morocco 20404: 20393: 20384:Northern Taiwan 20345: 20330: 20301:Río de la Plata 20256: 20245: 20179: 20178:Central America 20168: 20150: 20119: 20108: 20052:Crown of Aragon 20033: 20022: 20007: 19923:Bourbon Reforms 19793: 19782: 19777: 19747: 19742: 19723: 19682:- Upper Navarre 19674: 19643:- Upper Navarre 19635: 19619:- Upper Navarre 19611: 19565:- Lower Navarre 19557: 19541:- Lower Navarre 19539:House of Albret 19533: 19521:House of Albret 19515: 19506:Francis Phoebus 19492: 19455: 19428:House of Évreux 19422: 19379: 19346: 19263: 19237: 19228: 19198: 19193: 19175: 19119: 19052: 19019: 19010: 18956:Alfonso Fróilaz 18922: 18913: 18883: 18878: 18860: 18804: 18790: 18772: 18700: 18667: 18629: 18620: 18512: 18503: 18473: 18468: 18450: 18412: 18356: 18288: 18279: 18246: 18237: 18207: 18202: 18184: 18141: 18103: 18040: 18031: 17988: 17979: 17949: 17944: 17861: 17823: 17814: 17783: 17770: 17765: 17735: 17730: 17712: 17479: 17474: 17439: 17424: 17415: 17407: 17396:Spanish royalty 17390: 17373: 17363: 17355: 17344: 17339: 17329: 17326:King of Germany 17319: 17310: 17305: 17293: 17286: 17275: 17270: 17263: 17261:William I and V 17244: 17242: 17235:King of Castile 17230: 17207: 17205: 17186: 17184: 17171: 17136: 17134: 17126: 17116: 17107: 17102: 17083:Count of Artois 17081: 17076: 17061:Duke of Brabant 17056: 17035: 17029: 17028: 17021: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16897: 16880: 16864:Ernst Schulin: 16859: 16842: 16830:Alfred Kohler: 16825: 16813:Alfred Kohler: 16808: 16791: 16788:Wayback Machine 16770: 16760: 16745: 16743:Other languages 16719:Young Charles V 16707:(1988), 375 pp. 16597: 16595: 16593: 16538: 16536: 16529: 16418: 16412: 16410:Further reading 16407: 16403:. Cambridge UP. 16392: 16368: 16335: 16333: 16295: 16293: 16275: 16270: 16269: 16259: 16257: 16244: 16243: 16239: 16229: 16227: 16214: 16213: 16209: 16196: 16192: 16182: 16180: 16157: 16153: 16140: 16136: 16126: 16124: 16109: 16105: 16095: 16093: 16078: 16074: 16068:Ferdinandy 2021 16066: 16062: 16054: 16050: 16040: 16038: 16036: 16020: 16016: 16008: 16004: 15998:Enepekides 1960 15996: 15992: 15984: 15980: 15973: 15957: 15953: 15942: 15938: 15927: 15923: 15912: 15908: 15901: 15885: 15881: 15872: 15868: 15859: 15855: 15845: 15843: 15830: 15829: 15825: 15817: 15813: 15804: 15797: 15788: 15784: 15775: 15771: 15762: 15755: 15745: 15743: 15730: 15729: 15725: 15715: 15713: 15700: 15699: 15695: 15685: 15683: 15670: 15669: 15665: 15661:, pp. 6–7. 15657: 15653: 15646: 15631:Philip of Spain 15623: 15619: 15613:Wayback Machine 15604: 15600: 15591: 15587: 15577: 15575: 15562: 15561: 15557: 15552: 15548: 15538: 15536: 15525: 15521: 15512: 15508: 15502:Wayback Machine 15488: 15484: 15479: 15475: 15465: 15463: 15452: 15448: 15439: 15435: 15427: 15423: 15412: 15408: 15399: 15395: 15386: 15382: 15373: 15369: 15347: 15340: 15318: 15311: 15288:Poupardin, René 15285: 15278: 15255: 15248: 15226: 15219: 15189: 15182: 15175: 15161: 15157: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15126: 15119: 15109: 15107: 15102: 15101: 15094: 15083: 15079: 15069: 15067: 15048: 15044: 15034: 15032: 15021: 15014: 15004: 15002: 14995:The Independent 14987: 14983: 14979:, v. 4, 417–418 14972: 14968: 14957: 14953: 14944: 14940: 14931: 14927: 14917: 14915: 14908: 14892: 14888: 14879: 14875: 14865: 14863: 14848: 14844: 14834: 14832: 14825:granadainfo.com 14819: 14818: 14814: 14805: 14801: 14791: 14789: 14744: 14740: 14730: 14728: 14726: 14710: 14706: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14676: 14672: 14662: 14660: 14658: 14642: 14638: 14601: 14594: 14584: 14582: 14543: 14539: 14529: 14527: 14523: 14517: 14506: 14498: 14494: 14484: 14482: 14480: 14464: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14446: 14430: 14426: 14416: 14414: 14407: 14391: 14387: 14379: 14372: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14342: 14338: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14308: 14304: 14294: 14292: 14290: 14274: 14270: 14260: 14258: 14256: 14240: 14236: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14206: 14202: 14192: 14190: 14188: 14172: 14168: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14138: 14134: 14124: 14122: 14120: 14104: 14100: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14070: 14063: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14033: 14029: 14019: 14017: 14015: 13999: 13995: 13985: 13983: 13970: 13969: 13965: 13955: 13953: 13951: 13935: 13931: 13921: 13919: 13917: 13901: 13897: 13887: 13885: 13876: 13872: 13867: 13863: 13853: 13851: 13838: 13837: 13833: 13823: 13821: 13819: 13803: 13799: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13769: 13765: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13735: 13731: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13701: 13697: 13669: 13665: 13658: 13642: 13638: 13628: 13626: 13613: 13609: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13578: 13574: 13564: 13562: 13554: 13553: 13549: 13544: 13540: 13533: 13517: 13510: 13505: 13501: 13496: 13492: 13487: 13483: 13476: 13456: 13452: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13429: 13425: 13424: 13420: 13410: 13408: 13399: 13398: 13394: 13385: 13381: 13373: 13369: 13346: 13342: 13315:N. Engl. J. Med 13311: 13307: 13297: 13295: 13293: 13277: 13273: 13256: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13213: 13206: 13198: 13194: 13185: 13181: 13172: 13168: 13162:Wayback Machine 13153:(1982): 75–106 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13119: 13118: 13114: 13107: 13093: 13089: 13079: 13077: 13069: 13068: 13064: 13055: 13051: 13044: 13028: 13024: 13015: 13011: 13002: 12998: 12988: 12986: 12975: 12971: 12950: 12946: 12938:Froude (1891), 12937: 12933: 12926:Holmes (1993), 12925: 12921: 12917:(Osprey, 1996). 12913:Angus Konstam, 12912: 12908: 12898: 12896: 12883: 12882: 12878: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12848: 12844: 12834: 12832: 12830: 12814: 12810: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12780: 12776: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12746: 12742: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12712: 12708: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12678: 12674: 12664: 12662: 12653: 12649: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12619: 12615: 12592: 12588: 12579: 12575: 12564: 12560: 12549: 12545: 12536: 12532: 12520: 12516: 12505: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12479: 12475: 12469:Wayback Machine 12457: 12453: 12448:Wayback Machine 12437:Wayback Machine 12425: 12418: 12407: 12405: 12396: 12395: 12391: 12369: 12365: 12360:Wayback Machine 12350: 12346: 12341:Wayback Machine 12331: 12327: 12317:Wayback Machine 12308: 12304: 12294:Wayback Machine 12285: 12281: 12271: 12269: 12251: 12249: 12238: 12234: 12227: 12213: 12209: 12202: 12188: 12184: 12174: 12172: 12171:on 4 March 2016 12163: 12162: 12158: 12148: 12146: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12125: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12079: 12075: 12065: 12043: 12039: 12031: 12024: 12020:, Pierre Chaunu 12016: 12009: 12004: 11997: 11990: 11976: 11972: 11962: 11960: 11942: 11940: 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11890: 11886: 11876: 11874: 11856: 11854: 11839: 11835: 11827: 11823: 11815: 11811: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11781: 11777: 11767: 11765: 11763: 11747: 11743: 11735: 11731: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11703: 11702: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11671: 11664: 11657: 11641: 11637: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11607: 11603: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11559: 11555: 11539: 11538: 11531: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11508: 11500: 11496: 11488: 11481: 11470: 11466: 11455: 11439: 11435: 11428: 11412: 11408: 11401: 11385: 11376: 11363: 11359: 11352: 11335: 11331: 11318: 11314: 11307: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11264: 11260: 11249: 11248: 11244: 11227:Pagden, Anthony 11225: 11221: 11212:Wayback Machine 11203: 11196: 11182: 11178: 11167: 11163: 11151:Wayback Machine 11142: 11138: 11127: 11123: 11114: 11110: 11099: 11092: 11077: 11069:. p. 716. 11054: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11029: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10938: 10934: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10882: 10873: 10872: 10862: 10860: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10826: 10825: 10822: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10486: 10485: 10482: 10327: 10326: 10323: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10291:Leopold Wilhelm 10282: 10281: 10278: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10214: 10213: 10210: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10184: 10183: 10180: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9874: 9873: 9870: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9844: 9843: 9840: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9149: 9146: 9066: 9063: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8600: 8599: 8596: 8585: 8584: 8581: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8421: 8420: 8418:Duke of Austria 8417: 8398: 8397: 8395:Duke of Austria 8394: 8383: 8382: 8380:Duke of Austria 8379: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8359:Duke of Austria 8358: 8347: 8346: 8344:Duke of Austria 8343: 8184: 8183: 8181:Duke of Austria 8180: 8169: 8168: 8167:Duke of Austria 8166: 8148: 8147: 8145:Duke of Austria 8144: 8117: 8116: 8114:Duke of Austria 8113: 8102: 8101: 8089: 8088: 8086:Duke of Austria 8085: 8036:Leopoldian line 8034: 8031: 8006: 8003: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7795: 7794: 7792:Duke of Austria 7791: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7765: 7764: 7762:Duke of Austria 7761: 7750: 7749: 7747:Duke of Austria 7746: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7531: 7530: 7528:Duke of Austria 7527: 7516: 7515: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7114: 7111: 7051: 7022: 6931: 6872: 6844: 6800: 6794:Louis Paul Boon 6770:'s masterpiece 6757: 6722:Ghent City Hall 6669: 6649:Francoist Spain 6609: 6603: 6596: 6591:Variant of the 6589: 6580: 6569: 6560: 6557: 6548: 6545: 6462:25 October 1555 6439:25 October 1555 6413:23 October 1520 6370:12 January 1521 6367:12 January 1519 6324:16 January 1556 6304:Charles I (II) 6301:16 January 1556 6278:16 January 1556 6255:16 January 1556 6232:25 October 1555 6209:25 October 1555 6186:25 October 1555 6163:25 October 1555 6117:25 October 1555 6110:Count of Artois 6094:5 February 1556 6071:25 October 1555 6048:25 October 1555 6025:25 October 1555 6018:Duke of Lothier 6002:25 October 1555 5995:Duke of Limburg 5979:25 October 1555 5972:Duke of Brabant 5956:25 October 1555 5707:, King of both 5489: 5483: 5476: 5475: 5474:John of Austria 5471: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5436:John of Austria 5419: 5410:Henry of Nassau 5381:Geoffrey Parker 5337: 5325: 5314: 5298: 5287: 5264: 5252: 5241: 5225: 5214: 5200: 5189: 5162: 5154:John of Austria 5050:William de Croÿ 5039:Maria of Aragon 4999:John of Austria 4964: 4945: 4941:14 January 1507 4921: 4920:18 October 1558 4897: 4873: 4872:19 January 1526 4854: 4843: 4807: 4764: 4706: 4698:William de Croÿ 4694:Thomas à Kempis 4670: 4665: 4168: 4163: 4098:Domingo de Soto 3962:Gonzalo Pizarro 3953:coincided with 3891:northern Mexico 3791: 3606: 3527:Thurn und Taxis 3518: 3516:Franz von Taxis 3501: 3495: 3433: 3345:Battle of Pavia 3318:Battle of Pavia 3310: 3300: 3298:Military system 3295: 3254: 3251: 3240:house of Fugger 3176:Regent of Spain 3168:Mary of Hungary 3140: 3079:Mary of Hungary 3063: 3043:prince-electors 3007:Pope Julius III 2943: 2938: 2886:Philip of Hesse 2717: 2589: 2571: 2432:Battle of Pavia 2351: 2323:elect Ferdinand 2311:Imperial Cities 2219: 2199:Barbary pirates 2197:and its vassal 2177:Battle of Pavia 2159:1522. In 1524, 2134:House of Sforza 2106:Crown of Aragon 2100:by Clement VII. 2072: 2060:Barbary pirates 2032:Jeanne d'Albret 2024:July Revolution 1893:Crown of Aragon 1823: 1761:Wijard Jelckama 1698: 1685: 1679: 1663:House of Nassau 1514:William de Croÿ 1426: 1324: 1319: 844: 771:. However, the 749:defended Vienna 745:Rome was sacked 741:Battle of Pavia 713:King of Germany 635:with his mother 481:Catholic Church 440: 431:John of Austria 393: 392: 384: 368: 364: 361: 348: 324: 320: 296: 254: 204: 162:16 January 1556 161: 151: 118: 83: 74: 60: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 27879: 27869: 27868: 27863: 27858: 27853: 27848: 27843: 27838: 27833: 27828: 27823: 27818: 27813: 27811:Child monarchs 27808: 27803: 27798: 27793: 27788: 27783: 27778: 27773: 27771:Dukes of Milan 27768: 27763: 27758: 27753: 27748: 27743: 27738: 27733: 27728: 27723: 27718: 27713: 27708: 27703: 27698: 27693: 27688: 27683: 27678: 27673: 27656: 27655: 27653: 27652: 27647: 27641: 27638: 27637: 27635: 27634: 27629: 27623: 27621: 27617: 27616: 27614: 27613: 27607: 27605: 27601: 27600: 27598: 27597: 27592: 27586: 27584: 27580: 27579: 27577: 27576: 27571: 27566: 27561: 27555: 27553: 27549: 27548: 27546: 27545: 27540: 27534: 27532: 27528: 27527: 27525: 27524: 27519: 27513: 27511: 27507: 27506: 27504: 27503: 27498: 27493: 27487: 27485: 27481: 27480: 27478: 27477: 27472: 27467: 27462: 27457: 27452: 27446: 27444: 27440: 27439: 27437: 27436: 27431: 27426: 27421: 27416: 27411: 27405: 27403: 27402:9th generation 27399: 27398: 27396: 27395: 27390: 27385: 27380: 27375: 27369: 27367: 27366:8th generation 27363: 27362: 27360: 27359: 27354: 27349: 27343: 27341: 27340:7th generation 27337: 27336: 27334: 27333: 27327: 27325: 27324:6th generation 27321: 27320: 27318: 27317: 27312: 27306: 27304: 27303:5th generation 27300: 27299: 27297: 27296: 27291: 27285: 27278: 27276: 27275:4th generation 27272: 27271: 27269: 27268: 27263: 27258: 27252: 27250: 27249:2nd generation 27246: 27245: 27243: 27242: 27236: 27234: 27233:1st generation 27230: 27229: 27222: 27221: 27214: 27207: 27199: 27190: 27189: 27187: 27186: 27180: 27174: 27168: 27162: 27155: 27152: 27151: 27148: 27147: 27145: 27144: 27139: 27133: 27131: 27124: 27120: 27119: 27116: 27115: 27113: 27112: 27107: 27102: 27097: 27092: 27086: 27084: 27077: 27073: 27072: 27069: 27068: 27066: 27065: 27059: 27057: 27053: 27052: 27050: 27049: 27043: 27041: 27037: 27036: 27034: 27033: 27028: 27023: 27018: 27013: 27007: 27005: 26996: 26992: 26991: 26988: 26987: 26985: 26984: 26979: 26973: 26971: 26965: 26964: 26962: 26961: 26956: 26951: 26946: 26941: 26936: 26931: 26926: 26920: 26918: 26912: 26911: 26909: 26908: 26903: 26897: 26891: 26887: 