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how 'liberal peacebuilding' represents a political encounter that may produce a post-liberal form of peace. Local and international actors, norms, institutions and interests engage with each other in various different contexts, according to their respective power relations and their different conceptions of legitimate authority structures. Knowles and
Matisek adapt to the inherent problem of peacebuilding by arguing for a better vision of security force assistance (SFA) - donor states/actors trying to build effective host-nation security forces in a weak state - where they shift the focus from military effectiveness (a typical western hegemonic approach) to one that empowers local informal security actors to take ownership of their security and to be a part of the strategic vision of the state. Such an approach attempts to bypass the inherent flaws of SFA imposing a Western security architecture on a state that does not have the institutions, resources, or civil-military relations to support this 'alien' form of security sector reform (SSR).
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internally. He describes autonomous recovery as a "process through which countries achieve a lasting peace, a systematic reduction in violence, and postwar political and economic development in the absence of international intervention". Through peace and institutions generated by allowing war to run its natural course, autonomous recovery can be viewed as a success. He claims that war leads to peace by allowing the naturally stronger belligerent gain power, rather than a brokered peace deal that leaves two sides still capable of fighting. Secondly he claims that war provides a competition among providers of public goods until one can control a monopoly. He says that war can create an incentive to create institutions at all levels in order to consolidate power and extract resources from the citizens while also giving some power to the citizens depending upon how much the institutions rely on them for tax revenues.
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them and societies more broadly. To respond to these challenges, it advocates a comprehensive 7-point action plan covering the seven commitment areas: mediation; post-conflict planning; financing; civilian capacity; post-conflict governance; rule of law; and economic recovery. The action plan aims to facilitate progress on the women, peace and security agenda. The monitoring and implementation of this action plan is now being led jointly by the
Peacebuilding Support Office and UN Women. In April 2011, the two organizations convened a workshop to ensure that women are included in future post-disaster and post-conflict planning documents. In the same year, the PBF selected seven gender-sensitive peacebuilding projects to receive $ 5 million in funding.
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third-party actors depart. Since the logic of peacebuilding relies on building and strengthening institutions to alter societal beliefs and behaviour, success relies on the populations' endorsement of these institutions. Any third party attempt at institution building without genuine domestic support will result in hollow institutions - this can lead to a situation in which democratic institutions are established before domestic politics have developed in a liberal, democratic fashion, and an unstable polity.
1238:: New York-based organization that brings together teens, ages 15â20, from the New York City area and around the world who share a "common bond"âthe loss of a family member due to an act of terrorism. Launched in 2008, Project COMMON BOND has so far helped 308 teenagers from 15 countries and territories turn their experiences losing a loved one to terrorism into positive actions that can help others exposed to similar tragedy. Participants share the vision of the program to "Let Our Past Change the Future."
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interventions do not occur, is partly to blame for criticisms. Fortna says that peacekeeping missions rarely go into easily resolvable situations while they are sent into tougher, more risky post war situations where missions are more likely to fail, and peace agreements are unlikely to be committed to. When all factors of a certain peacekeeping case study are properly considered, Fortna shows that peacekeeping missions do in fact help increase the chances of sustained peace after a civil war.
435:, consociationalism calls for a power-sharing form of democracy. Identified by four aspects: grand coalition, mutual veto, proportionality and segmental autonomy; it aims to generate peace across societies that have been torn apart by their internal divisions. Ultimately, consociationalism aims to create a stable society that is able to outlast and overcome differences that may remerge. Examples of consociational agreements can be seen in Northern Ireland, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Lebanon.
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sector reform programs, address potential sources of instability and violence. This is also termed conflict prevention. Peacebuilding efforts aim to manage, mitigate, resolve and transform central aspects of the conflict through official diplomacy; as well as through civil society peace processes and informal dialogue, negotiation, and mediation. Peacebuilding addresses economic, social and political root causes of violence and fosters reconciliation to prevent the return of
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warring parties. From a political-institutional perspective, he does not advocate the same degree of structural change as
Galtung. However, Lederach's influence in the conceptual evolution of peacebuilding still reflects Galtung's original vision for "positive peace" by detailing, categorizing, & expanding upon the sociocultural processes through which we address both direct and structural elements of violent conflict.
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are based on organizations precedent rather than empirical analysis of which interventions are and are not effective. More recently, Ben
Hillman has criticized international donor efforts to strengthen local governments in the wake of conflict. He argues that international donors typically do not have the knowledge, skills or resources to bring meaningful change to the way post-conflict societies are governed.
760:, founding president of Blue Shield International, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target is the opponent's identity, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to address the particularly sensitive cultural memory, the growing cultural diversity and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, a region or a municipality.
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1051:: works on conflict prevention (short-term activities to prevent the outbreak or recurrence of violent conflict) and peacebuilding (medium- and long-term actions to address the factors underlying violent conflict), including DDR programs; building the public institutions that provide security, transitional justice and reconciliation; and providing basic social services
391:(or "just peace") refers to the absence of all three types of violence enumerated above: direct, structural, & cultural. Cultural violence refers to aspects of culture that can be used to justify or legitimize direct or structural violenceâthe ways in which direct or structural violence look or feel "right" according to the moral fabric of society. In this sense,
793:(PBF): supports peacebuilding activities that directly promote post-conflict stabilization and strengthen state and institutional capacity. PBF funding is either given for a maximum of two years immediately following conflict to jumpstart peacebuilding and recovery needs or given for up to three years to create a more structured peacebuilding process.
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specifically, structures must be found that remove causes of wars and offer alternatives to war in situations where wars might occur." Galtung's work emphasized a bottom-up approach that decentralized social and economic structures, amounting to a call for a societal shift from structures of coercion and violence to a
1638:. After the election riots in Kenya in 2008, civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future, such as the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) and peace meetings organised by the church. They supported the National Cohesion and Integration Commission.
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understand the conflicts they are trying to resolve because they rarely include local leaders in decision making, do not speak the local languages, and do not stay posted long enough to oversee effective change. This leaves decision makers out of touch with the key players in the peacebuilding process.
