Peace and conflict studies

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state of peace. For a sustainable peace, nurturing, empowerment, and communications are considered to be the crucial factors throughout the world. Firstly, nurturing is necessary to encourage psychological stability and emotional maturity. The significance of social value in adequate nurturing is important for sustainable peace. Secondly, in order to achieve real security, inner security must be secured along with arranged social systems and protection based on firm foundation. Lastly, communications are necessary to overcome ignorance and establish a community based on reliable and useful information. It will prevents isolation to take place which is critical to bring sustainable peace.

680: 1023: 1713: 1898:...Ms. Kay attempts to portray advocates for peace as naive and idealistic, but the data shows that the large majority of armed conflicts in recent decades have been ended through negotiations, not military solutions. In the contemporary world, violence is less effective than diplomacy in ending armed conflict. Nothing is 100% effective to reduce tyranny and violence, but domestic and foreign strategy needs to be based on evidence, rather than assumptions and misconceptions from a bygone era. 411: 1139:(SIPRI) are advancing the understanding of peace and development by analyzing the complex drivers of conflict and insecurity. Their approach acknowledges that conflicts are rarely caused by a single factor. Instead, a constellation of economic, social, political, and environmental factors, often reinforcing and exacerbating each other in ways that can lead to sustained violence or, conversely, pave pathways to peace. 1894:'s article, a group of Peace Studies experts in Canada responded that "Kay's...argument that the field of peace studies endorses terrorism is nonsense" and that "(d)edicated peace theorists and researchers are distinguished by their commitment to reduce the use of violence whether committed by enemy nations, friendly governments or warlords of any stripe." They also argued that: 786:

eliminate the causes of violence." As a result, the topics had broadened enormously. By 1994, a review of course offerings in peace studies included topics such as: "north-south relations"; "development, debt, and global poverty"; "the environment, population growth, and resource scarcity"; and "feminist perspectives on peace, militarism, and political violence".

1950:, human rights, development, democracy, and a rule of law (though there is a vibrant debate ongoing about the contextual variations and applications of these frameworks). At the same time, the research field is characterized by a number of challenges including the tension between "the objective of doing critical research and being of practical relevance". 1628:. This approach includes the normatively oriented work that emerged in the peace studies and conflict research schools of the 1960s (e.g. Oslo Peace Research Institute on "Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Peacebuilding") and more critical ideas about peacebuilding that have recently developed in many European and non-western academic and policy circles. 1592:. Indeed, it might be said that much of the machinery of what has been called "liberal peacebuilding" by a number of scholars and "statebuilding" by another is based largely on the work that has been carried out in this area. Many scholars in the area have advocated a more "emancipatory" form of peacebuilding, however, based upon a " 1519:

considers direct costs of conflict, for instance human deaths, expenditure, destruction of land and physical infrastructure; as well as indirect costs that impact a society, for instance migration, humiliation, growth of extremism and lack of civil society. The price of unjust peace can be higher than the cost of conflict.

1739:(e.g., tackling disparities in rights, institutions and the distribution of world wealth) and peacemaking (e.g., mediation and conflict resolution). Peacekeeping falls under the aegis of negative peace, whereas efforts toward positive peace involve elements of critical theory, peace building and peacemaking. 1014:, on September 11, 2014 University of peshawar, the provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan established an Institute with prime objective of offering peace education to the youth who suffered it most since 1979 Afghan war. It is called Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies (IPCS). 3830:

Michael Doyle and Nicolas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace, (Princeton University Press, 2006); Charles T. Call and Elizabeth M. Cousens, "Ending Wars and Building Peace: International Responses to War-Torn Societies," International Studies Perspectives, 9 (2008): Stephen D. Krasner, "Sharing

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Report of the Secretary- General's High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges, and Change, United Nations, 2004: Boutros Boutros Ghali, An Agenda For Peace: preventative diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, New York: United Nations, 1992; An Agenda for Development: Report of the Secretary-General,

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argues for five principles that ought to undergird this undertaking, namely, respect but do not privilege military experience, teach the just war theory, encourage students to be aware of the tradition and techniques of nonviolence, encourage students to deconstruct and demythologize, and recognize

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agendas relating to positive peace in European academic contexts were already widely debated in the 1960s. By the mid-1990s peace studies curricula in the United States had shifted "...from research and teaching about negative peace, the cessation of violence, to positive peace, the conditions that

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Peace Studies allows one to examine the causes and prevention of war, as well as the nature of violence, including social oppression, discrimination and marginalization. Through peace studies one can also learn peace-making strategies to overcome persecution and transform society to attain a more

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presented its report on an innovative mechanism to find sustainable solution to conflicts in the Middle East. It also developed a new Water Cooperation Quotient, which is a measure of active cooperation by riparian countries in the management of water resources using 10 parameters including legal,

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There is now a general consensus on the importance of peace and conflict studies among scholars from a range of disciplines in and around the social sciences, as well as from many influential policymakers around the world. Peace and conflict studies today is widely researched and taught in a large

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The development of UN and major donor policies (including the EU, US, and UK, as well as many others including those of Japan, Canada, Norway, etc.) towards and in conflict and post-conflict countries have been heavily influenced by such debates. A range of key policy documents and responses have

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Under the conceptions of peace, sustainable peace must be regarded as an important factor for the future of prosperity. Sustainable peace must be the priority of global society where state actors and non-state actors do not only seek for the profits in a near future that might violate the stable

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Peace and conflict studies is both a pedagogical activity, in which teachers transmit knowledge to students; and a research activity, in which researchers create new knowledge about the sources of conflict. Peace and conflict studies entails understanding the concept of peace which is defined as

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Such views have been strongly opposed by scholars who claim that these criticisms underestimate the development of detailed interdisciplinary, theoretical, methodological, and empirical research into the causes of violence and dynamics of peace that has occurred via academic and policy networks

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is a approach which attempts to calculate the price of conflicts. The idea is to examine this cost, not only in terms of the deaths and casualties and the economic costs borne by the people involved, but also the social, developmental, environmental and strategic costs of conflict. The approach

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provided a further stimulus for more rigorous approaches to peace and conflict studies to emerge. Many university courses in schools of higher learning around the world began to develop which touched upon questions of peace, often in relation to war, during this period. The first undergraduate

1077:. Peace science was viewed as an interdisciplinary and international effort to develop a special set of concepts, techniques and data to better understand and mitigate conflict. Peace science attempts to use the quantitative techniques developed in economics and political science, especially 3752:

by Catherine Morris, director, Peacemakers Trust, Victoria; Ben Hoffman, president and CEO, Canadian International Institute of Applied Negotiation, Ottawa; Dean E. Peachey, visiting professor in transitional justice, Global College, University of Winnipeg, National Post, February 25, 2009.

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A 1995 survey found 136 United States colleges with peace studies programs: "Forty-six percent of these are in church-related schools, another 32% are in large public universities, 21% are in non-church related private colleges, and 1% are in community colleges. Fifty-five percent of the

625:. Similar movements appeared in Sweden in the last years of the 19th century, as elsewhere soon after. These were student-originated discussion groups, not formal courses included in college curricula. The first known peace studies course in higher education was offered in 1888 at 1902:

Most academics in the area argue that the accusations that peace studies approaches are not objective, and derived from mainly leftist or inexpert sources, are not practical, support violence rather than reject it, or have not led to policy developments, are clearly incorrect.