26886: 26884: 26883: 26881:Joseph Francis 26878: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26861:Albrecht Franz 26858: 26856:Franz Salvator 26853: 26848: 26843: 26838: 26833: 26831:Ferdinand Karl 26828: 26823: 26818: 26812: 26810: 26806: 26805: 26803: 26802: 26797: 26792: 26787: 26782: 26777: 26772: 26767: 26762: 26757: 26752: 26747: 26742: 26736: 26734: 26730: 26729: 26727: 26726: 26721: 26716: 26714:Heinrich Anton 26711: 26706: 26701: 26696: 26694:Leopold Ludwig 26691: 26686: 26681: 26676: 26671: 26669:Karl Ferdinand 26666: 26661: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26640: 26638: 26634: 26633: 26631: 26630: 26625: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26595: 26590: 26585: 26580: 26575: 26570: 26565: 26559: 26557: 26553: 26552: 26550: 26549: 26544: 26539: 26534: 26532:Charles Joseph 26529: 26523: 26521: 26517: 26516: 26514: 26513: 26508: 26506:Leopold Joseph 26503: 26497: 26495: 26494:9th generation 26491: 26490: 26488: 26487: 26485:Charles Joseph 26482: 26477: 26472: 26467: 26462: 26456: 26454: 26453:8th generation 26450: 26449: 26447: 26446: 26441: 26436: 26431: 26426: 26421: 26416: 26411: 26405: 26403: 26402:7th generation 26399: 26398: 26396: 26395: 26390: 26385: 26380: 26375: 26370: 26365: 26363:Maximilian III 26360: 26355: 26350: 26345: 26340: 26335: 26330: 26324: 26322: 26321:6th generation 26318: 26317: 26315: 26314: 26309: 26304: 26299: 26293: 26291: 26290:5th generation 26287: 26286: 26284: 26283: 26278: 26272: 26270: 26269:4th generation 26266: 26265: 26263: 26262: 26256: 26254: 26253:3rd generation 26250: 26249: 26247: 26246: 26240: 26238: 26237:2nd generation 26234: 26233: 26231: 26230: 26225: 26220: 26214: 26212: 26211:1st generation 26208: 26207: 26204: 26201: 26200: 26193: 26192: 26185: 26178: 26170: 26161: 26160: 26153: 26151: 26149: 26148: 26140: 26132: 26124: 26116: 26108: 26103:Infanta Joanna 26100: 26092: 26087:Infanta Joanna 26084: 26076: 26068: 26060: 26052: 26044: 26039:Infante Philip 26036: 26028: 26020: 26012: 26004: 25996: 25991:Infante Felipe 25987: 25986: 25984:(2014-present) 25980:Infanta Leonor 25975: 25972: 25971: 25964: 25963: 25956: 25949: 25941: 25932: 25931: 25922: 25920: 25918: 25917: 25909: 25901: 25893: 25885: 25877: 25869: 25861: 25853: 25845: 25837: 25829: 25821: 25813: 25805: 25797: 25789: 25781: 25773: 25765: 25757: 25749: 25741: 25733: 25725: 25717: 25709: 25701: 25693: 25685: 25677: 25669: 25661: 25653: 25645: 25637: 25629: 25620: 25617: 25616: 25609: 25608: 25601: 25594: 25586: 25577: 25576: 25574: 25573: 25565: 25557: 25549: 25541: 25533: 25525: 25517: 25509: 25501: 25493: 25485: 25477: 25469: 25461: 25453: 25444: 25442: 25432: 25431: 25429: 25428: 25420: 25412: 25404: 25396: 25388: 25380: 25372: 25364: 25356: 25348: 25339: 25337: 25327: 25326: 25324: 25323: 25315: 25307: 25299: 25291: 25283: 25275: 25267: 25259: 25251: 25243: 25235: 25227: 25219: 25211: 25203: 25195: 25187: 25179: 25171: 25163: 25155: 25147: 25139: 25131: 25123: 25115: 25107: 25099: 25091: 25083: 25075: 25069: 25061: 25053: 25045: 25037: 25029: 25021: 25013: 25004: 25002: 24992: 24991: 24989: 24988: 24980: 24972: 24964: 24955: 24953: 24947: 24946: 24944: 24943: 24935: 24927: 24919: 24911: 24903: 24895: 24887: 24879: 24871: 24863: 24855: 24846: 24844: 24838: 24837: 24830: 24829: 24822: 24815: 24807: 24798: 24797: 24794: 24793: 24790: 24789: 24787: 24786: 24780: 24774: 24768: 24765:Marie-Adélaïde 24762: 24756: 24749: 24747: 24746:(1890–present) 24739: 24738: 24731: 24729: 24727: 24726: 24720: 24714: 24707: 24705: 24693: 24692: 24679: 24678: 24675: 24674: 24671: 24670: 24668: 24667: 24659: 24651: 24642: 24640: 24632: 24631: 24629: 24628: 24620: 24611: 24609: 24601: 24600: 24598: 24597: 24588: 24586: 24578: 24577: 24575: 24574: 24565: 24563: 24555: 24554: 24552: 24551: 24543: 24535: 24520: 24512: 24504: 24495: 24493: 24485: 24484: 24482: 24481: 24473: 24464: 24456: 24447: 24445: 24437: 24436: 24429: 24427: 24425: 24424: 24416: 24405: 24394: 24386: 24378: 24369: 24367: 24355: 24354: 24341: 24340: 24337: 24336: 24333: 24332: 24330: 24329: 24321: 24313: 24305: 24297: 24289: 24280: 24278: 24270: 24269: 24267: 24266: 24258: 24247: 24235: 24233: 24229:House of Namur 24225: 24224: 24222: 24221: 24212: 24210: 24202: 24201: 24199: 24198: 24189: 24187: 24183:House of Namur 24179: 24178: 24171: 24169: 24167: 24166: 24158: 24150: 24142: 24134: 24126: 24118: 24110: 24101: 24099: 24087: 24086: 24073: 24072: 24061: 24060: 24053: 24046: 24038: 24029: 24028: 24026: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24008:Victor Amadeus 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23980: 23975: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23925: 23920: 23915: 23910: 23905: 23900: 23895: 23890: 23885: 23880: 23875: 23870: 23865: 23860: 23855: 23850: 23845: 23840: 23835: 23829: 23827: 23820: 23819: 23817: 23816: 23811: 23806: 23800: 23798: 23791: 23790: 23783: 23782: 23775: 23768: 23760: 23751: 23750: 23744: 23741: 23740: 23738: 23737: 23728: 23723: 23718: 23709: 23702: 23693: 23687: 23681: 23675: 23669: 23663: 23657: 23651: 23645: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23624: 23619: 23614: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23590: 23585: 23577: 23572: 23561: 23556: 23551: 23544: 23541: 23540: 23533: 23532: 23525: 23518: 23510: 23501: 23500: 23498: 23497: 23489: 23484:Frederick III 23481: 23473: 23465: 23457: 23449: 23441: 23433: 23425: 23417: 23409: 23401: 23393: 23385: 23377: 23369: 23361: 23353: 23345: 23337: 23329: 23320: 23318: 23304: 23303: 23301: 23300: 23292: 23278: 23270: 23262: 23248: 23234: 23226: 23212: 23197: 23195: 23189: 23188: 23186: 23185: 23177: 23169: 23161: 23153: 23145: 23137: 23129: 23121: 23113: 23104: 23102: 23096: 23095: 23093: 23092: 23084: 23076: 23068: 23060: 23052: 23044: 23036: 23028: 23020: 23012: 23004: 22996: 22988: 22980: 22972: 22964: 22956: 22948: 22940: 22932: 22924: 22916: 22908: 22900: 22890: 22882: 22873: 22871: 22865: 22864: 22862: 22861: 22853: 22845: 22837: 22829: 22821: 22813: 22805: 22796: 22794: 22788: 22787: 22780: 22778: 22776: 22775: 22766: 22764: 22760: 22759: 22755:Kings of Italy 22751: 22750: 22743: 22736: 22728: 22719: 22718: 22716: 22715: 22710: 22705: 22699: 22697: 22690: 22689: 22687: 22686: 22680: 22678: 22671: 22670: 22668: 22667: 22665:Franz Joseph I 22661: 22659: 22652: 22651: 22649: 22648: 22639: 22637: 22630: 22629: 22627: 22626: 22621: 22615: 22613: 22606: 22605: 22603: 22602: 22596: 22594: 22587: 22586: 22584: 22583: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22563: 22558: 22553: 22548: 22543: 22538: 22533: 22528: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22476: 22471: 22466: 22459: 22454: 22449: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22429: 22424: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22400: 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22353:Lothair II/III 22350: 22345: 22340: 22333: 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22290: 22288: 22276: 22275: 22273: 22272: 22267: 22260: 22255: 22249: 22247: 22235: 22234: 22232: 22231: 22226: 22221: 22216: 22211: 22206: 22200: 22198: 22186: 22185: 22178: 22177: 22170: 22163: 22155: 22146: 22145: 22142: 22141: 22139: 22138: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22112: 22111: 22101: 22100: 22099: 22089: 22084: 22079: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22039: 22033: 22030: 22029: 22019: 22018: 22015: 22014: 22012: 22011: 22006: 22001: 21996: 21991: 21986: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21970: 21969: 21964: 21959: 21954: 21944: 21939: 21934: 21932:Canary Islands 21928: 21925: 21924: 21914: 21913: 21910: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21902: 21901: 21898: 21897: 21895: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21818: 21816: 21812: 21811: 21809: 21808: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21786:Túpac Amaru II 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21731:Bogotá savanna 21728: 21723: 21718: 21712: 21710: 21703: 21699: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21692: 21691: 21686: 21681: 21676: 21671: 21666: 21661: 21656: 21651: 21646: 21641: 21639:Spanish Armada 21636: 21631: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21611: 21606: 21601: 21596: 21590: 21588: 21584: 21583: 21581: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21535: 21533:White Mountain 21530: 21528:Cape Celidonia 21525: 21523:English Armada 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21445: 21439: 21437: 21430: 21423: 21419: 21418: 21416: 21415: 21410: 21405: 21400: 21395: 21390: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21324: 21322: 21316: 21315: 21313: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21300:Juan Fernández 21297: 21292: 21287: 21282: 21277: 21275:Diego Columbus 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21252: 21247: 21242: 21237: 21232: 21227: 21222: 21217: 21212: 21207: 21202: 21197: 21191: 21189: 21185: 21184: 21182: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21115: 21113: 21109: 21108: 21106: 21105: 21103:Army of Africa 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21083:Spanish Armada 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21059: 21057: 21049: 21048: 21038: 21037: 21034: 21033: 21030: 21029: 21027: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20984:Manila galleon 20980: 20978: 20974: 20973: 20971: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20939: 20937: 20927: 20926: 20916: 20915: 20912: 20911: 20908: 20907: 20905: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20828: 20826: 20820: 20819: 20817: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20750: 20748: 20742: 20741: 20739: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20692: 20690: 20684: 20683: 20681: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20654: 20652: 20642: 20641: 20631: 20630: 20627: 20626: 20623: 20622: 20620: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20588: 20586: 20582: 20581: 20579: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20553: 20547: 20545: 20541: 20540: 20538: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20511: 20509: 20501: 20500: 20498:Administration 20490: 20489: 20486: 20485: 20482: 20481: 20479: 20478: 20472: 20469: 20468: 20458: 20457: 20455: 20454: 20419:Western Sahara 20415: 20409: 20406: 20405: 20395: 20394: 20392: 20391: 20386: 20381: 20350: 20347: 20346: 20332: 20331: 20329: 20328: 20317:Banda Oriental 20298: 20284: 20261: 20258: 20257: 20247: 20246: 20244: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20190: 20184: 20181: 20180: 20170: 20169: 20167: 20166: 20132:Coastal Alaska 20124: 20121: 20120: 20110: 20109: 20107: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20066: 20065: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20038: 20035: 20034: 20024: 20023: 20013: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20006: 20005: 20000: 19995: 19990: 19985: 19980: 19975: 19970: 19965: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19930: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19914: 19913: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19804: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19784: 19783: 19780:Spanish Empire 19776: 19775: 19768: 19761: 19753: 19744: 19743: 19735:King of France 19731:King of Aragon 19728: 19725: 19724: 19722: 19721: 19716: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19685: 19683: 19676: 19675: 19673: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19646: 19644: 19637: 19636: 19634: 19633: 19628: 19622: 19620: 19613: 19612: 19610: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19568: 19566: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19555: 19550: 19544: 19542: 19535: 19534: 19532: 19531: 19525: 19523: 19517: 19516: 19514: 19513: 19508: 19502: 19500: 19494: 19493: 19491: 19490: 19485: 19478: 19471: 19465: 19463: 19457: 19456: 19454: 19453: 19448: 19443: 19438: 19432: 19430: 19424: 19423: 19421: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19389: 19387: 19385:House of Capet 19381: 19380: 19378: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19356: 19354: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19344: 19339: 19334: 19332:García Ramírez 19329: 19324: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19273: 19271: 19265: 19264: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19254:García Íñiguez 19251: 19245: 19243: 19239: 19238: 19227: 19226: 19219: 19212: 19204: 19195: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19185: 19183: 19177: 19176: 19174: 19173: 19164: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19129: 19127: 19121: 19120: 19118: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19062: 19060: 19054: 19053: 19051: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19035: 19029: 19027: 19021: 19020: 19013: 19011: 19009: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18953: 18948: 18943: 18938: 18932: 18930: 18924: 18923: 18912: 18911: 18904: 18897: 18889: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18876: 18870: 18868: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18858: 18849: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18814: 18812: 18806: 18805: 18800: 18798: 18792: 18791: 18789: 18788: 18782: 18780: 18774: 18773: 18771: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18710: 18708: 18702: 18701: 18699: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18677: 18675: 18669: 18668: 18666: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18639: 18637: 18631: 18630: 18623: 18621: 18619: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18522: 18520: 18514: 18513: 18502: 18501: 18494: 18487: 18479: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18466: 18460: 18458: 18452: 18451: 18449: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18422: 18420: 18414: 18413: 18411: 18410: 18401: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18366: 18364: 18358: 18357: 18355: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18298: 18296: 18290: 18289: 18282: 18280: 18278: 18277: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18256: 18254: 18248: 18247: 18236: 18235: 18228: 18221: 18213: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18200: 18194: 18192: 18186: 18185: 18183: 18182: 18177: 18172: 18167: 18162: 18157: 18151: 18149: 18143: 18142: 18140: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18113: 18111: 18105: 18104: 18102: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18050: 18048: 18042: 18041: 18034: 18032: 18030: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17998: 17996: 17990: 17989: 17978: 17977: 17970: 17963: 17955: 17946: 17945: 17943: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17871: 17869: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17833: 17831: 17829:Personal union 17825: 17824: 17817: 17815: 17813: 17812: 17803: 17793: 17791: 17789:Dynastic union 17785: 17784: 17775: 17772: 17771: 17764: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17741: 17732: 17731: 17729: 17728: 17717: 17714: 17713: 17711: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17473: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17450: 17442: 17441: 17431: 17430: 17422: 17417: 17408: 17403: 17399: 17398: 17392: 17391: 17386: 17383: 17356: 17351: 17347: 17346: 17332: 17331: 17321: 17320: 17315: 17312: 17307:Count of Tyrol 17295:Duke of Styria 17287: 17282: 17278: 17277: 17264: 17259: 17255: 17254: 17231: 17222: 17218: 17217: 17197: 17196: 17152:King of Aragon 17147: 17146: 17131:King of Naples 17127: 17122: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17109: 17057: 17052: 17048: 17047: 17046:Regnal titles 17043: 17042: 17022: 17019: 17014: 17013: 17007: 17006: 16998: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16958:, ed. (1914). 