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Israel and weapons of mass destruction

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596: 1715:,. July 28, 2000. If, in the context of the peace agreements and talks with the United States, Israel were to confirm its nuclear capability - while committing itself to no nuclear testing and pledging to build its defense system on conventional weapons as in the past - maybe then it might achieve at least de facto recognition, if not international legitimacy, for its nuclear weaponry, to be used only as a "last resort" and a tool for safeguarding peace after Israel withdraws. 337: 30: 1772: 610:(CWC). In 1983 a report by the CIA stated that Israel, after "finding itself surrounded by frontline Arab states with budding CW capabilities, became increasingly conscious of its vulnerability to chemical attack... undertook a program of chemical warfare preparations in both offensive and protective areas... In late 1982 a probable CW 1540:
Israel does not stockpile or produce BW in large-scale today. However, we assess that Israel has a breakout capability for biological weapons and also CW, i.e. the knowledge needed to implement theoretical knowledge into the practical management of production and deployment of CBW. The knowledge base
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WMD proliferation assessment recorded Israel as a country generally reported as having undeclared offensive chemical warfare capabilities. Former US deputy assistant secretary of defense responsible for chemical and biological defense Dr. Bill Richardson said in 1998 "I have no doubt that Israel has
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production facility was established in 1982 in the Dimona restricted area are apparently erroneous. Israel is also probably poised to rapidly produce biological weapons, though there are no public reports of currently active production effort or associated locations.…Israel's primary chemical and
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would be the one that was built during the 1950s and 1960s where today's advanced research can be used to upgrade potential BW and CW agents and their behaviour in the environment. We have not found any conclusive evidence that show that Israel's offensive programs still remain active today.
653:. Israel said the material was non-toxic and was to have been used to test filters that protect against chemical weapons. It had also been clearly listed on the cargo manifest in accordance with international regulations. The shipment was from a U.S. chemical plant to the 558:
appeared to acknowledge that Israel had nuclear weapons when he stated on German TV that Iran was "aspiring to have nuclear weapons as America, France, Israel, Russia". This admission was in contrast to the long-running Israeli government
724:, likely as a result of its extremely complex biodefense program. Israel has taken steps to strengthen its export control regulations on dual-use biotechnologies. Israel has conducted biological warfare previously, in the 1948 operation 504:, with a range of 4,800 km to 6,500 km (though a 2004 source estimated its range at up to 11,500 km), and which are believed to provide a second-strike option, as well as regional coverage from road mobile 614:
production facility and a storage facility were identified at the Dimona Sensitive Storage Area in the Negev Desert. Other CW agent production is believed to exist within a well-developed Israeli chemical industry."
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Brower, Kenneth S., “A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East,” Jane's Intelligence Review, Special Report no. 14, (February 1997), 14-15.
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biological warfare facility is at Nes Ziyyona , near Tel Aviv. The Israeli Institute for Bio-Technology is believed to be the home of both offensive and defensive research.
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It is believed that Israel had possessed an operational nuclear weapons capability by 1967, with the mass production of nuclear warheads occurring immediately after the
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transcripts set off alarm bells for the Defense Ministry's chief of security, who is striving to protect the traditional opacity regarding Israel's nuclear affairs.
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Israel is believed to have the capacity to produce chemical warfare agents, and probably has stocks of bombs, rockets, and artillery shells. Public reports that a
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could be "one of the possibilities". He was neither a member the security cabinet nor of the war cabinet, and was subsequently suspended from cabinet meetings.
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fighter aircraft which are capable of delivering tactical and strategic nuclear weapons at long distances using conformal fuel tanks and supported by their
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in the United States, and a Hebrew translation of the book has appeared here. In the eyes of the defense establishment, Cohen has committed a double sin.
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regarded Israel as a state possessing nuclear weapons. Much of what is known about Israel's nuclear program comes from revelations in 1986 by
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https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/far-right-minister-nuking-gaza-is-an-option-population-should-go-to-ireland-or-deserts/
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Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction
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on whether it has nuclear weapons. The policy held that Israel would "not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons in the
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worked on both chemical and biological offensive things for a long time... There's no doubt they've had stuff for years."
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file of the CIA report as described. This version is partially complete, showing only the relevant passages on Israel.
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Normark, Magnus; Anders Lindblad; Anders Norqvist; Björn Sandström; Louise Waldenström (December 2005).
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Israel The Nuclear Potential of Individual Countries Treaty on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons
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Toukan, Abdullah, Senior Associate; Cordesman, Anthony H., Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy.
