Peace - Knowledge

1899: 1286: 2294: 1213: 355: 1731: 1533: 1329:, when he realized that neither the common, contemporary Hindu language nor the English language contained a word which fully expressed his own meanings and intentions when he talked about his nonviolent approaches to conflict. According to Gandhi's autobiography, the contest winner was Maganlal Gandhi (presumably no relation), who submitted the entry 'sadagraha', which Gandhi then modified to 'satyagraha'. Etymologically, this Hindic word means 'truth-firmness', and is commonly translated as 'steadfastness in the truth' or 'truth-force'. 2218: 94:"Psychological peace" (such as peaceful thinking and emotions) is less well-defined, yet perhaps a necessary precursor to establishing "behavioural peace". Peaceful behaviour sometimes results from a "peaceful inner disposition". It has been argued by some that inner qualities such as tranquility, patience, respect, compassion, kindness, self-control, courage, moderation, forgiveness, equanimity, and the ability to see the big picture can promote peace within an individual, regardless of the external circumstances of their life. 1635: 635: 46: 73: 652:. It was launched as a tribute to the ideals espoused by Gandhi in 1995 on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of his birth. This is an annual award given to individuals and institutions for their contributions towards social, economic and political transformation through non-violence and other Gandhian methods. The award carries Rs. 10 million in cash, convertible in any currency in the world, a plaque and a citation. It is open to all persons regardless of nationality, race, creed or sex. 817: 1170: 1505: 1563: 730: 1760: 1606: 565: 1674: 220: 494:, who is widely regarded as one of the most influential intellectuals of the League of Nations, drew inspiration for his studies from the classics, along with other British scholars such as Gilbert Murray and Florence Stawell. This group of scholars is often referred to as the "Greece and peace" set, due to their shared interest in ancient Greek civilization and the promotion of peace. 373:, the UN sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded 875:: "And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High; for you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways, to give knowledge of salvation to his people by the forgiveness of their sins. By the tender mercy of our God, the dawn from on high will break upon us, to give light to those who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace." 2153:(1883–1946) argued that managed capitalism could promote peace. This involved international coordination of fiscal/monetary policies, an international monetary system that did not pit the interests of countries against each other, and a high degree of freedom of trade. These ideas underlay Keynes's work during World War II that led to the creation of the 455:. In view of the wide range of risks, the preservation of peace and the security of a nation state have several dimensions, including economic security, energy security, physical security, environmental security, food security, border security, and cyber security. These dimensions correlate closely with elements of national power. 1860:, a particular form of balance of power – mutual nuclear deterrence – emerged as a widely held doctrine on the key to peace between the great powers. Critics argued that the development of nuclear stockpiles increased the chances of war rather than peace, and that the "nuclear umbrella" made it "safe" for smaller wars (e.g. the 583:, a group of five individuals chosen by the Norwegian parliament. Nominees for the prize come from around the world, and are often those who have worked to end conflict, protect human rights, or promote humanitarian efforts. It is awarded annually to internationally notable persons following the prize's creation in the will of 103: 2432:

publishes the Peace and Conflict Instability Ledger in order to measure peace. It grades 163 countries with 5 indicators, and pays the most attention to risk of political instability or armed conflict over a three-year period. The most recent ledger shows that the most peaceful country is Slovenia on

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Pacifism is the categorical opposition to the behaviors of war or violence as a means of settling disputes or of gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should all be resolved via peaceful behaviors; to calls for the abolition

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states "those who believe and whose hearts find comfort in the remembrance of Allah. Surely in the remembrance of Allah do hearts find comfort." and stated "O believers! When you are told to make room in gatherings, then do so. Allah will make room for you ˹in His grace˺. And if you are told to rise,

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Let us have concord with our own people, and concord with people who are strangers to us. Ashwins (Celestial Twins) create between us and the strangers a unity of hearts. May we unite in our minds, unite in our purposes, and not fight against the heavenly spirit within us. Let not the battle-cry rise

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The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achieving world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of

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May there be peace in the heavens, peace in the atmosphere, peace on the earth. Let there be coolness in the water, healing in the herbs and peace radiating from the trees. Let there be harmony in the planets and in the stars, and perfection in eternal knowledge. May everything in the universe be at

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believe that peace is attained by ending pain and suffering. They regard pain and suffering is stemming from cravings (in the extreme, greed), aversions (fears), and delusions and suffering is attachments to outcomes. To eliminate such pain and suffering and achieve personal peace, followers in the