16952: 16942:Chisholm, Hugh 16926: 16925:External links 16923: 16921: 16920: 16900: 16883: 16862: 16845: 16828: 16811: 16794: 16773: 16763: 16758:978-8877512871 16744: 16741: 16740: 16739: 16737:978-1400061259 16722: 16715: 16714:(1986) 383 pp. 16708: 16701: 16691: 16684: 16674: 16672:978-0300254860 16657: 16647: 16634: 16632:978-0340749227 16617: 16615:978-0750924047 16604: 16591: 16573: 16571:978-1725852785 16559: 16552: 16545: 16527: 16509: 16507:978-1843836995 16495: 16488: 16471: 16461: 16448: 16438:Blockmans, Wim 16435: 16428: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16405: 16396: 16390: 16372: 16367:978-1107042971 16366: 16351: 16342: 16319: 16302: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16237: 16207: 16190: 16151: 16134: 16103: 16072: 16060: 16048: 16035:978-3402065747 16034: 16014: 16012:, p. 152. 16002: 15990: 15988:, p. 463. 15978: 15972:978-1317880820 15971: 15951: 15936: 15921: 15906: 15900:978-1139481151 15899: 15879: 15866: 15853: 15823: 15811: 15795: 15782: 15769: 15753: 15723: 15693: 15663: 15651: 15645:978-0300070811 15644: 15617: 15615:, Alhambra.org 15598: 15585: 15555: 15546: 15519: 15506: 15482: 15473: 15446: 15433: 15421: 15406: 15393: 15380: 15367: 15352:, ed. (1911). 15350:Chisholm, Hugh 15338: 15323:, ed. (1911). 15321:Chisholm, Hugh 15309: 15298:Chisholm, Hugh 15276: 15265:Chisholm, Hugh 15246: 15234:"Joanna" 15231:, ed. (1911). 15229:Chisholm, Hugh 15217: 15194:, ed. (1861). 15180: 15174:978-1725852785 15173: 15155: 15142: 15117: 15092: 15077: 15042: 15012: 14981: 14966: 14964:, v. 4, p. 177 14951: 14938: 14925: 14906: 14886: 14873: 14842: 14812: 14799: 14738: 14725:978-0719040580 14724: 14704: 14691:978-0230554436 14690: 14670: 14657:978-3110454574 14656: 14636: 14592: 14537: 14516:978-0199602971 14515: 14492: 14479:978-0226354897 14478: 14458: 14445:978-1440848568 14444: 14424: 14406:978-3642543319 14405: 14385: 14383:, p. 349. 14381:Behringer 2011 14370: 14357:978-0813932446 14356: 14336: 14323:978-9004337725 14322: 14302: 14289:978-0691205380 14288: 14268: 14255:978-1139494014 14254: 14234: 14221:978-0395924990 14220: 14200: 14187:978-0230629080 14186: 14166: 14153:978-0253190253 14152: 14132: 14119:978-1509503025 14118: 14098: 14085:978-1843839514 14084: 14061: 14048:978-1780968735 14047: 14027: 14014:978-0191607288 14013: 13993: 13963: 13950:978-0801459603 13949: 13929: 13916:978-3050049953 13915: 13895: 13870: 13861: 13831: 13818:978-1851096978 13817: 13797: 13784:978-3428088072 13783: 13763: 13750:978-3476000606 13749: 13729: 13716:978-1442699021 13715: 13695: 13663: 13657:978-1848847033 13656: 13636: 13607: 13594: 13572: 13547: 13538: 13532:978-1476608891 13531: 13508: 13499: 13490: 13481: 13475:978-1317880820 13474: 13450: 13427:"A-Panteo.Pdf" 13418: 13392: 13379: 13367: 13350:Parassitologia 13340: 13321:(5): 516–520. 13305: 13292:978-0198731016 13291: 13271: 13261:Zurich Letters 13250: 13241: 13228:978-0520203303 13227: 13204: 13192: 13179: 13166: 13142: 13112: 13105: 13087: 13062: 13049: 13042: 13022: 13009: 12996: 12969: 12944: 12931: 12919: 12906: 12876: 12863:978-0786491032 12862: 12842: 12829:978-0664227135 12828: 12808: 12795:978-0465065950 12794: 12774: 12761:978-0191617218 12760: 12740: 12727:978-3838339641 12726: 12706: 12693:978-1446545553 12692: 12672: 12647: 12634:978-0691007953 12633: 12613: 12596:German History 12586: 12582:German History 12573: 12558: 12543: 12530: 12514: 12498: 12492:978-8476817360 12491: 12473: 12451: 12416: 12389: 12374:, ed. (1911). 12372:Chisholm, Hugh 12363: 12354:, pp. 139–140 12344: 12325: 12302: 12279: 12232: 12225: 12207: 12201:978-8493414078 12200: 12182: 12156: 12130: 12123: 12100: 12094:978-1845935467 12093: 12073: 12064:978-0226645599 12063: 12037: 12022: 12007: 11995: 11989:978-1725852785 11988: 11970: 11918: 11905:978-0300241020 11904: 11884: 11833: 11821: 11809: 11796:978-1137543851 11795: 11775: 11762:978-3319743479 11761: 11741: 11739:, p. 204. 11729: 11716:978-9004422445 11715: 11696: 11675:"Maximilian I" 11662: 11656:978-3935279338 11655: 11635: 11622:978-1108499255 11621: 11601: 11580: 11573: 11553: 11518:978-9038224008 11517: 11494: 11479: 11464: 11454:978-1137069771 11453: 11433: 11427:978-1440848568 11426: 11406: 11400:978-1789017182 11399: 11374: 11357: 11351:978-0521789783 11350: 11329: 11325:978-0141926605 11312: 11306:978-1843836995 11305: 11285: 11279:978-0230112988 11278: 11258: 11242: 11239:978-0307431592 11219: 11194: 11176: 11161: 11136: 11121: 11108: 11090: 11076:978-0871691620 11075: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11007: 11004: 11003: 10994: 10985: 10976: 10967: 10958: 10949: 10939: 10932: 10911: 10901: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10843: 10842: 10836: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10816: 10814: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10596:Charles Joseph 10592: 10590: 10577: 10575: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10491: 10489: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10400: 10398: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10317: 10315: 10302: 10300: 10287: 10285: 10272: 10270: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10204: 10202: 10189: 10187: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9969: 9967: 9954: 9952: 9939: 9937: 9924: 9922: 9909: 9907: 9894: 9892: 9879: 9877: 9864: 9862: 9853:Maximilian III 9849: 9847: 9834: 9832: 9819: 9817: 9804: 9802: 9789: 9787: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9686: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9521: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8723: 8721: 8715:the Posthumous 8708: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8618: 8605: 8603: 8590: 8588: 8575: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8388: 8386: 8373: 8371: 8352: 8350: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8174: 8172: 8161: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8151: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8107: 8105: 8094: 8092: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7800: 7798: 7785: 7783: 7770: 7768: 7755: 7753: 7740: 7738: 7719: 7717: 7704: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7521: 7519: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7479: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7302: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7007:Rupert Everett 7003: 6992: 6975: 6962: 6941: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6912: 6889:Giuseppe Verdi 6885: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6859:Mephistopheles 6850:Doctor Faustus 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6825: 6812: 6790:Het geuzenboek 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6740: 6729: 6718: 6668: 6665: 6623:, 17th century 6605:Main article: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6581: 6570: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6539: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6429: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6406: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6393:27 August 1556 6391: 6388: 6383: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6360: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6340:King of Naples 6337: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6294:King of Sicily 6291: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6271:King of Aragon 6268: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6245: 6237: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6222: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6199: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6176: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6153: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6138: 6135: 6130: 6122: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6084: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6015: 6007: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5705:Canary Islands 5504:Pope Julius II 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5433: 5423: 5413: 5406: 5384: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5347:21 April 1539 5345: 5338: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326:20 March 1538 5322: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5297:24 June 1535 – 5295: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5224:21 June 1528 – 5222: 5215: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5161: 5158: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4948:(aged 71) 4942: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4925: 4924:(aged 53) 4918: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4900:(aged 61) 4894: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4876:(aged 24) 4870: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4847: 4846:(aged 59) 4840: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4806: 4803: 4763: 4760: 4746:Jonathan Swift 4705: 4702: 4678:Albrecht Dürer 4669: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499:Juana Enriquez 4495: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 3990:African slaves 3955:one in Germany 3790: 3787: 3713:Isle of Rhodes 3685:Count Palatine 3622:Juan de Valdés 3605: 3602: 3594:Tunis campaign 3494: 3491: 3432: 3429: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3249: 3182:(succeeded by 3139: 3138:Administration 3136: 3062: 3059: 3039:Spanish Empire 2998:Duchy of Milan 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2849:standstill of 2817:Swabian League 2813:Thomas Muntzer 2784:Edict of Worms 2742:Lucas de Heere 2716: 2713: 2682:Safavid Empire 2609:Ottoman Empire 2601:Alcázar Palace 2570: 2567: 2515:uti possidetis 2498:Duchy of Milan 2350: 2347: 2235:Imperial Diets 2225:A panorama of 2218: 2215: 2195:Ottoman Empire 2126:Duchy of Milan 2086:Jacopo Ligozzi 2071: 2070:Italian states 2068: 2056:Ottoman Empire 1822: 1819: 1697: 1694: 1681:Main article: 1678: 1675: 1652:imperial diets 1604:Further Beyond 1542:dynastic union 1518:Pope Adrian VI 1480:. It excluded 1425: 1422: 1377:A painting by 1323: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1033: 995:(although the 843: 840: 769:captured Tunis 682:Ottoman Empire 581:personal union 541:northern Italy 496: 495: 488: 484: 483: 478: 474: 473: 468: 464: 463: 458: 454: 453: 448: 442: 441: 439: 438: 428: 418: 413: 408: 402: 400: 386: 385: 366: 362: 357: 356: 354: 350: 349: 343: 341: 337: 336: 323:(aged 58) 317: 313: 312: 293: 289: 288: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 241: 238: 237: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 198: 197: 189: 185: 184: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 158: 154: 153: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 117: 116: 109: 102: 94: 92: 86: 85: 84:27 August 1556 80: 76: 75: 68: 62: 61: 53: 45: 44: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27878: 27867: 27864: 27862: 27859: 27857: 27856:Sons of kings 27854: 27852: 27849: 27847: 27844: 27842: 27839: 27837: 27834: 27832: 27829: 27827: 27824: 27822: 27819: 27817: 27814: 27812: 27809: 27807: 27804: 27802: 27799: 27797: 27794: 27792: 27789: 27787: 27784: 27782: 27779: 27777: 27774: 27772: 27769: 27767: 27764: 27762: 27759: 27757: 27754: 27752: 27749: 27747: 27744: 27742: 27739: 27737: 27734: 27732: 27729: 27727: 27724: 27722: 27719: 27717: 27714: 27712: 27709: 27707: 27704: 27702: 27699: 27697: 27694: 27692: 27689: 27687: 27684: 27682: 27679: 27677: 27674: 27672: 27669: 27668: 27666: 27648: 27643: 27642: 27639: 27633: 27630: 27628: 27625: 27624: 27622: 27618: 27612: 27609: 27608: 27606: 27602: 27596: 27593: 27591: 27588: 27587: 27585: 27581: 27575: 27572: 27570: 27567: 27565: 27562: 27560: 27557: 27556: 27554: 27550: 27544: 27541: 27539: 27536: 27535: 27533: 27529: 27523: 27520: 27518: 27515: 27514: 27512: 27508: 27502: 27499: 27497: 27494: 27492: 27489: 27488: 27486: 27482: 27476: 27473: 27471: 27468: 27466: 27463: 27461: 27458: 27456: 27453: 27451: 27448: 27447: 27445: 27441: 27435: 27432: 27430: 27427: 27425: 27422: 27420: 27417: 27415: 27412: 27410: 27407: 27406: 27404: 27400: 27394: 27391: 27389: 27386: 27384: 27381: 27379: 27376: 27374: 27371: 27370: 27368: 27364: 27358: 27355: 27353: 27350: 27348: 27345: 27344: 27342: 27338: 27332: 27329: 27328: 27326: 27322: 27316: 27313: 27311: 27308: 27307: 27305: 27301: 27295: 27292: 27290: 27286: 27284: 27280: 27279: 27277: 27273: 27267: 27264: 27262: 27259: 27257: 27254: 27253: 27251: 27247: 27241: 27238: 27237: 27235: 27231: 27227: 27220: 27215: 27213: 27208: 27206: 27201: 27200: 27197: 27185: 27181: 27179: 27175: 27173: 27169: 27167: 27163: 27161: 27157: 27156: 27153: 27143: 27140: 27138: 27135: 27134: 27132: 27128: 27125: 27121: 27111: 27108: 27106: 27103: 27101: 27098: 27096: 27093: 27091: 27088: 27087: 27085: 27081: 27078: 27074: 27064: 27061: 27060: 27058: 27054: 27048: 27045: 27044: 27042: 27038: 27032: 27029: 27027: 27024: 27022: 27019: 27017: 27014: 27012: 27009: 27008: 27006: 27000: 26997: 26993: 26983: 26980: 26978: 26975: 26974: 26972: 26966: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26945: 26942: 26940: 26937: 26935: 26934:Leopold Maria 26932: 26930: 26927: 26925: 26922: 26921: 26919: 26913: 26907: 26904: 26902: 26899: 26898: 26895: 26892: 26888: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26866:Karl Albrecht 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26844: 26842: 26839: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26813: 