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Problems of Extension Appendix 2 Russian Federation Foreign Intelligence Service April 6, 1995
1048: 2100: 2010: 1914: 1852: 1813: 833: 802: 536: 459: 298: 1020: 587:(NPT) but supports establishment of a Middle East Zone free of weapons of mass destruction. 2453: 2059: 1919: 59: 1612: 8: 1659: 1554:"'Place the Material in the Wells': Docs Point to Israeli Army's 1948 Biological Warfare" 1450: 972: 776: 595: 1613:
Israel Crosses the Threshold, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 189
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range. Israel is also reported to possess a wide range of different systems, including
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who served an 18-year prison sentence as a result. Israel has not signed the
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at the Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project
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has recorded Israel as a country generally reported as having undeclared
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The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy
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The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy
697: 627: 548: 1949: 2143: 1667:; Columbia University Press, 1998), including declassified documents. 1468: 1398: 995:"Missile Survey: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles of Foreign Countries" 386:, and to be one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a 2443: 1603:, Archival Document Collection at the Wilson Center Digital Archive 1215: 1186:"Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News" 777:"Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks" 705: 701: 650: 688:
Office of Technology Assessment. Israel is not a signatory to the
1095:"In a Slip, Israel's Leader Seems to Confirm Its Nuclear Arsenal" 29: 2438: 1698: 1310: 451:. Israel is believed to manufacture its nuclear weapons at the 379: 1825: 716:. It is generally agreed Israel does not have a stockpile of 642: 495: 1719:
The Third Temple's Holy of Holies: Israel's Nuclear Weapons
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Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories
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Bibliography of Israeli Nuclear Science Publications
1262:"Exclusive: Does Israel Have Chemical Weapons Too?" 680:Israel is suspected to have developed an offensive 1482: 1480: 1757:by Seymour M. Hersh, New York: Random House, 1991 1691:Fighting to preserve the tattered veil of secrecy 1426:"Membership of the Biological Weapons Convention" 1180: 959: 917:"Does Israel Really Have a Thermonuclear Weapon?" 830:"Israel's Nuclear Weapon Capability: An Overview" 2490: 1477: 965: 1721:Warner D. Farr, LTC, U.S. Army, September 1999 1655:, May/June 2000, Vol. 56, No. 3 pp. 22–23 1363:"Israel says El Al crash chemical 'non-toxic'" 1259: 864:Center for Strategic and International Studies 1798: 1514:"Israel and WMD: Incentives and Capabilities" 1211:"43 nations to seek Middle East free of WMDs" 771: 769: 767: 765: 466:stated that the use of atomic weapons in the 360: 891:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 500:Nuclear weapons delivery mechanisms include 1737:"Israel: Uranium Processing and Enrichment" 854: 473: 1805: 1791: 1683:. Tuesday, August 8, 2000—Cohen published 968:"Israel Buys 2 Nuclear-Capable Submarines" 966:Plushnick-Masti, Ramit (August 25, 2006). 762: 645:nerve gas, was discovered in the cargo of 367: 353: 28: 1826:Arms / commands / directorates / attachĂ©s 1812: 1015: 1671:"Obsessive secrecy undermines democracy" 694:Israel Institute for Biological Research 624:Israel Institute for Biological Research 594: 1743:, Volume 2 Number 4 (July–August 1996). 1733:, Volume 2 Number 4 (July–August 1996). 606:Israel has signed but not ratified the 2509:Weapons of mass destruction by country 2491: 1147: 1123:"Israeli PM admits to nuclear weapons" 2469:Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee 2348: 2305: 2194: 1998: 1824: 1786: 1705:"Blast, from the past to the present" 1391: 1260:Matthew M. Aid (September 10, 2013). 914: 675: 649:after it crashed in 1992 en route to 554:In 2006, then Israeli Prime Minister 1453:. GlobalSecurity.org. April 28, 2005 1443: 1231: 1148:Dawoud, Khaled (December 2, 1999). 