822:
800:
731:
1312:
1606:
20:
59:
5409:
5420:
1340:, the question is posed about the relationship between the major and minor marks, and it is said that the minor marks are among the major marks, but not mixed with them, just as flowers in the forest make the trees distinctive. These 80 minor characteristics became significant as well, as were adopted by Buddhist traditions including both MahÄyÄna and TheravÄda traditions. In Pali literature, the 80 minor characteristics are found in the
2818:
2805:
2748:
640:
2795:
2738:
788:
813:
949:
Buddhists produced such iconography to reflect the trend from the
Lakkhana Sutta as being a genuine necessity, or that they in fact took symbolic representation of the marks as a means of recollection (Buddhanussati). There are no texts or commentaries to suggest these proposals, however future comparative studies may provide esoteric evidence.
917:), including the mark of a dharma wheels on the soles of his feet; long fingers and toes; a large, lion like torso; sensitive taste buds; white, evenly spaced teeth; a long tongue; arms that extend to his knees; very blue eyes (blue like a sapphire of the ocean, or like Krishna's skin); and having sexual organs concealed in a sheath.
944:
that some may have in fact formed from the stonemason or sculptor, particularly the webbed fingers which would protect the delicate fingers of the statues from damage. The fleshy protuberance of the head likewise originally being just a stylistic representation of a top-knot of hair, a common feature
948:
It is presently speculative whether the statues were later built with the 32 marks in mind, so that should a qualified
Brahmin seeing a statue displaying such characteristics, the Brahmin would want to know to whom the statue represents and be interested in Buddhism. It is likewise speculative later
840:
So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of lifeāand while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their facesāI shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre robe and went forth from the home life
936:
Possessing these marks is therefore seen in these suttas as an expert qualification from
Brahmins of the Buddha's authenticity and status, and therefore a converting-tool to the Brahmin orthodoxy. Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any clear connection to Vedic or Vedanta texts that would
694:
in the earliest extant period of
Buddhist devotional statuary and bas reliefs. A number of early discourses describe the appearance of the Buddha, and are believed to have served as a model for early depictions. In particular, the "32 signs of a Great Man" are described throughout the
928:
The suttas often state these are recognisable by
Brahmins trained in such prognostication of a mahapurisa (a great man) who would be either a Buddha or a wheel-turning monarch. There is no reference to non-Brahmins seeing them; in fact in several places in the Suttas, such as in the
867:, only address the image cult as an object of criticism, if it is mentioned at all. Schopen states that followers of MahÄyÄna were generally uninterested in worshipping buddhas, but rather in becoming buddhas, and their outlook toward Buddhist practice was "profoundly conservative."
757:, with the Buddha being represented as symbols such as a footprint, an empty chair, a riderless horse, or an umbrella. Later, iconic sculptural traditions were established, with two of the most important being in the regions of
933:(DN2), the protagonists could not recognise the Buddha when surrounded by other monks, showing a normality in physical appearance (which would certainly not be the case if the 32 marks were present).
925:, that the 32 marks are a later addition. Texts such as the Dona sutta (AN4:36) mention seeing one of the marks in the footprint, but comparative studies do not include the wheel mark itself.
2099:"His curling hair is dark blue, and a fleshy protuberance is one his crown" This describes his hair. "Dark blue" refers to the luster of his hair, which was so dark that it looked dark blue.
699:, and these are believed to have formed the basis for early representations of the Buddha. These 32 major characteristics are also supplemented by another 80 secondary characteristics (Pali:
2460:
1795:
The
Bodhisattva-mahasattva gives, does not grudge at whatever is rare, and easily parts with such; he makes no distinction whatever between a field of weal or a nonfield-of-weal .
821:
1779:
The
Bodhisattva-mahasattva readily befriends wise men, segregating himself from the ignorant; he takes pleasure in exchanging views and sweeps the path along which he walks.
2119:"The blue head ' of the Buddha image can be explained if we refer to one of the 32 lakį¹£aį¹as of the great man , which is uddhagga - lomo uddhaggÄni lomÄni jÄtÄni nÄ«lÄni."
799:
1620:
The
Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra expounds the causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the TathÄgata. These causal relations are cultivated by followers of
730:
1331:. According to Guang Xing, the 80 minor marks are related to the 32 major marks, and are merely a more detailed description of the Buddha's bodily features. In the
1348:. Some scholars believe the 80 minor characteristics were an early development in the Buddhist tradition, but held as important mostly by the SarvÄstivÄda school.
1760:
The
Bodhisattva-mahasattva acquires no harming mind, is satisfied with his food and drink, and with giving, and attends to illness, and dispenses medicine.
937:
show this to be the case. More investigation is required to give evidence of the 32 marks as recorded as being sourced from
Brahmanical or Vedic tradition.
3559:
4474:
2949:
2706:
4478:
2331:
4702:
121:
1768:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva, when he sees a person in fear, extends help , and when he sees a person without any footgear, gives him clothing.
2919:
2571:
1103:
14. the hair bristles, his bristling hair is blue or dark blue (nÄ«lÄni), the colour of collyrium, turning in curls, turning to the right...
2424:
1632:
Lionās Roar said: "O World-Honoured One! Why are there the retrogressing and the non-retrogressing Bodhisattvas?" "O good man! When the
3027:
2613:
1704:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva takes joy in non-harming and non-stealing and is pleased regarding his parents, honoured ones and teachers.
2762:
2784:
2497:
836:
In the Pali Canon a paragraph appears many times recording the Buddha describing how he began his quest for enlightenment, saying:
5294:
4746:
1720:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva, when his parents, teachers and elders are ill, himself washes and wipes, holds and rubs their limbs.
4949:
2053:
2741:
2298:
2257:
2227:
2194:
2090:
3112:
2954:
2711:
1636:-mahasattva practises such 32 kinds of causal relations, he gains a mind that will not retrogress from the mind that seeks
2751:
5289:
5186:
4736:
2831:
670:
116:
73:
2288:
2217:
2080:
3032:
2716:
2454:
5279:
4964:
4709:
2682:
2384:
1854:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva does not speak ill of the shortcomings of others and does not slander Wonderful Dharma.
1153:
19. the (body) is well-proportioned like a banyan tree, the extent of the arm span equals the extent of the body...
