Iran and weapons of mass destruction

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and 1990s. Answers provided by Iran regarding the past P-1 and P-2 centrifuge programs were found to be consistent with the IAEA's own findings. However, Iran has ignored the demands of the UN Security council, and has continued to enrich uranium in the past year. The IAEA is not able to conclusively confirm that Iran isn't currently enriching uranium for military purposes, as its inspections have been restricted to workshops previously declared as part of the civilian uranium enrichment program, and requests for access to certain military workshops have been denied; the report noted that "As a result, the agency's knowledge about Iran's current nuclear program is diminishing". The report also confirmed that Iran now possesses 3000 centrifuges, a 10-fold increase over the past year, though the feed rate is below the maximum for a facility of this design. Data regarding the P-2 centrifuge, which Ahmadinejad has claimed will quadruple production of enriched uranium, was provided only several days before the report was published; the IAEA plan to discuss this issue further in December. In response to the report the US has vowed to push for more sanctions, whilst Iran has called for an apology from the US.

1458:, of which it is a signatory, as well as being against Islamic religious principles. Iran claims that nuclear power is necessary for a booming population and rapidly industrialising nation. It points to the fact that Iran's population has more than doubled in 20 years, the country regularly imports gasoline and electricity, and that burning fossil fuel in large amounts harms Iran's environment drastically. Additionally, Iran questions why it shouldn't be allowed to diversify its sources of energy, especially when there are fears of its oil fields eventually being depleted. It continues to argue that its valuable oil should be used for high value products and export, not simple electricity generation. Furthermore, Iran argues that nuclear power makes fairly good economic sense. Building reactors is expensive, but subsequent operating costs are low and stable, and increasingly competitive as fossil-fuel prices rise. Iran also raises funding questions, claiming that developing the excess capacity in its oil industry would cost it $ 40 billion, not to speak of paying for the power plants. Harnessing nuclear power costs a fraction of this, considering Iran has abundant supplies of accessible 1538:

uranium enrichment capability by offering to provide fuel and other long-term support that would facilitate electricity generation with nuclear energy. Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi rejected the proposal saying, "We had already announced that any plan has to recognize Iran's right to enrich uranium". After the Iranian Revolution, Germany halted construction of the Bushehr reactor, the United States cut off supply of highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel for the Tehran Research Reactor, and Iran never received uranium from France which it asserted it was entitled to. Russia agreed not to provide an enrichment plant and terminated cooperation on several other nuclear-related technologies, including laser isotope separation; China terminated several nuclear projects (in return, in part for entry into force of a U.S.-China civil nuclear cooperation agreement); and Ukraine agreed not to provide the turbine for Bushehr. Iran argues that these experiences contribute to a perception that foreign nuclear supplies are potentially subject to being interrupted.

1712: 1437:, wrote in that "nothing in the published 'intelligence documents' shows Iran is close to having nuclear weapons" and argued that it is "unlikely that nuclear weapon projects would be distributed among several universities, or weapon parts marketed to research centres." A senior U.N. official who saw the document said it may or may not be authentic, that it was unclear when the document was written, and that it was unclear whether any experiments had ever actually been performed. The C.I.A. did not declare whether it believes the document was real, and European spy agencies also did not give any authentication to the document. Western intelligence agencies said that, if genuine, it was unclear whether the paper provided any new insights into the state of Iranian weapons research. "It's very troubling – if real," said Thomas B. Cochran, a senior scientist in the nuclear program of the 1400:

at a meeting of the agency's member countries in Vienna last year, from Mr. Fakrizadeh's projects, showed the chronology of a missile launching, ending with a warhead exploding about 650 yards above ground – approximately the altitude from which the bomb dropped on Hiroshima was detonated." Gordon Oehler, who ran the CIA's nonproliferation center and served as deputy director of the presidential commission on weapons of mass destruction, wrote "if someone has a good idea for a missile program, and he has really good connections, he'll get that program through.. But that doesn't mean there is a master plan for a nuclear weapon." Outside experts note that the parts of the report made public lack many dates associated with Iran's alleged activities meaning it is possible Iran had a Project 110 at one time, but scrapped it as US intelligence insists. The

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exchange between the two countries," Saidou said. "I don't have any information; I don't have any proof," Saidou said. An intelligence report from an unknown country alleged that rogue employees of Kazakhstan were prepared to sell Iran 1,350 tons of purified uranium ore in violation of UN Security Council sanctions. Russia said it had no knowledge of an alleged Iranian plan to import purified uranium ore from Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan denied the reports. "Such fabrications of news are part of the psychological warfare (against Iran) to serve the political interests of the hegemonic powers," Iran said. Askar Abdrahmanov, the official representative of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, said "the references to the anonymous sources and unknown documents show groundlessness of these insinuations."