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Feminist scholars have developed a speciality within conflict studies, specifically examining the role of gender and interlocking systems of inequality in armed and other conflicts. The importance of considering the role of gender in post-conflict work was recognised by the

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where she switched to the term "newer ideals", but continued to contrast them to the term "negative peace"; she described them as we think of them today, as peace with "a sense of justice no longer outraged." The idea was further popularized by then-UN Secretary-General

1042:), it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that peace studies began to emerge as an academic discipline with its own research tools, a specialized set of concepts, and forums for discussion such as journals and conferences. Beginning in 1959, with the founding of the 1219:

issues, as well as attempts to investigate, catalogue, and analyse issues relating to arms production, trade, and their political impacts. There have also been attempt to map the economic costs of war, or of relapses into violence, as opposed to those of peace.

1120:(PJSA) was formed as a result of a merger of two precursor organisations. The PJSA is the North American affiliate of IPRA and includes members from around the world with a predominance from the United States and Canada. The PJSA publishes a regular newsletter ( 4227:

Lund, Michael S., "What Kind of Peace Is being Built: Taking Stock of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Charting Future Directions", Paper presented on the 10th Anniversary of Agenda for Peace, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, January

1915:, and the "High Level Panel Report". They have also been significant for the work of the World Bank, international development agencies, and a wide range of nongovernmental organisations. It has been influential in the work of, among others, the UN, UNDP, 730:

in the 1960s reflected the growing interest and academic stature of the field. Growth in the number of peace studies programs around the world was to accelerate during the 1980s, as students became more concerned about the prospects of nuclear war. As the

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Cultural violence: Cultural violence occurs as a result of the cultural assumptions that blind one to direct or structural violence. For example, one may be indifferent toward the homeless, or even consider their expulsion or extermination a good

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and growing number of institutions and locations. The number of universities offering peace and conflict studies courses is hard to estimate, mostly because courses may be taught out of different departments and have very different names. The

668:. These moves, intended to ensure a peaceful future, were the background to a number of developments in the emergence of Peace and Conflict Studies as an academic discipline. The founding of the first chair in International Relations at 1330:

The crux of the matter is that peace is a natural social condition, whereas war is not. The premise is simple for peace researchers: to present enough information so that a rational group of decision makers will seek to avoid war and

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First published 2010. Introduction by 'Funmi Olonisakin, Director of Conflict, Security & Development Group, King's College London, and Karen Barnes. Chapter by Lesley Abdela 'Nepal and the implementation of UNSCR1325'.

1789:"many peace researchers had the intellectual innocence of most bright amateurs; they underestimated the rate at which their research findings would become applicable and would be applied to major policy problems of the day." 1334:

Second, the view that violence is sinful or unskillful, and that non-violence is skillful or virtuous and should be cultivated. This view is held by a variety of religious traditions worldwide: Quakers, Mennonites and other

1116:. The IPRA holds a biennial conference. Research presented at its conferences and in its publications typically focuses on institutional and historical approaches, seldom employing quantitative techniques. In 2001, the 994:. Perhaps most importantly, such programs and research agendas have now become common in institutions located in conflict, post-conflict, and developing countries and regions such as (e.g., National Peace Council), 1393:, on various liberal international and constitutional and plans for peace. Variations and additions have been developed more recently by scholars such as Raymond Aron, Edward Azar, John Burton, Martin Ceadal, 2183:

Christie Nicoson, Barbara Magalhães Teixeira, Alva Mårtensson (09 November 2023), "Re-Imagining Peace Education: Using Critical Pedagogy as a Transformative Tool," International Studies Perspectives, ekad023

1227:: it comprises many scholarly journals, college and university departments, peace research institutes, conferences, as well as outside recognition of the utility of peace and conflict studies as a method. 1636:

Conflict forecasts and early warnings can be sufficiently precise to be relevant for policy and evaluation of theories. Conflict escalation can be rational for one side of the conflict in some cases of

1089:, one of the most well-known collections of data on international conflict. The society holds an annual conference, attended by scholars from throughout the world, and publishes two scholarly journals: 3425: 2716:, Daniela Ingruber, Josefina Echavarría, Gustavo Esteva and Norbert Koppensteiner (eds.): The Palgrave International Handbook of Peace Studies: A Cultural Perspective, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 1834:

criticized the political orientation of the Peace Studies faculty. More broadly, he criticizes the discipline for considering and taking seriously the alternative, non-Western perspectives of the

3525: 912:. One hundred fifteen of these programs are at the undergraduate level and 21 at the graduate level. Fifteen of these colleges and universities had both undergraduate and graduate programs." 1907:

been developed by these governments in the last decade and more, and in UN (or related) documentation such as "Agenda for Peace", "Agenda for Development", "Agenda for Democratization", the

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many peace researchers failed to distinguish between objective research into the conditions of war and peace on one hand, and political action and propaganda in favor of specific policies

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works on the assumption that the best way to define peace is to define violence, its opposite. It reflects the normative aim of preventing, managing, limiting and overcoming violence.

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Structural violence: Structural violence is indirect violence caused by repressive, unequal and unjust social structures, not direct acts of violence or unavoidable causes of harm.

4457: 1596:" (R2P), human security, local ownership and participation in such processes, especially after the limited success of liberal peacebuilding/ statebuilding in places as diverse as 621:. American student interest in what we today think of as peace studies first appeared in the form of campus clubs at United States colleges in the years immediately following the 2486: 1302:" in 1963, in which he wrote about "negative peace which is the absence of tension" and "positive peace which is the presence of justice." These terms were perhaps first used by 3670: 1421:, liberal peace, sustainable peace, civil peace, hybrid peace, post-liberal peace, everyday peace, trans-rational peace(s) and other concepts are regularly used in such work. 716:

forced ever more universities to offer courses about peace, whether in a designated peace studies course or as a course within a traditional major. Work by academics such as

1124:), and holds annual conferences on themes related to the organization's mission "to create a just and peaceful world" through research, scholarship, pedagogy, and activism. 5651: 3651: 1946:

Finally, peace and conflict studies debates have generally confirmed, not undermined, a broad consensus (in developed world and the Global South) on the importance of

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Sovereignty. New Institutions for Collapsed and Failing States," International Security, 29, 2 (2004); Roland Paris, At War's End, (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

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A/48/935, 6 May 1994; "Supplement to An Agenda for Peace" A/50/60, S.1995/1, 3 January 1995; An Agenda for Democratization, A/50/332 AND A/51/512, 17 December 1996.

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an actor from escalating conflict, typically because the prospective attacker believes that the probability of success is low and the costs of attack are high.

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Harris, Ian, Larry J. Fisk, and Carol Rank. (1998). "A Portrait of University Peace Studies in North America and Western Europe at the End of the Millennium."

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ended, peace and conflict studies courses shifted their focus from international conflict and towards complex issues related to political violence,

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Multilevel. Peace studies examines intrapersonal peace, peace between individuals, neighbours, ethnic groups, marriages, states and civilisations.

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Gibler, Douglas M.; Miller, Steven V. (2021). "The Territorial Peace: Current and Future Research". In McLaughlin, Sara; Vasquez, John A. (eds.).

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Peace research contributed to creating a schism in research into the causes of war, thus making it harder to develop systematic research into war

1236: 2406: 1294:, and is the concept that most peace and conflict researchers adopt. This is often credited to Galtung but these terms were previously used by 3616: 1578:

argues for a shift from "negative peace" described as absence of violence against individuals to "positive peace" described as the absence of

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Trinn, Christoph, and Thomas Wencker, "Integrating the Quantitative Research on the Onset and Incidence of Violent Intrastate Conflicts"

5690: 2510: 2479: 3632: 1085:, techniques otherwise seldom used by researchers in peace studies. The Peace Science Society website hosts the second edition of the 5695: 5507: 4472: 3667: 2990:

Reed, Charles & Ryall, David (eds.) (2007). The Price of Peace: Just War in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press.