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describes its peacebuilding activities as conflict prevention and management, and rehabilitation and reconstruction. Conflict prevention and management entails stopping the imminent outbreak of violence and encouraging a broad peace process. Rehabilitation and reconstruction deals with rebuilding the
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coined the term "peacebuilding" in 1975, arguing that "peace has a structure different from, perhaps over and above, peacekeeping and ad hoc peacemaking... The mechanisms that peace is based on should be built into the structure and be present as a reservoir for the system itself to draw up. ... More
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Regarding the debate about the role of the liberal democratic model in peacebuilding, one side contends that liberal democracy is a viable end goal for peacebuilding activities in itself but that the activities implemented to achieve it need to be revised; a rushed transition to democratic elections
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were the first female heads of state from their respective countries and
President Johnson-Sirleaf was the first female head of state in Africa. Both women utilized their gender to harness "the power of maternal symbolism - the hope that a woman could best close wounds left on their societies by war
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The activities included in peacebuilding vary depending on the situation and the agent of peacebuilding. Successful peacebuilding activities create an environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents; prevent conflict from restarting; integrate civil society; create rule
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Justpeace \ jest pés \ n, vi, (justpeace-building) 1: an adaptive process-structure of human relationships characterized by high justice and low violence 2: an infrastructure of organization or governance that responds to human conflict through nonviolent means as first and last resorts 3: a view of
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further refined the concept of peacebuilding through several 1990s publications that focus on engaging grassroots, local, NGO, international and other actors to create a sustainable peace process, especially with respect to cases of intractable deadly conflict where he was actively mediating between
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is the central task of peacebuilding. In this sense, peacebuilding includes a wide range of efforts by diverse actors in government and civil society at the community, national, and international levels to address the root causes of violence and ensure civilians have freedom from fear (negative
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that the West requires recipients of aid to follow more closely than most
Western countries do. Barnett also comments that the promotion of liberalization and democratization may undermine the peacebuilding process if security and stable institutions are not pursued concurrently. Richmond has shown
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et al. criticize peacebuilding organizations for undertaking supply-driven rather than demand-driven peacebuilding; they provide the peacebuilding services in which their organization specializes, not necessarily those that the recipient most needs. In addition, he argues that many of their actions
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focus on the economic and financial aspects of peacebuilding. The World Bank assists in post-conflict reconstruction and recovery by helping rebuild society's socioeconomic framework. The
International Monetary Fund deals with post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding by acting to restore assets and
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Peace-building is a term of more recent origin that, as used in the report of the Panel on United
Nations Peace Operations (2000), defines "activities undertaken on the far side of conflict to reassemble the foundations of peace and provide the tools for building on those foundations something that
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While some use the term to refer to only post-conflict or post-war contexts, most use the term more broadly to refer to any stage of conflict. Before conflict becomes violent, preventive peacebuilding efforts, such as diplomatic, economic development, social, educational, health, legal and security
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The definition of peacebuilding varies depending on the actor, with some definitions specifying what activities fall within the scope of peacebuilding or restricting peacebuilding to post-conflict interventions. Even if peacebuilding has remained a largely amorphous concept without clear guidelines
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Women have traditionally played a limited role in peacebuilding processes even though they often bear the responsibility for providing for their families' basic needs in the aftermath of violent conflict. They are especially likely to be unrepresented or underrepresented in negotiations, political
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introduces the concept of a "ripe moment" for the commencement of peace negotiations in a conflict. Zartman's thesis outlines the necessary (but not sufficient) conditions that must be fulfilled before actors in a conflict will be willing to faithfully engage in peace negotiations. Institutions or
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Barnett et al. divide postconflict peacebuilding into three dimensions: stabilizing the post-conflict zone, restoring state institutions, and dealing with social and economic issues. Activities within the first dimension reinforce state stability post-conflict and discourage former combatants from
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and direct violence. Peacebuilding efforts aim to change beliefs, attitudes and behaviors to transform the short and long term dynamics between individuals and groups toward a more stable, peaceful coexistence. Peacebuilding is an approach to an entire set of interrelated efforts that support
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In 2010, at the request of the
Security Council, the Secretary-General issued an updated report on women's participation in peacebuilding. The report outlines the challenges women continue to face in participating in recovery and peacebuilding process and the negative impact this exclusion has on
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Jeremy
Weinstein challenges the assumption that weak and failing states cannot rebuild themselves. He contends that through the process of autonomous recovery, international peacekeeping missions can be unnecessary for recovery because they assume that conflicts cannot be resolved by the country
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cultures prevent them from recognizing the role women can play in peacebuilding. However, many peacebuilding academics and the United Nations have recognized that women play a vital role in securing the three pillars of sustainable peace: economic recovery and reconciliation, social cohesion and
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A mixture of locally and internationally focused components is key to building a long-term sustainable peace. Mac Ginty says that while different "indigenous" communities utilize different conflict resolution techniques, most of them share the common characteristics described in the table below.
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offers a different approach, which focuses on the role of everyday practices in peacebuilding. She argue that the foreign peace builders' everyday practices, habits, and narratives strongly influence peacebuilding effectiveness. Autesserre stresses that international peacebuilders do not fully
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of Columbia University, however, holds that peacekeeping interventions actually do substantively matter following the end of a civil war. She claims that selection bias, where opponents point only to failed peacekeeping interventions and do not compare these missions to those situations where
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With regards to the role of third-party actors, David Chandler contends that external support creates dependency and undermines local and domestic politics, thus undermining autonomy and the capacity for self-governance and leaving governments weak and dependent on foreign assistance once the
171:'s Policy Committee defined peacebuilding as follows: "Peacebuilding involves a range of measures targeted to reduce the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict by strengthening national capacities at all levels for conflict management, and to lay the foundations for sustainable peace and
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as advocated by Horowitz, encourages political parties of divided societies to adopt a moderate campaign platform. Through the alternative vote and a distributive requirement, centripetalism aims to create a society that votes across ethnic or religious lines, allowing civic issues to take
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Preconflict peacebuilding interventions aim to prevent the start of violent conflict. These strategies involve a variety of actors and sectors in order to transform the conflict. Even though the definition of peacebuilding includes preconflict interventions, in practice most peacebuilding
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strengthening, the Human Security Division (HSD) of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) has been responsible for implementing measures which serve to promote human security around the world. It is the competence centre for peace, human rights and humanitarian policy, and for
395:(aimed at justpeace) intentionally combines the methods of "positive peacebuilding" (as described above) with a special focus on building and transforming sustainable relationships among conflicting sectors & cultures in such a way that promotes more alignment between each culture's
919:: assists with conflict resolution and postconflict peacebuilding, including the establishment of stable state structures (rule of law, democracy, human rights, and security) and the creation of the potential for peace within civil society, the media, cultural affairs and education
1154:: global organization dedicated to "building trust across the world's divides" (of culture, nationality, belief, and background), involved in peacebuilding and peace consolidation since 1946 and currently in the Great Lakes area of Africa, Sierra Leone and other areas of conflict.
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prevents the resumption of fighting following a conflict; it does not address the underlying causes of violence or work to create societal change, as peacebuilding does. Peacekeeping also differs from peacebuilding in that it only occurs after conflict ends, not before it begins.
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Jennifer Hazen contends there are two major debates relating to peacebuilding; the first centres on the role of the liberal democratic model in designing peacebuilding activities and measuring outcomes and the other one questions the role of third-party actors in peacebuliding.
175:. Peacebuilding strategies must be coherent and tailored to specific needs of the country concerned, based on national ownership, and should comprise a carefully prioritized, sequenced, and therefore relatively narrow set of activities aimed at achieving the above objectives."
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serve as breeding grounds for conflict and extremism and thus threaten international security. Some states have begun to view peacebuilding as a way to demonstrate their relevance. However, peacebuilding activities continue to account for small percentages of states' budgets.
1081:: assists with reconstruction, including humanitarian assistance, public health, infrastructure, economic development, rule of law, civil administration and media; and stabilization, including security forces, communication skills, humanitarian capabilities and area expertise
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mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. Researchers and practitioners also increasingly find that peacebuilding is most effective and durable when it relies upon local conceptions of peace and the underlying dynamics that foster or enable conflict.
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The methods included in peacebuilding vary depending on the situation and the agent of peacebuilding. Successful peacebuilding activities create an environment supportive of self-sustaining, durable peace; reconcile opponents; prevent conflict from restarting; integrate
286:, founded in 2006; and the UN Peacebuilding Support Office, which was created in 2005. These three organizations enable the Secretary-General to coordinate the UN's peacebuilding efforts. National governments' interest in the topic has also increased due to fears that
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In today's world, peacebuilding also means maintaining and protecting the economic and cultural foundations of a community and the population. The protection of culture and cultural assets is therefore becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally.
