455:
335:
28:
998:
400:
The
Netherlands is also one of the producers of components that can be used for creating deadly agents, chemical weapons and other kinds of weapons of mass destruction. Several Dutch companies provided the United States, Israel and Pakistan with components for these weapons.
578:
The U.S. insists that its forces control the weapons and that no transfer of the nuclear bombs or control over them is intended "unless and until a decision were made to go to war, at which the treaty would no longer be controlling", so there is no breach of the NPT.
952:, Contained in an exchange of letters between Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Pres Lyndon B.Johnson, declassified 2002, and now in the UK National Archives, London filed as DEFE 24/691-E28
1030:
618:
court against nine companies that had provided Saddam
Hussein with such chemicals, and 455 American and European companies, two thirds being German, provided aid to
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Alongside companies from the United
Kingdom, France, Germany, the United States, Belgium, Spain, India, and Brazil, Dutch companies provided
270:
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185:
100:
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735:"Nuclear Weapons in the Tweede Kamer: Analysis of Nuclear Motions in the Dutch House of Representatives in Times of Contestation"
567:
warplanes. (The Dutch government has never formally admitted or denied the presence of these weapons, but former prime ministers
435:
nuclear artillery shells for its self-propelled howitzers and missile artillery units. These 8 inch shells and warheads for
260:
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170:
125:
80:
75:
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120:
105:
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140:
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1123:
871:"The Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Articles I, II and VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons"
919:
214:
425:
666:(Substance X), which was more poisonous than sarin. The experiments were carried out on animals in the village of
866:
150:
805:
1085:
409:
291:
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674:. After 1956, the only experiments were those conducted jointly with France and Belgium in the desert of
561:
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19:
1002:
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1039:
873:. Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean. Archived from
553:
390:
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1048:
528:
524:
471:
775:
961:
934:
592:
296:
501:, which yielded 11 kt; later, they were replaced by the Mk-57 (also referred to as the
454:
57:
8:
874:
655:
1066:
929:"UK-U.S. Memorandum of Understanding of Use of Nuclear Weapons". 1965. DEFE 24/691-E28.
494:
716:"US Nuclear Weapons in the Netherlands: A First Appraisal | National Security Archive"
915:
611:
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organization on the request of the
Defense Department. They consisted of the use of
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published a 12,000-page report about the conflict and named the companies involved.
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502:
42:
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In the past (1960s till 1990s), the
Netherlands took part in the deployment of
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843:
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751:
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568:
531:
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1008:
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497:(NDB) for use in anti-submarine warfare. These weapons were originally the
448:
440:
614:(1980–1988), 2000 Iranians submitted an indictment some years ago with a
498:
478:
459:
444:
378:
761:
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On 20 February 2008, it was revealed that the
Netherlands had conducted
682:. The reason behind these experiments was the fear of an attack by the
909:
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474:
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667:
527:
aircraft. The storage arrangements were agreed in 1965 between the
513:
675:
482:
27:
615:
910:
Norris, Robert S.; Andrew
Burrows; Richard Fieldhouse (1994).
397:. These weapons were first stored in the Netherlands in 1960.
659:
651:
419:
670:
and on the
Vliehors bombing range, located on the island of
646:
in the early 1950s. These experiments were conducted by the
538:
in a secret memorandum now declassified in the UK archives.
623:
619:
600:
588:
564:
550:
542:
443:, missiles were stored at the special ammunition stores at
432:
386:
517:
516:, UK, which also held 60 similar weapons for the use of
982:"Radiator" (Document). Southern Region CND. April 1984.
986:
914:. Nuclear Weapons Databook. Oxford: Westview Press.
912:Vol.5. British, French and Chinese Nuclear Weapons
776:The National Archives, London. DEFE 24/691 E28 p6.
583:Dutch production of precursors to chemical weapons
481:, based at former Naval Air Station Valkenburg in
1150:
786:
508:The NDBs were stored under U.S. Marine guard at
462:being shown a disarming procedure on a dummy at
560:and, in time of war, they may be delivered by
1024:
732:
358:
1038:
956:"To Dutch Navy weapons sharing and storage".
385:made by itself, the country participates in
1140:Netherlands and weapons of mass destruction
836:"Een typisch geval van klassenjustitie (2)"
610:Suffering from chemical warfare during the
575:both acknowledged their presence in 2013.)
451:. These weapons are no longer operational.
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1017:
420:United States-NATO nuclear weapons sharing
393:arrangements and trains for delivering US
365:
351:
26:
760:
750:
633:
408:on 31 October 1930. It also ratified the
806:"22 atoombommen in kluizen basis Volkel"
453:
858:
556:agreement. These weapons are stored at
1159:Weapons of mass destruction by country
1151:
1012:
733:Onderco, Michal; Joosen, Rik (2022).