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Miller and King, 2005, "Peace," in A glossary of terms and concepts in peace and conflict studies, University for Peace, Geneva

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argues that military is overtly committed to combat in the article "Teaching Peace to the Military", published in the journal

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political condition that ensures justice and social stability through formal and informal institutions, practices, and norms.

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in 2002, stating that the program employs several academically trained, professional practitioners as sessional instructors.

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mentions over 400 programs of teaching and research in peace and conflict studies, noting in particular those at the

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Dooley, Kevin L., and S.P. Udayakumar, "Reconceptualizing Global Conflicts: From Us Versus Them to Us Versus Then,"

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Navigating the Landscape of Conflict: Applications of Dynamical Systems Theory to Addressing Protracted Conflict

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effort aiming at the prevention, de-escalation, and solution of conflicts by peaceful means, based on achieving

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Philpott, Daniel. Just and unjust peace: An ethic of political reconciliation. Oxford University Press, 2015.

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for peacemaking. These included breaking up European empires into nation states and the establishment of the

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in Webel and Barash's 2002 textbook to argue the discipline is anti-Western, leftist and anti-imperialist.

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is seen as providing improved understanding of the conflicts and of the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of

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Several conceptions, models, or modes of peace have been suggested in which peace research might prosper.

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Cultural violence: underlying values and epistemic models that legitimize direct and structural violence.

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There have been many offerings on these various forms of peace. These range from the well known works of

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Peace and conflict are widely studied by militaries. One approach by military to prevent conflict and

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Academics and students in the world's oldest universities have long been motivated by an interest in

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in a series of lectures about 'positive ideals of peace' begun in 1899 that took form in her book

1208:. As a normative discipline, Peace Studies involves value judgements, such as "better" and "bad". 813: 6870: 6469: 6439: 6095: 5883: 5589: 5275: 5078: 5008: 4869: 4843: 4682: 2595:"Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution < George Mason University" 2403: 1995: 1975: 1826: 1528: 1164: 995: 975: 932: 909: 877: 704:

academic program in peace studies in the United States was developed in 1948 by Gladdys Muir, at

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E.g. for the World Bank, see, "Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy"

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Robert Gilman, Sustainable Peace putting the pieces together, The Foundations of Peace (IC#4)

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Complexity Theory and Conflict Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications

940: 928: 924: 324: 3982:, Daniela Ingruber, Josefina Echavarría, Gustavo Esteva and Norbert Koppensteiner (eds.): 3629: 3444: 3260:

Hegre, Håvard; Metternich, Nils W.; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Wucherpfennig, Julian (2017).

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are claimed by some to lead in some cases to more wars and in other cases to fewer wars.

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in a strategy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive

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The Annals of the American Academy of Political Science: Peace Studies: Past and Future

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Dennis J.D. Sandole; Sean Byrne; Ingrid Sandole-Staroste; Jessica Senehi, eds. (2009).

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criticized the early development of the discipline of peace research on three grounds:

1638: 1504: 1201: 991: 861: 712:. It was not until the late 1960s in the United States that student concerns about the 653: 649: 626: 622: 487: 463: 371: 289: 284: 69: 5768: 3908: 3295:"Fully Informed and on the Road to Ruin: The Perfect Failure of Asymmetric Deterrence" 1286:

Negative peace refers to the absence of direct violence. Positive peace refers to the

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The Art of the Transpersonal Self. Transformation as Aesthetic and Energetic Practice

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Kay and Bawer also specifically criticized Professor Gordon Fellman, the Chairman of

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website gives one of the most authoritative listings available. A 2008 report in the

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New Directions in Conflict Theory: Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation

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Page, James S. 2007. 'Teaching Peace to the Military'. Peace Review, 19(4):571–577

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Laurent Goetschel and Sandra Pfluger (eds.) (2014): Challenges of Peace Research

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by David Horowitz, (website of Students for Academic Freedom), November 08, 2004.

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as well as a variety of others. Relevant sub-disciplines of such fields, such as

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http://www.swisspeace.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Media/Publications/WP_7_2014.pdf

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Mansfield, Edward D. (2021). Pevehouse, Jon C. W; Seabrooke, Leonard (eds.).

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The Palgrave International Handbook of Peace Studies: A Cultural Perspective

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respectively, met to decide the future of Europe—Wilson proposed his famous

6743: 6738: 6593: 6168: 5502: 5340: 5194: 5132: 5098: 5068: 4835: 4611: 4047:

Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security

3886: 3862: 3729:"For Young Activists, Peacemaking 101", by Tom Ford and Bob von Sternberg, 3261: 2093: 1960: 1862: 1761: 1732: 1720: 1716: 1609: 1390: 1180: 1082: 1054: 987: 744: 696: 577: 499: 351: 202: 59: 4504: 676:, whose remit was partly to further the cause of peace, occurred in 1919. 6860: 6663: 6658: 6638: 6434: 6419: 6228: 6198: 6133: 6123: 5953: 5888: 5864: 5512: 5249: 5214: 5179: 5159: 5073: 4864: 4651: 4616: 4309:

Rosato, Sebastian (2003). "The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory".

3922:

International Governance of War-Torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction

3386: 3184: 2692:

An Agenda For Peace: Preventative Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping

2283: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2115: 2050: 2005: 1891: 1872:, criticized his university's Peace Studies Program in an interview with 1831: 1796: 1642: 1621: 1492: 1303: 1216: 1132:

political, technical, environmental, economic and institutional aspects.

1078: 968: 713: 514: 455: 433: 366: 361: 314: 192: 172: 108: 74: 49: 40: 5832: 4030: 3998: 3150: 2303:"Peace Studies Program – Student Information- Graduate Minor Field" 1861:'s Peace, Conflict, and Coexistence Studies Program, for describing the 888:

supports several international academic teaching and research programs.

6489: 6143: 5544: 5356: 5234: 5219: 5209: 5028: 4368: 3802: 3566: 2838: 2796: 2754: 2000: 1924: 1605: 1382: 1348: 1275: 1240: 1176: 901: 837: 768: 557: 541: 4071:

State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century

2566:"Conflict Analysis and Resolution : Indiana University Southeast" 2254: 1656: 1261: 6394: 6314: 6138: 5482: 4968: 4471: 4200:

Bhakti - the yoga of love: Trans-rational approaches to Peace Studies

3366: 1696: 1688: 1184: 1172: 1168: 700: 648:—where the leaders of France, Britain, and the United States, led by 565: 553: 549: 299: 212: 207: 197: 86: 3701:

by Kaushik Roy, The Telegraph (Calcutta, India), November 15, 2002.

3181:"International Coalition for the Responsibility to Protect (ICRtoP)" 2830: 2788: 2746: 1727:

The normative aims of peace studies are conflict transformation and

1480:

Structural violence: economic exploitation and political repression.

1112:

in Clarens, Switzerland. Among the original executive committee was

6829: 6329: 5571: 5224: 4586: 3151:

Vorobej, Mark. "Structural violence." Peace research (2008): 84-98.

2649:. The Feminist and Women's Studies Association (UK & Ireland). 1684: 1597: 1548: 1455:

Direct (overt) violence: for example, direct attacks and massacres.