1477:. Iran states that "the failure of certain Nuclear- Weapon States to fulfill their international obligations continue to be a source of threat for the international community". Iran also states that "the only country that has ever used nuclear weapons still maintains a sizable arsenal of thousands of nuclear warheads" and calls for a stop to the transfer of technology to non-NPT states. Iran has called for the development of a follow-up committee to ensure compliance with global nuclear disarmanent. Iran and many other nations without nuclear weapons have said that the present situation whereby Nuclear Weapon States monopolise the right to possess nuclear weapons is "highly discriminatory", and they have pushed for steps to accelerate the process of nuclear disarmament. 1899:

project improved Iran's status in the world. The United States claimed Iran's activities could be linked to the development of a military nuclear capability and that the activities were of "great concern". The U.S. specifically said it would continue "to address the threats posed by Iran, including those related to its missile and nuclear programs." Despite the U.S. saying it would use all elements of its national power to deal with Tehran's actions, Iran said the launch was a step to remove the scientific monopoly certain world countries are trying to impose on the world. Iraqi National Security Advisor Muwafaq al-Rubaie said Iraq was very pleased with the launch of Iran's peaceful data-processing national satellite.

1880:, cautioned the IAEA not to interfere with international diplomacy over Iran's alleged weapons program. She said the IAEA's role should be limited to carrying out inspections and offering a "clear declaration and clear reporting on what the Iranians are doing; whether and when and if they are living up to the agreements they have signed." Former IAEA Director General ElBaradei called for less emphasis on additional UN sanctions and more emphasis on enhanced cooperation between the IAEA and Tehran. Iran has agreed with IAEA requests to answer unresolved questions about its nuclear program. ElBaradei often criticized what he called "war mongering," only to be told by Rice to mind his business. 2702:. Iran was completely unprepared for chemical warfare and did not even have sufficient gas masks for its troops. Due to sanctions, Iran had to purchase gas masks from North Korea or commercial painting respirator masks bought from the West. Iran is not known to have resorted to using chemical weapons in retaliation for Iraqi chemical weapons attacks during the Iran–Iraq War despite the fact it would have been legally entitled to do so under the then-existing international treaties on the use of chemical weapons which only prohibited the first use of such weapons. Still Iran did develop a chemical-weapons-program during the latter part of that war, and in 1989, 1340:

stated it would be helpful if "we were able to share with Iran more of the material that is at the centre of these concerns", and also said it would be helpful if Iran fully implemented the Subsidiary Arrangements to its Safeguards Agreement and fully implemented the Additional Protocol. ElBaradei said Iran's failure to report the existence of a new fuel enrichment facility until September 2009 was inconsistent with its obligations under the Subsidiary Arrangements to its Safeguards Agreement. ElBaradei closed by saying international negotiations represented a "unique opportunity to address a humanitarian need and create space for negotiations".

1177:, former Chairman of the National Intelligence Council until December 2008, in reference to the 2007 Iran NIE and using intelligence to anticipate opportunities and shape the future, said intelligence has a "recently reinforced propensity to underscore, overstate, or 'hype' the findings in order to get people to pay attention" and that the 2007 NIE was intended to send the message "you do not have a lot of time but you appear to have a diplomatic or non-military option". A National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) is the most authoritative written judgment concerning a national security issue prepared by the Director of Central Intelligence. 1964:." In the op-ed, Fleitz claimed the new estimate had serious problems and underplayed the threat from Iran's pursuit of nuclear weapons program much as the 2007 version did. However, Fleitz stated that he was not permitted by CIA censors to discuss his specific concerns about the estimate. Fleitz also claimed the estimate had a four-member outside review board that he viewed as biased since three of the reviewers held the same ideological and political views and two of them were from the same Washington DC think tank. He noted that the CIA prevented him from releasing the names of the outside reviewers of the 2011 Iran estimate. 1186:

and weaponize its uranium. An anonymous source in the German Foreign Intelligence Service (BND) whose rank was not provided has gone further and claimed Iran could produce a nuclear bomb and conduct an underground test in 6 months if it wanted to and further asserted that Iran had already mastered the full uranium enrichment cycle, and possessed enough centrifuges to produce weapons-grade uranium. Physicists said that if Iran were to choose to develop a nuclear weapon, it would have to withdraw from the International Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and expel International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors from the country.