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posits that peace causes democracy because territorial wars between neighbor countries lead to authoritarian attitudes and disregard for democratic values. This theory is supported by historical studies showing that countries rarely become democratic until after their borders have been settled by

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asserts that aggression against an individual or an individual's property is always an immoral violation of life, liberty, and property rights. Utilizing deceit instead of consent to achieve ends is also a violation of the Non-Aggression Principle. Therefore, under the framework of this principle,

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The wolf will live with the lamb, the leopard will lie down with the goat, the calf and the lion and the yearling together; and a little child will lead them. The cow will feed with the bear, their young will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. The infant will play near the

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wrote in 1901 that 'the object is that an understanding between the three great powers will render war impossible and educational relations make the strongest tie'. This peace purpose of the Rhodes Scholarships was very prominent in the first half of the 20th century, and became prominent again in

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in the United States. The theory of satyagraha sees means and ends as inseparable. Therefore, it is contradictory to try to use violence to obtain peace. As Gandhi wrote: "They say, 'means are, after all, means'. I would say, 'means are, after all, everything'. As the means so the end..." A quote

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focuses on risk for instability or violence in 178 nations. This index measures how fragile a state is by 12 indicators and subindicators that evaluate aspects of politics, social economy, and military facets in countries. The 2015 Failed State Index reports that the most fragile nation is South

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As the maintenance of a balance of power could in some circumstances require a willingness to go to war, some critics saw the idea of a balance of power as promoting war rather than promoting peace. This was a radical critique of those supporters of the Allied and Associated Powers who justified

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Psychological or inner peace (i.e. peace of mind) refers to a state of being internally or spiritually at peace, with sufficient clarity of knowledge and understanding to remain calm in the face of apparent discord, stress and discomfort. Being internally "at peace" is considered to be a healthy

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On a personal level, peaceful behaviours are kind, considerate, respectful, just, and tolerant of others' beliefs and behaviors – tending to manifest goodwill. This understanding of peace can also pertain to an individual's introspective sense or concept of her/himself, as in being "at peace" in

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The national security apparatus of a nation is responsible for providing peace and security against foreign threats and aggression. National security can be threatened by a range of factors, including actions by other states (such as military or cyber attacks), violent non-state actors (such as

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argued that the growth of economic interdependence between the great powers made war between them futile and therefore unlikely. He made this argument in 1913. A year later Europe's economically interconnected states were embroiled in what would later become known as the First World War.

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of various organizations which tend to institutionalize aggressive behaviors, such as the military, or arms manufacturers; to opposition to any organization of society that might rely in any way upon governmental force. Groups that sometimes oppose the governmental use of force include

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view). Principled pacifism holds that all forms of violent behavior are inappropriate responses to conflict, and are morally wrong. Pragmatic pacifism holds that the costs of war and inter-personal violence are so substantial that better ways of resolving disputes must be found.

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A superior being does not render evil for evil. This is a maxim one should observe... One should never harm the wicked or the good or even animals meriting death. A noble soul will exercise compassion even towards those who enjoy injuring others or cruel deeds... Who is without

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Peace of mind, serenity, and calmness are descriptions of a disposition free from the effects of stress. In some meditative traditions, inner peace is believed to be a state of consciousness or enlightenment that may be cultivated by various types of meditation, prayer,

587:. According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "...shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." 186:. The early English term is also used in the sense of "quiet", reflecting calm, serene, and meditative approaches to family or group relationships that have an absence of quarreling, disturbances and agitation; but seek clarity of conversation, and tranquility. 4770:, Consisting of Wendell L. Willkie, Herbert Hoover and Hugh Gibson, Henry A. Wallace, Sumner Welles. "Cooperatively published by Simon and Schuster; Doubleday, Doran, and Co.; Reynal & Hitchcock; Columbia University Press", . xii, 437 p. 419:

of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from the military and other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however,

411:, to protect the lives, liberty and possessions of citizens, and to prevent crime and civil disorder. Their powers include the power of arrest and the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with the police forces of a 1002:

Valour and fortitude are its wheels; Truthfulness and virtuous conduct are its banner; Strength, discretion, self-restraint and benevolence are its four horses, Harnessed with the cords of forgiveness, compassion and equanimity...

280:. In particular, the Phrygians introduced the Greek alphabet, while the Lydians pioneered the use of coinage as a form of currency. Both inventions were rapidly adopted by surrounding nations through further trade and cooperation. 90:

means societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups.