1386: 1367: 1352: 1160: 732: 600:, may also be regarded as belonging to peace and conflict studies. 451: 138: 103: 4510: 4303:

Liberal Peace Transitions: Between Statebuilding and Peacebuilding

4192:, Tokyo: Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2023 . 3259: 2524:

Huddy, Leonie; Sears, David O.; Levy, Jack S., eds. (2013-09-04).

1062: 6550: 6540: 6218: 1818: 1681: 1613: 1601: 1344: 897: 869: 752: 573: 530: 54: 470:), to understand those processes which lead to a more desirable 5492: 5442: 5189: 5119: 4466: 4435:, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997. 4207:

Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies

3567:"Accounting for International War: The State of The Discipline" 1723:

can provide one means to limit and ultimately resolve conflict.

1466:

Each corner of Galtung's triangle can relate to the other two.

1194: 1109: 829: 3872:

Avruch, Kevin, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca (eds.),

3503:

Introduction: Cross-Domain Deterrence, from Practice to Theory

2670: 2668: 2404:

http://strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/28799WCQ-web.pdf

1223:

Peace and conflict studies is now well established within the

1030:

is widely regarded as a founder of peace and conflict studies.

6319: 5229: 4559: 4433:

Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques

3948:

Cooper, Neil, "What's the Point of Arms Transfer Controls?",

2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 1920: 1617: 1510: 1373:

A further approach is that there are multiple modes of peace.

1360: 673: 644:

was a turning point in Western attitudes to war. At the 1919

3972:, Josefina Eachavarría Alvarez, Norbert Koppensteiner eds.: 3955:

Jarat Chopra, and Tanja Hohe, "Participatory Intervention",

3452:; Andrea Bartoli; Andrzej Nowak; Lan Bui-Wrzosinska (2011), 892:

church-related schools that have peace studies programs are

4339:

Women, Peace and Security: Translating Policy into Practice

2665: 1625: 1543:

contributes to peace. Other explanations for peace include

2331: 2236: 1773: 1370:: the view that peace is a prime force in human behaviour. 4098:(3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 158–170. 3893:, College Station: Texas A & M University Press 2001. 3293:

Langlois, Jean-Pierre P.; Langlois, Catherine C. (2005).

3091: 1742: 589: 167: 64: 4528: 4485:"Peace and Conflict Studies (International Joint Award)" 3002: 4052:

Dugan, M. 1989. "Peace Studies at the Graduate Level."

2812:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality., Robert L. Holmes" 1417:, Tom Woodhouse, others mentioned above and many more. 1290:

of conflict resolution and the absence of indirect and

1239:. Examples of feminist scholarship include the work of 4412:

The West, Civil Society, and the Construction of Peace

3915:

International Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice

3649:"One Man's Terrorist Is Another Man's Freedom Fighter" 3027:

The Oxford Handbook of International Political Economy

2728:"Reviewed work: On War and Morality, Robert L. Holmes" 1535:

disagrees and claims that peace causes democracy. The

1477:

Direct violence: harming or hurting the body and mind.

1147:

Peace and conflict studies along with its concepts of

3943:

The Origins, Nature, and Management of Human Conflict

1673:, the social systems of armed conflict are viewed as 4164:, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1996. 2853:

The Ethics of Nonviolence: Essay by Robert L. Holmes

1933:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

761:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

5540:

Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)

4231:Miall, Hugh, Oliver Ramsbotham, and Tom Woodhouse, 3606:" by Barbara Kay, National Post, February 18, 2009. 3414:

Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford

1671:

complex system approach to peace and armed conflict

1664:

Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict

1657:

Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict

1050:, a number of research institutes began to appear. 5104:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 4498: 4487:. Philipps-University Marburg, University of Kent. 4155:The Invention of Peace and the Re-Invention of War 3867:Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations 3811:: PRIO/ Uppsala University Data on Armed Conflict 3079: 3067: 3055: 525:, peace and conflict studies often focuses on the 4479:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 2379:"About the Peace and Justice Studies Association" 1503:is a strategy to use threats or limited force to 1038:had long recognised the centrality of peace (see 6908: 4360:Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou, and Anuradha M. Chenoy, 4337:Routledge Contemporary Security Studies series: 3936:Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building 3874:Conflict Resolution: Cross-Cultural Perspectives 3292: 2036:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1813:, a Norwegian state funded-body, based upon the 1137:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 4924: 4779: 4209:, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1997. 4190:International Politics and the Search for Peace 3997:Downes, Alexander B.; Sechser, Todd S. (2012). 3226:"Liberal Peace and the Ethics of Peacebuilding" 1237:United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 426:Bradford University Department of Peace Studies 4431:Zartman, William, and Lewis Rasmussen (eds.), 4426:The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace 4305:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. 3952:, Vol. 27, No. 1, April 2006 pp. 118–137. 3856: 3499: 3402: 3326:"The Limits of Realism after Liberal Hegemony" 3112:"The Limits of Realism after Liberal Hegemony" 2523: 1531:claims that democracy causes peace, while the 1323:, published in the aftermath of the Cold War. 1197:is often cited as a paradigm of Peace Studies. 779:, and others, began to draw on such research. 5848: 5555:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces 4910: 4544: 4169:War and the Transformation of Global Politics 4073:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004. 3996: 3801:e.g. Correlates of War at Harvard University 3097: 2882:. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. 2647:"Book Review: Women and Wars, ed. Carol Cohn" 2101:The Acorn: Journal of the Gandhi-King Society 1701:interventions aiming to resolve the conflicts 1631: 1487: 1473:A simplification of these can be phrased as: 687:was one of the first institutions to offer a 391: 4093: 3883:, Hampshire, UK: Dartmouth Publishing, 1990. 3881:The Management of Protracted Social Conflict 3008: 2450:Handbook of conflict analysis and resolution 1231:just and equitable international community. 1159:Multidisciplinary, encompassing elements of 4419:Peace Research: Achievements and Challenges 3720:by Gordon Fellman, Peacework, October 2002. 3711:September 11 and the Field of Peace Studies 3170:Caplan 2005, Chandler, 2006, Fukuyama, 2004 3161:Duffield, 2001, Paris, 2004, Richmond, 2005 2944: 2527:The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology 2454:(1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 1413:, Mikkel Vedby Rasmussen, Oliver Richmond, 915:Other notable programs can be found at the 708:a liberal arts college associated with the 5855: 5841: 4917: 4903: 4551: 4537: 4088:Searching for Peace: The Road to TRANSCEND 3639:by Bruce Bawer, City Journal, Summer 2007. 3589: 2682: 2680: 1511:Cost of conflict and price of unjust peace 612: 523:state or individual unit level of analysis 398: 384: 5862: 5508:Global Day of Action on Military Spending 4473:International Institute of Social History 4362:Human Security: Concepts and Implications 3341: 3277: 3127: 3020: 1215:There has been a long-standing debate on 4456:) is being considered for deletion. See 4298:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. ———— 4252:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 4079:, "A Structural Theory of Imperialism", 3999:"The Illusion of Democratic Credibility" 3931:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. 3924:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 3625: 3623: 2951:. Cornell University Press. p. 23. 2638: 1711: 1265: 1108:was formed at a conference organized by 1106:International Peace Research Association 1021: 792:International Peace Research Association 678: 631: 603: 409: 4491:Interview with Werner Wintersteiner on 4382:Taylor, Paul, and A.J.R. Groom (eds.), 4115:"Democratic Peace: Progress and Crisis" 4061:The First Fifty Years of Peace Research 3991:Journal of Global Change and Governance 3500:Lindsay, Jon R.; Gartzke, Erik (2019). 2677: 2536:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199760107.001.0001 2265:Miall, Ramsbotham, & Woodhouse 2005 1805:, specifically criticized the views of 1774:Criticism of peace and conflict studies 1255: 1017: 14: 6909: 5240:Soviet influence on the peace movement 4308: 4260:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.287 4245: 4176:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 4112: 4104:International Journal of Peace Studies 4086:Galtung, Johan, and Carl G. Jacobsen, 3564: 3506:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 3323: 3250:Jabri 2007: Richmond & Franks 2009 3109: 3085: 3073: 3061: 2906: 2876:"Appeasement - World War 2 on History" 2725: 2509:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2201: 1743:Peace and conflict studies in military 310:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 5836: 5427:World March for Peace and Nonviolence 4898: 4532: 4400:, 2020. (doi.org/10.1093/isr/viaa023) 4106:. Volume 3, Number 1. ISSN 1085-7494 3913:Burton, John W., and Edward E. Azar, 3620: 3431:from the original on 26 November 2022 3364: 3035:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198793519.013.27 2913:. SAGE Publications. pp. 26–30. 2777:The American Political Science Review 2653:from the original on 11 December 2014 2087:Journal for Peace and Justice Studies 2011:Peace and Justice Studies Association 1118:Peace and Justice Studies Association 1098:Conflict Management and Peace Science 1034:Although individual thinkers such as 5584:Third Party Non-violent Intervention 4421:, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988. 3945:. University Press of America, 2013. 3900:, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1981. 2767: 2644: 1817:of his early research and his later 1439: 1424: 1349:the Satyagraha tradition in Hinduism 4875:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates 4807:Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) 4284:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 4276:from the original on June 15, 2017. 3986:, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 3367:"A Strategic Logic of the Military 3223: 2809: 1868:Robert Kennedy, a professor at the 1770:the importance of military virtue. 1061:, assembled a group of scholars in 988:Brandeis University's Heller School 828:, the UN mandated Peace University 450:field that identifies and analyzes 424:(1977), initially presented to the 24: 5904:First-player and second-player win 5809:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir 5706:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 4994:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp 3903:Bawer, Bruce, "The Peace Racket", 3512:10.1093/oso/9780190908645.003.0001 3330:Journal of Global Security Studies 3116:Journal of Global Security Studies 3023:"International Trade and Conflict" 2900: 2439: 2204:"Peace studies pioneer dies at 77" 1570: 724:, and debates in fora such as the 25: 6938: 5301:International Day of Non-Violence 4959:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 4764:List of periods of regional peace 4460:to help reach a consensus. › 4439: 4311:American Political Science Review 4242:, London: Martin Robertson, 1975. 4240:The Functional Theory of Politics 4214:Enciclopedia de paz y conflictos. 3962:Darby, John, and Roger MacGinty, 3917:, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books, 1986. 3480:from the original on 14 June 2024 2910:Deterrence: A Conceptual Analysis 2695:, New York: United Nations, 1992. 2195: 1707: 1073:. In 1973, this group became the 1008:National University of East Timor 866:Innsbruck School of Peace Studies 540:Disciplines involved may include 6011:Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium 5711:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4477:"War and Peace Collection Guide" 4357:, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981. 4301:Richmond, OP, and Jason Franks, 4248:"Is Democracy a Cause of Peace?" 4233:Contemporary Conflict Resolution 3876:, London: Greenwood Press, 1991. 3615:Johan Galtung, 1930-2024, uu.se 3311:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00375.x 3051:from the original on 2021-05-15. 2855:- Book blurb on google.books.com 1662:This section is an excerpt from 1470:can be an example of all three. 