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of law mechanisms; and address underlying structural and societal issues. To accomplish these goals, peacebuilding must address functional structures, emotional conditions and social psychology, social stability, rule of law and ethics, and cultural sensitivities.
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Following periods of protracted violence, peacebuilding often takes shape in the form of constitutional agreements, laying out a path for co-operation and tolerance between former warring factions. A common method that has been applied in a variety of states is
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Another side contends that liberal democracy might be an insufficient or even inappropriate goal for peacebuilding efforts and that the focus must be on a social transformation to develop non-violent mechanisms of conflict resolution regardless of their form.
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In international law, the UN and UNESCO try to establish and enforce rules. It is not a question of protecting a person's property, but of preserving the cultural heritage of humanity, especially in the event of war and armed conflict. According to
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consisted of long-term postconflict intervention programs in Europe with which the United States and its allies aimed to rebuild the continent following the destruction of World War II. The focus of these initiatives revolved around a narrative of
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Switzerland's migration foreign policy. To this end, the FDFA gets a line of credit to be renewed and approved by Parliament every four years (it was CHF 310 million for the 2012â2016 period.) Its main peacebuilding programmes focus on 1. the
1244:(United Network of Young Peacebuilders): The Hague-based network of young leaders and youth organizations that facilitates affiliated organizations' peacebuilding efforts through networking, sharing information, research and fundraising
925:: deals with the destruction of a country's infrastructure resulting from intrastate conflict, security forces reform, demobilization of combatants, rebuilding the justice system and government structures and preparations for elections
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In 2010, the UNPBC conducted a review of its work with the first four countries on its agenda. An independent review by the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting also highlighted some of the PBC's early successes and challenges.
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UN Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO): supports the Peacebuilding Commission with strategic advice and policy guidance, administers the Peacebuilding Fund and helps the Secretary-General coordinate UN agencies' peacebuilding
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Without these features, Zartman argues that belligerents will lack the necessary motivations to pursue peace. Therefore, the sides in a conflict will either not engage in peace negotiation, or any peace will be short-lived.
1087:: performs immediate interventions to build momentum in support of the peace process including supporting peace negotiations; building citizen security; promoting reconciliation; and expanding democratic political processes
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cross-sector technique or method that becomes strategic when it works over the long run and at all levels of society to establish and sustain relationships among people locally and globally and thus engenders sustainable
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Inspired by colleagues from the Justapaz Centre in Bogota, Colombia, I propose that by the year 2050 the word justpeace be accepted in everyday common language and appear as an entry in the Webster's Dictionary. It will
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local economy and institutional capacity. The European Commission Conflict Prevention and Peace building 2001â2010 was subjected to a major external evaluation conducted by Aide a la Decisions Economique (ADE) with the
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values and practices onto other cultures. Mac Ginty states that although peacebuilding does not project all aspects of Western culture on to the recipient states, it does transmit some of them, including concepts like
1214:: London-based charity that provides financial and administrative assistance to grassroots peacebuilding efforts and increases international awareness of both specific projects and grassroots peacebuilding in general;
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and market economy can undermine stability and elections held or economic legislation enacted are an inappropriate yardstick for success. Institutional change is necessary and transitions need to be incremental.
894:: operations include peacekeeping, political and constitutional processes, democratization, administrative state capacity, technical assistance for public finance and tax policy, and support for independent media
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Porter discusses the growing role of female leadership in countries prone to war and its impact on peacebuilding. When the book was written, seven countries prone to violent conflict had female heads of state.
1202:: U.S.-based international nonprofit organization that leads training and programs in post-conflict peacebuilding for government, development institutions, civil society organizations, and local communities
1334:: an action research and advisory organization dedicated to improving the effectiveness and accountability of peacebuilding, development, and humanitarian efforts wherever communities experience conflict.
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to provide basic public goods and increase state legitimacy. Programs in the third dimension build a post-conflict society's ability to manage conflicts peacefully and promote socioeconomic development.
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factors driving harmful conflict. When applying the term "peacebuilding" to this work, there is an explicit attempt by those designing and planning a peacebuilding effort to reduce direct violence.
266:. The report defined post-conflict peacebuilding as an "action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict". At the
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1318:: international institution of higher education located in Costa Rica; aims to promote peace by engaging in teaching, research, training and dissemination of knowledge necessary for building peace
1178:: Geneva-based nonprofit and strategic partner of the United Nations that works to build lasting peace by following five core principles that put people at the center of the peacebuilding process
900:: supports peace consolidation, including monitoring compliance with arms embargoes, deployment of peacekeeping troops, DDR, and deployment of police and gendarmerie in support of the rule of law
787:(PBC): intergovernmental advisory body that brings together key actors, gathers resources, advises on strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding and highlights issues that might undermine peace.
956:'s statement in his speech in 2007, the Ministry is conducting the project (ćčłćæ§çŻäșșæèČæäșæ„) to train civilian specialists from Japan and other countries who can work in the field of peacebuilding.
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Since indigenous peacebuilding practices arise from local communities, they are tailored to local context and culture in a way that generalized international peacebuilding approaches are not.
1226:: international organization founded in 1982 and working in 35 countries that uses evidence-based approaches to transform the way communities deal with conflict towards cooperative solutions
98:. Strategic peacebuilding activities address the root or potential causes of violence, create a societal expectation for peaceful conflict resolution, and stabilize society politically and
1106:: Baltimore-based Catholic humanitarian agency that provides emergency relief post-disaster or post-conflict and encourages long-term development through peacebuilding and other activities
931:: addresses economic, social, ecological, and political conditions to help eliminate the structural causes of conflict and promote peaceful conflict management; issues addressed include
1290:; promotes cross-cultural development of research and practices in peace education, civic engagement, nonviolent resistance, conflict resolution, religion and peace, and peacebuilding
1232:: New York City-based nonprofit that works to empower youth from areas of conflict by inviting them to an international camp in Maine for leadership training and relationship building
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factors driving or mitigating harmful conflict, with an emphasis on engaging institutions, policies, and political-economic conditions as they relate to exploitation and repression.
1166:: London-based charity that works with people affected by violent conflict to improve their prospects for peace and helps shape and strength peacebuilding policies and practices
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1208:: Brussels-based nonprofit that promotes and implements unarmed civilian peacekeeping as a tool for reducing violence and protecting civilians in situations of violent conflict
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is a Somali non-profit, politically independent, non-governmental organisation, created by women in order to work for peacebuilding and women's rights defence in Somalia.
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Corine Wegener, Marjan Otter: Cultural Property at War: Protecting Heritage during Armed Conflict. In: The Getty Conservation Institute, Newsletter 23.1, Spring 2008.
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1132:: Helsinki-based organization that works to resolve conflict and build sustainable peace by bringing international peacebuilding experts and local leaders together
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ADE, Thematic Evaluation of European Commission Support to Conflict Prevention and Peace-building, Evaluation for the Evaluation Unit of DEVCO, October 2011,
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and rebuilding governmental, economic and civil society institutions. The concept was popularized in the international community through UN Secretary-General
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446:, and to a certain extent, Roland Paris, have developed their own brands of constitutional peacebuilding that rely on the existence of a moderate society.
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maintains the Trust Fund for East Timor in Timor-Leste. The TFET has assisted reconstruction, community empowerment and local governance in the country.