5356:
5346:
3175:
1787:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva always gives men clothing, food and drink, medicine, incense and flowers, and lights.
1287:
32. there is a protuberance on the head, this is, for the great man, the venerable Gotama, a mark of a great man.
5301:
4954:
4756:
4647:
4592:
3165:
2667:
2370:
Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. pp. 32-33
5455:
5271:
4969:
4652:
2944:
2777:
2672:
1945:
599:
294:
1830:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva takes this vow: "Any may come and ask, and I shall give as they desire to have."
4854:
4726:
4697:
4399:
2490:
2361:
Guang Xing. The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory. 2004. p. 32
1975:
1690:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva fittingly offers things to his parents, the honoured ones, elders, and animals.
859:
at this time played little to no role in introducing statuary and other physical depictions of the Buddha.
544:
319:
279:
983:
2. under the soles of his feet there are wheels, with a thousand rims and naves, complete in every way...
4545:
4454:
3924:
3569:
3082:
2977:
2586:
2527:
1909:
1870:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva does not conceal the virtues of others, but praises the good which they have.
4089:
1814:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva segregates himself from double-tongue , from ill-speaking and an angry mind.
940:
Since early statues and icons of the Buddha do not seem to have these features, it has been proposed by
5394:
4874:
4350:
3836:
2959:
2792:
2721:
2642:
1099:
uddhaggalomo ... uddhaggÄni lomÄni jÄtÄni nÄ«lÄni, aƱjanavaį¹į¹Äni kuį¹įøalÄvaį¹į¹Äni dakkhiį¹Ävaį¹į¹akajÄtÄni...
743:
714:, the 32 major characteristics and 80 minor characteristics are understood to be present in a buddha's
4284:
1323:
The 80 minor characteristics of the Buddha are known to be enumerated a number of times in the extant
913:
By about five hundred years later, several texts mention by name the thirty-two marks of a Great Man (
5445:
5284:
5097:
5087:
4959:
3942:
3522:
3283:
3258:
2635:
1731:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva upholds the precepts, listens to the sermons, and knows no end of giving.
419:
3308:
1311:
973:
1. He has well placed feet, this is, for the great man, the venerable Gotama, a mark of a great man,
229:
5389:
4741:
4555:
4533:
4526:
4429:
3962:
3582:
3398:
3343:
2964:
2770:
2581:
1916:
875:
The Buddha is traditionally regarded as having the Thirty-two Characteristics of a Great Man (Skt.
424:
374:
1149:
nigrodhaparimaį¹įøalo, yÄvatakvassa kÄyo tÄvatakvassa byÄmo, yÄvatakvassa byÄmo tÄvatakvassa kÄyo...
5450:
5326:
5306:
4637:
4617:
4374:
4104:
3348:
2559:
2483:
2436:
1923:
930:
830:
Buddhas hair is depicted blue or dark blue (nÄ«lÄni) in art due to 32 signs of Buddhas appearance.
584:
5336:
5176:
4844:
4814:
4587:
4538:
4379:
4327:
4322:
4084:
3905:
3802:
3554:
3549:
3298:
2420:
1621:
1328:
979:
heį¹į¹hÄ ... pÄdatalesu cakkÄni jÄtÄni, sahassÄrÄni sanemikÄni sanÄbhikÄni sabbÄkÄraparipÅ«rÄni...
707:
663:
399:
384:
364:
289:
284:
199:
106:
3666:
2184:
2130:
5341:
5311:
4892:
4824:
4657:
4572:
4567:
4491:
4486:
4404:
2934:
2699:
2445:
1930:
1843:
Large and long tongue (i.e. a symbolic expression referring to his great prowess in oratory)
1053:
9. when he stands ... without bending he can rub and stroke both his knees with his hands...
754:
691:
604:
594:
549:
3957:
1650:
The table below summarizes the causal relations from which each of the 32 signs come about:
5364:
5331:
5316:
4834:
4731:
4677:
4562:
4501:
4469:
4464:
4449:
4434:
4424:
4389:
4302:
3994:
3917:
3220:
3160:
2909:
2876:
2826:
2647:
2537:
1903:
1846:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva exerts himself in the 10 good deeds and thereby teaches others.
969:
Suppatiį¹į¹hitapÄdo, idam-pi tassa bhoto Gotamassa mahÄpurisassa mahÄpurisalakkhaį¹aį¹ bhavati,
898:) (DN 30) enumerates and explains the 32 characteristics. These are also enumerated in the
614:
574:
569:
534:
379:
259:
167:
152:
96:
68:
5204:
3819:
3688:
3614:
3490:
3228:
8:
5171:
5050:
4884:
4859:
4849:
4809:
4786:
4669:
4642:
4602:
4521:
4511:
4439:
4366:
3797:
3654:
3435:
3413:
3365:
3185:
2985:
2841:
2821:
2596:
1980:
1960:
1955:
1083:
12. he has fine skin, and because of the fine skin, dust and dirt do not adhere to him...
768:
The first statues and busts of the Buddha were made in the Gandhara region of modern-day
624:
579:
517:
457:
394:
339:
334:
89:
78:
3145:
3072:
1712:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva practices the four ways of guiding in , and takes in beings.
1645:
The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra - Chapter Thirty-Four: On Bodhisattva Lionās Roar (b)
5234:
5139:
4981:
4944:
4939:
4869:
4819:
4766:
4761:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4612:
4597:
4582:
4577:
4516:
4496:
4459:
4384:
4189:
3890:
3814:
3692:
3634:
3475:
3375:
3303:
3278:
2924:
2854:
2576:
2247:
1965:
1936:
777:
609:
589:
529:
524:
412:
314:
307:
234:
224:
131:
28:
5033:
2290:
The Jing Si Dharma Essence of the Wondrous Lotus Sutra Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter
2082:
The Jing Si Dharma Essence of the Wondrous Lotus Sutra Chapter 1: Introductory Chapter
1277:
31. the tuft of hair between the eyebrows on his forehead is very white like cotton...
903:
5412:
5374:
5070:
5055:
5018:
5003:
4776:
4692:
4607:
4444:
4409:
4394:
4121:
4111:
3792:
3639:
3624:
3495:
3418:
3338:
3273:
3205:
3092:
2849:
2554:
2532:
2450:
2294:
2253:
2223:
2190:
2086:
1093:
13. the body-hairs arise singly, each body hair appearing in its own hair follicle...