1359:; as well as certain schools of 1274:achieved negative peace, ending 444:conflict analysis and resolution 5084:Social Democratic Party (Japan) 4499:Library guides to peace studies 4369:An Assessment of Peace Research 4282:Maintaining Order, Making Peace 3834: 3824: 3795: 3770: 3760: 3736: 3723: 3704: 3692: 3661: 3642: 3609: 3558: 3539: 3528:from the original on 2021-08-30 3493: 3484: 3375:International Studies Quarterly 3358: 3317: 3299:International Studies Quarterly 3286: 3253: 3244: 3217: 3208: 3199: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3144: 3103: 3014: 2993: 2984: 2973:from the original on 2023-04-05 2938: 2927:from the original on 2024-02-24 2868: 2859: 2845: 2803: 2761: 2719: 2707: 2698: 2625: 2616: 2605:from the original on 2023-06-22 2587: 2576:from the original on 2023-06-22 2558: 2517: 2492:from the original on 2023-06-22 2472: 2423:"Peace and development | SIPRI" 2415: 2397: 2371: 2345: 2320: 2309:from the original on 2008-09-20 2295: 517:, which focus on traditionally 6927:Subfields of political science 6021:Evolutionarily stable strategy 5004:List of pacifist organisations 2277: 2268: 2227: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2073:Journal of Conflict Resolution 1824:In the Summer 2007 edition of 1357:Indian religion and philosophy 1142: 1092:Journal of Conflict Resolution 275:Alternative dispute resolution 13: 1: 5949:Simultaneous action selection 4445: 3993:, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 2009. 3869:, London: Transaction, 2003 . 3755:Full letter is available here 2945:Mearsheimer, John J. (1983). 1811:Peace Research Institute Oslo 1778:In 1980, political scientist 1211:Both theoretical and applied. 1044:Peace Research Institute Oslo 806:Peace Research Institute Oslo 6881:List of games in game theory 6061:Quantal response equilibrium 6051:Perfect Bayesian equilibrium 5986:Bayes correlated equilibrium 5410:World Peace Bell Association 5311:Dialogue Among Civilizations 5014:New Socialist Party of Japan 4999:Iraq War resisters in Canada 4964:Coalition of Women for Peace 4398:International Studies Review 4212:López-Martínez, Mario (dir) 4202:; Münster: LIT Verlag, 2010. 4113:Hobson, Christopher (2017). 4090:, Pluto Press: London, 2000. 3976:; LIT Münster, Vienna, 2006. 3950:Contemporary Security Policy 3929:Thinking about Peace and War 3403:Diane Hendrick (June 2009), 3324:McKeil, Aaron (2021-07-09). 3205:Tadjbakhsh & Chenoy 2006 3110:McKeil, Aaron (2021-07-09). 2202:Abrams, Holly (2010-11-04). 1966:Center for Global Nonkilling 1909:Millennium Development Goals 1881: 1840:radical liberation movements 1680:. The study of positive and 1522: 797:International Herald Tribune 7: 6350:Optional prisoner's dilemma 6081:Self-confirming equilibrium 5578:The whole world is watching 5346:Peace & Love (festival) 5296:Imagine Piano Peace Project 4688:Environmental peacebuilding 4296:The Transformation of Peace 4185:; New York, Dresden, 2009. 4063:, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005. 3857:Sources and further reading 3743:In defence of peace studies 2907:Morgan, Patrick M. (1977). 2674:Galtung & Jacobsen 2000 2251:Harris, Fisk, and Rank 1998 2057: 1953: 1917:UN Peacebuilding Commission 1865:of Palestinian terrorism. 1731:through mechanisms such as 1691:and system dimensionality, 1300:Letter from Birmingham Jail 1057:, the principal founder of 814:Castellón de la Plana/Spain 27:A subject in social science 10: 6943: 6917:Peace and conflict studies 6815:Principal variation search 6531:Aumann's agreement theorem 6194:Strategy-stealing argument 6106:Trembling hand equilibrium 6036:Markov perfect equilibrium 6031:Mertens-stable equilibrium 5701:2011 intervention in Libya 5321:List of places named Peace 5306:International Day of Peace 5024:Peace and conflict studies 4944:Anti-nuclear organizations 4796:Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms 4637:Religion and peacebuilding 4592:Peace and conflict studies 4463:Peace and conflict studies 4417:Wallensteen, Peter (ed.), 4386:, London: Continuum, 2000. 4367:Singer, J. David (1976). " 4291:, London: Routledge, 2011. 4246:Reiter, Dan (2017-01-25). 4178:, London: Macmillan, 1920. 4096:What do we know about War? 4049:, London: Zed Books, 2001. 4003:International Organization 3974:Key Texts of Peace Studies 3791:International Crisis Group 3668:Peace and Conflict Studies 3597:Barbarians within the gate 3571:Annual Review of Sociology 2645:Owen, Jean (27 May 2013). 2066:International Peacekeeping 1941:International Crisis Group 1661: 1632:Prediction and forecasting 1488:Appeasement and deterrence 1428: 1272:Korean Armistice Agreement 1259: 773:International Crisis Group 440:Peace and conflict studies 432:at the former site of the 428:, located in front of the 342:Peace and conflict studies 249:Mutual assured destruction 6851:Combinatorial game theory 6838: 6797: 6579: 6523: 6510:Princess and monster game 6305: 6207: 6114: 6066:Quasi-perfect equilibrium 5991:Bayesian Nash equilibrium 5972: 5871: 5817: 5746: 5611: 5435: 5336:Nobel Peace Prize Concert 5331:Mother's Day Proclamation 5281:Dances of Universal Peace 5258: 5112: 5094:The Women's Peace Crusade 4936: 4883: 4857: 4834: 4772: 4706: 4660: 4566: 4558: 4511:Michigan State University 4428:(4 vols. 2010) 3:449–498. 4414:, London: Palgrave, 2003. 4410:Vedby Rasmussen, Mikkel, 4364:, London: Routledge, 2006 4323:10.1017/s0003055403000893 4171:, London: Palgrave, 2007. 4131:10.1017/S1537592717000913 4081:Journal of Peace Research 4015:10.1017/S0020818312000161 3966:, London: Palgrave, 2003. 3891:Meanings of War and Peace 3565:Singer, J. David (1980). 3266:Journal of Peace Research 3098:Downes & Sechser 2012 2892:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2768:Rock, Stephen R. (1989). 2726:Meyers, Diana T. (1992). 2704:among many, Richmond 2005 2108: 2080:Journal of Peace Research 1913:Responsibility to Protect 1594:Responsibility to Protect 1129:Strategic Foresight Group 973:Université Paris Dauphine 727:Journal of Peace Research 458:behaviors as well as the 6866:Evolutionary game theory 6599:Antoine Augustin Cournot 6485:Guess 2/3 of the average 6282:Strictly determined game 6076:Satisfaction equilibrium 5894:Escalation of commitment 5597:Violence begets violence 5530:Non-aggression principle 5400:The Non-Violence Project 5380:Promoting Enduring Peace 5363:Promoting Enduring Peace 5019:Pacifist Socialist Party 4698:Territorial peace theory 4693:Infrastructure for Peace 4458:templates for discussion 4384:The UN at the Millennium 4181:Koppensteiner, Norbert: 4157:, London: Profile, 2002. 4119:Perspectives on Politics 3964:Contemporary Peacemaking 3731:Minneapolis Star Tribune 3677:by Charles P. Webel and 3279:10.1177/0022343317691330 3009:Gibler & Miller 2021 2735:The Philosophical Review 2635:Cambridge: Polity Press. 2622:SIPRI 2007: Cooper, 2006 2162: 2041:Territorial peace theory 1875:Minneapolis Star Tribune 1870:University of St. Thomas 1649:, causing challenges to 1565:liberal internationalism 1545:institutional liberalism 1541:economic interdependence 1533:territorial peace theory 1355:, and other portions of 1250: 1046:(PRIO), associated with 1004:Chulalongkorn University 945:University of Queensland 858:University of Queensland 521:objectives based on the 430:Chapel of Reconciliation 422:Josefina de Vasconcellos 337:Non-aggression principle 295:Conflict style inventory 99:Nonviolent Communication 6922:International relations 6871:Glossary of game theory 6470:Stackelberg competition 6096:Strong Nash equilibrium 5691:Military action in Iran 5326:Monuments and memorials 5276:Concert Yutel for Peace 5079:React, Include, Recycle 5009:List of peace activists 4974:Conscientious objectors 4870:List of peace activists 4683:Democratic peace theory 4673:Complex system approach 4424:Young, Nigel J. (ed.), 4393:, London: Pinter, 1998. 4198:Kumar, Samrat Schmiem, 4083:, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1971. 2948:Conventional Deterrence 1996:List of peace activists 1976:Democratic peace theory 1537:capitalist peace theory 1529:democratic peace theory 1165:International Relations 996:Centre for Human Rights 976:University of Amsterdam 949:King's College (London) 933:University of Innsbruck 910:United Church of Christ 878:University of Wisconsin 842:George Mason University 613:As pedagogical activity 570:international relations 474:. A variation on this, 184:International relations 114:Speaking truth to power 6896:Tragedy of the commons 6876:List of game theorists 6856:Confrontation analysis 6566:Sprague–Grundy theorem 6086:Sequential equilibrium 6006:Correlated equilibrium 5612:Opposition to specific 5567:Swords to ploughshares 5561:Soldiers are murderers 4954:Anti-war organizations 4707:Regional peacebuilding 4517:University of Missouri 4373:International Security 4174:Keynes, John Maynard, 4162:Discourses on Violence 3214:Chopra & Hohe 2004 2146:Michael Murphy Andregg 1986:International security 1900: 1799:, a columnist for the 1724: 1296:Martin Luther King Jr. 1283: 1270:Delegates at the 1953 1155:can be classified as: 1031: 1000:University of Sarajevo 921:University of Manitoba 906:Church of the Brethren 874:University of Virginia 850:University of Michigan 826:University of Bradford 710:Church of the Brethren 699:, the founding of the 692: 670:Aberystwyth University 637: 436: 414:Copy of the sculpture 6669:Jean-François Mertens 5614:wars or their aspects 5535:Nonviolent resistance 5385:Show of Peace Concert 5150:Anti-nuclear movement 4407:, London: Sage, 1991. 