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1312:: non-partisan federal institution that works to prevent or end violent conflict around the world by sponsoring research and using it to inform actions
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2968:"Security Council, unanimously adopting resolution 1325 (2000), calls for broad participation of women in peace-building post-conflict reconstruction"
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Edward Luttwak "Franco-German Reconciliation: The overlooked role of the Moral Re-Armament movement", in Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson (eds.),
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372:. Structural violence refers to the ways that systems & institutions in society cause, reinforce, or perpetuate direct violence. In this sense,
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1172:: Brussels-based nonprofit that gives advice to governments and intergovernmental organizations on the prevention and resolution of deadly conflict
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Approached in game-theoretical terms, Zartman argues that the presence of an MHS and a means of escaping the stalemate transform conflicts from a
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participates in many aspects of peacebuilding, both through the peacebuilding architecture established in 2005â2006 and through other agencies.
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refers to the absence of direct, or "hot" violence, which refers to acts that impose immediate harm on a given subject or group. In this sense,
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All sides in a conflict must be engaged in a stalemate, such that none of the actors can successfully escalate the conflict to achieve victory.
1142:-based global non-profit peace-building organization dedicated to sustainable conflict transformation at the grassroots with a focus on youth.
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interventions are postconflict. However, many peacebuilding scholars advocate an increased focus on preconflict peacebuilding in the future.
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319:, sometimes spelled "just peace"). In turn, these three types of peace correspond respectively to three primary types of violence: (1)
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In a very broad sense, there are three primary approaches to peacebuilding, which each correspond to three primary types of peace: (1)
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Eden Stiffman: Cultural Preservation in Disasters, War Zones. Presents Big Challenges. In: The Chronicle Of Philanthropy, 11 May 2015.
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Although many of peacebuilding's aims overlap with those of peacemaking, peacekeeping and conflict resolution, it is a distinct idea.
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1615:, the United States followed its attacks on the two countries by investing $ 104 billion in reconstruction and relief efforts. The
1184:: Since 1992 models and supports relationships among adversaries, while creating how-to documentary films. From 2003 to 2007, with
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Adhikari, Monalisa. "Peacebuilding with âChinese characteristicsâ? Insights from China's engagement in Myanmar's peace process."
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UNESCO Director-General calls for stronger cooperation for heritage protection at the Blue Shield International General Assembly.
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Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Vesna (2017). "Owning the Peace in International Interventions: a Delusion or a Possibility?". DataverseNL.
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Knowles, Emily; Matisek, Jahara (2019). "Western Security Force Assistance in Weak States: Time for a Peacebuilding Approach".
1296:: promotes peace and reconciliation in Ireland and works to apply lessons from Ireland's conflict resolution to other conflicts
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There are many different approaches to categorization of forms of peacebuilding among the peacebuilding field's many scholars.
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to successfully live and communicate together at the Palestinian-Jewish Family Peacemakers CampâOseh Shalom â Sanea al-Salam
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Duffield, Mark R. (2010). "Risk-Management and the Fortified Aid Compound: Everyday Life in Post-Interventionary Society".
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Dal Poz A. (2018) "âBuying Peaceâ in Timor-Leste: Another UN-success Story? " Peace Human Rights Governance, 2(2), 185-219.
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and included funding for security, health, education, social welfare, governance, economic growth and humanitarian issues.
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1160:(ICP): Swiss based NGO specialised in peacebuilding, non-violent conflict transformation, mediation and training delivery.
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deal with the protection of cultural heritage and therefore with peacebuilding. This also applies to the integration of
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The stalemate must also be "mutually hurting", such that the continuation of the conflict is n according to each sides'
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One comprehensive study finds that UN peacebuilding missions significantly increase the likelihood of democratization.
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countries looking to build peace must therefore "seize" upon these moments to begin the process of peace negotiations.
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1306:; promotes research, education and outreach on the causes of violent conflict and the conditions for sustainable peace
1272:; promotes peacebuilding, creation care, experiential learning, and cross-cultural engagement; teachings are based on
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Peacebuilding and peace negotiating actors can provide the necessary security that enables peace negotiation to occur.
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1075:: aids postconflict states in establishing the basis for a lasting peace, good governance and sustainable development
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peace), freedom from want (positive peace) and freedom from humiliation before, during, and after violent conflict.
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Doyle, Michael W., and Nicholas Sambanis. "International peacebuilding: A theoretical and quantitative analysis."
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1328:, Switzerland; analyzes the causes of violent conflicts and develops strategies for their peaceful transformation.
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Barnett, Michael; Kim, Hunjoon; O'Donnell, Madalene; Sitea, Laura (2007). "Peacebuilding: What Is in a Name?".
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Rapoport, A. (1989). The origins of violence: Approaches to the study of conflict. New York, NY: Paragon House.
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involves stopping an ongoing conflict, whereas peacebuilding happens before a conflict starts or once it ends.
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Civil society organisations contribute to peacebuilding, as is the case in Kenya, according to the magazine
1220:: UK-based independent international organisation working to prevent violent conflict and build safer lives;
1126:: London-based independent organisation working with people in conflict to prevent violence and build peace.
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1045:: deals with long-term activities addressing the underlying causes of conflict and the needs of the people
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does not include some components of peacebuilding, such as state building and socioeconomic development.
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Rapoport, A. (1992). Peace: An idea whose time has come. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
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3289:"Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace After Civil War"
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Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - United Nations Peacekeeping, 12 April 2019.
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1717:
1494:
1486:
1467:
1303:
1223:
1103:
916:
784:
279:
3914:
3264:"Autonomous Recovery and International Intervention in Comparative Perspective - Working Paper 57"
2793:
2400:
2133:
1923:
Lakhdar, Brahimi. (2000). Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations. United Nations.
866:
created in 2010 also has a specific Division of Conflict Prevention, Peacebuilding and Mediation.
4274:
4248:
4087:
3837:
Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Planning: Toward a Participatory Approach to Human Security
1361:
172:
46:. It revolves around developing constructive personal, group, and political relationships across
42:
ways and to transform the cultural and structural conditions that generate deadly or destructive
2769:
4309:
1924:
1123:
1039:: performs a range of reconstruction activities required in the immediate aftermath of conflict
438:
In an effort to de-emphasise the importance of ethnicity, critics of consociationalism such as
3190:"Too good to be true? United Nations peacebuilding and the democratization of war-torn states"
2895:
1674:
3883:
2722:
1434:
1344:
1293:
1235:
1205:
1151:
1135:
701:
405:
are built/equipped to prevent, resolve, and heal patterns of direct and structural violence.
259:
3234:
David Chandler, Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-building, London: Pluto Press, 2006.
4223:
4163:
4153:
4123:
3339:"The Policymaking Dimension of Post-Conflict Governance: the Experience of Aceh, Indonesia"
2350:
1685:
1410:
1315:
1019:
582:
550:
168:
79:
55:
720:
656:
Modeled on corporate culture: reaching a deal, meeting deadlines prioritzed over relations
8:
2880:
2448:
1369:
decision-making, upper-level policymaking and senior judicial positions. Many societies'
1325:
1283:
1163:
979:
854:
369:
328:
263:
156:
148:
124:
90:
75:
71:
67:
3494:"Intervention at Risk: The Vicious Cycle of Distance and Danger in Mali and Afghanistan"
2933:
1975:
1522:
417:
systems as responsive to the permanency and interdependence of relationships and change.