26811: 26807: 26801: 26798: 26796: 26795:Joseph August 26793: 26791: 26788: 26786: 26783: 26781: 26778: 26776: 26775:John Salvator 26773: 26771: 26768: 26766: 26765:Karl Salvator 26763: 26761: 26758: 26756: 26755:Ludwig Viktor 26753: 26751: 26748: 26746: 26743: 26741: 26738: 26737: 26735: 26731: 26725: 26722: 26720: 26717: 26715: 26712: 26710: 26707: 26705: 26702: 26700: 26697: 26695: 26692: 26690: 26687: 26685: 26682: 26680: 26679:Wilhelm Franz 26677: 26675: 26672: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26660: 26657: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26641: 26639: 26635: 26629: 26626: 26624: 26621: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26598:Rainer Joseph 26596: 26594: 26591: 26589: 26586: 26584: 26581: 26579: 26576: 26574: 26571: 26569: 26566: 26564: 26561: 26560: 26558: 26554: 26548: 26545: 26543: 26540: 26538: 26535: 26533: 26530: 26528: 26525: 26524: 26522: 26518: 26512: 26509: 26507: 26504: 26502: 26499: 26498: 26496: 26492: 26486: 26483: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26471: 26468: 26466: 26463: 26461: 26458: 26457: 26455: 26451: 26445: 26442: 26440: 26437: 26435: 26432: 26430: 26427: 26425: 26422: 26420: 26417: 26415: 26412: 26410: 26407: 26406: 26404: 26400: 26394: 26391: 26389: 26386: 26384: 26381: 26379: 26378:Ferdinand III 26376: 26374: 26371: 26369: 26366: 26364: 26361: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26341: 26339: 26336: 26334: 26331: 26329: 26326: 26325: 26323: 26319: 26313: 26310: 26308: 26305: 26303: 26302:Maximilian II 26300: 26298: 26295: 26294: 26292: 26288: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26273: 26271: 26267: 26261: 26258: 26257: 26255: 26251: 26245: 26242: 26241: 26239: 26235: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26215: 26213: 26209: 26202: 26198: 26191: 26186: 26184: 26179: 26177: 26172: 26171: 26168: 26147: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26117: 26115: 26112: 26109: 26107: 26104: 26101: 26099: 26096: 26093: 26091: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26077: 26075: 26072: 26069: 26067: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26056: 26053: 26051: 26048: 26047:Infante Diego 26045: 26043: 26040: 26037: 26035: 26032: 26029: 26027: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26013: 26011: 26008: 26005: 26003: 26000: 25997: 25995: 25992: 25989: 25988: 25985: 25982: 25981: 25977: 25976: 25973: 25969: 25962: 25957: 25955: 25950: 25948: 25943: 25942: 25939: 25916: 25913: 25910: 25908: 25905: 25902: 25900: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25886: 25884: 25881: 25878: 25876: 25873: 25870: 25868: 25865: 25862: 25860: 25857: 25854: 25852: 25849: 25846: 25844: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25822: 25820: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25790: 25788: 25785: 25782: 25780: 25777: 25774: 25772: 25769: 25766: 25764: 25761: 25758: 25756: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25742: 25740: 25737: 25734: 25732: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25718: 25716: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25702: 25700: 25697: 25694: 25692: 25689: 25686: 25684: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25670: 25668: 25665: 25662: 25660: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25638: 25636: 25633: 25630: 25628: 25625: 25622: 25621: 25618: 25614: 25607: 25602: 25600: 25595: 25593: 25588: 25587: 25584: 25569: 25566: 25561: 25558: 25553: 25550: 25545: 25542: 25537: 25536:Ferdinand III 25534: 25529: 25526: 25521: 25518: 25513: 25510: 25505: 25502: 25497: 25494: 25489: 25486: 25481: 25478: 25473: 25470: 25465: 25462: 25457: 25454: 25449: 25446: 25445: 25443: 25437: 25433: 25424: 25423:Ferdinand III 25421: 25416: 25413: 25408: 25405: 25400: 25397: 25392: 25389: 25384: 25381: 25376: 25373: 25368: 25365: 25360: 25357: 25352: 25349: 25344: 25341: 25340: 25338: 25332: 25328: 25319: 25316: 25311: 25308: 25303: 25300: 25295: 25292: 25287: 25284: 25279: 25276: 25271: 25268: 25263: 25262:Maria Theresa 25260: 25255: 25252: 25247: 25244: 25239: 25236: 25231: 25228: 25223: 25220: 25215: 25212: 25207: 25204: 25199: 25198:Ferdinand III 25196: 25191: 25188: 25183: 25180: 25175: 25172: 25167: 25166:Maximilian II 25164: 25159: 25156: 25151: 25148: 25143: 25140: 25135: 25132: 25127: 25124: 25119: 25116: 25111: 25108: 25103: 25100: 25095: 25092: 25087: 25084: 25079: 25076: 25071:Frederick II 25070: 25065: 25062: 25057: 25054: 25049: 25046: 25041: 25038: 25033: 25030: 25025: 25022: 25017: 25014: 25009: 25006: 25005: 25003: 24997: 24993: 24984: 24981: 24976: 24973: 24968: 24965: 24960: 24957: 24956: 24954: 24952: 24948: 24939: 24936: 24931: 24928: 24923: 24920: 24915: 24912: 24907: 24904: 24899: 24896: 24891: 24888: 24883: 24880: 24875: 24872: 24867: 24864: 24859: 24856: 24851: 24848: 24847: 24845: 24843: 24839: 24835: 24828: 24823: 24821: 24816: 24814: 24809: 24808: 24805: 24784: 24781: 24778: 24775: 24772: 24769: 24766: 24763: 24760: 24757: 24754: 24751: 24750: 24748: 24744: 24740: 24735: 24724: 24721: 24718: 24715: 24712: 24709: 24708: 24706: 24702: 24698: 24694: 24689: 24684: 24680: 24663: 24660: 24655: 24652: 24647: 24644: 24643: 24641: 24637: 24633: 24624: 24621: 24616: 24613: 24612: 24610: 24606: 24602: 24593: 24592:Maximilian II 24590: 24589: 24587: 24583: 24579: 24570: 24567: 24566: 24564: 24560: 24556: 24547: 24544: 24539: 24536: 24531: 24524: 24521: 24516: 24513: 24508: 24505: 24500: 24497: 24496: 24494: 24490: 24486: 24477: 24474: 24468: 24465: 24460: 24457: 24452: 24449: 24448: 24446: 24442: 24438: 24433: 24420: 24417: 24414: 24411:(1411–1415), 24409: 24406: 24403: 24398: 24395: 24390: 24387: 24382: 24381:Wenceslaus II 24379: 24374: 24371: 24370: 24368: 24364: 24360: 24356: 24351: 24346: 24342: 24325: 24322: 24317: 24314: 24309: 24306: 24301: 24298: 24293: 24290: 24285: 24282: 24281: 24279: 24275: 24271: 24262: 24259: 24256: 24253:(1197–1214), 24251: 24248: 24245: 24242:(1197–1247), 24240: 24237: 24236: 24234: 24230: 24226: 24217: 24214: 24213: 24211: 24207: 24203: 24194: 24191: 24190: 24188: 24184: 24180: 24175: 24162: 24159: 24154: 24151: 24146: 24143: 24138: 24135: 24130: 24127: 24122: 24119: 24114: 24111: 24106: 24103: 24102: 24100: 24096: 24092: 24088: 24083: 24078: 24074: 24070: 24066: 24059: 24054: 24052: 24047: 24045: 24040: 24039: 24036: 24024: 24023:Ferdinand III 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23986: 23984: 23981: 23979: 23976: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23933:Frederick III 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23911: 23909: 23906: 23904: 23901: 23899: 23896: 23894: 23891: 23889: 23886: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23874: 23871: 23869: 23866: 23864: 23861: 23859: 23856: 23854: 23851: 23849: 23846: 23844: 23841: 23839: 23836: 23834: 23831: 23830: 23828: 23825: 23821: 23815: 23812: 23810: 23807: 23805: 23802: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23792: 23788: 23781: 23776: 23774: 23769: 23767: 23762: 23761: 23758: 23748: 23742: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23724: 23722: 23719: 23713: 23710: 23708: 23707: 23703: 23697: 23694: 23691: 23688: 23685: 23682: 23679: 23676: 23673: 23670: 23667: 23664: 23661: 23658: 23655: 23652: 23649: 23646: 23643: 23642:Ferdinand III 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23618: 23615: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23594: 23591: 23589: 23586: 23581: 23578: 23576: 23573: 23571: 23565: 23562: 23560: 23557: 23555: 23552: 23549: 23546: 23545: 23542: 23538: 23531: 23526: 23524: 23519: 23517: 23512: 23511: 23508: 23496: 23490: 23488: 23482: 23480: 23474: 23472: 23466: 23464: 23458: 23456: 23450: 23448: 23444:Frederick II 23442: 23440: 23434: 23432: 23426: 23424: 23418: 23416: 23410: 23408: 23402: 23400: 23394: 23392: 23386: 23384: 23378: 23376: 23370: 23368: 23362: 23360: 23354: 23352: 23346: 23344: 23338: 23336: 23330: 23328: 23322: 23321: 23319: 23315: 23309: 23305: 23299: 23293: 23291: 23284: 23283: 23279: 23277: 23271: 23269: 23263: 23261: 23254: 23253: 23249: 23247: 23240: 23239: 23235: 23233: 23227: 23225: 23218: 23217: 23213: 23211: 23204: 23203: 23199: 23198: 23196: 23190: 23184: 23178: 23176: 23170: 23168: 23162: 23160: 23154: 23152: 23146: 23144: 23138: 23136: 23130: 23128: 23122: 23120: 23114: 23112: 23106: 23105: 23103: 23101: 23097: 23091: 23085: 23083: 23077: 23075: 23069: 23067: 23061: 23059: 23053: 23051: 23045: 23043: 23037: 23035: 23029: 23027: 23021: 23019: 23013: 23011: 23005: 23003: 22997: 22995: 22989: 22987: 22981: 22979: 22973: 22971: 22965: 22963: 22957: 22955: 22949: 22947: 22941: 22939: 22933: 22931: 22925: 22923: 22917: 22915: 22909: 22907: 22901: 22899: 22895: 22891: 22889: 22883: 22881: 22875: 22874: 22872: 22870: 22866: 22860: 22854: 22852: 22846: 22844: 22838: 22836: 22830: 22828: 22822: 22820: 22814: 22812: 22806: 22804: 22798: 22797: 22795: 22793: 22789: 22784: 22774: 22768: 22767: 22765: 22761: 22756: 22749: 22744: 22742: 22737: 22735: 22730: 22729: 22726: 22714: 22711: 22709: 22708:Frederick III 22706: 22704: 22701: 22700: 22698: 22695: 22694:German Empire 22691: 22685: 22682: 22681: 22679: 22676: 22672: 22666: 22663: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22653: 22644: 22641: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22634:German Empire 22631: 22625: 22622: 22620: 22617: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22607: 22601: 22598: 22597: 22595: 22592: 22588: 22582: 22579: 22577: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22562: 22559: 22557: 22554: 22552: 22549: 22547: 22544: 22542: 22539: 22537: 22536:Ferdinand III 22534: 22532: 22529: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22516:Maximilian II 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22496:Frederick III 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22481: 22477: 22475: 22472: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22464: 22460: 22458: 22455: 22453: 22450: 22448: 22445: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22422: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22405: 22401: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22338: 22334: 22332: 22331: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22281: 22277: 22271: 22268: 22266: 22265: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22240: 22236: 22230: 22227: 22225: 22222: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22191: 22187: 22183: 22176: 22171: 22169: 22164: 22162: 22157: 22156: 22153: 22137: 22134: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22110: 22107: 22106: 22105: 22102: 22098: 22095: 22094: 22093: 22090: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22067:Tapada limeña 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22034: 22031: 22024: 22020: 22010: 22007: 22005: 22002: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21990: 21987: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21950: 21949: 21948: 21945: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21929: 21926: 21919: 21915: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21819: 21817: 21813: 21807: 21804: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21713: 21711: 21707: 21704: 21700: 21690: 21687: 21685: 21682: 21680: 21677: 21675: 21672: 21670: 21667: 21665: 21662: 21660: 21659:Montes Claros 21657: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21620: 21617: 21615: 21612: 21610: 21607: 21605: 21602: 21600: 21599:Vienna (1529) 21597: 21595: 21592: 21591: 21589: 21585: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21444: 21441: 21440: 21438: 21434: 21431: 21427: 21424: 21420: 21414: 21411: 21409: 21406: 21404: 21401: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21328:Hernán Cortés 21326: 21325: 21323: 21321: 21320:Conquistadors 21317: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21291: 21290:Juan de Ayala 21288: 21286: 21283: 21281: 21278: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21236: 21233: 21231: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21206: 21203: 21201: 21198: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21190: 21186: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21144:Duke of Savoy 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21116: 21114: 21110: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21060: 21058: 21054: 21050: 21043: 21039: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20981: 20979: 20975: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20943:Dollar (Peso) 20941: 20940: 20938: 20936: 20932: 20928: 20921: 20917: 20903: 20902:Santo Domingo 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20829: 20827: 20825: 20821: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20779:New Andalusia 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20751: 20749: 20747: 20743: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20726:Santo Domingo 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20693: 20691: 20689: 20685: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20655: 20653: 20651: 20650:Viceroyalties 20647: 20643: 20636: 20632: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20589: 20587: 20583: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20548: 20546: 20542: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20512: 20510: 20506: 20502: 20495: 20491: 20477: 20474: 20473: 20470: 20463: 20452: 20448: 20444: 20440: 20436: 20432: 20428: 20424: 20420: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20407: 20400: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20379: 20375: 20371: 20367: 20363: 20359: 20355: 20352: 20351: 20348: 20343: 20337: 20326: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20310: 20306: 20302: 20299: 20296: 20292: 20288: 20285: 20282: 20278: 20274: 20270: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20259: 20255:South America 20252: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20198: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20185: 20182: 20175: 20164: 20160: 20154: 20149: 20145: 20141: 20140:Spanish Texas 20137: 20133: 20129: 20126: 20125: 20122: 20118:North America 20115: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20099:Franche-Comté 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20079: 20075: 20071: 20067: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20036: 20029: 20025: 20018: 20014: 20004: 20001: 19999: 19996: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19986: 19984: 19981: 19979: 19976: 19974: 19971: 19969: 19966: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19912: 19909: 19908: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19808: 