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resemblance to any North Korean, Russian, Chinese or Pakistani (missile technology). It demonstrates a significant leap in Iran's missile capabilities." Ruben went on to state that the Sejil-1 " ... places Iran in the realm of multiple-stage missiles, which means that they are on the way to having intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capabilities ..." As a weapon, the Sejil-1 presents much more challenge to Iran's potential enemies, as solid-fuel missiles can be launched with much less notice than liquid-fueled missiles, making them more difficult to strike prior to launch.

545: 1112:, Iran turned away from Western suppliers and obtained nuclear assistance from Russia and China in a number of key areas, including uranium mining, milling and conversion, as well as technology for heavy-water research reactors. However, Washington intervened with Moscow and Beijing to prevent Iran from fully acquiring its list of nuclear power and fuel-cycle facilities. The 1990s also saw Iran expand its furtive nuclear research into conversion, enrichment and plutonium separation. "Most importantly, on the basis of additional centrifuge assistance from the 1619:

specialist. An Iranian Jew from California claimed "I don't believe in these sanctions... They hurt normal people, not leaders. What is the use of that?" Vice President of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Ghannadi framed the debate as a humanitarian issue, "This is about human beings. . . . When someone is sick, we should give medicine." Iran informed the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that fuel obtained from Argentina in 1993 would run out by the end of 2010, and that it could produce the uranium itself or buy the uranium from abroad.

1349:, suggested "the media has seriously misrepresented the actual contents of the report" and that "in fact, no new information has been revealed." They wrote that there was "no independent assessment that Iran is engaged in weapons work" and that this was "hardly the first time that the agency has discussed potential evidence of Tehran's nuclear weapons research". Iran's envoy to the UN atomic watchdog criticized Western powers for interpreting the IAEA report in an "exaggerated, selective and inaccurate" manner. 1887:(which represents the consensus view of all 16 American spy agencies) concluded, with a "high level of confidence", that Iran had halted all of its nuclear weapons program in 2003 and that the program remains frozen. The new estimate says that the enrichment program could still provide Iran with enough raw material to produce a nuclear weapon sometime by the middle of next decade but that intelligence agencies "do not know whether it currently intends to develop nuclear weapons" at some future date. Senator 1672: 1173:" at some future date. Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki said 70 percent of the U.S. report was "true and positive," but denied its allegations of Iran having had a nuclear weapons program before 2003. Russia has said there was no proof Iran has ever run a nuclear weapons program. The former head of the IAEA, Mohamed ElBaradei, stated that he had seen "maybe some studies about possible weaponization", but "no evidence" of "an active weaponization program" as of October 2007. 2192:

ability to attack Europe and that "it is indeed difficult to imagine the circumstances in which Iran would do so." The report said if Iran did pursue this capability, it would need six to eight years to develop a missile capable of carrying a 1,000 kilogram warhead 2,000 kilometers. The report said Iran ending "IAEA containment and surveillance of the nuclear material and all installed cascades at the Fuel Enrichment Plan" might serve as an early warning of Iranian intentions.

2658:, and that their large legitimate bio-technological and bio-medical industry "could easily hide pilot to industrial-scale production capabilities for a potential BW program, and could mask procurement of BW-related process equipment". The report further said that "available information about Iranian activities indicates a maturing offensive program with a rapidly evolving capability that may soon include the ability to deliver these weapons by a variety of means". 1441:. The Institute for Science and International Security, said that it "urges caution and further assessment" of the document and noted that "the document does not mention nuclear weapons .. and we have seen no evidence of an Iranian decision to build them." Anton Khlopkov, the founding director of the Center for Energy and Security Studies, said the media leak may be being used "as a pretext for inciting the campaign against Iran." Former Russian Prime Minister 352: 1169:(representing the consensus view of all 16 American intelligence agencies) concluded with a "high level of confidence" that Iran had halted its nuclear weapons program in 2003 and "with moderate confidence" that the program remained frozen as of mid-2007. The new estimate says that the enrichment program could still provide Iran with enough raw material to produce a nuclear weapon sometime by the middle of next decade, but that intelligence agencies " 442:, though it is approved by some relatively minor clerics. Later versions of this fatwa forbid only the "use" of nuclear weapons, but said nothing about their production. Iran has stated its uranium enrichment program is exclusively for peaceful purposes. The IAEA has confirmed the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran but has also said it "needs to have confidence in the absence of possible military dimensions to Iran’s nuclear program." 1912:, wrote that U.S. policy must be thoroughly multilateral and suggested recognizing Iranian enrichment while getting Iran to agree to limits on its enrichment. "In return, some of the current sanctions in place would be suspended. In addition, Iran should be offered assured access to adequate supplies of nuclear fuel for the purpose of producing electricity. Normalization of political ties could be part of the equation," Haass said. In October 2009, 2588:

Javad Zarif qualified the resolution as "arbitrary" and illegal because the NTP protocol explicitly guarantees under international law Iran's right to pursue nuclear activities for peaceful purposes. In response to today's vote at the UN, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said that his country will revise his position vis-à-vis the economic/incentive package offered previously by the G-6 (5 permanent Security council members plus Germany.)