4082:
3592:
3551:
3513:
3461:
3381:"Public Administration Reform in Post-Conflict Societies: Lessons from Aceh, Indonesia"
3361:
3217:
3136:
2850:
See the 2012 report of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA), page 20
2428:
2367:
2323:
2239:
2092:
1906:
1704:
1422:
1241:
1189:
829:
668:
443:
316:
247:
43:
3527:
Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention
3246:
Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention
3189:
1940:
4011:
3978:
3920:
3850:
3840:
3823:
3813:
3792:
3753:
3727:
3704:
3694:
3669:
3613:
3606:
3596:
3555:
3517:
3465:
3365:
3288:
3209:
2757:
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/evaluation_reports/2011/1291_docs_en.htm
2432:
2420:
2327:
2315:
2279:
2080:
2070:
2047:
2037:
2014:
2004:
1910:
1635:
1442:
1357:
1113:
932:
757:
724:
428:
334:
267:
3221:
2660:
2371:
4200:
4191:
4072:
3986:
3871:
3863:
3650:
3640:
3584:
3543:
3505:
3453:
3395:
3353:
3201:
2542:
2412:
2359:
2307:
2275:
2271:
1898:
1864:
1854:
1513:
and the UN Peacebuilding Fund funds projects in Burundi, Central African Republic,
1253:
220:
3509:
3457:
4217:
4051:
3357:
3315:
2416:
2001:
Enredos, pleitos y problemas: una guĂa prĂĄctica para ayudar a resolver conflictos
1762:
1721:
1418:
936:
528:
511:
Rebuilding basic facilities, transportation and communication networks, utilities
3038:
2311:
4290:
4046:
4026:
4006:
3941:
3686:
3612:. Canada: United Nations University Press and The University of Alberta Press.
3140:
3070:
3042:
2972:
2937:
2689:
2664:
2194:
1944:
1767:
1406:
1229:
999:
850:
774:
737:
731:
fact-finding mission in Libya during the war in 2011 to protect cultural assets
705:
592:
532:
478:
449:
432:
271:
254:
Peacebuilding has since expanded to include many different dimensions, such as
131:
99:
3588:
3547:
2817:
See the 2012 report of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (FDFA)
1902:
1619:
alone received $ 21 billion during FY2003 and FY2004. The money came from the
194:
ended in the mid-1940s, international initiatives such as the creation of the
4303:
4036:
4031:
3854:
3708:
3213:
3205:
2424:
2319:
1726:
1502:
953:
588:
308:
287:
243:
215:
199:
107:
3827:
3812:. Little Books of Justice & Peacebuilding. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.
2190:
2084:
2051:
2018:
401:(standards of "right" behavior or conditions) and the extent to which those
4240:
4016:
1510:
1414:
1324:: a practice-oriented peace research institute that is associated with the
1211:
1185:
974:
825:
563:
191:
143:
47:
3655:
2363:
2154:
1381:(S/RES/1325) on women, peace, and security was adopted unanimously by the
1112:: Organisation in London that promotes peacebuilding as an alternative to
906:: focuses on crisis prevention through humanitarian action and development
653:
Technocratic/ahistorical basis: emphasis on 'striking a deal', 'moving on'
19:
4269:
4056:
4021:
1693:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1353:
1011:
1003:
995:
515:
439:
239:
235:
139:
111:
59:
1869:
3875:
3691:
Building Cultures of Peace: Transdisciplinary Voices of Hope and Action
3645:
3628:
2862:
1542:
1370:
1321:
1217:
1175:
838:
595:
that can represent diverse interests and challenge the state peacefully
275:
39:
24:
2580:
A historic resolution to protect cultural heritage, The UNESCO Courier
2564:"The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments"
3399:
1562:
1530:
1273:
821:
524:
Providing technical and capacity-building assistance for institutions
231:
35:
3867:
2685:
1331:
973:
in 2004 which outlined various measures for civil peacebuilding and
130:
or goals, common to all definitions is the agreement that improving
3991:
2547:
2530:
1859:
1842:
1612:
1582:
1023:
408:
When Lederach first proposed the term in the late 1990s, he wrote:
322:
227:
83:
51:
3493:
3066:
1413:
to consider the special needs of women and girls during conflict,
353:(aimed at negative peace) intentionally focuses on addressing the
2401:"Does Moderation Pay? Centripetalism in Deeply Divided Societies"
1889:
Hazen, Jennifer M. (2007). "Can Peacekeepers Be Peacebuilders?".
1558:
1546:
1518:
1506:
1490:
1438:
983:
929:
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
230:
and the various phenomena of its fizzling came to a close (e.g.
27:- symbolically represents an holistic approach to peacebuilding.
3629:"Tit for tat and beyond: the legendary work of Anatol Rapoport"
2628:
2602:
2067:
Building peace: sustainable reconciliation in divided societies
1590:
1578:
1498:
1374:
development and political legitimacy, security and governance.
1193:
817:
741:
376:(aimed at positive peace) intentionally focuses on address the
278:'s proposals. The proposal called for three organizations: the
1716:
Many academics argue that peacebuilding is a manifestation of
3964:
3726:. Berlin, Germany: Berghof Foundation. 2012. pp. 59â64.
2450:
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS)
1566:
1554:
1550:
1538:
1534:
1446:
1139:
1064:
1015:
1007:
991:
397:
95:
3533:
2535:
Stability: International Journal of Security and Development
2034:
Preparing for peace: conflict transformation across cultures
1925:
https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/brahimi_report.shtml
1847:
Stability: International Journal of Security and Development
1362:
use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict
3908:(Technical report). Congressional Research Service. R40213.
1594:
1514:
879:
814:: conflict prevention, peacebuilding, postconflict recovery
294:
1936:
1934:
1932:
659:
Relies on external personnel, ideas and material resources
3684:
368:
refers to the absence of both direct violence as well as
78:, or transformation; and post-conflict reconciliation or
3933:
3906:
Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy
2888:
2003:. Santafé de Bogotå, Colombia: Ediciones CLARA-SEMILLA.
1884:
1882:
1880:
952:(MOFA): supports peacebuilding. In response to Minister
3903:
2266:
Galtung, Johan (2011), "Peace, Positive and Negative",
1929:
1405:
acknowledged the disproportionate and unique impact of
1158:
Institute for Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding
1300:
Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
1188:
brought hundreds of adults and youth from 50 towns in
715:
504:
Re-integrating former combatants into civilian society
360:
1877:
1116:
via a Peace Tax Bill and reform of the ÂŁ1 billion UK
274:
began creating a peacebuilding architecture based on
3913:
Walters, Diana; Laven, Daniel; Davis, Peter (2017).
3770:
Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice in East Timor
3188:
Steinert, Janina Isabel; Grimm, Sonja (2015-11-01).
2876:"Teens affected by terrorism unite to promote peace"
2708:
2706:
2119:
2117:
1711:
178:
Peacebuilding can apply knowledge and theories from
82:
healing before, during, and after any given case of
3163:"United Nations Peacebuilding Commission in Africa"
2867:
2298:Galtung, Johan (August 1990). "Cultural Violence".
1696:without addressing underlying conflict grievances.