19805: 19803: 19800: 19799: 19796: 19789: 19785: 19781: 19774: 19769: 19767: 19762: 19760: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19740: 19736: 19732: 19726: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19714:Ferdinand III 19712: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19677: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19647: 19645: 19642: 19638: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19614: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19560: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19536: 19530: 19527: 19526: 19524: 19522: 19518: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19503: 19501: 19499: 19498:House of Foix 19495: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19483: 19479: 19477: 19476: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19466: 19464: 19462: 19458: 19452: 19449: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19437: 19434: 19433: 19431: 19429: 19425: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19390: 19388: 19386: 19382: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19357: 19355: 19353: 19349: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19282:Jimeno Garcés 19280: 19278: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19270: 19266: 19260: 19259:Fortún Garcés 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19240: 19236: 19232: 19225: 19220: 19218: 19213: 19211: 19206: 19205: 19202: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19182: 19178: 19172: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19130: 19128: 19126: 19122: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19090:Ferdinand III 19088: 19086: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19063: 19061: 19059: 19055: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19026: 19022: 19017: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18952: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18934: 18933: 18931: 18929: 18925: 18921: 18917: 18910: 18905: 18903: 18898: 18896: 18891: 18890: 18887: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18867: 18863: 18857: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18815: 18813: 18811: 18807: 18803: 18802:John of Gaunt 18799: 18797: 18793: 18787: 18784: 18783: 18781: 18779: 18775: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18738:Ferdinand III 18736: 18734: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18707: 18703: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18678: 18676: 18674: 18670: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18636: 18632: 18627: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18519: 18518:Suebian kings 18515: 18511: 18507: 18500: 18495: 18493: 18488: 18486: 18481: 18480: 18477: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18457: 18453: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18423: 18421: 18419: 18415: 18409: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18363: 18359: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18327:Ferdinand III 18325: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18299: 18297: 18295: 18291: 18286: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18253: 18249: 18245: 18241: 18234: 18229: 18227: 18222: 18220: 18215: 18214: 18211: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18193: 18191: 18187: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18171: 18168: 18166: 18163: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18152: 18150: 18148: 18144: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18110: 18106: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18051: 18049: 18047: 18043: 18038: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17999: 17997: 17995: 17991: 17987: 17983: 17976: 17971: 17969: 17964: 17962: 17957: 17956: 17953: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17935:Juan Carlos I 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17910:Ferdinand VII 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17868: 17864: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17834: 17832: 17830: 17826: 17821: 17811: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17798: 17795: 17794: 17792: 17790: 17786: 17782: 17778: 17773: 17769: 17762: 17757: 17755: 17750: 17748: 17743: 17742: 17739: 17727: 17719: 17718: 17715: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17668:Ferdinand III 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17648:Maximilian II 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17628:Frederick III 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17478: 17471: 17466: 17464: 17459: 17457: 17452: 17451: 17448: 17438: 17437: 17432: 17429: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17413: 17406: 17400: 17397: 17393: 17389: 17382: 17379: 17378: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17362: 17361: 17354: 17348: 17343: 17342: 17341:King of Italy 17338: 17333: 17328: 17327: 17322: 17318: 17309: 17308: 17304: 17300: 17296: 17292: 17285: 17279: 17274: 17273: 17269: 17262: 17256: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17241: 17240: 17236: 17229: 17225: 17219: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17204: 17203: 17198: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17183: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17153: 17148: 17145: 17142: 17141: 17133: 17132: 17125: 17119: 17115: 17106: 17105: 17100: 17096: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17062: 17055: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17032: 17027: 17026: 17017: 17012: 17009: 17008: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16997: 16995: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16971: 16969: 16962: 16957: 16953: 16949: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16929: 16928: 16916: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16901: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16884: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16863: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16846: 16841: 16837: 16833: 16829: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16807: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16768: 16764: 16759: 16755: 16751: 16747: 16746: 16738: 16734: 16730: 16726: 16723: 16720: 16716: 16713: 16709: 16706: 16702: 16699: 16695: 16692: 16689: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16669: 16665: 16661: 16658: 16655: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16642: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16629: 16625: 16622: 16618: 16616: 16612: 16609: 16605: 16594: 16588: 16584: 16583: 16578: 16574: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16550: 16547:Grant, Neil. 16546: 16534: 16530: 16524: 16520: 16519: 16514: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16489: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16477: 16472: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16460: 16456: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16436: 16433: 16429: 16426: 16425: 16424:History Today 16420: 16419: 16402: 16397: 16393: 16391:0-87169-127-2 16387: 16383: 16382: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16352: 16348: 16343: 16331: 16327: 16326: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16303: 16291: 16287: 16283: 16278: 16277: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16241: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16211: 16204: 16200: 16194: 16178: 16174: 16171:(2). Madrid: 16170: 16166: 16162: 16155: 16148: 16144: 16138: 16122: 16118: 16114: 16107: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16076: 16069: 16064: 16057: 16052: 16037: 16031: 16027: 16026: 16018: 16011: 16010:Freiberg 2014 16006: 15999: 15994: 15987: 15982: 15974: 15968: 15965:. Routledge. 15964: 15963: 15955: 15949: 15945: 15940: 15932: 15925: 15917: 15910: 15902: 15896: 15892: 15891: 15883: 15876: 15870: 15863: 15857: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15827: 15821:, p. 50. 15820: 15819:Fletcher 2016 15815: 15808: 15802: 15800: 15792: 15786: 15780:, pp. 400–401 15779: 15773: 15766: 15760: 15758: 15741: 15737: 15733: 15727: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15697: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15667: 15660: 15655: 15647: 15641: 15637: 15633: 15632: 15627: 15621: 15614: 15610: 15607: 15602: 15595: 15589: 15573: 15569: 15565: 15559: 15550: 15534: 15530: 15527:H. Schneble. 15523: 15516: 15510: 15503: 15499: 15496: 15492: 15486: 15477: 15461: 15457: 15450: 15443: 15437: 15430: 15425: 15417: 15410: 15403: 15397: 15390: 15384: 15377: 15371: 15363: 15362: 15356: 15351: 15345: 15343: 15334: 15333: 15327: 15322: 15316: 15314: 15305: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15283: 15281: 15272: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15253: 15251: 15242: 15241: 15235: 15230: 15224: 15222: 15213: 15209: 15205: 15204: 15198: 15193: 15187: 15185: 15176: 15170: 15166: 15159: 15145: 15139: 15135: 15131: 15124: 15122: 15105: 15099: 15097: 15088: 15081: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15056:Ex Post Facto 15053: 15046: 15030: 15026: 15019: 15017: 15000: 14996: 14992: 14985: 14978: 14977: 14970: 14963: 14962: 14955: 14949:, pp. 364–367 14948: 14942: 14935: 14929: 14913: 14909: 14903: 14899: 14898: 14890: 14883: 14877: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14846: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14816: 14809: 14803: 14787: 14783: 14779: 14775: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14749: 14742: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14708: 14693: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14674: 14659: 14653: 14649: 14648: 14640: 14632: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14615:(89): 39–60. 14614: 14610: 14606: 14599: 14597: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14541: 14522: 14518: 14512: 14505: 14504: 14496: 14481: 14475: 14471: 14470: 14462: 14447: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14428: 14412: 14408: 14402: 14398: 14397: 14389: 14382: 14377: 14375: 14359: 14353: 14349: 14348: 14340: 14325: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14306: 14291: 14285: 14281: 14280: 14272: 14257: 14251: 14247: 14246: 14238: 14223: 14217: 14213: 14212: 14204: 14189: 14183: 14179: 14178: 14170: 14155: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14136: 14121: 14115: 14111: 14110: 14102: 14087: 14081: 14077: 14076: 14068: 14066: 14050: 14044: 14040: 14039: 14031: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14005: 13997: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13967: 13952: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13933: 13918: 13912: 13908: 13907: 13899: 13883: 13882: 13874: 13865: 13849: 13845: 13841: 13835: 13820: 13814: 13810: 13809: 13801: 13786: 13780: 13776: 13775: 13767: 13752: 13746: 13742: 13741: 13733: 13718: 13712: 13708: 13707: 13699: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13679: 13675: 13667: 13659: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13640: 13624: 13621:. p. 6. 13620: 13619: 13611: 13597: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13576: 13561: 13557: 13551: 13542: 13534: 13528: 13525:. McFarland. 13524: 13523: 13515: 13513: 13503: 13494: 13485: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13463: 13462: 13454: 13435: 13428: 13422: 13406: 13402: 13396: 13389: 13383: 13377:, p. 65. 13376: 13371: 13363: 13359: 13355: 13351: 13344: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13309: 13294: 13288: 13284: 13283: 13275: 13267: 13263: 13262: 13254: 13245: 13230: 13224: 13220: 13219: 13211: 13209: 13201: 13196: 13189: 13183: 13176: 13170: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13152: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13116: 13108: 13102: 13098: 13091: 13076: 13072: 13066: 13059: 13053: 13045: 13039: 13035: 13034: 13026: 13019: 13013: 13006: 13000: 12984: 12980: 12973: 12966: 12962: 12958: 12954: 12953:Bryan W. Ball 12951:Quoted from: 12948: 12941: 12935: 12929: 12923: 12916: 12910: 12894: 12890: 12886: 12880: 12865: 12859: 12855: 12854: 12846: 12831: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12812: 12797: 12791: 12787: 12786: 12778: 12763: 12757: 12753: 12752: 12744: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12710: 12695: 12689: 12685: 12684: 12676: 12660: 12659: 12651: 12636: 12630: 12626: 12625: 12617: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12590: 12583: 12577: 12570: 12569: 12562: 12554: 12547: 12540: 12537:Elliot, J.H. 12534: 12528: 12524: 12518: 12510: 12509: 12502: 12494: 12488: 12484: 12477: 12470: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12445: 12442: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12403: 12399: 12393: 12385: 12384: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12329: 12322: 12318: 12314: 12311: 12306: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12288: 12283: 12267: 12263: 12247: 12243: 12236: 12228: 12222: 12218: 12211: 12203: 12197: 12193: 12186: 12170: 12166: 12160: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12126: 12120: 12116: 12115: 12107: 12105: 12096: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12077: 12070: 12066: 12060: 12056: 12051: 12050: 12041: 12034: 12029: 12027: 12019: 12014: 12012: 12002: 12000: 11991: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11958: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11932: 11922: 11907: 11901: 11897: 11896: 11888: 11872: 11868: 11852: 11848: 11846: 11837: 11830: 11825: 11819: 11813: 11798: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11779: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11753: 11745: 11738: 11733: 11718: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11700: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11669: 11667: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11639: 11624: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11605: 11597: 11593: 11592: 11584: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11557: 11549: 11543: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11507: 11506: 11498: 11491: 11486: 11484: 11477: 11473: 11468: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11437: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11410: 11402: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11370: 11369: 11361: 11353: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11308: 11302: 11298: 11297: 11289: 11281: 11275: 11271: 11270: 11262: 11254: 11253: 11246: 11240: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11217: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11201: 11199: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11173: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11140: 11133: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11112: 11106:. pp. 16, 78. 