711:
656:
554:
539:
344:
219:
162:
126:
111:
42:
4356:
3150:
3050:
2057:
1283:
uį¹hÄ«sasÄ«so, idam-pi tassa bhoto Gotamassa mahÄpurisassa mahÄpurisalakkhaį¹aį¹ bhavati.
5060:
5013:
5008:
4864:
4829:
4804:
4799:
4550:
4506:
4419:
4094:
3750:
3743:
3527:
3517:
3403:
3067:
2939:
2687:
2630:
2440:
1324:
619:
564:
494:
484:
349:
4139:
2402:
1600:
5424:
5369:
5321:
5249:
5119:
4917:
4897:
4839:
4751:
4414:
4312:
4159:
3895:
3878:
3863:
3841:
3393:
3263:
3097:
3077:
2315:
2275:
2111:
1605:
941:
922:
860:
852:
644:
559:
359:
269:
214:
4169:
3323:
3313:
209:
5379:
5082:
4932:
4714:
4294:
4274:
4194:
3883:
3873:
3807:
3644:
3130:
2993:
2601:
1950:
1894:
504:
434:
389:
247:
24:
2475:
1838:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva gives whatever kind of food beings desire to have.
718:, or reward-body. In contrast, a buddha's physical form is understood to be a
5439:
5149:
4998:
4307:
4209:
4067:
3868:
3846:
3782:
3453:
3248:
3243:
3135:
2804:
2694:
856:
687:
329:
324:
264:
3607:
3597:
2969:
2591:
1049:į¹hitako ... anonamanto ubhohi pÄį¹italehi jaį¹į¹ukÄni parimasati parimajjati...
469:
274:
5239:
5224:
5194:
5144:
5134:
4976:
4771:
4264:
4099:
3977:
3765:
3760:
3587:
3458:
3333:
2794:
2547:
2403:"The Buddha was Bald ā¦ but is Everywhere Depicted with a Full Head of Hair"
1970:
1822:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva practises Great Loving-Kindness towards beings.
1679:
1332:
909:
According to Mattice, the 32 characteristics can be summarized as follows:
887:
739:
715:
369:
254:
172:
58:
4022:
4007:
3967:
3664:
3328:
2904:
1885:, the Buddha may be interpreted as being bald as if his head were shaven.
879:). These thirty-two characteristics are also regarded as being present in
5209:
5038:
4179:
4164:
3947:
3755:
3683:
3463:
3293:
3195:
3042:
2914:
2566:
1940:
1862:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva sees all enmities and gains a pleasant mind.
1671:
1633:
1611:
1336:
880:
781:
773:
719:
439:
19:
5199:
3659:
1800:
Boneless parts of the body are full (upper part is like that of a lion)
963:
The reverend Gotama is endowed with the thirty-two marks of a great man:
5154:
5112:
4988:
4794:
4719:
4333:
4317:
4279:
4259:
4154:
4129:
4037:
3972:
3952:
3698:
3629:
3500:
3383:
3353:
3288:
3238:
2896:
2886:
2859:
2626:
2542:
2510:
2506:
1899:
1882:
1806:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva seeks wealth lawfully and gives this away .
1625:
696:
444:
204:
101:
4174:
3170:
1482:
His body emanates a halo of light extending around him for two meters.
5129:
5102:
4269:
4144:
3856:
3772:
3649:
3539:
3512:
3505:
3468:
3425:
3388:
3155:
3120:
3087:
3062:
3017:
2622:
1079:
sukhumacchavi ... sukhumattÄ chaviyÄ rajojallaį¹ kÄye na upalimpati...
489:
464:
4902:
3738:
3592:
3358:
3140:
3009:
3001:
2606:
1654:
The causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the TathÄgata
690:
until roughly the 2nd century CE, probably due to the prominence of
5419:
5259:
5214:
5159:
5124:
5028:
4687:
4254:
4249:
4199:
4134:
4052:
4017:
4012:
3673:
3544:
3532:
3443:
3102:
2799:
2522:
1675:
1370:
His fingernails and toenails are smooth and rounded without ridges.
1254:
899:
792:
780:
influence. Many statues and busts exist where the Buddha and other
769:
758:
735:
499:
479:
474:
354:
50:
32:
4244:
4234:
4219:
4042:
3912:
3180:
5164:
5107:
5092:
4239:
4229:
4204:
4079:
4074:
4032:
4002:
3934:
3900:
3787:
3728:
3723:
3577:
3480:
3318:
3268:
3055:
2881:
2618:
2040:
A Survey of Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Methods Through the Ages.
1316:
1243:
28. the voice is like brahmÄās or like the sound of the cuckoo...
762:
179:
3851:
3619:
1616:
representation of the footprints of the Buddha, including wheels
1446:
His upper and lower lips are equal in size and have a rosy tint.
5244:
5229:
5065:
4927:
4907:
4682:
4344:
4224:
4214:
4149:
3777:
3733:
3718:
3708:
3678:
3602:
3485:
3253:
3125:
2869:
2864:
2677:
2432:
2160:
2158:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2024:
Buddhist Meditation: An Anthology of Texts from the Pali Canon.
1753:
1740:
1601:
Causal relations of the 32 signs of perfection of the TathÄgata
787:
684:
639:
194:
189:
184:
147:
1367:
His fingernails and toenails are slightly upturned at the tip.
959:
SamannÄgato ca so bhavaį¹ Gotamo dvattiį¹samahÄpurisalakkhaį¹ehi:
5384:
5219:
5077:
5043:
5023:
4993:
4922:
4339:
4184:
4062:
4057:
4027:
3982:
3829:
3824:
3703:
3408:
3233:
3200:
3190:
2657:
2652:
1637:
1434:
812:
747:
429:
2155:
2137:
5254:
4047:
3713:
3210:
1596:
He has a topknot as if crowned with a royal flower garland.
891:
1792:
Full and right-set (firm) in the seven places of the body
4912:
3448:
1811:
40 teeth are white and pure, well-balanced and delicate
1750:
Fingers reaching the knee (when hand is stretched down)
1739:
The Bodhisattva-mahasattva single-mindedly gives ear to
1518:
His forehead is well-proportioned in length and breadth.