618:There are also speculations that a 590: 13: 1287:"1NIE on Israeli Chemical Weapons" 1237:United Nations Treaty Collection. 1190:International Atomic Energy Agency 569:International Atomic Energy Agency 468:Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip 416: 14: 2520: 2317:Berets, units symbols and uniform 1653:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1639:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1622:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1567: 1369:. October 2, 1998. Archived from 1328: 1067:"Israeli PM in nuclear arms hint" 520:, which can be launched from the 2349: 1770: 1392:Stein, Jeff (December 2, 1998). 1046: 937:. New York: Random House, 1991. 915:Lewis, Jeffrey (March 8, 2024). 622:program might be located at the 336: 335: 1546: 1505: 1430:United Nations Office At Geneva 1418: 1385: 1355: 1322: 1297: 1279: 1203: 1174: 1141: 1115: 1087: 1059: 1040: 1009: 987: 787:Office of Technology Assessment 692:(BWC). It is assumed that the 669:Office of Technology Assessment 405:capabilities, and an offensive 399:Office of Technology Assessment 2039:Combat Intelligence Collection 1725:"Israel: Plutonium Production" 1617:"Israel crosses the threshold" 948: 923: 908: 899: 848: 822: 737: 561:policy of deliberate ambiguity 1: 2195: 1250:. Accessed January 14, 2009. 731: 690:Biological Weapons Convention 581:Negev Nuclear Research Center 458:On 5 November 2023, amid the 453:Negev Nuclear Research Center 2306: 1523:. p. 38. Archived from 1394:"Debunking the "ethno-bomb"" 413:possessing nuclear weapons. 409:program. Officially, Israel 7: 2499:Israeli nuclear development 2422:Weapons of mass destruction 1930:Technological and Logistics 1049:"Israel Air Force - Israel" 659:U.S. Department of Commerce 608:Chemical Weapons Convention 411:neither confirms nor denies 384:weapons of mass destruction 22:Weapons of mass destruction 10: 2525: 2129:Technology and Maintenance 1631:by Mark Gorwitz, June 2005 1584:, May 2014, archived from 789:. August 1993. OTA-ISC-559 635:dimethyl methylphosphonate 477: 423:Nuclear weapons and Israel 420: 2355: 2344: 2312: 2301: 2267: 2231: 2205: 2201: 2190: 2119: 2088: 2047: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1968:Military Advocate General 1948: 1925:Strategy and Third-Circle 1892: 1861: 1835: 1831: 1820: 1582:Nuclear Threat Initiative 641:used in the synthesis of 1645:"The Bomb That Never Is" 1641:, September/October 2002 585:Non-Proliferation Treaty 480:Nuclear weapons delivery 474:Nuclear weapons delivery 445:tactical nuclear weapons 392:Non-Proliferation Treaty 2259:877th Judea and Samaria 1601:Israeli Nuclear History 639:CWC schedule 2 chemical 382:is believed to possess 2459:Intelligence Community 2402:Israeli Military Order 1635:Israeli Nuclear Forces 1607:Avner Cohen Collection 1245:April 7, 2015, at the 1005:on September 28, 2008. 810:Cite journal requires 603: 579:, a technician at the 2504:Arab–Israeli conflict 1963:Gender Affair Advisor 1814:Israel Defense Forces 1588:on September 18, 2015 1150:"Redefining the bomb" 1026:Jane's Defence Weekly 598: 460:2023 Israel-Hamas War 433:thermonuclear weapons 388:Nuclear Weapons State 1317:on November 15, 2012 684:capability, per the 462:, Heritage Minister 2392:Ministry of Defense 1685:Israel and the Bomb 1660:Israel and the Bomb 1530:on February 8, 2007 1492:www.armscontrol.org 1129:. December 12, 2006 1103:. December 12, 2006 1075:. December 12, 2006 1019:(October 1, 2009). 973:The Washington Post 2474:IDF Code of Ethics 2407:Military equipment 2034:Combat Engineering 1777:Nuclear technology 1373:on August 18, 2003 1100:The New York Times 722:biological weapons 714:biological warfare 682:biological warfare 676:Biological weapons 604: 547:fleet of modified 514:submarine-launched 512:capability, using 502:Jericho 3 missiles 407:biological warfare 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2340: 2339: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2218:98th Paratroopers 2186: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2048:Infantry brigades 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1958:Financial advisor 1625:, May/June 2006]) 1184:(July 27, 2004). 