11105: 11104: 11097: 11095: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11043: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11002: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10965:Charles Quint 10962: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10929: 10925: 10924:Low Countries 10921: 10915: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10831: 10824: 10821: 10809: 10806: 10721: 10718: 10710: 10709: 10702: 10694: 10609: 10607: 10600: 10597: 10585: 10582: 10570: 10567: 10499: 10496: 10484: 10481: 10476: 10473: 10465: 10463: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10423: 10415: 10413: 10347: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10325: 10322: 10310: 10307: 10295: 10292: 10280: 10277: 10276:Ferdinand III 10263: 10212: 10209: 10197: 10194: 10182: 10179: 10166: 10163: 10155: 10153: 10145: 10143: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10123: 10121: 10113: 10112: 10105: 10097: 10085: 10077: 10075: 10067: 10065: 10015: 9999: 9986: 9984: 9977: 9974: 9962: 9959: 9947: 9944: 9932: 9929: 9917: 9914: 9902: 9899: 9887: 9884: 9872: 9869: 9857: 9854: 9842: 9839: 9827: 9824: 9812: 9809: 9797: 9794: 9782: 9779: 9774: 9771: 9763: 9761: 9753: 9751: 9743: 9741: 9733: 9731: 9723: 9721: 9713: 9711: 9703: 9701: 9693: 9691: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9661: 9637: 9625: 9617: 9605: 9589: 9587: 9563: 9561: 9551: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9529: 9526: 9506: 9503: 9475: 9472: 9471:Maximilian II 9436: 9433: 9420: 9417: 9401: 9399: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9365: 9325: 9323: 9278: 9276: 9257: 9254: 9178: 9175: 9162: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9053: 9050: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8968: 8936: 8934: 8894: 8892: 8881: 8879: 8872: 8869: 8816: 8814: 8756: 8754: 8747: 8744: 8716: 8713: 8684: 8682: 8622: 8620: 8613: 8610: 8598: 8595: 8583: 8580: 8579:Frederick III 8552: 8549: 8520: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8491: 8483: 8428: 8426: 8419: 8416: 8396: 8393: 8381: 8378: 8360: 8357: 8345: 8342: 8313: 8310: 8294: 8292: 8284: 8282: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8248: 8246: 8230: 8228: 8191: 8189: 8182: 8179: 8165: 8146: 8143: 8115: 8112: 8100: 8099: 8098:Frederick III 8087: 8084: 8071: 8069: 8037: 8009: 7973: 7970: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7934: 7932: 7924: 7922: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7904: 7896: 7894: 7876: 7836: 7834: 7823: 7821: 7808: 7805: 7793: 7790: 7778: 7775: 7763: 7760: 7748: 7745: 7727: 7724: 7712: 7709: 7680: 7677: 7669: 7667: 7659: 7657: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7637: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7609: 7593: 7591: 7567: 7565: 7538: 7536: 7529: 7526: 7514: 7495: 7492: 7439: 7436: 7428: 7426: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7378: 7325: 7323: 7310: 7307: 7254: 7252: 7194: 7192: 7179: 7176: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7116:Original line 7061: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7036: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7014: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6960: 6957:up until the 6956: 6955:Martin Luther 6952: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6937:Martin Luther 6933: 6932: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6804: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6700:New York City 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6673: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6562: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6344:14 March 1516 6343: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6321:14 March 1516 6320: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6298:14 March 1516 6297: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6275:14 March 1516 6274: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252:14 March 1516 6251: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5893:Wendish March 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5625:King of Italy 5622: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5469: 5464: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428:(1541-1583), 5427: 5424: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274:29 June 1534 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5253:13 July 1530 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5203: 5199:21 May 1527 – 5198: 5195: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5083:Iberian Union 5080: 5079:House of Aviz 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019:Thomas Wolsey 5016: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4893:10 March 1503 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4157: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4146:Sublimis Deus 4144: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3982:little Venice 3979: 3978:Klein-Venedig 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849:Hernán Cortés 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759:Pedro Machuca 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3664:reference to 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642:South America 3639: 3635: 3632:, an Italian 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3535:Low Countries 3532: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3459:Low Countries 3456: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3394:Imperial army 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3341:Heavy cavalry 3338: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:Diet of Worms 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3174:). His first 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3058: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:Imperial army 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2792: 2787: 2786:, declaring: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2766:Diet of Worms 2763: 2762:Martin Luther 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2730: 2729:Diet of Worms 2726: 2725:Martin Luther 2721: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2705:Berber tribes 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:captured Metz 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2508:. A truce at 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2362:Truce of Nice 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:King of Italy 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007:attempted to 2006: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1940:fait accompli 1938:accepted the 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1796:Guelders Wars 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Low Countries 1723: 1722:Franche-Comté 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1689: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Franche-Comté 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Low Countries 1463: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:heir apparent 1336: 1333: 1329: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Miguel da Paz 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:heir apparent 998: 994: 989: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 959: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 930: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 857: 853: 848: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785:Pope Paul III 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 757:King of Italy 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:Diet of Worms 726: 725:Martin Luther 723:and declared 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:King of Spain 514: 510: 506: 502: 493: 489: 485: 482: 479: 475: 472: 469: 465: 462: 459: 455: 452: 449: 447: 443: 432: 429: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 401: 398: 397: 391: 387: 360: 355: 351: 346: 342: 338: 335: 331: 327: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 273: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255:as Charles II 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 239: 233: 230: 226: 223: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 199: 193: 190: 186: 183: 180: 176: 173: 170: 166: 159: 155: 149: 145: 144:King of Spain 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 95: 93: 91: 87: 81: 77: 72: 67: 63: 58: 57: 51: 46: 43: 42: 37: 32: 29: 25: 23: 27626: 27595:Ferdinand II 27183: 27177: 27171: 27165: 27159: 27105:Karl Philipp 26977:Joseph Árpád 26944:Franz Joseph 26649:Joseph Franz 26588:Anton Victor 26429:Ferdinand IV 26307:Ferdinand II 26275: 26244:Maximilian I 26145: 26137: 26129: 26121: 26119:Infante John 26113: 26105: 26097: 26095:Infante John 26089: 26081: 26078: 26073: 26065: 26057: 26049: 26041: 26033: 26025: 26017: 26009: 26001: 25993: 25983: 25978: 25914: 25906: 25898: 25890: 25882: 25874: 25866: 25858: 25850: 25842: 25834: 25826: 25818: 25810: 25802: 25794: 25786: 25778: 25770: 25762: 25754: 25746: 25738: 25735: 25730: 25722: 25714: 25706: 25698: 25690: 25682: 25674: 25666: 25658: 25650: 25642: 25634: 25626: 25512:Ferdinand II 25495: 25398: 25206:Ferdinand IV 25149: 24785:(since 2000) 24690:(since 1815) 24506: 24476:Maximilian I 24412: 24401: 24400:(1411–1443) 24373:Wenceslaus I 24324:Wenceslaus I 24254: 24243: 23977: 23968:Ferdinand II 23918:Frederick II 23903:Constance II 23731:Ferdinand IV 23712:Ferdinand IV 23704: 23696:Ferdinand IV 23653: 23627:Ferdinand II 23491: 23420:Frederick I 23287:Berengar II 23280: 23250: 23236: 23214: 23200: 23192:Non-dynastic 23164:Charles III 23108:Charlemagne 23100:Carolingians 22893: 22763:Non-dynastic 22541:Ferdinand IV 22531:Ferdinand II 22505: 22501:Maximilian I 22478: 22461: 22419: 22404:Henry (VIII) 22402: 22388:Frederick II 22343:Conrad (III) 22335: 22328: 22262: 22239:East Francia 22190:East Francia 22042:Architecture 21937:The Americas 21801:Newfoundland 21791:Túpac Katari 21781:Cuerno Verde 21716:Tenochtitlan 21548:Valenciennes 21305:Luis Fajardo 21174:Blas de Lezo 21119:Duke of Alba 20999:Spanish Road 20837:Buenos Aires 20746:Governorates 20515:Ayuntamiento 20508:Organization 20088: 19973:Carlist Wars 19821:Italian Wars 19699:Ferdinand II 19649: 19480: 19473: 19249:Íñigo Arista 19188: 19105:Ferdinand IV 19071:Ferdinand II 18873: 18758:Ferdinand IV 18719:Ferdinand II 18425: 18342:Ferdinand IV 18312:Alfonso VIII 18154: 18132:Ferdinand II 17930:Alfonso XIII 17890:Ferdinand VI 17836: 17663:Ferdinand II 17637: 17633:Maximilian I 17603:Frederick II 17434: 17425: 17419: 17410: 17380: 17375:disputed by 17374: 17370: 17364: 17358: 17335: 17324: 17289: 17284:Maximilian I 17266: 17251: 17245: 17233: 17214: 17208: 17200: 17193: 17187: 17150: 17143: 17137: 17129: 17124:Ferdinand II 17059: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17001: 16993: 16967: 16945: 16906: 16886: 16865: 16848: 16831: 16814: 16797: 16776: 16769:2004, 290p. 16766: 16761:(in Italian) 16749: 16728: 16725:Thomas, Hugh 16718: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16687: 16680: 16663: 16653: 16640: 16620: 16607: 16596:. Retrieved 16581: 16562: 16555: 16548: 16537:. Retrieved 16517: 16498: 16491: 16474: 16464: 16454: 16451:Brandi, Karl 16441: 16431: 16422: 16400: 16380: 16356: 16346: 16334:. Retrieved 16324: 16306: 16294:. Retrieved 16285: 16273:Bibliography 16258:. Retrieved 16249: 16240: 16228:. Retrieved 16219: 16210: 16193: 16181:. Retrieved 16168: 16164: 16154: 16137: 16125:. Retrieved 16121:the original 16116: 16106: 16094:. Retrieved 16085: 16075: 16063: 16051: 16039:. Retrieved 16024: 16017: 16005: 15993: 15981: 15961: 15954: 15947: 15943: 15939: 15924: 15909: 15889: 15882: 15874: 15869: 15861: 15856: 15844:. Retrieved 15835: 15826: 15814: 15806: 15790: 15785: 15777: 15772: 15764: 15744:. Retrieved 15735: 15726: 15714:. Retrieved 15705: 15696: 15684:. Retrieved 15675: 15666: 15654: 15630: 15620: 15601: 15593: 15588: 15576:. Retrieved 15567: 15558: 15549: 15537:. Retrieved 15522: 15514: 15509: 15490: 15485: 15476: 15464:. 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Retrieved 13125:lib.ugent.be 13124: 13115: 13096: 13090: 13078:. Retrieved 13074: 13065: 13057: 13052: 13036:. Abc-Clio. 13032: 13025: 13012: 13004: 12999: 12987:. Retrieved 12972: 12956: 12947: 12934: 12922: 12914: 12909: 12897:. Retrieved 12893:the original 12888: 12879: 12867:. Retrieved 12852: 12845: 12833:. Retrieved 12818: 12811: 12799:. Retrieved 12784: 12777: 12765:. Retrieved 12750: 12743: 12731:. Retrieved 12716: 12709: 12697:. Retrieved 12682: 12675: 12663:. Retrieved 12657: 12650: 12638:. Retrieved 12623: 12616: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12581: 12576: 12567: 12561: 12552: 12546: 12538: 12533: 12522: 12517: 12507: 12501: 12482: 12476: 12471:, pp. 51–52. 12459: 12454: 12427: 12406:. Retrieved 12402:the original 12392: 12381: 12366: 12347: 12328: 12320: 12305: 12297: 12282: 12270:. Retrieved 12250:. Retrieved 12235: 12216: 12210: 12191: 12185: 12173:. Retrieved 12169:the original 12159: 12147:. 