1512:
His sinews and tendons are deeply embedded in the flesh.
1494:
The tips of his bodily hair are neither curved nor bent.
2378:
2376:
1881:
Some have noted that in at least two discourses in the
851:
After examining the cult of the Buddha image in India,
2314:
Letters, University of Calcutta Department of (1933).
2178:
2176:
2174:
2110:
Letters, University of Calcutta Department of (1933).
2056:. LIVIUS ā Articles on Ancient History. Archived from
1748:
Body rounded and perfect (is like the nyagrodha tree)
1609:
1379:
He has a beautiful gait, like that of a king-elephant.
2150:
Figments and Fragments of MahÄyÄna Buddhism in India.
1415:
The lines on the palms of his hands have a rosy tint.
2373:
1273:
uį¹į¹Ä ... bhamukantare jÄtÄ odÄtÄ mudutÅ«lasannibhÄ...
952:
The 32 major characteristics are listed as follows:
803:
Buddha depicted with urna, gilt bronze, 14th century
2332:"DvÄtiį¹sa MahÄpuriį¹£alakkhaį¹Äni from BrahmÄyusuttaį¹"
2171:
2034:
2032:
1306:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2252:. Buddhist Text Translation Society. p. 200.
2018:
2016:
2014:
1784:Body shines brightly in a golden colour and light
1542:His whole body has abundant signs of good fortune.
1296:
1290:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
2400:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1674:-mahasattva is immovable in his upholding of the
1548:His body is always refreshed like a lotus flower.
1412:His two arms are shaped like an elephant's trunk.
1089:ekekalomo ... ekekÄni lomÄni lomakÅ«pesu jÄtÄni...
1073:11. he is golden in colour, has skin like gold...
753:The earliest surviving phase of Buddhist art was
5437:
2029:
1756:(Buddhic protuberance on the crown of the head)
1485:His cheek cavities are fully rounded and smooth.
1388:He has a majestic gait, like that of a royal ox.
1382:He has a stately gait, like that of a king-lion.
2505:
2346:
2241:
2239:
2011:
1709:Toe-membrane (like that of a great royal swan)
1536:His brows reach the outward corner of his eyes.
1373:His ankles and wrists are rounded and undented.
1063:10. what is covered by a cloth is ensheathed...
2394:
2219:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays
1993:
1461:His four canine teeth are crystal and rounded.
1364:His fingernails and toenails have a rosy tint.
870:
2778:
2491:
2166:The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development.
2006:The Buddha Image: Its Origin and Development.
1449:His teeth are unblemished and with no plaque.
1385:He has a beautiful gait, like that of a swan.
1173:21. the taste buds are supremely sensitive...
664:
3560:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
2236:
1491:The five nerves of his eyes are unblemished.
1013:5. the hands and feet are soft and tender...
1551:His body is exquisitely sensitive to touch.
1409:His thighs are rounded like banana sheaves.
1113:15. the limbs are straight like brahmÄās...
795:, 1stā2nd century CE, Tokyo National Museum
683:There are no extant representations of the
2785:
2771:
2498:
2484:
1569:His mouth has the scent of a lotus flower.
1430:His body is absolutely free of impurities.
1418:His skin is thick or thin as it should be.
1358:He has well-proportioned fingers and toes.
671:
657:
2444:
1775:Bodily hair turns to the right-hand side
1572:His hair has the colour of a dark shadow.
1452:His teeth are long like polished conches.
2429:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
2382:
2320:. Calcutta University Press. p. 42.
2116:. Calcutta University Press. p. 42.
1604:
1578:His hair has the scent of a white lotus.
1479:The lines on his palms have a rosy tint.
1455:His teeth are smooth and without ridges.
1427:His body is unblemished above and below.
1310:
1069:suvaį¹į¹avaį¹į¹o ... kaƱcanasannibhattaco...
798:
786:
729:
23:One of the first representations of the
18:
4747:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
2313:
2245:
2222:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 6.
2182:
2109:
1876:
1566:His mouth always has a beautiful smile.
1509:His sinews and tendons don't stick out.
1500:His tongue is soft and has a rosy-tint.
1424:His body is spotless and without lumps.
1143:18. between the shoulders it is firm...
1043:8. the calves are like an antelopeās...
5438:
4950:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2747:
2446:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.745
2419:
2215:
1557:His body hair is consistent in length.
1521:His forehead is rounded and beautiful.
1458:His five sense-organs are unblemished.
1406:He has clockwise marks on the abdomen.
1394:His knees have no protruding kneecaps.
1351:The eighty minor characteristics are:
1123:16. there are seven prominent marks...
2766:
2479:
2051:
1678:, in his mind of giving, and is like
1554:His body has the scent of sandalwood.
1539:His skin is fine throughout his body.
1506:His earholes are beautifully rounded.
1267:30. the eyelashes are like a cowās...
1163:20. the upper back is even all round,
2737:
2385:"The Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra"
2317:Journal of the Department of Letters
2113:Journal of the Department of Letters
1503:His ears are long like lotus petals.
1476:The lines on his palms are straight.
1361:He has tube-shaped fingers and toes.
2401:Eisel Mazard (大影) (December 2010).
2286:
2078:
1530:The hair of his eyebrows lies flat.
1524:His eyebrows are arched like a bow.
1397:He has the demeanor of a great man.
1023:6. the hands and feet are webbed...
921:It is generally held, including by
890:, in the "Discourse of the Marks" (
13:
4737:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1802:Elbows well-balanced and delicate
1488:His eyelids are well proportioned.
1391:His right foot leads when walking.
1355:He has beautiful fingers and toes.
122:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
117:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
5467:
2717:Gautama Buddha in world religions
1867:White (tuft of) hair on the brow
1743:and expounds the right teaching.
1527:The hair of his eyebrows is fine.
1213:25. the teeth are without gaps...
1133:17. the torso is like a lionās...
993:3. the heels are long and deep...
5418:
5408:
5407:
4965:Thai temple art and architecture
4710:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2950:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2816:
2803:
2793:
2746:
2736:
2463:from the original on 16 May 2021
2189:. Lexington Books. p. 128.
1725:Joints and ankles fully fleshed
1473:The lines on his palms are long.
1470:The lines on his palms are deep.
1307:The 80 secondary characteristics
1239:brahmassaro ... karavikabhÄį¹Ä«...