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contain any conclusions about the presence of undeclared nuclear activities in Iran." Iran pointed out the claims had not been verified by the International Atomic Energy Agency and argued that "some countries are angry that our people defend their nuclear rights." "I think that some of the claims about our nuclear issue have turned into a repetitive and tasteless joke," Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said in response to the documents.

2679: 1748:, the possession of a document on manufacturing uranium metal hemispheres, and other links between Iran's military and its nuclear program, as further indications of a military intent to Iran's nuclear program. The IAEA has said U.S. intelligence provided to it through 2007 has proven inaccurate or not led to significant discoveries inside Iran; however, the US, and others have recently provided more intelligence to the agency. 1645:"We have already expressed our views about nuclear bombs. We said those who are seeking to build nuclear bombs or those who stockpile, they are politically and mentally retarded. We think they are stupid because the era of nuclear bombs is over. for example, should Iran continue its efforts and tolerate all international treasures only to build a nuclear bomb, or a few nuclear bombs that are useless? They can never be used!" 45: 10028: 1657:"The Iranian nation has never pursued and will never pursue nuclear weapons. There is no doubt that the decision makers in the countries opposing us know well that Iran is not after nuclear weapons because the Islamic Republic, logically, religiously and theoretically, considers the possession of nuclear weapons a grave sin and believes the proliferation of such weapons is senseless, destructive and dangerous." 2763:, and the bombs and artillery shells to deliver them. It further claimed that during the first half of 2001, Iran continued to seek production technology, training, expertise, equipment, and chemicals from entities in Russia and China that could be used to help Iran reach its goal of having indigenous nerve agent production capability. However the certainty of this assessment declined and in 2007 the U.S. 2384:"In contrast with the fears of many Arab governments, the Arab public does not appear to see Iran as a major threat. Most believe that Iran has the right to its nuclear program and do not support international pressure to force it to curtail its program. A plurality of Arabs (44%) believes that if Iran were to acquire nuclear weapons, the outcome would be more positive for the region than negative." 1995:, said in August 2012 that a unilateral Israeli attack on Iran would delay but not destroy Iran's nuclear program and that he did not wish to be "complicit" in such an attack. He also stated that sanctions were having an effect and should be given time to work, and that a premature attack might damage the 'international coalition' against Iran. Former Defense Secretary and former CIA Director 1853:. The office's mission was reportedly to promote a democratic transition in Iran. and to help "defeat" the Iranian regime. Iran argued the office was tasked with drawing up plans to overthrow its government. One Iranian reformer said after the office opened that many "partners are simply too afraid to work with us anymore", and that the office had "a chilling effect". The 1353:

future intentions, but even if you talk to MI6 or the CIA, they will tell you they are still four or five years away from a weapon. So, we have time to engage," he said. ElBaradei further said the building of trust between the parties would "not happen until the two sides sit around the negotiating table and address their grievances. Sooner or later that will happen."

1945:, former Chairman of the National Intelligence Council until December 2008, said that the original 2007 National Intelligence Estimate on Iran "became contentious, in part, because the White House instructed the Intelligence Community to release an unclassified version of the report's key judgments but declined to take responsibility for ordering its release." 2161:

safeguards, nor Russia's and Iran's commitments to repatriate spent nuclear fuel to Russia is seen as a good enough argument by the United States." Ryabev argued that "at the same time, such requirements are not imposed on, for example, Brazil, which has been developing its nuclear power industry and nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium enrichment."

450:, reported that Iran was pursuing research that could enable it to produce nuclear weapons, but was not attempting to do so. In 2010 and 2011, the senior officers of all of the major American intelligence agencies stated that there was no conclusive evidence that Iran has made any attempt to produce nuclear weapons since 2003. In a 2007 1064:

as a covert means to develop weapons, while Iran says it is aimed solely at producing electricity. For its part in the conflict-ridden Middle East, Israel is a member of the IAEA, but it is not itself a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and is widely believed to currently be the only nuclear-armed state in the region.

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Agency is still awaiting a reply from Iran to its request to meet relevant Iranian authorities in connection with these issues", the report said. The report further said, "it would be helpful if Member States which have provided documentation to the Agency would agree to share more of that documentation with Iran, as appropriate."