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Retrieved 10856: 10847: 10839: 10819: 10804: 10595: 10580: 10566:Ferdinand IV 10565: 10494: 10479: 10320: 10305: 10290: 10275: 10262:John-Charles 10261: 10207: 10192: 10177: 9972: 9957: 9942: 9928:Ferdinand II 9927: 9912: 9897: 9882: 9867: 9852: 9837: 9822: 9807: 9792: 9777: 9524: 9502:Ferdinand II 9501: 9470: 9431: 9252: 9173: 9172: 8867: 8743:Maximilian I 8742: 8711: 8608: 8593: 8578: 8547: 8415:Frederick IV 8414: 8391: 8376: 8355: 8340: 8177: 8164:Frederick II 8163: 8141: 8110: 8097: 8082: 7803: 7788: 7777:the Friendly 7773: 7758: 7743: 7722: 7707: 7524: 7512: 7490: 7305: 7174: 7010: 6999: 6996:Adrien Brody 6982: 6969: 6948: 6935: 6915: 6906: 6892: 6879: 6876:Ernst Krenek 6848: 6832: 6818: 6808: 6798:Abraham Hans 6789: 6771: 6704: 6687: 6656: 6636: 6630: 6626: 6485:Two Sicilies 6470: 6465:Charles III 6390:28 June 1519 6347:25 July 1554 6166:Charles III 6051:Charles III 5935:Regnal name 5791:, Prince of 5713:Ultra Sicily 5603: 5602: 5599: 5569: 5565:Onate treaty 5557: 5547: 5524: 5520: 5501: 5432:cartographer 5370: 5355: 5334: 5311: 5282: 5261: 5238: 5209: 5184: 5163: 5143: 5138: 5124: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5087: 5073: 5062: 5047: 5027: 5004: 4970: 4946:(1578-02-12) 4922:(1558-10-18) 4898:(1564-07-25) 4896:25 July 1564 4874:(1526-01-19) 4869:18 July 1501 4844:(1558-02-25) 4792: 4780: 4776:Habsburg jaw 4765: 4749: 4748:in his 1726 4707: 4671: 4402: 4151: 4137: 4135: 4131:positive law 4106:Melchor Cano 4072: 4068:missionaries 4033: 4027:conquer the 4021:philosophers 3995: 3986: 3981: 3965: 3959: 3912:. After the 3910:Tenochtitlan 3899: 3872: 3869: 3846:conquistador 3839: 3819:Spanish Main 3804: 3744: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3672: 3670: 3666:India rubber 3654:De Orbe Novo 3653: 3649: 3613: 3607: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3570: 3543: 3530: 3513: 3507: 3468: 3448: 3440:Anton Fugger 3418: 3407: 3403: 3386:Landsknechte 3383: 3368: 3349: 3317: 3279: 3256: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3153: 3148:The Americas 3104: 3076: 3051: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3011: 2975: 2950: 2899: 2866: 2864: 2855: 2848: 2836: 2821: 2794: 2789: 2769: 2751: 2723:Summons for 2694: 2679: 2664: 2656:Spanish Navy 2650:in 1538 and 2637: 2606: 2540: 2535: 2513: 2483: 2448: 2413: 2407:survives in 2378: 2343: 2315: 2304: 2249: 2242: 2201:. In 1538 a 2192: 2188:Italian Wars 2181: 2146: 2103: 2078: 2052: 2021: 1997: 1989: 1984: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1929: 1888: 1879:gathered in 1875: 1861: 1859: 1808: 1804: 1765: 1750: 1719: 1671:Landsknechte 1656: 1645: 1641: 1629: 1628:in 1519, as 1623: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1539: 1527:economically 1489: 1459: 1448: 1424:Inheritances 1409: 1391: 1384: 1337: 1325: 1159: 990: 979: 942: 938:Italian Wars 927: 891: 878:city of the 865: 817: 773:loss of Buda 737:war in Italy 710: 667: 658: 647:Spanish Main 593: 559:kingdoms of 500: 499: 394: 321:(1558-09-21) 222:Maximilian I 205:as Charles I 195:(until 1555) 172:Ferdinand II 152:as Charles I 127:Maximilian I 54: 39: 28: 21: 27681:1558 deaths 27676:1500 births 27373:Alfonso III 27026:Carl Ludwig 26750:Karl Ludwig 26689:Joseph Karl 26537:Leopold VII 26511:Charles III 26281:Ferdinand I 26218:Frederick V 26138:(1458-1461) 26130:(1461-1479) 26122:(1479-1497) 26114:(1498-1500) 26106:(1502-1509) 26090:(1509-1516) 26082:(1504-1516) 26074:(1527-1556) 26066:(1556-1568) 26058:(1571–1578) 26050:(1578-1582) 26042:(1582-1598) 26034:(1605-1621) 26026:(1629–1646) 26018:(1657-1661) 26010:(1661-1665) 26002:(1907–1931) 25994:(1977-2014) 25907:(1977–2014) 25891:(1881–1904) 25843:(1788–1808) 25811:(1661–1665) 25803:(1657–1661) 25795:(1629–1646) 25723:(1498–1500) 25571:(1665–1705) 25563:(1662–1665) 25555:(1632–1662) 25547:(1623–1632) 25539:(1619–1623) 25523:(1595–1619) 25515:(1564–1595) 25507:(1521–1564) 25504:Ferdinand I 25499:(1519–1521) 25491:(1490–1519) 25483:(1439–1490) 25475:(1406–1439) 25467:(1386–1406) 25459:(1365–1386) 25451:(1363–1365) 25426:(1590–1637) 25418:(1564–1590) 25410:(1521–1564) 25407:Ferdinand I 25402:(1519–1521) 25394:(1493–1519) 25386:(1457–1463) 25378:(1424–1493) 25370:(1402–1424) 25362:(1386–1411) 25354:(1386–1406) 25346:(1365–1386) 25321:(1916–1918) 25313:(1848–1916) 25305:(1835–1848) 25302:Ferdinand I 25297:(1792–1835) 25289:(1790–1792) 25286:Leopold VII 25281:(1765–1790) 25273:(1740–1765) 25265:(1740–1780) 25257:(1711–1740) 25254:Charles III 25249:(1705–1711) 25233:(1662–1665) 25225:(1632–1662) 25217:(1623–1632) 25209:(1637–1657) 25185:(1608–1619) 25177:(1576–1608) 25169:(1564–1576) 25161:(1521–1564) 25158:Ferdinand I 25153:(1519–1521) 25145:(1493–1519) 25137:(1457–1493) 25129:(1440–1457) 25121:(1404–1439) 25113:(1395-1404) 25105:(1365-1395) 25097:(1365-1379) 25089:(1358–1365) 25081:(1339–1344) 25073:(1339–1344) 25067:(1330–1339) 25059:(1330–1358) 25051:(1308–1326) 25043:(1308–1330) 25035:(1298–1307) 25027:(1282–1283) 25019:(1282–1308) 25011:(1278–1282) 24951:Interregnum 24941:(1230–1246) 24933:(1198–1230) 24925:(1195–1198) 24917:(1177–1194) 24909:(1141–1177) 24901:(1137–1141) 24893:(1095–1136) 24885:(1075–1095) 24877:(1055–1075) 24869:(1018–1055) 24779:(1964–2000) 24773:(1919–1964) 24767:(1912–1919) 24761:(1905–1912) 24755:(1890–1905) 24725:(1849–1890) 24723:William III 24719:(1840–1849) 24713:(1815–1840) 24704:(1815–1890) 24665:(1792–1794) 24657:(1790–1792) 24649:(1780–1790) 24639:(1780–1794) 24626:(1740–1780) 24618:(1713–1740) 24608:(1713–1780) 24595:(1712–1713) 24585:(1712–1713) 24572:(1700–1712) 24562:(1700–1712) 24549:(1665–1700) 24541:(1621–1665) 24533:(1598–1621) 24526:(1598–1621) 24518:(1556–1598) 24510:(1506–1556) 24507:Charles III 24502:(1482–1506) 24492:(1482–1700) 24479:(1477–1482) 24470:(1477–1482) 24462:(1467–1477) 24454:(1443–1467) 24444:(1443–1482) 24422:(1418–1425) 24392:(1388–1411) 24384:(1383–1388) 24376:(1354–1383) 24366:(1354–1443) 24352:(1354–1794) 24327:(1353–1354) 24319:(1346–1353) 24311:(1313–1346) 24303:(1288–1313) 24295:(1281–1288) 24287:(1247–1281) 24277:(1247–1354) 24264:(1214–1226) 24232:(1197–1247) 24219:(1196–1197) 24209:(1196–1197) 24196:(1136–1189) 24186:(1136–1189) 24164:(1131–1136) 24156:(1096–1131) 24148:(1086–1096) 24140:(1059–1086) 24132:(1047–1059) 24124:(1026–1047) 23998:Charles III 23953:Ferdinand I 23873:Frederick I 23863:Constance I 23858:William III 23826:(1130–1816) 23797:(1071–1130) 23735:(3rd reign) 23716:(2nd reign) 23700:(1st reign) 23690:Charles VII 23617:Ferdinand I 23596:(2nd reign) 23583:(1st reign) 23575:Charles III 23494:(1530–1556) 23486:(1452–1493) 23478:(1431–1437) 23470:(1355–1378) 23468:Charles IV 23462:(1327–1347) 23454:(1311–1313) 23446:(1212–1250) 23438:(1209–1212) 23430:(1186–1197) 23422:(1154–1186) 23414:(1138–1152) 23412:Conrad III 23406:(1125–1137) 23398:(1106–1125) 23390:(1093–1101) 23382:(1056–1105) 23374:(1039–1056) 23366:(1026–1039) 23358:(1004–1024) 23350:(1002–1014) 23273:Lothair II 23207:Berengar I 23202:Unruochings 23148:Charles II 23087:Desiderius 23063:Hildeprand 23039:Aripert II 22894:Interregnum 22696:(1871–1918) 22677:(1867–1871) 22658:(1850–1866) 22636:(1848/1849) 22624:Ferdinand I 22612:(1815–1848) 22593:(1806–1813) 22561:Charles VII 22511:Ferdinand I 22393:Henry (VII) 22368:Frederick I 22009:Philippines 21974:El Salvador 21594:Capo d'Orso 21478:St. Quentin 21453:Rome (1527) 21112:Strategists 20862:Guadalajara 20789:New Navarre 20784:New Castile 20769:La Luisiana 20721:Puerto Rico 20711:Philippines 20668:New Granada 20358:Philippines 20319:(Uruguay), 20315:(Bolivia), 20265:New Granada 20205:Puerto Rico 20151: [ 20021:Territories 19841:Encomiendas 19709:Charles VII 19626:Ferdinand I 19446:Charles III 19365:Theobald II 19162:Ferdinand V 19066:Alfonso VII 19033:Ferdinand I 19006:Bermudo III 18936:Alfonso III 18847:Ferdinand V 18753:Prince John 18714:Alfonso VII 18663:Bermudo III 18399:Ferdinand V 18302:Alfonso VII 18260:Ferdinand I 18180:Charles III 18117:Ferdinand I 18074:Alfonso III 17925:Alfonso XII 17915:Isabella II 17895:Charles III 17801:Ferdinand V 17688:Charles VII 17643:Ferdinand I 17588:Frederick I 17583:Lothair III 17513:Charles III 17488:Charlemagne 17427:Philip (II) 17381:(1521–1530) 17371:(1516–1530) 17353:Ferdinand I 17317:Ferdinand I 17252:(1516–1555) 17228:Ferdinand V 17215:(1516–1555) 17194:(1516–1555) 17144:(1516–1554) 16918:(in German) 16898:(in German) 16881:(in German) 16860:(in German) 16843:(in German) 16826:(in German) 16809:(in German) 16792:(in German) 16771:(in French) 16598:23 February 16539:20 November 16230:30 December 16175:: 117–140. 16117:Overzichten 16096:10 February 16041:10 February 15986:Setton 1978 14918:11 December 14866:22 February 14835:22 February 14792:5 September 14731:5 September 14697:5 September 14663:5 September 14485:16 December 14363:5 September 14329:5 September 14295:5 September 14261:5 September 14227:5 September 14193:5 September 14159:5 September 14125:5 September 14091:5 September 14054:5 September 14020:5 September 13956:5 September 13922:5 September 13888:5 September 13854:5 September 13824:5 September 13790:5 September 13756:5 September 13722:5 September 13629:5 September 13298:23 February 13234:23 February 12899:16 December 12869:5 September 12835:5 September 12767:5 September 12602:(1): 1–27. 11818:Martyn Rady 11628:10 November 11476:Karl Brandi 9253:Ferdinand I 8367: 1370 8142:Leopold III 7815: 1290 7734: 1289 7317: 1218 7186: 1188 6903:Victor Hugo 6899:Charlemagne 6801: [ 6778:Inquisition 6661:europeanism 6641:Emanuel Max 6442:Charles II 6350:Charles IV 6235:Charles II 6212:Charles II 6189:Charles II 6143:Charles II 6120:Charles II 6097:Charles II 6074:Charles II 6028:Charles II 6005:Charles II 5982:Charles II 5959:Charles II 5781:Württemberg 5570:As part of 5512:was crowned 5420: 1562 5350:Stillborn. 5277:Stillborn. 4988:El Escorial 4799:sedan chair 4127:eternal Law 4123:Ius gentium 4108:, and also 4094:Theologians 4090:natural law 3906:Mexico City 3887:Augustinian 3857:Christendom 3779:rustication 3763:Plateresque 3740:Renaissance 3519: [ 3489:and Spain. 3414:condottieri 3371:Helmschmied 3304:Landsknecht 3286:Tlaxcallans 3112:El Escorial 3091:Extremadura 2809:Lutheranism 2754:Reformation 2553:, where he 2463:Florentines 2307:Reformation 2229:, the main 2203:Holy League 2138:Switzerland 2013:Hondarribia 1959:Quinto Real 1594:Tordesillas 1575:jure matris 1474:Netherlands 1413:Tordesillas 936:during the 836:Extremadura 678:Reformation 663:Charlemagne 643:West Indies 523:as titular 345:El Escorial 268:Predecessor 232:Ferdinand I 218:Predecessor 168:Predecessor 148:jure matris 137:Ferdinand I 123:Predecessor 27665:Categories 27409:Alfonso IV 27283:Alfonso II 27002:Descent of 26970:of Hungary 26906:Maximilian 26654:Franz Karl 26623:Maximilian 26480:Leopold VI 26373:Wenceslaus 26368:Albert VII 26312:Charles II 25568:Leopold VI 25528:Albert VII 25415:Charles II 25294:Francis II 25238:Leopold VI 25190:Albert VII 25078:Leopold II 24861:(994–1018) 24759:William IV 24717:William II 24546:Charles IV 24515:Philip III 24459:Charles II 24116:(998–1026) 24098:(963–1136) 24084:(963–1354) 24069:Luxembourg 24013:Charles IV 23993:Philip III 23978:Charles II 23843:William II 23684:Charles VI 23672:Philip III 23654:Charles IV 23648:Joanna III 23622:Alfonso II 23554:Charles II 23492:Charles V 23476:Sigismund 23452:Henry VII 23388:Conrad II 23372:Henry III 23364:Conrad II 23342:(996–1002) 23317:(962–1556) 23132:Lothair I 23055:Liutprand 23031:Raginpert 22991:Perctarit 22967:Perctarit 22951:Aripert I 22816:Theodahad 22808:Athalaric 22800:Theodoric 22792:Ostrogoths 22713:William II 22600:Napoleon I 22581:Francis II 22576:Leopold II 22556:Charles VI 22469:Wenceslaus 22457:Charles IV 22363:Henry (VI) 22358:Conrad III 22287:(962–1806) 22282:within the 22192:during the 21679:Somosierra 21669:Manila Bay 21543:Nördlingen 21483:Gravelines 20963:Columnario 20935:Currencies 20852:Concepción 20824:Audiencias 20799:New Toledo 20764:La Florida 20597:Corregidor 20561:Papal bull 20466:Antarctica 20374:Micronesia 19831:Golden Age 19719:Isabella I 19704:Charles VI 19689:Philip VII 19650:Charles IV 19482:Blanche II 19475:Charles IV 19441:Charles II 19436:Philip III 19360:Theobald I 19342:Sancho VII 19302:Sancho III 19158:Isabella I 19110:Alfonso XI 19076:Alfonso IX 19043:Alfonso VI 18996:Bermudo II 18991:Ramiro III 18971:Ordoño III 18961:Alfonso IV 18843:Isabella I 18763:Alfonso XI 18724:Alfonso IX 18691:Alfonso VI 18653:Bermudo II 18581:Theodemund 18571:Hermeneric 18446:Charles II 18436:Philip III 18395:Isabella I 18347:Alfonso XI 18322:Berengaria 18307:Sancho III 18270:Alfonso VI 18175:Charles II 18170:Philip III 18084:Alfonso IV 18054:Alfonso II 18027:Petronilla 17900:Charles IV 17867:Real union 17857:Charles II 17847:Philip III 17797:Isabella I 17708:Francis II 17703:Leopold II 17683:Charles VI 17653:Rudolph II 17618:Charles IV 17508:Charles II 17416:1504–1516 17367:Joanna III 17345:1530–1556 17330:1519–1556 17311:1519–1521 17276:1543–1555 17177:Roussillon 17140:Joanna III 17108:1506–1555 17073:Luxembourg 16915:3763011781 16895:3442755115 16878:3170156950 16857:3700130546 16840:3534048202 16823:3406453597 16806:3933463068 16592:1563380609 16528:1417971096 16336:14 October 16296:8 February 16260:8 February 16250:ScreenRant 16147:3702301135 16056:Boone 2021 15659:Kamen 1997 15212:Wikisource 14945:Parker, '' 14907:1152295705 14451:7 February 13986:5 February 13375:Kamen 1997 13200:Tracy 2002 13106:0826514707 13043:1576077330 12965:9004043152 12733:9 December 12699:9 December 12665:9 December 12640:9 December 12226:8488480199 12175:7 November 12149:7 November 12124:0582784646 11057:Setton, K. 11033:References 11023:Charles II 10922:ruled the 10863:28 October 10820:Charles VI 10599:of Austria 10495:Charles II 10294:of Austria 10265:of Austria 10211:of Austria 10196:of Austria 9976:of Austria 9946:of Austria 9883:Wenceslaus 9868:Albert VII 9826:of Austria 9793:Philip III 9525:Charles II 8871:of Castile 8551:of Germany 8377:Leopold IV 8178:Leopold II 8111:Albert III 7817:–1312/1313 7711:of Bohemia 7494:of Germany 7309:of Germany 6971:The Tudors 6815:Lord Byron 6792:(1979) by 6782:Oudenaarde 6755:Literature 6519:Plus Ultra 6419:Charles V 6396:Charles V 6373:Charles I 6327:Charles I 6281:Charles I 6258:Charles I 5887:, Lord of 5857:Roussillon 5773:Gelderland 5769:Luxembourg 5593:since the 5508:Pope Leo X 5015:Henry VIII 4782:have been 4742:Portuguese 4143:papal bull 4018:scholastic 3879:Franciscan 3525:(from the 3497:See also: 3412:. Italian 3302:See also: 2856:standstill 2701:chronicler 2603:in Seville 2424:Pope Leo X 2393:Henry VIII 2252:Maximilian 1951:Valladolid 1925:Pope Leo X 1874:Aragonese 1647:A.E.I.O.U. 1599:Plus Ultra 1531:culturally 1478:Luxembourg 868:Prinsenhof 852:Prinsenhof 753:coronation 721:Pope Leo X 188:Co-monarch 90:Coronation 27559:Alfonso V 27347:Peter III 27266:Ramiro II 27261:Alfonso I 27056:Palatines 27004:Charles I 26968:Palatines 26949:Karl Pius 26924:Gottfried 26780:Friedrich 26704:Sigismund 26542:Ferdinand 26527:Joseph II 26419:Ferdinand 26388:Leopold V 26276:Charles I 26228:Sigismund 26223:Albert VI 26071:Philip II 26031:Philip IV 25899:(1907–38) 25883:(1875–80) 25875:(1871–73) 25867:(1857–68) 25859:(1851–57) 25851:(1830–33) 25840:Ferdinand 25835:(1759–88) 25827:(1724–46) 25824:Ferdinand 25819:(1709–24) 25787:(1605–21) 25779:(1582–98) 25771:(1578–82) 25763:(1571–78) 25760:Ferdinand 25755:(1556–68) 25747:(1527–56) 25739:(1504–16) 25731:(1502–04) 25715:(1497–98) 25707:(1478–97) 25699:(1470–78) 25691:(1468–70) 25683:(1464–68) 25675:(1462–64) 25667:(1425–54) 25659:(1424–25) 25651:(1423–24) 25648:Catherine 25643:(1405–06) 25635:(1402–05) 25627:(1388–90) 25544:Leopold V 25496:Charles I 25399:Charles I 25318:Charles I 25278:Joseph II 25214:Leopold V 25150:Charles I 24853:(976–994) 24771:Charlotte 24711:William I 24615:Charles V 24538:Philip IV 24499:Philip II 24397:Elisabeth 24316:Charles I 24300:Henry VII 24239:Ermesinde 24161:Conrad II 24153:William