820:
811:
725:
638:
57:
2817:
2413:
2364:
2324:
2307:
2293:. Jing Si Publishing Co., Ltd.
2280:
2209:
2085:. Jing Si Publishing Co., Ltd.
1464:His face is long and beautiful.
1437:elephants or 100,000 crore men.
1233:27. the tongue is very large...
1223:26. the teeth are very white...
1183:22. the jaw is like a lionās...
4955:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4757:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3837:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
3028:Places where the Buddha stayed
2287:Yen, Shih Cheng (1 May 2023).
2123:
2103:
2079:Yen, Shih Cheng (1 May 2023).
2072:
2045:
1443:His nose is well proportioned.
1319:, India, 5th or 6th century CE
710:, including the traditions of
1:
4970:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
1986:
1946:Relics associated with Buddha
1682:in abiding in the true word.
1575:His hair is strongly scented.
1433:He has the strength of 1,000
1403:He has a deep-shaped abdomen.
1400:His navel is without blemish.
1376:His feet are of equal length.
1337:Abhidharma MahÄvibhÄį¹£a ÅÄstra
1315:Sculpture of the Buddha from
1292:DvÄtiį¹sa MahÄpuriį¹£alakkhaį¹Äni
863:from this period such as the
4727:Buddhism and the Roman world
4703:Decline of Buddhism in India
4698:History of Buddhism in India
2798: Topics in
1976:Halo (religious iconography)
1835:Taste that is the mid-upper
1727:Skin flows in one direction
1584:His hair does not turn grey.
1515:His topknot is like a crown.
1193:23. there are forty teeth...
855:concludes that followers of
688:represented in artistic form
320:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
3925:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3665:
1910:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
1888:
1610:
1545:His body is always radiant.
1297:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
871:The 32 Signs of a Great Man
10:
5472:
4875:The unanswerable questions
1765:Genital organ lies hidden
1700:A square and upright body
1563:His breath is always fine.
1003:4. the fingers are long...
744:Government Museum, Mathura
722:, or transformation-body.
5403:
5355:
5270:
5185:
4960:Buddhist temples in Korea
4883:
4785:
4668:
4365:
4293:
4120:
3993:
3933:
3568:
3523:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3434:
3426:Three planes of existence
3374:
3219:
3111:
3041:
3033:Buddha in world religions
2895:
2840:
2812:
2732:
2518:
2270:29. the eyes deep blue...
2268:– via Archive.org.
2186:Exploring the Heart Sutra
1440:He has a protruding nose.
1253:29. Eyes very blue, like
1203:24. the teeth are even...
1033:7. the ankles are high...
4742:Persecution of Buddhists
3963:Four stages of awakening
3344:Three marks of existence
2930:Physical characteristics
2663:Physical characteristics
2425:"The Body of the Buddha"
2383:Yamamoto, Kosho (1973).
1593:His hair has long curls.
1560:He has fine bodily hair.
1497:He has a rounded tongue.
16:Appearance of the Buddha
4105:Ten principal disciples
2988:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2560:ten principal disciples
2437:Oxford University Press
2131:"Ariyapariyesana sutta"
1467:His cheeks are radiant.
1421:His skin is unwrinkled.
1009:mudutalunahatthapÄdo...
865:Maitreyasiį¹hanÄda SÅ«tra
340:Philosophical reasoning
4815:Buddhism and democracy
4328:Tibetan Buddhist canon
4323:Chinese Buddhist canon
3555:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3550:Early Buddhist schools
2246:Epstein, R.B. (2012).
2183:Mattice, S.A. (2021).
1859:Blue tone of the eyes
1736:Ankles of a deer-king
1648:
1617:
1590:His hair is untangled.
1329:Chinese Buddhist canon
1320:
1304:
1059:kosohitavatthaguyho...
919:
849:
804:
796:
750:
107:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
35:
27:, 1stā2nd century CE,
4825:Eight Consciousnesses
2935:Life of Buddha in art
2216:Wayman, Alex (1997).
1931:Mahaparinibbana Sutta
1773:Delicately soft skin
1630:
1608:
1314:
954:
945:of Indian holy men.
911:
846:AriyapariyesanÄ Sutta
838:
802:
790:
733:
692:aniconism in Buddhism
375:Aids to Enlightenment
200:Dependent Origination
22:
5456:Buddhist iconography
5302:East Asian religions
4732:Buddhism in the West
4303:Early Buddhist texts
3918:Four Right Exertions
3384:Ten spiritual realms
2877:Noble Eightfold Path
2538:Noble Eightfold Path
1917:Anattalakkhaį¹a Sutta
1904:Early Buddhist Texts
1877:Alternate depictions
1717:Soft hands and feet
1159:samavaį¹į¹akkhandho...
1129:sÄ«hapubbaddhakÄyo...
915:mahÄ purisa lakkhaÅa
345:Devotional practices
168:Noble Eightfold Path
5425:Religion portal
5172:Temple of the Tooth
5051:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
4090:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
3583:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
3366:Two truths doctrine
3186:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2986:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2597:Mahapajapati Gotami
1981:History of Buddhism
1961:Meditation Attitude
1956:MÄravijaya Attitude
1659:Sign of perfection
1655:
1581:He has curled hair.
1533:He has large brows.
645:Buddhism portal
518:Buddhism by country
280:Sanskrit literature
5347:Western philosophy
4945:Dzong architecture
4767:Vipassana movement
4762:Buddhist modernism
4190:Emperor Wen of Sui
3958:PratyekabuddhayÄna
3891:Threefold Training
3693:Vipassana movement
3409:Hungry Ghost realm
3229:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
3176:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
2925:Great Renunciation
2920:Eight Great Events
2802:
2577:Great Renunciation
2572:Eight Great Events
2334:. 31 December 2016
2164:Krishnan, Yuvraj.
2148:Schopen, Gregory.
2004:Krishnan, Yuvraj.
1966:Naga Prok Attitude
1937:Great Renunciation
1924:SamaƱƱaphala Sutta
1653:
1618:
1321:
931:SamaƱƱaphala Sutta
877:mahÄpuruį¹£a lakį¹£aį¹a
841:into homelessness.