5790:"MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Russian MFA Information and Press Department Comment on the Recent Washington Times Article of Henry Sokolski, a Member of the US Congress Commission on the Prevention of WMD Proliferation and Terrorism, About Russian Assistance to Iran's Military Nuclear Program" 1493:

international right. I also say unequivocally to those who make false claims: Iran is not pursuing nuclear weapons, but it will not give up its rights. Your provocation will not make us pursue nuclear weapons. We hope that you come to your senses soon and do not get the world involved in disputes and crises.

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1,800 physicists warning that the military intervention and the use of nuclear weapons would have disastrous consequences for the security of Britain and the rest of world. The letters carried the signatures of academics, politicians and scientists including some of 5 physicists who are Nobel Laureates.

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Of the 35-member board of governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 25 countries voted in favour of the resolution, diplomats said. Three countries – Venezuela, Malaysia and Cuba – voted against the resolution. Six countries – Afghanistan, Brazil, Egypt, Pakistan, South Africa and Turkey –

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We judge in fall 2003 Tehran halted its nuclear weapons design and weaponization activities and that the halt lasted at least several years... Although we do not know whether Iran currently intends to develop nuclear weapons, we assess Tehran at a minimum is keeping open the option to develop them...

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Sejil-2 is an upgraded version of the Sejil. The Sejil-2 two-stage solid-fuel missile has a 2,000 km range and was first test fired on 20 May 2009. The Sejil-2 surface-to-surface medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) was first tested eight months prior to the actual test launch, which took place

2630:

On 30 July 2008 the Non-Aligned Movement welcomed the continuing cooperation of Iran with the IAEA and reaffirmed Iran's right to the peaceful uses of nuclear technology. The movement further called for the establishment of a nuclear weapons free zone in the Middle East and called for a comprehensive

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31 July 2006: The UN Security Council gives until 31 August 2006 for Iran to suspend all uranium enrichment and related activities or face the prospect of sanctions. The draft passed by a vote of 14–1 (Qatar, which represents Arab states on the council, opposing). The same day, Iran's U.N. Ambassador

2053:

In 2009, the United Nations built a seismic monitoring station in Turkmenistan near its border with Iran, to detect tremors from nuclear explosions. The UN Security Council has demanded Iran freeze all forms of uranium enrichment. Iran has argued these demands unfairly compel it to abandon its rights

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In May 2003, The Swiss ambassador to Iran sent the State Department a two-page document, reportedly approved by Ayatollah Khamanei, outlining a road map towards normalization of relations between the two states. The Iranians offered full transparency of its nuclear programme and withdrawal of support

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In November 2007 ElBaradei circulated a report to the upcoming meeting of the IAEA Board of Governors. Its findings conclude that Iran has made important strides towards clarifying its past activities, including provided access to documentation and officials involved in centrifuge design in the 1980s

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Iran is a signatory of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans chemical weapons, delivery systems, and production facilities. Iran has reiterated its commitment to the CWC and its full support for the work of the OPCW, in particular in view of the considerable suffering these weapons have caused

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have proposed that the Middle East be established as a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone. Israel said in May 2010 it would not consider taking part in nuclear weapon-free zone discussions or joining the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The UN Security Council has also pushed for a nuclear-weapon free zone in

1618:

Iran has said that U.N. Security Council sanctions aimed at curtailing its uranium-enrichment activities unfairly target its medical sector. "We have thousands of patients a month at our hospital alone .. If we can't help them, some will die. It's as simple as that," said an Iranian nuclear medicine

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On 16 November 2009 the Director General provided a report to the Board of Governors. The report stated "there remain a number of outstanding issues which give rise to concerns, and which need to be clarified to exclude the existence of possible military dimensions to Iran's nuclear programme." "The

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is in charge of the projects, while Iranian officials assert these projects are a fiction made up by the United States. The article further reported that "while the international agency readily concedes that the evidence about the two projects remains murky, one of the documents it briefly displayed

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could be names for Iranian efforts for designing a nuclear warhead and making it work with an Iranian missile. "We are looking to those suppliers of information to help us on the question of authenticity, because that is really a major issue. It is not an issue that involves nuclear material; it's a

1063:

called for ElBaradei to be sacked, saying: "The policies followed by ElBaradei endanger world peace. His irresponsible attitude of sticking his head in the sand over Iran's nuclear programme should lead to his impeachment." Israel and some western governments fear Iran is using its nuclear programme

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Any aircraft could potentially be used to host some form of WMD distribution system. Iran has a varied air force with aircraft purchased from many countries, including the United States. Due to sanctions, the Iranian government has encouraged the domestic production of aircraft and, since 2002, has