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rape, murder, deception, involuntary taxation, government regulation, and other behaviors that initiate aggression against otherwise peaceful individuals are considered violations. This principle is most commonly adhered to by

1238:, yoga, or other various types of mental or physical disciplines. Many such practices refer to this peace as an experience of knowing oneself. An emphasis on finding inner peace is often associated with traditions such as 175:, has multiple other meanings in addition to peace, including justice, good health, safety, well-being, prosperity, equity, security, good fortune, and friendliness, as well as simply the greetings, "hello" and "goodbye". 1123:

hole of the cobra, and the young child put his hand into the viper's nest. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.

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A peace museum is a museum that documents historical peace initiatives. Many provide advocacy programs for nonviolent conflict resolution. This may include conflicts at the personal, regional or international level.

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of emotions and to be the opposite of feeling stressful, mentally anxious, or emotionally unstable. Within meditative traditions, the achievement of "peace of mind" is often associated with bliss and happiness.

3869: 2146:) argued that capitalism caused war (e.g. through promoting imperial or other economic rivalries that lead to international conflict). This led some to argue that international socialism was the key to peace. 513:

in London. At the same time, the academic study of international relations started to professionalise, with the creation of the first professorship of international politics, named for Woodrow Wilson, at

289:, the Roman historian Tacitus, writes passionately and critically about the greed and arrogance of the Roman Empire, portraying it as a ruthless and self-serving power. One, that Tacitus says is by the 244:

Peace was forged through diplomacy in the form of royal marriages, both in the distant past and in modern times. Two early examples of royal marriages being used to establish diplomatic relations are

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terrorist attacks), organized criminal groups (such as narcotic cartels), and natural disasters (such as floods and earthquakes). Systemic drivers of insecurity, which may be transnational, include

2543: 1139:(Hebrew bible) symbolizes the peace by which a longed-for messianic age will be characterized, a peace in which natural enemies, the strong and the weak, predator and prey, will live in harmony. 399:

The obligation of the state to provide for domestic peace within its borders is usually charged to the police and other general domestic policing activities. The police are a constituted body of

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Since 1901, the Nobel Peace Prize has been the world's most prestigious honor given to individuals or organizations who have made significant contributions to peace. The prize is awarded by the

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Discussion of peace is therefore at the same time an inquiry into its form. Is it simply the absence of mass organized killing (war), or does peace require a particular morality and justice? (

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age of peace every day in the Shmoneh Esreh, in addition to faith in the coming of the messianic age constituting one of the thirteen core principles of faith in Judaism, according to

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until its dissolution as a result of World War II and replacement by the United Nations. The high hopes widely held for the League in the 1920s, for example amongst members of the

4813: 688:, is awarded annually "in recognition of an individual's or an organisation's contribution for the advancement of the cause of peace". The prize was first launched in 2009 by the 283:

Peace has not always been achieved through peaceful means; in many cases, it has been enforced by the victors of war, often through the use of violence and coercion. In his work

1097:("messiah") which connotes a time of universal peace and abundance, a time where weapons will be turned into plowshares and lions will sleep with lambs. As it is written in the 317:

Absence of war accompanied by particular requirements for the mutual settlement of relations, which are characterized by justice, mutual respect, respect for law, and good will.

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One version of this is the idea of promoting international understanding between nations through the international mobility of students – an idea most powerfully advanced by

161:, which, according to Jewish theology, comes from a Hebrew verb meaning 'to be complete, whole'. Although "peace" is the usual translation, it is an incomplete one, because 789:

Religious beliefs often seek to identify and address the basic problems of human life, including conflicts between, among, and within persons and societies. In ancient

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According to Fea (2017), 'Rustin and his co-authors expunged Rustin’s name from the pamphlet because of his arrest on charges of committing a homosexual act in 1953.'

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in the goal of the Fulbright fellowships to promote international understanding and peace, and has guided many other international fellowship programs, including the

3748: 3479: 5781: 2202: 2437:, Fund for Peace, and University of Maryland, other organizations including George Mason University release indexes that rank countries in terms of peacefulness. 3100: 1895:

an actor from escalating conflict, typically because the prospective attacker believes that the probability of success is low and the costs of attack are high.