805:
797:
755:generally aniconic
751:
132:Buddhist modernism
36:
29:Greco-Buddhist art
5433:
5432:
5071:Om mani padme hum
4777:Women in Buddhism
4693:Buddhist councils
4563:Western countries
4351:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
4112:Shaolin Monastery
3689:Samatha-vipassanÄ
3299:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
3103:Metteyya/Maitreya
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2850:Four Noble Truths
2760:
2759:
2533:Four Noble Truths
2423:(26 April 2021).
2300:978-626-7235-27-0
2259:978-1-60103-055-9
2229:978-81-208-1321-2
2196:978-1-4985-9941-2
2092:978-626-7235-27-0
2052:Lendering, Jona.
1874:
1873:
1624:on their path to
1622:MahÄyÄna Buddhism
1587:He has fine hair.
1189:cattÄlÄ«sadanto...
1019:jÄlahatthapÄdo...
784:have a mustache.
712:Esoteric Buddhism
708:MahÄyÄna Buddhism
681:
680:
163:Four Noble Truths
5463:
5446:Buddhist symbols
5423:
5422:
5411:
5410:
5250:Sacred languages
5098:Maya Devi Temple
5061:Mahabodhi Temple
4865:Secular Buddhism
4830:Engaged Buddhism
3670:
3518:Tibetan Buddhism
3469:Vietnamese Thiį»n
3068:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2797:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2636:pilgrimage sites
2631:Mahabodhi Temple
2500:
2493:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2448:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2180:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2049:
2043:
2038:Sangharakshita.
2036:
2027:
2020:
2009:
2002:
1819:Two-fanged face
1687:Thousand spokes
1662:Causal Relation
1656:
1652:
1646:
1615:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1251:
1249:abhinīlanetto...
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1109:brahmujugatto...
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
847:
824:
815:
673:
666:
659:
643:
642:
370:Sublime abidings
61:
38:
37:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5417:
5399:
5351:
5266:
5181:
4918:Ordination hall
4879:
4781:
4752:Buddhist crisis
4664:
4361:
4313:Mahayana sutras
4289:
4285:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
4116:
3989:
3929:
3879:Bodhisattva vow
3564:
3430:
3370:
3329:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
3264:Five hindrances
3215:
3107:
3037:
2891:
2836:
2808:
2791:
2761:
2756:
2728:
2514:
2504:
2466:
2464:
2457:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2381:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2249:Buddhism A to Z
2244:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2108:
2104:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2060:on 19 July 2013
2050:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1891:
1879:
1647:
1644:
1603:
1309:
1303:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1219:susukkadÄį¹ho...
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:aviraįø·adanto...
1205:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:rasaggasaggī...
1165:
1164:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1139:citantaraį¹so...
1135:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:ussaį¹
khapÄdo...
1025:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1002:
995:
994:
992:
985:
984:
982:
975:
974:
972:
965:
964:
962:
942:Bhikkhu Analayo
923:Bhikkhu Analayo
904:Majjhima NikÄya
883:kings as well.
873:
861:MahÄyÄna sÅ«tras
853:Gregory Schopen
848:
845:
834:
833:
832:
831:
827:
826:
825:
817:
816:
791:Seated Buddha,
728:
677:
637:
630:
629:
520:
510:
509:
460:
450:
449:
415:
405:
404:
310:
300:
299:
270:Mahayana Sutras
250:
240:
239:
180:Five Aggregates
158:
157:
137:
136:
127:Later Buddhists
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5469:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5451:Gautama Buddha
5448:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5415:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5361:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4982:Greco-Buddhist
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4933:Burmese pagoda
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4715:Greco-Buddhism
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:United Kingdom
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Czech Republic
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4357:Abhidharmadīpa
4354:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:B. R. Ambedkar
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4195:Songtsen Gampo
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:Eight precepts
3871:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3645:Five Strengths
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3284:Mental factors
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:MahamoggallÄna
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3051:AvalokiteÅvara
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2528:Core teachings
2525:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:Gautama Buddha
2503:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2455:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:. New Mandala.
2393:
2372:
2363:
2345:
2323:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2258:
2235:
2228:
2208:
2195:
2170:
2154:
2136:
2122:
2102:
2091:
2071:
2044:
2028:
2010:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Leela Attitude
1948:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1895:Gautama Buddha
1890:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:Lion's cheeks
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1642:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1308:
1305:
1298:BrahmÄyusuttaį¹
1257:eyes deep blue
1229:pahūtajivho...
955:
896:Lakkhaį¹a Sutta
872:
869:
843:
829:
828:
819:
818:
810:
809:
808:
807:
806:
734:Buddha with a
727:
724:
679:
678:
676:
675:
668:
661:
653:
650:
649:
648:
647:
632:
631:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
516:
515:
512:
511:
508:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
437:
435:Pratyekabuddha
432:
427:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
397:
392:
390:Buddhist chant
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
248:Buddhist texts
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
176:
175:
165:
159:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
63:
62:
54:
53:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5468:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5187:Miscellaneous
5184:
5178:
5177:Vegetarianism
5175:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Buddha in art
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:United States
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Padmasambhava
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4122:Major figures
4119:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4068:Western tulku
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Five precepts
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Dhamma vicaya
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
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3259:Enlightenment
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3249:Dhamma theory
3247:
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3244:Buddha-nature
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2695:Buddha in art
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2025:
2022:Shaw, Sarah.
2019:
2017:
2015:
2007:
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1119:sattussado...
1110:
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1000:
999:dÄ«ghaį¹
guli...
990:
989:Äyatapaį¹hi...