1409:on women and girls. It calls for the adoption of a
1248:
569:
544:
421:
3861:
3605:
1843:"Understanding Peacebuilding as Essentially Local"
1625:United States Agency for International Development
1085:United States Agency for International Development
647:Top-down: engages with national elites, not locals
341:
3912:
3750:Peacebuilding: Women in International Perspective
3476:
3067:"Where we fund-United Nations Peacebuilding Fund"
2703:
2476:
2474:
2114:
1453:
860:European Centre for Development Policy Management
4301:
3693:. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
3666:International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance
3491:
3061:
3059:
2928:
2926:
2488:
2486:
2444:
2442:
2147:
1097:
4184:
3154:
3129:
3033:
3031:
2678:
1943:, United Nations Peacebuilding Support Office,
1581:. Other UN organizations are working in Haiti (
1379:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325
898:French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs
383:
3443:
3316:https://phrg.padovauniversitypress.it/2018/2/3
2471:
1801:Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
768:
559:Building bridges between different communities
521:Building educational and health infrastructure
456:
3949:
3603:
3187:
3056:
2960:
2923:
2839:Religion, the Missing Dimension of Statecraft
2483:
2439:
2343:"Constitutional design for divided societies"
2222:
2220:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2036:. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.
1258:United States Institute of Peace Headquarters
1182:Jewish-Palestinian Living Room Dialogue Group
869:
650:Exclusive: deals are made behind closed doors
477:, or DDR). Second dimension activities build
475:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
431:. Initially set forth by political scientist
256:disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
3633:Negotiation and Conflict Management Research
3028:
1773:Structural-Peace with theatre and simulation
3724:Berghof Glossary on Conflict Transformation
3492:Andersson, Ruben; Weigand, Florian (2015).
2653:
1049:UK Department for International Development
185:
16:Nonviolent intervention to prevent conflict
3956:
3942:
3524:
3243:
2794:"ćčłćæ§çŻă»éçșă«ăăăă°ăăŒăă«äșșæèČæäșæ„ ćčłćæ§çŻă»éçșăźæ
ăæăă€ăăăŸă"
2770:"Peacebuilding Assistance: Japan's Action"
2629:"Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon"
2603:"Austrian Armed Forces Mission in Lebanon"
2240:"Negative versus Positive Peace - Irénées"
2217:
2178:
2097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3663:
3654:
3644:
3577:Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding
3498:Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding
3039:"United Nations Peacebuilding Commission"
2841:, Oxford University Press, 1994, pp37â63.
2661:"Mandate of the Peacebuilding Commission"
2546:
2528:
2398:
1868:
1858:
969:(FDFA): following the bill passed by the
118:
3904:Tarnoff, Curt; Marian L. Lawson (2011).
3777:
3626:
3574:
2999:"Women's Participation in Peacebuilding"
2991:
2340:
2064:
2031:
1998:
1457:
1348:
1280:Center for Peacebuilding and Development
1252:
1059:
935:, pro-poor sustainable economic growth,
878:
719:
295:Categorizing approaches to peacebuilding
164:is more than just the absence of war. "
18:
3834:
3807:
3786:
3604:Keating, Tom; Knight, W., eds. (2004).
3378:
3336:
3160:
2561:
2297:
2265:
1692:The case of Timor-Leste can be seen as
4302:
3810:Little Book of Strategic Peacebuilding
3747:
3668:. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
2873:
1941:Peacebuilding & The United Nations
1840:
763:
3937:
3388:Public Administration and Development
3261:
3257:
3255:
3194:Conflict Management and Peace Science
3169:. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
2261:
2259:
2234:
2232:
1976:"Peace Building Initiative - History"
1888:
1602:International Development Association
1146:IIDA Women's Development Organisation
1118:Conflict, Stability and Security Fund
967:Federal Department of Foreign Affairs
634:Storytelling and airing of grievances
2798:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
2774:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
2268:The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology
2123:
1790:
1788:
1425:, and post-conflict reconstruction.
1266:Center for Justice and Peacebuilding
676:A mutually hurting stalemate (MHS):
541:
34:is an activity that aims to resolve
4280:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
4212:Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)
3717:"Peace, Peacebuilding, Peacemaking"
2157:. UN Secretary-General. 31 Jan 1992
1629:United States Department of Defense
1617:Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund
1332:CDA Collaborative Learning Projects
1302:: degree-granting institute at the
1110:Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War
1079:United States Department of Defense
716:Peacebuilding and cultural heritage
361:Positive peace: structural violence
13:
3839:. Boulder, Colo.: Kumarian Press.
3627:Kopelman, Shirli (February 2020).
3286:
3252:
2723:"Democracy and Global Citizenship"
2256:
2229:
1796:"What is Strategic Peacebuilding?"
1758:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
1037:UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office
923:German Federal Ministry of Defence
806:UN Department of Political Affairs
14:
4336:
4169:List of periods of regional peace
3772:(Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2022).
3566:American political science review
3529:. UK: Cambridge University Press.
3346:Conflict Security and Development
2976:. 31 October 2000. Archived from
2874:Gibson, Caitlin (1 August 2011).
1785:
1712:Perpetuation of cultural hegemony
1699:
1621:United States Department of State
1073:United States Department of State
1030:
862:which was presented in 2011. The
518:systems and public administration
282:, which was founded in 2005; the
66:boundaries. The process includes
2399:McCulloch, Allison (June 2013).
1527:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1480: UN PBF projects as of 2012
1338:
1310:United States Institute of Peace
1249:Research and academic institutes
1091:United States Institute of Peace
1055:
864:European External Action Service
618:Local, customary and traditional
422:Institutionalising peacebuilding
125:Peace process § Definitions
3791:. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
3437:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3372:
3330:
3321:
3308:
3296:International Studies Quarterly
3280:
3237:
3228:
3181:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3019:
3006:United Nations Security Council
2951:
2914:
2855:
2844:
2831:
2822:
2811:
2786:
2762:
2749:
2740:
2715:
2644:
2635:
2621:
2609:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2555:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2392:
2334:
2291:
2208:
2169:
2105:
2058:
2025:
1992:
1980:www.peacebuildinginitiative.org
1968:
1636:D+C Development and Cooperation
1288:School of International Service
1200:Karuna Center for Peacebuilding
342:Negative peace: direct violence
3919:. Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press.
3477:References and further reading
2276:10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp189
1959:
1950:
1917:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1454:Examples in early 21st century
1385:, after recalling resolutions
960:
1:
3685:Ndura-Ouédraogo and, Elavie;
3525:Autesserre, Severine (2014).
3510:10.1080/17502977.2015.1054655
3458:10.1080/03071847.2019.1643258
3268:Center For Global Development
3248:. Cambridge University Press.
3244:Autesserre, Severine (2014).
1653:
1607:After it had carried out the
1098:Nongovernmental organizations
917:German Federal Foreign Office
3916:Heritage & Peacebuilding
3484:International Studies Review
3358:10.1080/14678802.2011.641769
2896:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2018"
2562:Zartman, I. William (2001).
2417:10.1080/17449057.2012.658002
2065:Lederach, John Paul (1997).
2032:Lederach, John Paul (1995).
1999:Lederach, John Paul (1996).
1270:Eastern Mennonite University
1130:Crisis Management Initiative
988:Democratic Republic of Congo
808:: postconflict peacebuilding
384:Justpeace: cultural violence
89:As such, peacebuilding is a
7:
4093:Environmental peacebuilding
2631:(in German). 28 April 2019.
2605:(in German). 28 April 2019.