4235:, Polity Press, 2005. 3699:Take a Break from War 3365:Tarar, Ahmer (2016). 3343:10.1093/jogss/ogab020 3129:10.1093/jogss/ogab020 2328:"Correlates of War 2" 1896: 1715: 1584:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1339:within Christianity; 1315:Boutros Boutros-Ghali 1309:Newer Ideals of Peace 1269: 1262:Peace § Theories 1075:Peace Science Society 1025: 917:University of Toronto 802:United World Colleges 706:Manchester University 682: 636:Introduction of peace 635: 604:Historical background 562:communication studies 537:levels of analysis. 460:structural mechanisms 413: 259:Nuclear proliferation 6798:Search optimizations 6674:Jennifer Tour Chayes 6561:Revelation principle 6556:Purification theorem 6495:Nash bargaining game 6460:Bertrand competition 6445:El Farol Bar problem 6410:Electronic mail game 6375:Lewis signaling game 5919:Hierarchy of beliefs 5696:Sri Lankan Civil War 5590:Turn the other cheek 5405:University for Peace 5316:List of peace prizes 4819:Treaty on Open Skies 4289:A Post-Liberal Peace 3938:. Pluto Press, 2006. 3733:, December 17, 2002. 2967:10.7591/j.ctt1rv61v2 2810:Lee, Steven (1992). 1639:asymmetric conflicts 1256:Conceptions of peace 1018:As research activity 941:University of Sydney 929:Hiroshima University 925:Lancaster University 629:, a Quaker school. 325:Paradox of tolerance 6846:Bounded rationality 6465:Cournot competition 6415:Rock paper scissors 6390:Battle of the sexes 6380:Volunteer's dilemma 6252:Perfect information 6179:Dominant strategies 6016:Epsilon-equilibrium 5899:Extensive-form game 5738:Nuclear disarmament 5721:in Russian Far East 5478:Department of Peace 5463:Counter-recruitment 5458:Conflict resolution 5448:Central Park be-ins 5436:Slogans and tactics 5415:Japanese Peace Bell 5205:Non-interventionism 5200:Modern-war pacifism 5138:Christian anarchism 4523:New York University 2385:on 27 November 2013 2209:The Journal Gazette 2141:John Maynard Keynes 1937:International Alert 1859:Brandeis University 1749:conflict escalation 1729:conflict resolution 1589:An Agenda for Peace 1580:structural violence 1557:political stability 1499:to avoid conflict. 1431:Global peace system 1320:An Agenda for Peace 1317:in his 1992 report 1292:structural violence 1153:conflict resolution 1122:The Peace Chronicle 1026:Norwegian academic 1012:University of Kabul 957:London Metropolitan 937:Universitat Jaume I 822:American University 810:Universitat Jaume I 777:International Alert 594:development studies 484:conflict resolution 254:Nuclear disarmament 153:Conflict escalation 130:Conflict management 34:Conflict resolution 6825:Paranoid algorithm 6805:Alpha–beta pruning 6684:John Maynard Smith 6515:Rendezvous problem 6355:Traveler's dilemma 6345:Gift-exchange game 6340:Prisoner's dilemma 6257:Large Poisson game 6224:Bargaining problem 6129:Backward induction 6101:Subgame perfection 6056:Proper equilibrium 5632:American Civil War 5524:Make love, not war 5498:Economic sanctions 5453:Civil disobedience 5286:Festival for Peace 5259:Media and cultural 5245:Testimony of peace 5165:Christian pacifism 4678:Conflict continuum 4505:Cornell University 4389:Tidwell, Alan C., 4188:Kosaka, Masataka, 3847:2017-02-06 at the 3817:2012-11-02 at the 3807:2008-08-07 at the 3785:2009-03-19 at the 3748:2023-10-29 at the 3716:2008-09-06 at the 3673:2012-10-22 at the 3654:2019-01-01 at the 3635:2016-03-13 at the 3602:2011-09-30 at the 3551:2008-01-11 at the 3463:Berghof Foundation 3387:10.1093/isq/sqw018 2409:2016-10-20 at the 2359:on 3 December 2011 2289:2007-08-26 at the 1981:Global Peace Index 1887:around the world. 1815:structural marxism 1725: 1405:, Michael Howard, 1284: 1280:the wider conflict 1135:Institutions like 1032: 862:Uppsala University 693: 685:Manchester College 654:David Lloyd George 650:Georges Clemenceau 638: 627:Swarthmore College 623:American Civil War 488:dispute resolution 437: 372:Track II diplomacy 320:Prisoner's dilemma 290:Conflict continuum 285:Conflict avoidance 70:Dispute resolution 6904: 6903: 6810:Aspiration window 6779:Suzanne Scotchmer 6734:Oskar Morgenstern 6629:Donald B. Gillies 6571:Zermelo's theorem 6500:Induction puzzles 6455:Fair cake-cutting 6430:Public goods game 6360:Coordination game 6234:Intransitive game 6164:Forward induction 6046:Pareto efficiency 6026:Gibbs equilibrium 5996:Berge equilibrium 5944:Simultaneous game 5830: 5829: 5733:Military taxation 5603:War tax resisters 5170:Deterrence theory 4949:Anti-war movement 4892: 4891: 4830: 4829: 4729:Jammu and Kashmir 4607:Peace enforcement 4574:Anti-war movement 4391:Conflict Resolved 4348:978-0-415-58797-6 4167:Jabri, Vivienne, 4160:Jabri, Vivienne, 4067:Fukuyama, Francis 3980:Wolfgang Dietrich 3970:Wolfgang Dietrich 3957:Global Governance 3920:Caplan, Richard, 3898:Peace Against War 3879:Azar, Edward E., 3687:978-0-7619-2507-1 3521:978-0-19-090960-4 3232:on 4 January 2014 3044:978-0-19-879351-9 2958:978-1-5017-1325-5 2920:978-0-8039-0819-2 2880:www.history.co.uk 2714:Wolfgang Dietrich 2631:Cohn, C. (2013). 2545:978-0-19-976010-7 2156:Peter Wallensteen 2126:Elise M. Boulding 2026:Right of conquest 1693:phase transitions 1678:dynamical systems 1449:conflict triangle 1440:Conflict triangle 1425:Sustainable peace 1395:Wolfgang Dietrich 1149:conflict analysis 1087:Correlates of War 882:Rotary Foundation 691:in peace studies. 666:League of Nations 582:religious studies 546:political science 511:strategic studies 509:In contrast with 480:interdisciplinary 408: 407: 280:Anti-war movement 244:Nuclear blackmail 148:Communal violence 16:(Redirected from 6934: 6891:Topological game 6886:No-win situation 6784:Thomas Schelling 6764:Robert B. Wilson 6724:Merrill M. Flood 6694:John von Neumann 6604:Ariel Rubinstein 6589:Albert W. Tucker 6440:War of attrition 6400:Matching pennies 6041:Nash equilibrium 5964:Mechanism design 5929:Normal-form game 5884:Cooperative game 5857: 5850: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5657:list of protests 5518:Lesson of Munich 5473:Demilitarisation 5351:Peace journalism 5145:Anti-imperialism 5128:Anarcho-pacifism 5064:Peace psychology 5044:Peace conference 5039:Peace commission 4984:Culture of Peace 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4849:Index by country 4787:Helsinki Accords 4780:post-WWII Europe 4777: 4776: 4773:Peace mechanisms 4744:Northern Ireland 4724:Israel–Palestine 4668:Capitalist peace 4582:Cost of conflict 4553: 4546: 4539: 4530: 4529: 4488: 4480: 4334: 4277: 4150: 4099: 4045:Duffield, Mark, 4042: 3959:, Vol. 10, 2004. 3887:Beer, Francis A. 3851: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3799: 3793: 3789:; e.g. see also 3774: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3640: 3630:The Peace Racket 3627: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3533: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3460: 3446:Peter T. Coleman 3442: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3411: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3345: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3228:. Archived from 3224:Burgess, Peter. 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3183:. 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Archived from 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2252: 2249: 2234: 2233:Wallensteen 1988 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2212:. Archived from 2199: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2131:Stanley A. Deetz 2121:Camillo Mac Bica 2031:Security Studies 1971:Capitalist peace 1852:anti-imperialism 1809:formerly of the 1516:Cost of conflict 1468:Ethnic cleansing 1419:Democratic peace 1403:Robert L. Holmes 1397:, Kevin Dooley, 1245:Claire Duncanson 1067:Kenneth Boulding 1059:regional science 818:Malmö University 498:levels based on 468:social conflicts 400: 393: 386: 30: 29: 21: 6942: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6834: 6820:max^n algorithm 6793: 6789:William Vickrey 6749:Reinhard Selten 6704:Kenneth Binmore 6619:David K. Levine 6614:Daniel Kahneman 6581: 6575: 6551:Negamax theorem 6541:Minimax theorem 6519: 6480:Diner's dilemma 6335:All-pay auction 6301: 6287:Stochastic game 6239:Mean-field game 6210: 6203: 6174:Markov strategy 6110: 5976: 5968: 5939:Sequential game 5924:Information set 5909:Game complexity 5879:Congestion game 5867: 5861: 5831: 5826: 5813: 5742: 5686:Afghanistan War 5637:Second Boer War 5613: 5607: 5431: 5254: 5108: 5054:Peace education 4937:Peace advocates 4932: 4923: 4893: 4888: 4879: 4853: 4826: 4813:Vienna Document 4768: 4734:Kurdish/Turkish 4702: 4656: 4647:War termination 4562: 4557: 4507:, New York, USA 4501: 4493:peace education 4483: 4461: 4442: 4270: 4238:Mitrany, D.A., 4216:Granada, 2004. 