3258:"For a child has been born for us, a son given to us; authority rests upon his shoulders; and he is named Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, 3725: 5791: 5184: 2459:, which has had an official policy of neutrality since 1815. This was made possible partly by the periods of relative peace in Europe and the world known as 303:" ("To ravage, to slaughter, to usurp under false titles, they call empire; and where they make a desert, they call it peace." —Oxford Revised Translation). 4364: 3134: 2122:, i.e. a constant aggressor making war continually to gain resources. This led, in contrast, to the development of what's known as the "provokable nice guy 935: 5766: 4395: 3774:

Havel, Václav; et al. (1985). Keane, John, ed. The Power of the Powerless: Citizens against the state in central-eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

2020:, for example among English liberal thinkers of the late 19th and early 20th century, that free trade promoted peace. For example, the Cambridge economist 4751:"Pennsylvania, A History of the Commonwealth," esp. pg. 109, edited by Randall M. Miller and William Pencak, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002 5620: 3414: 2715: 5706: 3305: 1797:

The classical "realist" position is that the key to promoting order between states, and so of increasing the chances of peace, is the maintenance of a

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then do so. Allah will elevate those of you who are faithful, and ˹raise˺ those gifted with knowledge in rank. And Allah is All-Aware of what you do."

4300: 2947: 8263: 5935: 3184: 1073:, the biblical and modern Hebrew word for peace, is one of the names for God according to the Judaic law and tradition. For instance, in traditional 2893: 6303: 2779: 2274:, celebrated on 21 September, was founded as a day to recognize, honour and promote peace. It is commemorated each year by United Nations members. 1826: 2691: 2051:

posits that democracy causes peace (between democracies) because of the accountability, institutions, values, and norms of democratic countries.

1296:, and Mathew Ahmann, executive director of the National Catholic Conference for Interrracial Justice, at a civil rights march on Washington, D.C. 416: 3193: 487:, gave way to widespread disillusion in the 1930s as the League struggled to respond to challenges from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan. 6417: 4140: 3524: 2412:

is a known effort to evaluate peacefulness in countries based on 23 indicators of the absence of violence and absence of the fear of violence.

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As peace makers became richer over time, it became clear that making war had greater costs than initially anticipated. One of the well studied

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between states – a situation where no state is so dominant that it can "lay down the law to the rest". Exponents of this view have included

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is awarded biennially to a student or a student organization that has made a significant contribution to promoting peace and human rights.

349: 1898: 749:. The Sydney Peace Prize is awarded to an organization or an individual whose life and work has demonstrated significant contributions to: 329:

have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then.

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Although peace is widely perceived as something intangible, various organizations have been making efforts to quantify and measure it.

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The creation of the League of Nations, and the hope for informed public opinion on international issues (expressed for example by the

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during World War I), also saw the creation after World War I of bodies dedicated to understanding international affairs, such as the

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entry into World War I on the grounds that it was necessary to preserve the balance of power in Europe from a German bid for

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The 2015 edition of the Index ranked 163 countries on their internal and external levels of peace. According to the 2017

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are military units charged with civil policing. Police forces are usually public sector services, funded through taxes.

6410: 6078: 6068: 5889: 5869: 5455: 5351: 4997: 1991: 1491: 4479: 3576: 8308: 6374: 6328: 6005: 5717: 5381: 5039: 4878: 4757: 3779: 3295: 3107: 3046: 2641: 2446: 2434: 2409: 2024:(1883–1946) said that he was "brought up" on this idea and held it unquestioned until at least the 1920s. During the 1323:

itself was coined through a public contest that Gandhi sponsored through the newspaper he published in South Africa,

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and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift sword against nation and they will no longer study warfare.

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Another theory is that peace can be developed among countries on the basis of active management of water resources.

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between peoples (or classes of people) spanning the lines of cleavage between nations or states that lead to war.

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authorized interactive online news network, committed to supporting the global movement for a culture of peace.

8237: 8090: 6976: 6290: 6045: 5744: 5084: 5034: 4131: 2201:, and other functional international organizations. One of the most important early exponents of this view was 2193:

of 1919, is that peace will be advanced if the intentional anarchy of states is replaced through the growth of

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had a significant impact on the region, leading to the transfer of important technological innovations from

203:. In English the word peace is occasionally used as a farewell, especially for the dead, as in the phrases " 189:

In many languages, the word 'peace' is also used as a greeting or a farewell, for example the Hawaiian word

8175: 8170: 7864: 6902: 6535: 5990: 5490: 5411: 5391: 5174: 5094: 5079: 5044: 2940: 2190: 1400: 1309: 1186:. Absolute pacifism opposes violent behavior under all circumstance, including defense of self and others. 685: 679: 502: 468: 3181: 2885: 1883:

is a strategy to achieve peace by making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive

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The Judaic tradition associates God with peace, as evidenced by various principles and laws in Judaism.