549:for use by the Netherlands under the
477:aircraft, and their predecessors the
1169:Foreign relations of the Netherlands
1164:Military history of the Netherlands
662:, and a modified French gas called
13:
787:Kristensen, Hans (February 2005).
14:
1180:
996:
789:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe"
678:, which utilized 6 kilograms of
426:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
334:
333:
1129:Defence Materiel Administration
867:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
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1:
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424:The Netherlands ratified the
410:Biological Weapons Convention
404:The Netherlands ratified the
7:
1061:Royal Netherlands Air Force
895:NRC newspaper, 19 feb. 2008
689:
591:with the chemicals used as
562:Royal Netherlands Air Force
545:still provides 22 tactical
414:Chemical Weapons Convention
383:weapons of mass destruction
20:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
1185:
1101:Commander of the Air Force
903:
1137:
1111:
1073:
1046:
412:on 10 April 1972 and the
1040:Netherlands Armed Forces
739:Global Studies Quarterly
493:were assigned U.S. Navy
458:USAFE Commander General
554:nuclear weapons sharing
541:At present (2008), the
391:nuclear weapons sharing
1055:Royal Netherlands Army
1049:Royal Netherlands Navy
969:Cite journal requires
942:Cite journal requires
752:10.1093/isagsq/ksac028
634:Poison gas experiments
529:British Prime Minister
472:Royal Netherlands Navy
467:
1096:Commander of the Army
1091:Commander of the Navy
457:
428:(NPT) on 2 May 1975.
622:during its war with
1081:Minister of Defence
495:Nuclear Depth Bombs
1067:Royal Marechaussee
1003:Nuclear technology
468:
1146:
1145:
846:. 4 December 2013
720:nsarchive.gwu.edu
642:experiments with
547:B61 nuclear bombs
536:President Johnson
416:on 30 June 1995.
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971:|journal=
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816:. 10 June 2013
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877:on 2009-01-05
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612:Iran–Iraq War
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605:Iran–Iraq War
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569:Dries van Agt
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962:cite journal
935:cite journal
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890:
879:. Retrieved
875:the original
860:
848:. Retrieved
839:
830:
818:. Retrieved
809:
800:
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771:
762:1887/3513683
742:
738:
728:
719:
710:
684:Soviet Union
679:
663:
637:
609:
586:
577:
573:Ruud Lubbers
540:
507:
479:P-2 Neptunes
470:Until 2006,
469:
449:Havelterberg
439:, and later
430:
423:
403:
399:
376:
226:South Africa
221:Saudi Arabia
215:Soviet Union
175:
58:Radiological
850:26 December
820:26 December
595:to produce
499:Mk 101 Lulu
460:Roger Brady
437:Honest John
379:Netherlands
246:Switzerland
231:South Korea
191:Philippines
181:North Korea
176:Netherlands
1153:Categories
1074:Leadership
881:2009-08-07
840:RTL Nieuws
810:RTL Nieuws
702:References
593:precursors
521:Shackleton
276:Yugoslavia
67:By country
43:Biological
644:nerve gas
491:Caribbean
475:P-3 Orion
91:Australia
86:Argentina
690:See also
672:Vlieland
668:Harskamp
514:Cornwall
445:'t Harde
339:Category
310:Treaties
302:Missiles
292:Chemical
201:Rhodesia
186:Pakistan
101:Bulgaria
48:Chemical
904:Sources
722:. 2021.
676:Algeria
603:in the
489:in the
487:Curaçao
483:Katwijk
297:Nuclear
261:Ukraine
206:Romania
171:Myanmar
126:Germany
81:Algeria
76:Albania
53:Nuclear
35:By type
989:Portal
918:
680:Stof X
664:Stof X
626:. The
616:Tehran
525:Nimrod
256:Taiwan
241:Sweden
211:Russia
196:Poland
166:Mexico
146:Israel
121:France
106:Canada
96:Brazil
1112:Other
792:(PDF)
745:(3).
660:soman
656:tabun
652:sarin
441:Lance
251:Syria
236:Spain
161:Libya
156:Japan
151:Italy
131:India
116:Egypt
111:China
975:help
948:help
916:ISBN
852:2013
822:2013
624:Iran
620:Iraq
601:Iran
589:Iraq
571:and
565:F-16
551:NATO
543:USAF
534:and
523:and
503:B-57
485:and
447:and
433:NATO
387:NATO
141:Iraq
136:Iran
757:hdl
747:doi
648:TNO
518:RAF
505:).
389:'s
1155::
966::
964:}}
960:{{
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937:}}
933:{{
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366:e
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320:(
217:)
213:(
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