2195:

Yevgeny Primakov, a former Russian prime minister considered the doyen of Moscow's Middle East experts, said he did "not believe that Iran had made a decision to acquire nuclear weapons. Russia has no concrete information that Iran is planning to construct a weapon. It may be more like Japan, which

2095:

In September 2011 Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported several statements about Iran's nuclear program and China's foreign policy in the Middle East, made by independent Chinese expert on the Middle East who recently visited Israel at the invitation of "Signal", an organization that furthers academic

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supports the peaceful resolution of the Iran nuclear issue through diplomacy and negotiations. In May 2006 Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Liu Jianchao stated "As a signatory to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Iran enjoys the right to peaceful use of nuclear power, but it should also fulfil its

1898:

On 2 February 2009, the thirtieth anniversary of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran launched its first domestically produced satellite. Iran's President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad described the successful launching of the Omid data-processing satellite as a very big source of pride for Iran and said the

1802:"The CIA found no conclusive evidence, as yet, of a secret Iranian nuclear-weapons program running parallel to the civilian operations that Iran has declared to the International Atomic Energy Agency," adding that a current senior intelligence official confirmed the assessment. On 25 February 2007, 1731:

In 2005, the United States stated that Iran has violated both Article III and Article II of the NPT. The IAEA Board of Governors, in a rare divided vote, found Iran in noncompliance with its NPT safeguards agreement for a 1985–2003 "policy of concealment" regarding its efforts to develop enrichment

1537:

On 6 August 2005, Iran rejected a 34-page European Union proposal intended to help Iran build "a safe, economically viable and proliferation-proof civil nuclear power generation and research program." The Europeans, with US agreement, intended to entice Iran into a binding commitment not to develop

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In his final November 2009 statement to the IAEA Board of Governors, Mohamed ElBaradei said the Agency continued to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran, but that other issues of concern had reached a "dead end" unless Iran were to fully cooperate with the agency. ElBaradei

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was more cautious, saying recently that it would take the Iranians until 2014. German, French, and British intelligence said that under a worst-case scenario it would take Iran a minimum of 18 months to develop a nuclear weapon if it chose to build one, and it would have to first purify its uranium

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concluded "if Iran threw caution to the wind, and sought a nuclear weapon capability as quickly as possible without regard for international reaction, it might be able to produce enough HEU for a single nuclear weapon by the end of this decade", assuming no technical problems. The report concludes,

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Iran has advanced biology and genetic engineering research programs supporting an industry that produces world-class vaccines for both domestic use and export. The dual-use nature of these facilities means that Iran, like any country with advanced biological research programs, could easily produce

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said "that the prospect of a deliberate Iranian first nuclear strike on Israel, an out-of the-blue scenario, is virtually nonexistent... he chances of Iran – or for that matter any other nuclear power – unleashing a nuclear strike against Israel, which has nuclear capabilities itself, strike me as

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saying, they "continue to show that Iran is moving in the wrong direction". In November 2006, Seymour Hersh described a classified draft assessment by the Central Intelligence Agency "challenging the White House's assumptions about how close Iran might be to building a nuclear bomb." He continued,

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The United States acknowledges Iran's right to nuclear power, and has joined with the EU-3, Russia and China in offering nuclear and other economic and technological cooperation with Iran if it suspends uranium enrichment. This cooperation would include an assured supply of fuel for Iran's nuclear

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alleged that ElBaradei had "censored" evidence obtained by IAEA inspectors over the preceding few months. ElBaradei has angrily rejected claims from Israel, France and the US that he had suppressed the internal IAEA report, saying all relevant and confirmed information had been presented to member

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In an April 2010 interview with the BBC, former IAEA Director General ElBaradei said Western nations were seeking harsher sanctions "out of frustration". "I don't think Iran is developing, or we have new information that Iran is developing, a nuclear weapon today .. there is a concern about Iran's

1019:

In September 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors, in a rare non-consensus decision with 12 abstentions, recalled a previous Iranian "policy of concealment" regarding its enrichment program and found that Iran had violated its NPT Safeguards Agreement. Another IAEA report stated "there is no evidence

509:

In November 2009, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution against Iran which urged Iran to apply the modified Code 3.1 to its Safeguard Agreement, urged Iran to implement and ratify the Additional Protocol, and expressed "serious concern" that Iran had not cooperated on issues that needed

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On 8 May 2006, Former Deputy Commander-in-Chief of British Land Forces, General Sir Hugh Beach, former Cabinet Ministers, scientists and campaigners joined a delegation to Downing Street opposing military intervention in Iran. The delegation delivered two letters to Prime Minister Tony Blair from