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However, in response to such writers in the 1930s who argued that capitalism caused war, the economist

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The longest continuing period of peace and neutrality among currently existing states is observed in

2306: 1217: 774: 580: 3271: 143:, meaning "peace, compact, agreement, treaty of peace, tranquility, absence of hostility, harmony." 8328: 8060: 6181: 5677: 5610: 5480: 5460: 5443: 5099: 4847: 2170: 2162: 2066: 2060: 1648: 1481: 1476:; a place for reflection and contemplation on what it means to live a life of radical peacemaking. 1263: 955:

peace. Let peace pervade everywhere, at all times. May I experience that peace within my own heart.

608:, a historian of thought about the causes of war and peace. This vision greatly influenced Senator 378: 300:

Auferre trucidare rapere falsis nominibus imperium, atque ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.

240:), depicting the Lion and Bull — partly symbolizing alliance between Lydia and Greece, respectively 3938:"Individual identity attachments and international conflict: The importance of territorial threat" 2293: 1086:

Jewish liturgy and prayer is replete with prayers asking God to establish peace in the world. The

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and other idealists during World War I. The Covenant of the League of Nations was included in the

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the contrary Afghanistan is the most conflicted nation. Besides indicated above reports from the

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The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730–1854

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and kings from what is now Turkey. The marriages between the Greek princesses and the kings of

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promoted and enforced through international organizations such as the League of Nations, the

1681: 1553: 1486: 1341: 1301: 617: 452: 7337: 4322: 4019: 3937: 354: 128:, meaning "peace, reconciliation, silence, agreement" (11th century). The Anglo-French term 8313: 8030: 7910: 7679: 7486: 7327: 7254: 6946: 6907: 6892: 6426: 6344: 6258: 5995: 5485: 5396: 4356: 3753: 3309: 2658: 2559: 2420: 2419:, Iceland is the most peaceful country in the world while Syria is the least peaceful one. 2257: 2017: 1380: 1106: 609: 476: 374: 7501: 4569:

Semi-Detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945

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Socialist, communist, and left-wing liberal writers of the 19th and 20th centuries (e.g.,

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Cecil Rhodes's goal of Scholarships promoting peace highlighted – The Rhodes Scholarships

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for outstanding students from the United States, Germany and much of the British Empire,

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A gift from the people of Japan to the people of the United States, presented to honor

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behaviours, as well as the structural mechanisms attending violent and non-violent

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Many "idealist" thinkers about international relations – e.g. in the traditions of

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Every year in the first week of November, the Sydney Peace Foundation presents the

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Ara-pacis-augustae-cti1941.jpg

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The late 19th century idealist advocacy of peace which led to the creation of the

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Swords into Ploughshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization

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Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? – The German and European Perspective

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Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.

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John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

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and created as a respite from the intensity of violence, destruction, and loss.

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instead of military decorations. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the

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Before the word 'peace' came into English lexicon, Anglo-Saxons used a phrase "

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in 1955. A contributor of the pamphlet's contents was civil rights activist

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The achievement of peace with justice locally, nationally or internationally

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The monument of peace was preferred over the traditional triumphal arch as

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amidst many slain, nor the arrows of the war-god fall with the break of day

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around 600 BCE. Both marriages involved Greek princesses from the house of

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Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization

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Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace

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http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/news/Fulbright_18May12_Arndt.pdf

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as no longer necessary and melted them into twelve statues and bells.

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Whoever has this righteous chariot, has no enemy to conquer anywhere.

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was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prize for his role in founding the

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Speak Truth to Power: a Quaker Search for an Alternative to Violence

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is a strategy to achieve peace by using threats or limited force to

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Speak truth to power A Quaker search for an alternative to violence

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which was signed 3 July 1720 on the site of the unfinished palace.

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Gibler, Douglas M.; Hutchison, Marc L.; Miller, Steven V. (2012).

2241:– have argued that the key to peace is the growth of some form of 1856:

In the second half of the 20th century, and especially during the

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The English word came into use in various personal greetings from

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Losing control : global security in the twenty-first century

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One of the most influential theories of peace, especially since

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Research Guide on Peace by the United Nations Library at Geneva

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and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

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and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

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and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

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to understand the relationship between peace and conflicts.

1349:, sums it up: "There is no way to peace; peace is the way". 1201: 7026: 6450: 6000: 2652: 2578: – Principle or practice of not causing harm to others 2423:(formerly known as the Failed States Index) created by the 2234: 1428: 719: 61: 57: 4694:

The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

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in the decades leading up to World War I, writers such as

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Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism

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Many different theories of "peace" exist in the world of

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Muslim Peace Prize Committee under the directive of the

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