I 24145:Henry III 24129:Giselbert 24108:(963–998) 24105:Siegfried 24018:Charles V 24003:Philip IV 23988:Philip II 23958:Alfonso I 23948:Martin II 23898:Charles I 23888:Conrad II 23853:Roger III 23838:William I 23726:Joachim I 23678:Charles V 23666:Philip II 23637:Louis III 23632:Frederick 23611:Alfonso I 23601:Joanna II 23593:Ladislaus 23580:Ladislaus 23548:Charles I 23460:Louis IV 23428:Henry VI 23380:Henry IV 23356:Henry II 23348:Arduin I 23340:Otto III 23334:(980–983) 23326:(962–973) 23297:(950–963) 23295:Adalbert 23289:(950–963) 23282:Anscarids 23275:(945–950) 23267:(926–947) 23259:(900–905) 23257:Louis II 23245:(922–933) 23231:(891–897) 23223:(889–894) 23216:Guideschi 23209:(887–924) 23174:(896–899) 23166:(879–887) 23158:(877–879) 23156:Carloman 23150:(875–877) 23142:(855–875) 23134:(818–855) 23126:(810–818) 23118:(781–810) 23110:(774–814) 23089:(756–774) 23081:(749–756) 23073:(744–749) 23057:(712–744) 23047:Ansprand 23041:(702–712) 23025:(700–702) 23023:Liutpert 23017:(689–700) 23015:Cunipert 23001:(688–689) 22999:Cunipert 22993:(671–688) 22983:Garibald 22977:(662–671) 22975:Grimoald 22969:(661–662) 22961:(661–662) 22959:Godepert 22953:(653–661) 22945:(652–653) 22937:(636-652) 22929:(626–636) 22921:(616–626) 22919:Adaloald 22913:(590–616) 22905:(584–590) 22897:(574–584) 22887:(572–574) 22879:(568–572) 22858:(552–553) 22850:(541–552) 22834:(540–541) 22826:(536–540) 22818:(534–536) 22810:(526–534) 22802:(493–526) 22772:(476–493) 22703:William I 22684:William I 22619:Francis I 22571:Joseph II 22566:Francis I 22546:Leopold I 22521:Rudolf II 22506:Charles V 22491:Albert II 22486:Sigismund 22442:Henry VII 22398:Conrad IV 22319:Henry III 22314:Conrad II 22246:(919–962) 22241:(911–919) 22197:(843–911) 21984:Nicaragua 21962:Guatemala 21872:Pichincha 21857:Chacabuco 21796:Pensacola 21741:Mataquito 21721:Cajamarca 21702:New World 21674:Trafalgar 21578:Alhucemas 21458:Landriano 21443:Comuneros 21429:Old World 21373:Joan Orpí 21093:Royalists 20867:Guatemala 20794:New Spain 20731:Venezuela 20706:Guatemala 20663:New Spain 20658:Columbian 20551:Exequatur 20451:Cape Juby 20305:Argentina 20128:New Spain 20062:Gibraltar 19826:Habsburgs 19670:Charles V 19665:Philip VI 19655:Philip IV 19607:Charles V 19587:Louis III 19577:Henry III 19511:Catherine 19451:Blanche I 19413:Charles I 19408:Philip II 19337:Sancho VI 19327:Alfonso I 19312:Sancho IV 19292:Sancho II 19189:Charles I 19143:Henry III 19100:Sancho IV 19095:Alfonso X 19038:Sancho II 19001:Alfonso V 18981:Ordoño IV 18966:Ramiro II 18951:Fruela II 18946:Ordoño II 18874:Charles I 18828:Henry III 18748:Sancho IV 18743:Alfonso X 18686:Sancho II 18681:García II 18658:Alfonso V 18643:Ordoño II 18596:Theodemar 18566:Remismund 18556:Richimund 18441:Philip IV 18431:Philip II 18426:Charles I 18380:Henry III 18337:Sancho IV 18332:Alfonso X 18265:Sancho II 18198:Philip IV 18165:Philip II 18155:Charles I 18122:Alfonso V 18069:Peter III 18022:Ramiro II 18017:Alfonso I 17940:Felipe VI 17852:Philip IV 17842:Philip II 17837:Charles I 17698:Joseph II 17693:Francis I 17673:Leopold I 17638:Charles V 17623:Sigismund 17608:Henry VII 17568:Henry III 17563:Conrad II 17533:Louis III 17498:Lothair I 17299:Carinthia 17243:1516–1556 17206:1516–1556 17185:1516–1556 17135:1516–1554 17114:Philip II 16315:761003148 16220:VisitGent 15793:, 545–546 15626:Kamen, H. 15429:Charles V 15005:21 August 14782:245485372 14774:0255-0636 14631:247214976 14575:242643244 14567:0027-2841 13690:227060405 13466:Routledge 13390:, 490–494 13135:25 August 12967:. p. 142. 12801:30 August 12571:. p. 311. 12335:, p. 138 12272:23 August 12252:23 August 12018:Charles V 11963:23 August 11943:23 August 11911:7 January 11877:23 August 11857:23 August 11802:7 January 11768:7 January 11722:7 January 11689:7 January 11542:cite book 11532:7 January 11371:. London. 11134:. p. 212. 11085:0065-9738 11038:Citations 11019:Charles I 11015:Charles V 11001:Carolus V 10827:1685–1740 10812:1678–1711 10603:1649–1664 10588:1640–1705 10581:Leopold I 10573:1633–1654 10502:1661–1700 10487:1629–1646 10328:1630–1665 10313:1628–1662 10298:1614–1662 10283:1608–1657 10268:1605–1619 10215:1609–1641 10208:Ferdinand 10200:1607–1632 10185:1605–1665 10178:Philip IV 9980:1590–1624 9965:1586–1632 9958:Leopold V 9950:1583–1616 9935:1578–1637 9920:1560–1618 9905:1558–1600 9890:1561–1578 9875:1559–1621 9860:1558–1618 9845:1557–1619 9830:1553–1595 9815:1552–1612 9808:Rudolf II 9800:1578–1621 9785:1545–1568 9532:1540–1590 9509:1529–1595 9478:1527–1576 9439:1527–1598 9432:Philip II 9260:1503–1564 9181:1500–1558 9174:Charles V 8875:1478–1506 8750:1459–1519 8719:1440–1457 8712:Ladislaus 8616:1427–1496 8609:Sigismund 8601:1418–1463 8594:Albert VI 8586:1415–1493 8555:1397–1439 8548:Albert II 8422:1382–1439 8399:1377–1424 8384:1371–1411 8348:1377–1404 8341:Albert IV 8185:1328–1344 8170:1327–1344 8149:1351–1386 8118:1349–1395 8103:1347–1362 8090:1339–1365 8083:Rudolf IV 7807:Parricida 7796:1301–1339 7781:1299–1327 7766:1298–1358 7759:Albert II 7751:1290–1326 7744:Leopold I 7723:Frederick 7715:1281–1307 7532:1270–1290 7525:Rudolf II 7517:1263–1281 7498:1255–1308 6922:Philip II 6917:Don Carlo 6891:'s opera 6878:'s opera 5897:Pordenone 5821:Barcelona 5801:Catalonia 5785:Landgrave 5777:Neopatria 5757:Carinthia 5733:Ocean Sea 5701:Gibraltar 5697:Algeciras 5604:Charles, 5567:of 1617. 5529:, at the 5442:, son of 5239:Ferdinand 5126:La Gloria 5070:Catherine 5023:Louis XII 4937:Catherine 4889:Ferdinand 4768:lower jaw 4704:Languages 4668:Education 4166:Ancestors 4087:Thomistic 4079:New World 4003:moral law 3883:Dominican 3874:audiencia 3835:New World 3771:Mannerism 3715:during a 3681:New World 3634:historian 3568:in 1505. 3539:Innsbruck 3352:Nuremberg 3269:when the 3196:Ferdinand 3116:Philip IV 3073:, Cáceres 2902:Innsbruck 2851:Nuremberg 2559:Philip II 2543:final war 2538:in 1544. 2486:third war 2471:annulling 2428:Venetians 2416:first war 2397:Henry VII 2358:Francis I 2241:from the 2213:in 1571. 2147:Imperial- 2144:in 1515. 2028:Philip II 1979:had been 1955:Castilian 1934:Cardinal 1905:Catalonia 1780:Groningen 1400:Ferdinand 922:from the 828:Ferdinand 690:New Spain 684:, and in 659:Charles V 602:, son of 501:Charles V 487:Signature 278:Successor 228:Successor 182:Philip II 178:Successor 133:Successor 34:Charles V 27450:Peter IV 27378:James II 27310:Peter II 27240:Sancho I 26915:Habsburg 26871:Leo Karl 26664:Albrecht 26501:Joseph I 26358:Matthias 26348:Rudolf V 25915:(2014– ) 25888:Mercedes 25880:Isabella 25856:Isabella 25848:Isabella 25712:Isabella 25696:Isabella 25688:Isabella 25520:Matthias 25246:Joseph I 25182:Matthias 25174:Rudolf V 25118:Albert V 25016:Albert I 25008:Rudolf I 24569:Philip V 24451:Philip I 24413:and then 24292:Henry VI 24255:and then 24250:Theobald 24193:Henry IV 24137:Conrad I 24121:Henry II 24065:Monarchs 23983:Philip I 23943:Martin I 23923:Peter II 23883:Conrad I 23878:Henry II 23833:Roger II 23814:Roger II 23721:Joseph I 23660:Philip I 23588:Louis II 23564:Joanna I 23436:Otto IV 23396:Henry V 23332:Otto II 23252:Bosonids 23243:Rudolph 23229:Lambert 23140:Louis I 23124:Bernard 23079:Aistulf 23071:Ratchis 22943:Rodoald 22935:Rothari 22927:Arioald 22911:Agilulf 22903:Authari 22869:Lombards 22832:Ildibad 22824:Vitiges 22770:Odoacer 22551:Joseph I 22526:Matthias 22447:Louis IV 22437:Albert I 22427:Rudolf I 22373:Henry VI 22324:Henry IV 22309:Henry II 22304:Otto III 22253:Conrad I 22209:Carloman 21994:Colombia 21979:Honduras 21892:Asomante 21877:Ayacucho 21867:Carabobo 21842:Curalaba 21619:Ceresole 21513:Gembloux 21473:Mühlberg 21188:Mariners 21046:Military 20968:Doubloon 20953:Maravedí 20897:Santiago 20804:Paraguay 20530:Germania 20370:Caroline 20325:Malvinas 20309:Paraguay 20269:Colombia 20211:Trinidad 20078:Sardinia 19918:Bourbons 19694:Louis II 19660:Philip V 19631:Joan III 19602:Louis VI 19592:Louis IV 19582:Louis II 19553:Joan III 19548:Henry II 19529:John III 19393:Philip I 19317:Sancho V 19277:Sancho I 19231:Monarchs 19171:Philip I 19153:Henry IV 19133:Henry II 18986:Sancho I 18976:Sancho I 18941:García I 18916:Monarchs 18856:Philip I 18838:Henry IV 18818:Henry II 18648:Sancho I 18586:Chararic 18576:Veremund 18526:Hermeric 18506:Monarchs 18464:Philip V 18408:Philip I 18390:Henry IV 18370:Henry II 18240:Monarchs 18160:Philip I 18089:Peter IV 18079:James II 18059:Peter II 18002:Ramiro I 17982:Monarchs 17885:Philip V 17875:Philip V 17810:Philip I 17726:Category 17678:Joseph I 17658:Matthias 17613:Louis IV 17593:Henry VI 17573:Henry IV 17558:Henry II 17553:Otto III 17538:Berengar 17503:Louis II 17388:Henry II 17377:Henry II 17303:Carniola 17224:Joanna I 17181:Cerdagne 17164:Sardinia 17160:Valencia 17087:Flanders 17054:Philip I 16934:(1911). 16784:Archived 16579:(1993). 16533:Archived 16515:(1891). 16485:20477694 16378:(1978). 16330:Archived 16290:Archived 16254:Archived 16224:Archived 16183:20 March 16177:Archived 16149:, p. 30. 16090:Archived 15860:Thomas, 15840:Archived 15805:Thomas, 15789:Parker, 15776:Parker, 15763:Thomas, 15740:Archived 15710:Archived 15680:Archived 15628:(1997). 15609:Archived 15596:, 84, 88 15592:Thomas, 15572:Archived 15533:Archived 15513:Parker, 15498:Archived 15491:Heredity 15444:, p. 377 15440:Parker, 15400:Thomas, 15387:Thomas, 15374:Thomas, 15290:(1911). 15070:13 April 15066:: 95–104 14999:Archived 14932:Parker, 14912:Archived 14829:Archived 14786:Archived 14579:Archived 14530:7 August 14521:Archived 14411:Archived 13980:Archived 13848:Archived 13623:Archived 13434:Archived 13405:Archived 13386:Parker, 13362:18412053 13335:16885558 13158:Archived 13129:Archived 13080:18 April 12983:Archived 12465:Archived 12444:Archived 12433:Archived 12356:Archived 12337:Archived 12323:, p. 299 12313:Archived 12300:, p. 137 12290:Archived 12266:Archived 12246:Archived 12087:. CABI. 12035:, Whaley 11957:Archived 11937:Archived 11871:Archived 11851:Archived 11683:Archived 11523:Archived 11340:(2000). 11208:Archived 11186:(1856). 11174:. p. 92. 11147:Archived 11059:(1984). 10992:Carles V 10956:Carlos V 10880:See also 10805:Joseph I 10498:of Spain 10181:of Spain 9838:Matthias 9796:of Spain 9435:of Spain 9155:HRE line 9151:Austrian 8868:Philip I 7726:the Fair 7708:Rudolf I 7513:Hartmann 7491:Albert I 7306:Rudolf I 6796:, while 6724:and the 6505:Flanders 5947:Titular 5917:Mechelen 5881:Oristano 5873:Margrave 5861:Cerdagne 5845:Ferrette 5809:Habsburg 5761:Carniola 5749:Lorraine 5717:Sardinia 5693:Algarves 5665:Valencia 5645:Dalmatia 5559:suo jure 5176:Lifespan 5173:Portrait 5094:Alhambra 4962:Marriage 4865:Isabella 4805:Siblings 4784:epilepsy 4154:Antilles 4062:and the 4048:prelates 4011:Catholic 3966:comunero 3930:New Laws 3827:Portugal 3799:New Laws 3789:Americas 3751:Alhambra 3732:and the 3689:invested 3673:cronista 3662:European 3479:Augsburg 3457:and the 3356:Augsburg 3282:Tlaxcala 3265:and the 3250:— 3156:deputies 3047:suo jure 2986:Brussels 2801:Wartburg 2551:Lorraine 2547:Henry II 2436:Burgundy 2260:electors 2227:Augsburg 2165:Lombardy 2116:and the 2005:Henry II 1970:Catalan 1921:Sardinia 1909:Valencia 1881:Zaragoza 1856:in 1526. 1811:rebelled 1784:Guelders 1755:(led by 1734:Flanders 1714:Brussels 1710:Brussels 1667:Ottomans 1634:election 1613:and the 1570:Sardinia 1556:and the 1535:Brussels 1506:Isabella 1494:Mechelen 1482:Burgundy 1387:Mechelen 1005:archduke 949:Austrian 842:Ancestry 803:offered 779:and the 711:Crowned 653:and was 645:and the 596:Flanders 569:Sardinia 477:Religion 451:Habsburg 302:Flanders 192:Joanna I 27564:John II 27331:James I 27256:Peter I 27130:Charles 27083:Charles 27047:Dominic 27040:Tuscany 26917:Tuscany 26876:Wilhelm 26684:Stephen 26573:Charles 26414:Charles 25896:Alfonso 25864:Alfonso 25832:Charles 25808:Charles 25752:Charles 25736:Charles 25720:Michael 25680:Alfonso 25656:Eleanor 25000:Austria 24753:Adolphe 24662:Francis 24654:Leopold 24623:Mary II 24419:John II 24408:Anthony 24284:Henry V 24261:Waleran 24113:Henry I 23913:James I 23908:Peter I 23893:Manfred 23868:Henry I 23848:Tancred 23804:Roger I 23570:Louis I 23324:Otto I 23310:within 23180:Ratold 23172:Arnulf 23007:Alahis 22877:Alboin 22848:Totila 22840:Eraric 22463:Günther 22421:Alfonso 22415:Richard 22410:William 22383:Otto IV 22348:Henry V 22337:Hermann 22299:Otto II 22258:Henry I 22126:Asiento 22097:Mustang 21957:Yucatán 21952:Chiapas 21832:Tucapel 21664:Passaro 21614:Algiers 21604:Preveza 21573:Tetouan 21568:Vitoria 21558:Bitonto 21498:Antwerp 21493:Lepanto 21448:Bicocca 20924:Economy 20847:Charcas 20842:Caracas 20736:Yucatán 20607:Regidor 20592:Alcalde 20520:Cabildo 20427:Tripoli 20366:Mariana 20313:Charcas 20289:(Peru, 20273:Ecuador 20236:Bonaire 20231:Curazao 20216:Jamaica 20144:Florida 19737:. Also 19733:. Also 19597:Louis V 19572:Antoine 19488:Eleanor 19469:John II 19418:Joan II 19398:Louis I 19370:Henry I 19322:Peter I 19235:Navarre 19148:John II 18833:John II 18616:Malaric 18591:Ariamir 18546:Maldras 18536:Rechiar 18531:Rechila 18510:Galicia 18385:John II 18317:Henry I 18244:Castile 18127:John II 18064:James I 18012:Peter I 17880:Louis I 17598:Otto IV 17578:Henry V 17548:Otto II 17523:Lambert 17493:Louis I 17156:Majorca 17099:Zeeland 17095:Holland 17091:Hainaut 17069:Lothier 17065:Limburg 16944:(ed.). 16887:Karl V. 16700:(1769). 16643:(1925) 16565:(2018) 16457:(1939) 16416:English 16127:20 July 15875:Emperor 15864:, 37–38 15791:Emperor 15778:Emperor 15746:10 June 15716:10 June 15686:28 July 15578:11 June 15515:Emperor 15466:24 July 15391:, 26–27 15300:(ed.). 15267:(ed.). 14884:, p. 87 13443:10 June 13411:19 July 13388:Emperor 12441:page 64 12262:"XXIII" 11953:"XXIII" 11867:"XXIII" 11192:p. 321. 10988:Catalan 10983:Karel V 10974:Carlo V 10970:Italian 10952:Spanish 10947:Karl V. 10193:Charles 9973:Charles 9913:Charles 9072:Iberian 9068:Spanish 8356:William 7000:Emperor 6981:series 6908:Hernani 6819:Ode to 6786:Berchem 6679:, Spain 6677:Granada 6573:Infante 6533:Navarre 6501:Brabant 6493:Austria 6489:Granada 6473:Castile 5913:Tripoli 5885:Gociano 5869:Zutphen 5865:Drenthe 5841:Seeland 5837:Holland 5833:Hainaut 5817:Gorizia 5797:Asturia 5765:Limburg 5745:Brabant 5721:Corsica 5681:Cordova 5677:Sevilla 5673:Majorca 5669:Galicia 5657:Grenada 5653:Navarra 5649:Croatia 5641:Hungary 5629:Castile 5614:forever 5543:Bohemia 5539:Croatia 5535:Hungary 5098:Granada 5043:Eleanor 4835:Eleanor 4054:of the 4052:knights 4044:Estates 4025:legally 4014:jurists 3851:and by 3742:ruler. 3701:Jamaica 3650:Decades 3638:Central 3614:contino 3550:Granada 3487:Antwerp 3475:Welsers 3471:Fuggers 3451:Castile 3431:Finance 3425:tercios 3379:muskets 3375:Negroli 3364:Brescia 3343:at the 3208:in 1531 3107:codicil 3100:malaria 2922:Villach 2912:began. 2888:at the 2828:Ottoman 2764:to the 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