1182:Mohamed ElBaradei 930:Hersh, Seymour M. 873:on April 17, 2009 836:on April 29, 2015 647:El Al Flight 1862 573:Mohamed ElBaradei 571:Director General 533:Israeli Air Force 529:-class submarines 488:Jericho (missile) 377: 376: 2516: 2464:Security Council 2417:Military prisons 2346: 2345: 2303: 2302: 2203: 2202: 2192: 2191: 2007: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1973:Court of Appeals 1935:Computer Service 1843:Sea Corps (Navy) 1833: 1832: 1822: 1821: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1766: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1562: 1561: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1529: 1518: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1460: 1458: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1406:on June 29, 2006 1402:. 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424: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 351: 350: 348: 347: 342: 334: 333: 332: 331: 325: 321: 318: 317: 316: 315: 311: 310: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 286:Proliferation 285: 284: 279: 276: 274: 273:United States 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 74: 73: 70: 67: 66: 61: 58: 56: 53: 51: 48: 46: 43: 42: 41: 40: 36: 35: 31: 27: 26: 23: 20: 19: 16: 2421: 2350:Other topics 2254:210th Bashan 2213:36th Armored 2139:Intelligence 2060:Paratroopers 1910:Intelligence 1893:Directorates 1753: 1740: 1728: 1712: 1699:Vanunu trial 1684: 1678: 1658: 1652: 1638: 1620: 1590:, retrieved 1586:the original 1577:WMD Overview 1576: 1557: 1548: 1539: 1534:February 11, 1532:. 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Former 541:F-16I Sufa 278:Yugoslavia 69:By country 45:Biological 2365:Air Force 2239:80th Edom 2196:Divisions 2169:Rabbinate 2159:Logistics 2149:Education 2029:Artillery 1915:Personnel 1848:Air Force 1469:nerve gas 1435:March 12, 1399:Salon.com 1347:April 27, 1271:March 17, 706:antidotes 700:develops 661:license. 93:Australia 88:Argentina 2307:Insignia 2154:Adjutant 2019:Infantry 1950:AttachĂ©s 1920:Planning 1879:Southern 1869:Northern 1862:Commands 1713:Ha'aretz 1680:Ha'aretz 1637:, 2002, 1410:July 11, 1243:Archived 1216:NBC News 1133:July 30, 1107:July 30, 1079:July 30, 887:cite web 877:April 2, 710:chemical 702:vaccines 657:under a 651:Tel Aviv 341:Category 312:Treaties 304:Missiles 294:Chemical 203:Rhodesia 188:Pakistan 103:Bulgaria 50:Chemical 2427:Nuclear 2382:Refusal 2360:History 2268:Reserve 2206:Regular 2174:General 2134:Medical 1874:Central 1558:Haaretz 1465:mustard 1377:July 2, 1195:June 3, 1166:July 2, 979:May 20, 754:July 2, 527:Dolphin 437:megaton 390:by the 299:Nuclear 263:Ukraine 208:Romania 173:Myanmar 128:Germany 83:Algeria 78:Albania 55:Nuclear 37:By type 2449:Police 2444:Shabak 2439:Mossad 2075:Givati 2065:Golani 1763:Portal 1665:online 999:Scribd 941:  840:May 3, 531:. The 494:, and 447:, and 380:Israel 258:Taiwan 243:Sweden 213:Russia 198:Poland 168:Mexico 148:Israel 123:France 108:Canada 98:Brazil 2332:Flags 2322:Ranks 2111:460th 2106:401st 2101:188th 2070:Nahal 2024:Armor 2000:Corps 1647:, by 1528:(PDF) 1517:(PDF) 1341:(PDF) 1334:(PDF) 945:p.220 871:(PDF) 860:(PDF) 780:(PDF) 643:sarin 537:F-15I 496:F-15I 253:Syria 238:Spain 163:Libya 158:Japan 153:Italy 133:India 118:Egypt 113:China 2370:Wars 2080:Kfir 1836:Arms 1594:2014 1536:2007 1499:2021 1467:and 1459:2007 1437:2011 1412:2006 1379:2006 1349:2010 1306:IIBR 1273:2018 1225:2011 1197:2007 1168:2006 1135:2015 1109:2015 1081:2015 1034:2009 981:2010 939:ISBN 893:link 879:2015 842:2015 816:help 795:2008 756:2006 712:and 708:for 704:and 655:IIBR 637:, a 539:and 535:has 143:Iraq 138:Iran 2144:C4I 2096:7th 1707:by 1693:by 1673:by 1521:FOI 1367:BBC 728:. 696:in 600:PDF 524:'s 2495:: 2055:Oz 1739:. 1727:. 1711:. 1677:. 1651:, 1619:, 1580:, 1556:. 1538:. 1519:. 1490:. 1479:^ 1461:. 1428:. 1396:. 1365:. 1311:IL 1309:, 1289:. 1264:. 1213:. 1188:. 1152:. 1125:. 1097:. 1069:. 1051:. 1023:. 997:. 970:. 889:}} 885:{{ 862:. 807:: 805:}} 801:{{ 782:. 764:^ 747:. 630:. 551:. 490:, 486:, 482:, 455:. 443:, 1806:e 1799:t 1792:v 1765:: 1663:( 1597:. 1560:. 1501:. 1439:. 1414:. 1381:. 1351:. 1319:. 1293:. 1275:. 1227:. 1199:. 1170:. 1137:. 1111:. 1083:. 1055:. 1036:. 983:. 919:. 895:) 881:. 844:. 818:) 814:( 797:. 758:. 368:e 361:t 354:v 326:) 322:( 219:) 215:(

Index

Weapons of mass destruction

Biological
Chemical
Nuclear
Radiological
By country
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Egypt
France
Germany
India
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Japan
Libya
Mexico
Myanmar
Netherlands
North Korea
Pakistan

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