980:
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902:Sutta of the
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726:Early history
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400:Vegetarianism
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355:Recollections
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325:Five precepts
323:
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318:
316:
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309:
304:
303:
296:
293:
291:
290:Chinese canon
288:
286:
285:Tibetan canon
283:
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66:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
21:
5365:Bodhisattvas
5285:Christianity
5280:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
5145:Dharmachakra
5135:Prayer wheel
5125:Prayer beads
4893:Architecture
4772:969 Movement
4556:Saudi Arabia
4534:Central Asia
4527:South Africa
4349:
4332:
4265:Panchen Lama
4170:BuddhapÄlita
3766:Satipatthana
3761:Mindful Yoga
3674:Recollection
3588:Brahmavihara
3459:Japanese Zen
3454:Chinese Chan
3414:Animal realm
3221:Key concepts
3043:Bodhisattvas
2929:
2855:Three Jewels
2662:
2465:. Retrieved
2428:
2421:Powers, John
2414:Bibliography
2396:
2366:
2336:. Retrieved
2326:
2316:
2309:
2289:
2282:
2276:Google Books
2269:
2263:. Retrieved
2248:
2218:
2211:
2200:. Retrieved
2185:
2168:2009. p. 125
2165:
2152:2005. p. 138
2149:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2081:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2047:
2042:2004. p. 295
2039:
2026:2006. p. 114
2023:
2005:
1971:Buddhist art
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1880:
1801:
1774:
1752:
1749:
1726:
1699:
1696:
1680:Mount Sumeru
1649:
1631:
1619:
1350:
1346:MilindapaƱha
1345:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1263:gopakhumo...
1199:samadanto...
1039:eį¹ijaį¹
gho...
956:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
920:
914:
912:
908:
895:
888:Digha Nikaya
885:
876:
874:
864:
850:
839:
835:
782:bodhisattvas
767:
752:
740:Gupta period
716:sambhogakÄya
705:
700:
682:
350:Merit making
315:Three Jewels
255:Buddhavacana
185:Impermanence
173:Dharma wheel
5210:Dharma talk
5039:Asalha Puja
4835:Eschatology
4638:Switzerland
4618:New Zealand
4546:Middle East
4455:Philippines
4375:Afghanistan
4180:Bodhidharma
4165:Buddhaghosa
4085:Householder
3995:Monasticism
3948:Bodhisattva
3803:Prostration
3756:Mindfulness
3684:Anapanasati
3667:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
3464:Korean Seon
3404:Asura realm
3399:Human realm
3339:Ten Fetters
3294:Parinirvana
3196:Uppalavanna
3161:MahÄkaccana
3146:MahÄkassapa
3078:Kį¹£itigarbha
3073:ÄkÄÅagarbha
2970:SuddhodÄna
2915:Four sights
2842:Foundations
2707:Iconography
2700:life in art
2567:Four sights
2338:31 December
2008:2009. p. 51
1941:Four sights
1697:Long heels
1672:Bodhisattva
1667:Flat soles
1634:Bodhisattva
1612:Bussokuseki
1179:sīhahanu...
881:cakravartin
774:Afghanistan
720:nirmÄį¹akÄya
701:Anubyanjana
585:New Zealand
440:Bodhisattva
425:Four Stages
380:Monasticism
360:Mindfulness
330:Perfections
260:Early Texts
5440:Categories
5327:Psychology
5307:Gnosticism
5295:Comparison
5290:Influences
5272:Comparison
5155:Bhavacakra
5113:Kushinagar
5088:Pilgrimage
5034:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
4989:Bodhi Tree
4805:Buddhology
4795:Abhidharma
4787:Philosophy
4720:Menander I
4588:Costa Rica
4539:Uzbekistan
4380:Bangladesh
4334:Dhammapada
4318:Pali Canon
4280:Ajahn Chah
4260:Dalai Lama
4160:KumÄrajÄ«va
4155:Vasubandhu
4130:The Buddha
4038:Zen master
3973:Sakadagami
3953:Buddhahood
3884:Pratimokį¹£a
3699:Shikantaza
3655:Meditation
3630:Deity yoga
3501:Madhyamaka
3394:Deva realm
3289:Mindstream
3239:Bodhicitta
3151:Aį¹
gulimÄla
3018:Devadatta
2994:YaÅodharÄ
2897:The Buddha
2887:Middle Way
2627:Bodhi Tree
2592:Åuddhodana
2543:Middle Way
2507:The Buddha
2265:2023-08-23
2202:2023-08-23
1987:References
1900:Pali Canon
1883:Pali Canon
1626:buddhahood
778:Indo-Greek
697:Pali Canon
458:Traditions
395:Pilgrimage
335:Meditation
295:Post-canon
275:PÄli Canon
205:Middle Way
102:The Buddha
5395:Festivals
5375:Buddhists
5337:Theosophy
5140:Symbolism
5130:Hama yumi
5103:Bodh Gaya
4870:Socialism
4845:Evolution
4820:Economics
4658:Venezuela
4573:Australia
4568:Argentina
4492:Sri Lanka
4487:Singapore
4405:Indonesia
4367:Countries
4308:Tripiį¹aka
4270:Ajahn Mun
4145:Nagarjuna
4140:AÅvaghoį¹£a
4023:AnagÄrika
4018:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
4013:ÅrÄmaį¹era
4008:Bhikkhunī
3968:SotÄpanna
3857:Passaddhi
3798:Offerings
3773:Nekkhamma
3650:Iddhipada
3570:Practices
3540:Theravada
3513:Vajrayana
3506:Yogachara
3476:Pure Land
3389:Six Paths
3376:Cosmology
3156:Anuruddha
3131:SÄriputta
3121:Kaundinya
3113:Disciples
3088:VajrapÄį¹i
2940:Footprint
2905:TathÄgata
2752:Wikiquote
2688:footprint
2623:Bodh Gaya
2602:YaÅodharÄ
2555:Disciples
2064:9 January
2054:"Gandara"
906:(MN 91).