3896:Beer, Francis, 3859: 3854: 3849:Wayback Machine 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819:Wayback Machine 3809:Wayback Machine 3800: 3796: 3787:Wayback Machine 3779:: For DFID see 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3750:Wayback Machine 3741: 3737: 3728: 3724: 3718:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3679:David P. 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Bawer quoted 1780:J. David Singer 1776: 1757:Critical theory 1745: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1667: 1659: 1634: 1576:Critical theory 1573: 1571:Critical theory 1525: 1513: 1490: 1442: 1433: 1427: 1415:S.P. Udayakumar 1411:Anatol Rapoport 1288:critical theory 1264: 1258: 1253: 1225:social sciences 1193:Multicultural. 1145: 1071:Anatol Rapoport 1040:Perpetual Peace 1020: 846:Lund University 820:of Sweden, the 783:Critical theory 741:democratisation 662:Fourteen Points 642:First World War 615: 606: 598:peace economics 472:human condition 404: 332:Liaison officer 239:Nuclear warfare 223:Multilateralism 163:Just war theory 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6754:Robert Axelrod 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6729:Olga Bondareva 6726: 6721: 6719:Melvin Dresher 6716: 6711: 6709:Leonid Hurwicz 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6644:Harold W. Kuhn 6641: 6636: 6634:Drew Fudenberg 6631: 6626: 6624:David M. Kreps 6621: 6616: 6611: 6609:Claude Shannon 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6546:Nash's theorem 6543: 6538: 6533: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6405:Ultimatum game 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6385:Dollar auction 6382: 6377: 6372: 6370:Centipede game 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6325:Infinite chess 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6292:Symmetric game 6289: 6284: 6279: 6277:Signaling game 6274: 6272:Screening game 6269: 6264: 6262:Potential game 6259: 6254: 6249: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6189:Mixed strategy 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6071:Risk dominance 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914:Graphical game 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799:United Kingdom 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5422:Women in Black 5419: 5418: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5185:Green politics 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Antimilitarism 5152: 5147: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059:Peace movement 5056: 5051: 5049:Peace congress 5046: 5041: 5036: 5034:Peace churches 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4989:ECOPEACE Party 4986: 4981: 4979:Counterculture 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4930:peace movement 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4836:Peace treaties 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4790: 4783: 4781: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4642:Separate peace 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4622:Peace movement 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:Peace congress 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4469: 4441: 4440:External links 4438: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4408: 4403:Vayrynen, R., 4401: 4394: 4387: 4380: 4365: 4358: 4355:The Just Peace 4351: 4335: 4317:(4): 585–602. 4306: 4299: 4294:Richmond, OP, 4292: 4287:Richmond, OP, 4285: 4280:Richmond, OP, 4278: 4268: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4210: 4205:Lederach, J., 4203: 4196: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4125:(3): 697–710. 4110: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4074: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4009:(3): 457–489. 3994: 3987: 3977: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3941:Churchman, D. 3939: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3901: 3894: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3833: 3823: 3794: 3769: 3759: 3735: 3722: 3703: 3691: 3660: 3641: 3619: 3608: 3588: 3557: 3538: 3520: 3492: 3483: 3434: 3392: 3381:(4): 742–752. 3357: 3316: 3305:(3): 503–528. 3285: 3272:(2): 113–124. 3262:"Introduction" 3252: 3243: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3143: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3043: 3013: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2957: 2937: 2919: 2899: 2867: 2858: 2844: 2825:(4): 559–562. 2802: 2760: 2741:(2): 481–484. 2718: 2706: 2697: 2676: 2664: 2637: 2624: 2615: 2586: 2557: 2544: 2516: 2471: 2465:978-0203893166 2464: 2438: 2414: 2396: 2370: 2344: 2319: 2294: 2276: 2267: 2253: 2235: 2226: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2151:Glenn D. Paige 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2016:Peace churches 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1948:human security 1883: 1880: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1775: 1772: 1744: 1741: 1709: 1708:Normative aims 1706: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1633: 1630: 1572: 1569: 1524: 1521: 1512: 1509: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1441: 1438: 1426: 1423: 1407:Vivienne Jabri 1375: 1374: 1371: 1364: 1337:Peace churches 1332: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1144: 1141: 1019: 1016: 894:Roman Catholic 765:European Union 749:social justice 737:human security 658:Woodrow Wilson 646:Peace of Paris 614: 611: 605: 602: 586:gender studies 502:, rather than 448:social science 417:Reconciliation 406: 405: 403: 402: 395: 388: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 328: 327: 322: 312: 307: 305:Family therapy 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 233: 232: 228: 227: 226: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 187: 186: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 175: 165: 160: 155: 150: 142: 141: 135: 134: 133: 132: 124: 123: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 95: 94: 92:Party-directed 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 62: 57: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6939: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839:Miscellaneous 6837: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:Samuel Bowles 6772: 6770: 6769:Roger Myerson 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6759:Robert Aumann 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6714:Lloyd Shapley 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6699:Kenneth Arrow 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:John Harsanyi 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Herbert Simon 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Fair division 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6425:Dictator game 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6297:Zero-sum game 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6267:Repeated game 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6184:Pure strategy 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6149:De-escalation 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6091:Shapley value 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959:Succinct game 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804:United States 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:War on Terror 5662: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620:War of 1812 ( 5619: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5550:Peacebuilding 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5488:Draft evasion 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5468:De-escalation 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:Peace One Day 5368: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5175:Direct action 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5133:Anarcho-punks 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099:War resisters 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792:human rights 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4632:Peace symbols 4630: 4628: 4627:Peace process 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4597:Peacebuilding 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4434: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4379:(1): 118–137. 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4269:9780190228637 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4222:84-338-3095-3 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4056:, 504, 72–79. 4055: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3934:Chandler, D. 3933: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3905:City Journal, 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863:Aron, Raymond 3861: 3860: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3726: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3490:Richmond 2002 3487: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3369:Fait Accompli 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3152: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2701: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2687:Boutros Ghali 2683: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2619: 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