2458:Conflict Management Toolkit
2454:"Approaches- Peacebuilding"
2312:10.1177/0022343390027003005
2270:, American Cancer Society,
1743:Environmental peacebuilding
1733:
950:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
843:International Monetary Fund
785:UN Peacebuilding Commission
781:Peacebuilding architecture
769:International organizations
750:United Nations peacekeeping
640:Reliance on local resources
457:Components of peacebuilding
280:UN Peacebuilding Commission
10:
4343:
4201:Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms
4042:Religion and peacebuilding
3997:Peace and conflict studies
3748:Porter, Elisabeth (2007).
3608:Building Sustainable Peace
2618:UNESCO, 13 September 2017.
1947:. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
1891:International Peacekeeping
1803:, University of Notre Dame
1753:Peace and conflict studies
1748:Religion and peacebuilding
1641:
1342:
1170:International Crisis Group
910:
892:French Ministry of Defence
870:Governmental organizations
624:
497:
244:Bringing the State Back In
196:Bretton Woods institutions
180:peace and conflict studies
122:
4320:International development
4288:
4262:
4239:
4177:
4111:
4065:
3971:
3963:
3778:Richmond, Oliver (2011).
3664:Mac Ginty, Roger (2011).
3589:10.1080/17502971003700993
3548:10.1163/19426720-01301004
2300:Journal of Peace Research
1903:10.1080/13533310701422901
1529:, Guinea, Guinea Bissau,
904:French Development Agency
874:
746:Blue Shield International
729:Blue Shield International
644:
637:Emphasis on relationships
625:
539:
508:
498:
246:"), American sociologist
4103:Territorial peace theory
4098:Infrastructure for Peace
3787:Sandole, Dennis (2010).
3206:10.1177/0738894214559671
2341:Lijphart, Arend (2004).
1778:
1718:liberal internationalism
1495:Central African Republic
1487:Peacebuilding Commission
1360:for "efforts to end the
1304:University of Notre Dame
1224:Search for Common Ground
1104:Catholic Relief Services
971:Swiss Federal Parliament
943:
812:UN Development Programme
186:History of peacebuilding
4275:List of peace activists
4088:Democratic peace theory
4078:Complex system approach
3752:. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
3486:23.4 (2021): 1699-1726.
2531:"Against Stabilization"
628:Respected local figures
577:environmental awareness
173:sustainable development
4112:Regional peacebuilding
3891:Cite journal requires
3835:Schirch, Lisa (2013).
3808:Schirch, Lisa (2006).
3568:94.4 (2000): 779-801.
2861:Peacemaker Camp 2007,
1720:and therefore imposes
1482:
1365:
1268:: academic program at
1261:
1124:Conciliation Resources
1068:
1043:UK Ministry of Defence
887:
732:
419:
374:positive peacebuilding
351:negative peacebuilding
214:Norwegian sociologist
119:Defining peacebuilding
28:
3379:Hillman, Ben (2012).
3337:Hillman, Ben (2011).
2529:Mac Ginty, R (2012).
2364:10.1353/jod.2004.0029
2155:"An Agenda for Peace"
2130:homepage.univie.ac.at
2124:Lederach, John Paul.
1739:Education for justice
1461:
1435:Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
1352:
1345:Women in peacekeeping
1343:Further information:
1294:Irish Peace Institute
1282:: academic center at
1256:
1206:Nonviolent Peaceforce
1152:Initiatives of Change
1136:Generations For Peace
1063:
882:
791:UN Peacebuilding Fund
723:
684:cost-benefit analyses
527:Creating legitimate (
410:
284:UN Peacebuilding Fund
260:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
22:
4224:Treaty on Open Skies
3780:A Post-Liberal Peace
3432:A Post-Liberal Peace
2828:Barnett et al. 38â40
2510:Barnett et al. 49â50
2351:Journal of Democracy
1474:projects as of 2012
1316:University for Peace
1020:South Eastern Europe
583:economic development
551:Transitional justice
535:) state institutions
169:UN Secretary-General
3768:Rae, James DeShaw.
3430:Oliver P Richmond,
3262:Weinstein, Jeremy.
2881:The Washington Post
2069:. Washington, D.C.
1675:SĂ©verine Autesserre
1450:and dictatorship."
1383:UN Security Council
1326:University of Basel
1284:American University
1164:International Alert
980:African Great Lakes
855:European Commission
846:production levels.
824:, the promotion of
764:Major organizations
501:Taking away weapons
370:structural violence
329:structural violence
264:An Agenda for Peace
149:Conflict resolution
72:conflict management
68:violence prevention
4325:Global citizenship
4083:Conflict continuum
3646:10.1111/ncmr.12172
3287:Fortna, Virginia.
3108:Keating XLII-XLIII
1841:Coning, C (2013).
1705:Michael N. Barnett
1609:War in Afghanistan
1483:
1421:, rehabilitation,
1411:gender perspective
1366:
1262:
1260:in Washington D.C.
1242:UNOY Peacebuilders
1236:Tuesday's Children
1069:
888:
830:global citizenship
733:
702:prisoner's dilemma
669:I. William Zartman
572:Gender empowerment
556:Community dialogue
473:returning to war (
444:Donald L. Horowitz
393:just peacebuilding
248:John Paul Lederach
29:
4297:
4296:
4235:
4234:
4134:Jammu and Kashmir
4012:Peace enforcement
3979:Anti-war movement
3798:978-0-7456-4165-2
3759:978-0-415-39791-9
3733:978-3-941514-09-6
3675:978-0-230-27376-4
3619:978-92-808-1101-8
3536:Global Governance
3434:, Routledge, 2011
2746:Barnett et al. 43
2712:Barnett et al. 38
1600:The World Bank's
1443:Michelle Bachelet
1377:In October 2000,
1358:Nobel Peace Prize
1114:military security
933:poverty reduction
758:Karl von Habsburg
725:Karl von Habsburg
665:
664:
609:
608:
604:
603:
547:Trauma counseling
429:consociationalism
335:cultural violence
268:2005 World Summit
100:socioeconomically
91:multidisciplinary
4332:
4315:Humanitarian aid
4254:Index by country
4192:Helsinki Accords
4185:post-WWII Europe
4182:
4181:
4178:Peace mechanisms
4149:Northern Ireland
4129:IsraelâPalestine
4073:Capitalist peace
3987:Cost of conflict
3958:
3951:
3944:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3909:
3900:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3858:
3831:
3802:
3783:
3782:. UK: Routledge.
3763:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3721:
3712:
3679:
3660:
3658:
3648:
3623:
3611:
3600:
3559:
3530:
3521:
3470:
3469:
3446:The RUSI Journal
3441:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3400:10.1002/pad.1643
3385:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3035:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3003:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2374:. Archived from
2347:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2227:
2224:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2132:. Archived from
2121:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2088:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1862:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1557:, Sierra Leone,
1479:
1465:
1356:was awarded the
631:Public dimension
615:
614:
542:
485:
484:
221:culture of peace
4342:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4284:
4258:
4231:
4218:Vienna Document
4173:
4139:Kurdish/Turkish
4107:
4061:
4052:War termination
3967:
3962:
3927:
3892:
3890:
3881:
3880:
3868:10.34894/JXQNOX
3847:
3820:
3799:
3760:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3719:
3715:
3701:
3689:, eds. (2009).