605:Sri Lanka
595:Singapore
550:Indonesia
490:VajrayÄna
465:TheravÄda
420:Awakening
308:Practices
265:Tripiį¹aka
235:Cosmology
210:Emptiness
190:Suffering
5413:Category
5342:Violence
5312:Hinduism
5260:Sanskrit
5215:Hinayana
5200:AmitÄbha
5160:Swastika
5029:Uposatha
5019:Holidays
5004:Calendar
4850:Humanism
4688:Kanishka
4678:Timeline
4502:Thailand
4470:Kalmykia
4465:Buryatia
4450:Pakistan
4435:Mongolia
4430:Maldives
4425:Malaysia
4390:Cambodia
4255:Shamarpa
4250:Nichiren
4200:Xuanzang
4135:Nagasena
4053:Rinpoche
3783:PÄramitÄ
3625:Devotion
3545:Navayana
3533:Dzogchen
3496:Nichiren
3444:Mahayana
3436:Branches
3314:Saį¹
khÄra
3063:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
3020:(cousin)
3012:(cousin)
2980:(mother)
2972:(father)
2960:Miracles
2910:Birthday
2827:Glossary
2800:Buddhism
2722:Hinduism
2658:Prophecy
2648:Birthday
2643:Miracles
2523:Buddhism
2461:Archived
2274:Also at
1889:See also
1676:precepts
1643:ā
1344:and the
1255:sapphire
900:BrahmÄyu
857:MahÄyÄna
844:ā
793:Gandhara
770:Pakistan
759:Gandhara
736:mustache
615:Thailand
575:Mongolia
570:Malaysia
535:Cambodia
500:Navayana
480:Hinayana
475:MahÄyÄna
385:Lay life
215:Morality
195:Not-self
153:Concepts
112:Councils
97:Timeline
69:Glossary
51:Buddhism
43:a series
41:Part of
33:Gandhara
5390:Temples
5370:Buddhas
5332:Science
5322:Judaism
5317:Jainism
5235:Lineage
5195:AbhijƱÄ
5165:Thangka
5108:Sarnath
5093:Lumbini
5014:Funeral
5009:Cuisine
4885:Culture
4860:Reality
4810:Creator
4800:Atomism
4670:History
4643:Ukraine
4603:Germany
4522:Senegal
4512:Vietnam
4440:Myanmar
4240:Shinran
4230:Karmapa
4205:Shandao
4175:DignÄga
4100:ÅrÄvaka
4080:Donchee
4075:Kappiya
4033:Sayadaw
4003:Bhikkhu
3978:AnÄgÄmi
3935:Nirvana
3901:Samadhi
3788:Paritta
3729:Tonglen
3724:Mandala
3679:Smarana
3660:Mantras
3608:Upekkha
3578:Bhavana
3528:Shingon
3481:Tiantai
3334:TathÄtÄ
3324:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
3319:Skandha
3309:Saį¹sÄra
3304:Rebirth
3279:Kleshas
3269:Indriya
3171:Subhūti
3056:Guanyin
3010:Änanda
3002:RÄhula
2882:Nirvana
2822:Outline
2742:Commons
2619:Lumbini
2548:Sayings
1342:ApadÄna
1327:of the
1317:Mathura
763:Mathura
625:Vietnam
580:Myanmar
495:Tibetan
485:Chinese
413:NirvÄį¹a
230:Saį¹sÄra
225:Rebirth
90:History
79:Outline
5385:Sutras
5380:Suttas
5245:Siddhi
5230:Koliya
5205:BrahmÄ
5120:Poetry
5066:Mantra
5056:Kasaya
4928:Pagoda
4908:Kyaung
4903:VihÄra
4898:Temple
4840:Ethics
4683:Ashoka
4633:Sweden
4628:Poland
4623:Norway
4613:Mexico
4598:France
4583:Canada
4578:Brazil
4517:Africa
4497:Taiwan
4460:Russia
4385:Bhutan
4345:Vinaya
4225:Naropa
4215:Saraha
4150:Asanga
3906:PrajƱÄ
3815:Refuge
3778:Nianfo
3739:Tertƶn
3734:Tantra
3719:Ganana
3709:Tukdam
3635:DhyÄna
3603:Mudita
3598:Karuį¹Ä
3491:Risshū
3486:Huayan
3419:Naraka
3359:AnattÄ
3354:Dukkha
3349:Anicca
3254:Dharma
3206:Channa
3141:Änanda
3126:Assaji
3093:Skanda
2996:(wife)
2965:Family
2945:Relics
2870:Sangha
2865:Dharma
2860:Buddha
2678:Cetiya
2673:Relics
2614:Places
2607:RÄhula
2582:Family
2467:16 May
2453:
2433:Oxford
2297:
2256:
2226:
2193:
2089:
1754:Usnisa
1741:Dharma
1325:Ägamas
776:under
685:Buddha
610:Taiwan
590:Russia
530:Brazil
525:Bhutan
445:Buddha
365:Wisdom
148:Dharma
25:Buddha
5357:Lists
5225:Kalpa
5220:Iddhi
5083:Music
5078:Mudra
5044:Vassa
5024:Vesak
4994:Budai
4940:Candi
4923:Stupa
4855:Logic
4608:Italy
4507:Tibet
4445:Nepal
4415:Korea
4410:Japan
4400:India
4395:China
4340:Sutra
4295:Texts
4245:DÅgen
4235:HÅnen
4220:AtiÅa
4185:Zhiyi
4095:Achar
4063:Tulku
4058:Geshe
4043:RÅshi
4028:Ajahn
3983:Arhat
3943:Bodhi
3913:VÄ«rya
3830:Sacca
3825:Satya
3820:SÄdhu
3808:Music
3751:Merit
3744:Terma
3704:Zazen
3640:Faith
3593:MettÄ
3274:Karma
3234:Bardo
3201:Asita
3191:Khema
3181:UpÄli
3166:Nanda
3004:(son)
2978:MÄyÄ
2955:Films
2832:Index
2712:Films
2683:tooth
2668:Death
2653:Modak
2388:(PDF)
1638:Bodhi
1435:crore
1295:from
748:India
620:Tibet
560:Korea
555:Japan
545:India
540:China
505:Newar
430:Arhat
220:Karma
74:Index
5255:PÄįø·i
5240:MÄra
5150:Flag
4551:Iran
4475:Tuva
4420:Laos
4048:Lama
3896:ÅÄ«la
3864:ÅÄ«la
3852:PÄ«ti
3842:Sati
3793:Puja
3714:Koan
3620:DÄna
3211:Yasa
3098:TÄrÄ
2587:Maya
2469:2021
2451:ISBN
2340:2016
2295:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2066:2011
1939:and
1902:and
1670:The
1280:32.
1270:31.
1260:30.
1246:29.
1236:28.
1226:27.
1216:26.
1206:25.
1196:24.
1186:23.
1176:22.
1166:21.
1156:20.
1146:19.
1136:18.
1126:17.
1116:16.
1106:15.
1096:14.
1086:13.
1076:12.
1066:11.
1056:10.
892:Pali
886:The
772:and
761:and
565:Laos
470:PÄli
4977:Art
4913:Wat
3449:Zen
2441:doi
1046:9.
1036:8.
1026:7.
1016:6.
1006:5.
996:4.
986:3.
976:2.
966:1.
706:In
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4479:ru
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