3687:Amster, Randall
3676:
3620:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3260:
3253:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2934:"Policy Issues"
2932:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2447:
2440:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2264:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2244:www.irenees.net
2238:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2044:
2030:
2026:
2011:
1997:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1965:Sandole 92, 101
1964:
1960:
1956:Dugan, 1989: 74
1955:
1951:
1939:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1887:
1878:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1763:Nation-building
1736:
1714:
1702:
1686:Virginia Fortna
1656:
1644:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1463:
1456:
1347:
1341:
1251:
1100:
1058:
1033:
963:
946:
937:good governance
913:
877:
872:
802:Other agencies
771:
766:
718:
605:
553:and restoration
459:
424:
386:
363:
344:
297:
262:'s 1992 report
188:
127:
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4243:
4241:Peace treaties
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4047:Separate peace
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4027:Peace movement
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Peace congress
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3910:
3901:
3893:|journal=
3859:
3845:
3832:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3784:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3713:
3699:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3661:
3656:2027.42/153763
3624:
3618:
3601:
3583:(4): 453â474.
3572:
3561:
3560:
3531:
3522:
3504:(4): 519â541.
3488:
3487:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3436:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3371:
3352:(5): 133â153.
3329:
3320:
3307:
3279:
3251:
3236:
3227:
3200:(5): 513â535.
3180:
3153:
3141:United Nations
3128:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3092:
3083:
3071:United Nations
3055:
3043:United Nations
3027:
3018:
2990:
2973:United Nations
2959:
2950:
2938:United Nations
2922:
2913:
2900:NobelPrize.org
2887:
2866:
2854:
2843:
2830:
2821:
2810:
2785:
2761:
2748:
2739:
2714:
2702:
2690:United Nations
2677:
2665:United Nations
2652:
2643:
2634:
2620:
2608:
2594:
2583:
2572:
2554:
2548:10.5334/sta.ab
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2482:
2480:Keating XXXVII
2470:
2438:
2411:(2): 111â132.
2391:
2358:(2): 96â109 .
2333:
2306:(3): 291â305.
2290:
2284:
2255:
2228:
2216:
2207:
2195:United Nations
2177:
2168:
2146:
2113:
2104:
2076:978-1878379733
2075:
2057:
2043:978-0815626565
2042:
2024:
2010:978-8489389069
2009:
1991:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1945:United Nations
1928:
1916:
1897:(3): 323â338.
1876:
1860:10.5334/sta.as
1833:
1824:
1815:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:State-building
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1713:
1710:
1701:
1700:Implementation
1698:
1655:
1652:
1643:
1640:
1476:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1407:armed conflict
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1277:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1230:Seeds of Peace
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1032:
1031:United Kingdom
1029:
1028:
1027:
1000:Horn of Africa
962:
959:
958:
957:
945:
942:
941:
940:
926:
920:
912:
909:
908:
907:
901:
895:
876:
873:
871:
868:
835:
834:
833:
832:
815:
809:
800:
799:
798:
794:
788:
775:United Nations
770:
767:
765:
762:
738:United Nations
717:
714:
698:
697:
696:
695:
689:
688:
687:
680:
663:
662:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
643:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
623:
622:
621:International
619:
607:
606:
602:
601:
597:
596:
593:private sector
585:
579:
573:
568:
567:
566:
560:
557:
554:
548:
540:
538:
537:
536:
525:
522:
519:
512:
507:
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
494:3rd Dimension
492:
489:
479:state capacity
458:
455:
450:Centripetalism
433:Arend Lijphart
423:
420:
385:
382:
366:Positive peace
362:
359:
347:Negative peace
343:
340:
305:positive peace
301:negative peace
296:
293:
272:United Nations
187:
184:
132:human security
120:
117:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Peacebuilding
4308:
4307:
4305:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:human rights
4196:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4037:Peace symbols
4035:
4033:
4032:Peace process
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Peacebuilding
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3928:
3926:9781783272167
3922:
3918:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3885:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3846:9781565495784
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3819:9781561484270
3815:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3789:Peacebuilding
3785:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3700:9781443813297
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3317:
3311:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3161:Moore, Jina.
3157:
3142:
3138:
3137:"2010 Review"
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3099:Mac Ginty 180
3096:
3087:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3022:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2980:on 2006-09-29
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2954:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2902:. Oct 5, 2018
2901:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2800:(in Japanese)
2799:
2795:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2743:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2709:
2707:
2691:
2687:
2686:"How we fund"
2681:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2576:
2565:
2558:
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2492:Sandole 13â14
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2381:on 2006-10-28
2377:
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1962:
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1942:
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1920:
1912:
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587:Developing a
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1415:repatriation
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1276:Christianity
1212:Peace Direct
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4203:(1989/1991)
4144:Middle East
4057:World peace
4022:Peacemaking
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3090:Keating 120
2126:"Justpeace"
1694:appeasement
1613:War in Iraq
1587:Afghanistan
1575:Timor-Leste
1571:South Sudan
1549:, Liberia,
1371:patriarchal
1354:Nadia Murad
1012:Middle East
1004:West Africa
996:South Sudan
961:Switzerland
691:A way out:
562:Increasing
533:accountable
516:rule of law
514:Developing
440:Brian Barry
240:Reagonomics
238:countries,
236:Third World
209:peacemaking
140:Peacemaking
112:rule of law
4304:Categories
3982:(category)
3421:Barnett 51
3327:Barnett 48
3301:2017-05-19
3273:2017-05-19
3167:9 Dec 2011
3117:Tarnoff 14
3025:Porter 185
2984:2019-11-20
2957:Porter 184
2920:Porter 190
2804:2022-07-31
2779:2022-07-31
2501:Sandole 12
2385:2020-01-22
2249:2018-12-25
2226:Barnett 53
2214:Barnett 43
2175:Barnett 36
2140:2018-12-25
1985:2018-12-25
1809:2018-12-25
1654:Criticisms
1543:Kyrgyzstan
1403:resolution
1322:swisspeace
1218:Saferworld
1176:Interpeace
839:World Bank
820:: through
581:Promoting
529:democratic
311:) vs. (3)
276:Kofi Annan
232:civil wars
157:structural
123:See also:
76:resolution
40:nonviolent
25:peace sign
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2328:220989188
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2093:cite book
1911:144697583
1563:Sri Lanka
1531:Guatemala
1489:works in
1466: UN
1274:Mennonite
1190:Palestine
822:democracy
389:Justpeace
313:justpeace
110:; create
52:religious
36:injustice
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3992:Pacifism
3972:Concepts
3828:56111659
3394:: 1â14.
3222:16428285
3146:10 April
3076:10 April
3048:10 April
2943:15 April
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2200:18 March
2161:15 April
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2052:31815462
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1734:See also
1627:and the
1611:and the
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1024:Colombia
998:and the
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954:Taro Aso
797:efforts.
575:Raising
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332:vs. (3)
326:vs. (2)
323:violence
317:Lederach
303:vs. (2)
234:between
228:Cold War
198:and The
84:violence
60:national
44:conflict
4159:Ukraine
3739:6 March
3173:2 April
3011:2 April
2906:Apr 12,
2863:website
1722:Western
1642:Results
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1519:Comoros
1507:Liberia
1491:Burundi
1485:The UN
1439:Liberia
1022:and 7.
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911:Germany
727:, on a
321:direct
309:Galtung
160:peace.
4263:People
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80:trauma
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62:, and
48:ethnic
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1065:USAID
1018:, 6.
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1008:Sahel
1002:, 3.
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398:mores
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3897:help
3851:OCLC
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3824:OCLC
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3741:2015
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3705:OCLC
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3670:ISBN
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3210:ISSN
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3148:2012
3078:2012
3050:2012
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