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The United Kingdom is part of the EU3+3 (UK, France, Germany, US, China and Russia) group of countries that are engaged in ongoing discussions with Iran. The UK is therefore one of the countries that has stated that Iran would be provided with enriched fuel and support to develop a modern nuclear

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released a joint U.S.-Russian Threat Assessment on Iran's Nuclear and Missile Potential. The report concluded that there was "no IRBM/ICBM threat from Iran and that such a threat, even if it were to emerge, is not imminent." The report said there was no specific evidence that Iran was seeking the

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In 2005, Russian Advisor to Minister of Atomic Energy Lev Ryabev asserted that "neither the signing by Iran of the NPT, the adoption of the Additional Protocol (which provides for the right of inspection of any facility at any time with no prior notice), placement of nuclear facilities under IAEA

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On 29 December 2009, Zongo Saidou, a sanctions advisor for the U.N., said that as far as he knew, none of the U.N.'s member nations had alerted the sanctions committee about allegations of sales of uranium to Iran from Kazakhstan. "We don't have any official information yet regarding this kind of

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The United States has also provided information to the IAEA on Iranian studies related to weapons design, activities, including the intention of diverting a civilian nuclear energy program to the manufacture of weapons, based on a laptop computer reportedly linked to Iranian weapons programs. The

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Iran has criticized the European Union because it believes it has taken no steps to reduce the danger of nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Iran has called on the state of Israel to sign the NPT, accept inspection of its nuclear facilities, and place its nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards.

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has also said after the public publications of the documents "Russia has no concrete information that Iran is planning to construct a weapon". Russia's representative to the IAEA, Alexander Zmeyevskiy, has noted that though the IAEA is in possession of these documents, the IAEA's findings "do not

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reported that "nowhere are there construction orders, payment invoices, or more than a handful of names and locations possibly connected to the projects." Former IAEA Director ElBaradei said the Agency didn't have any information that nuclear material has been used and didn't have any information

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On 12 May 2006, claims that highly enriched uranium (well over the 3.5% enriched level) was reported to have been found "at a site where Iran has denied such sensitive atomic work", appeared. "They have found particles of highly enriched uranium , but it is not clear if this is contamination from

1180:

The U.S. Director of National Intelligence said in February 2009 that Iran would not realistically be able to a get a nuclear weapon until 2013, if it chose to develop one., and that US intelligence does not know whether Iran intends to develop nuclear weapons, but believes Iran could at least be

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A 2007 annual review the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London stated that "If and when Iran does have 3,000 centrifuges operating smoothly, the IISS estimates it would take an additional 9-11 months to produce 25 kg of highly enriched uranium, enough for one implosion-type

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In January 2010, China reiterated its calls for diplomatic efforts on the Iran nuclear issue over sanctions. "Dialogue and negotiations are the right ways of properly solving the Iran nuclear issue, and there is still room for diplomatic efforts," said Chinese spokesperson Jiang Yu. "We hope the

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wrote that in an ideal future "Iran has abandoned its plans for nuclear weapons due to consistent international pressure under joint U.S.–Russian leadership. Iran has implemented the Additional Protocol and developed commercial nuclear power under strict International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

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evidence of Iran's intention to develop nuclear weapons, or at a minimum to develop a latent nuclear weapons capability. Others have noted that while possession of the technology "contributes to the latency of non-nuclear weapon states in their potential to acquire nuclear weapons" but that such

1303:

In September 2007 the IAEA announced it has been able to verify that Iran's declared nuclear material has not been diverted from peaceful use. While the IAEA has been unable to verify some "important aspects" regarding the nature and scope of Iran's nuclear work, the agency and Iranian officials

1096:

until his death in 1989, placed little emphasis on nuclear weapons development because it was viewed as a suspicious Western innovation. During that time, many of Iran's top scientists fled the country while the United States organized an international campaign to block any nuclear assistance to

465:

stated in January 2012 that Iran was pursuing a nuclear weapons capability, but was not attempting to produce nuclear weapons. In 2009, U.S. intelligence assessed that Iranian intentions were unknown. Some European intelligence believe Iran has resumed its alleged nuclear weapons design work. In

2100:: "China is opposed to any military action against Iran that would damage regional stability and interfere with the flow of oil. But China will not stop Israel if it decides to attack Iran. For all these reasons, Israel and the Middle East need a country like China. Israel needs China's power." 1862:

The Bush Administration repeatedly refused to rule out use of nuclear weapons against Iran. The U.S. Nuclear Posture Review made public in 2002 specifically envisioned the use of nuclear weapons on a first strike basis, even against non-nuclear armed states. Investigative reporter Seymour Hersh

1533:

said "We are concerned that once certain powerful states completely control nuclear energy resources and technology, they will deny access to other states and thus deepen the divide between powerful countries and the rest of the international community ... peaceful use of nuclear energy without

1519:

that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islam and that Iran shall never acquire these weapons. The text of the fatwa has not been released although it was referenced in an official statement at a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in

1492:

God willing, we expect to soon join the club of the countries that have a nuclear industry, with all its branches, except the military one, in which we are not interested. We want to get what we're entitled to. I say unequivocally that for no price will we be willing to relinquish our legal and

1432:

claimed that a document from an unnamed Asian intelligence agency described the use of a neutron source which has no use other than in a nuclear weapon, and claimed the document appeared to be from an office in Iran's Defense Ministry and may have been from around 2007. Norman Dombey, professor

1916:

President Joseph Cirincione outlined "five persistent myths about Iran's nuclear program": that Iran is on the verge of developing a nuclear weapon, that a military strike would knock out Iran's program, that "we can cripple Iran with sanctions", that a new government in Iran would abandon the

1331:

The IHT report went on to say that "ElBaradei said he was worried about the growing rhetoric from the U.S., which he noted focused on Iran's alleged intentions to build a nuclear weapon rather than evidence the country was actively doing so. If there is actual evidence, ElBaradei said he would

1288:

In late 2006, "New traces of plutonium and enriched uranium– potential material for atomic warheads– have been found in a nuclear waste facility in Iran." However, "A senior U.N. official who was familiar with the report cautioned against reading too much into the findings of traces of highly

6736:

Strictly speaking, fuels enriched to 20% 235U are classified as HEU. Since many facilities with LEU cite a nominal enrichment of 20%, we have modified the definition of LEU to be £20% U for the purposes of RRSFDB. Since any fuel with exactly 20% enrichment before irradiation will have <20%

1312:

that, even if Iran did intend to develop a nuclear bomb, they would need "between another three and eight years to succeed". He went on to note that "all the intelligence services" agree with this assessment and that he wanted to "get people away from the idea that Iran will be a threat from

1059:, director of the IAEA at the time, said he had no evidence Iran was building nuclear weapons and accused US leaders of adding "fuel to the fire" with their rhetoric. Speaking in Washington in November 2007, days before the IAEA was to publish its latest report, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister 2183:

In 2009, Russian Major-General Pavel S. Zolotarev argued Iran's security could be partially be assured by supplying Iran with modern missile and air defense systems and offering for Iran to take part in the work of one of the data exchange centers in exchange for "concrete non-proliferation

2881:

According to Jane's Information Group, details of the design other than the number of stages and that it uses solid fuel have not been released. Uzi Ruben, former director of Israel's Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, indicated that, "Unlike other Iranian missiles, the Sajil bears no

1936:

believes Iran ended "nuclear weapon design and weaponization work" in 2003. The intelligence consensus was affirmed by leaders of the U.S. intelligence community. Some advisors within the Obama administration reaffirmed the intelligence conclusions, while other "top advisers" in the Obama

2805:

with a range of 2,000 km and a payload of 1,000 kg is believed to be under development. Iran has stated the Shahab-3 is the last of its war missiles and the Shahab-4 is being developed to give the country the capability of launching communications and surveillance satellites. A

1084:(NPT) in 1968. Fueled by high oil prices in the 1970s, Iran sought to purchase large-scale nuclear facilities from Western suppliers in order to develop nuclear power and fuel-cycle facilities with both civilian and potential military applications. In March 1974, the shah established the 1796:

to either "toughen his stance on Iran" or fail to be chosen for a third term as IAEA head. The IAEA has on some occasions criticised the stance of the U.S. on Iran's program. The United States denounced Iran's successful enrichment of uranium to fuel grade in April 2006, with spokesman

1259:, which is only necessary to make nuclear weapons. Iran furnished the IAEA with copies, claiming not to have used the information for weapons work, which it had obtained along with other technology and parts in 1987 and the mid-1990s. It is thought this material was sold to them by 9568:

Hosseini SE, Saeidian H, Amozadeh A, Naseri MT, Babri M (5 October 2016). "Fragmentation pathways and structural characterization of organophosphorus compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention by electron ionization and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry".

1324:"We have information that there has been maybe some studies about possible weaponization," said Mohamed ElBaradei, who led the International Atomic Energy Agency. "That's why we have said that we cannot give Iran a pass right now, because there is still a lot of question marks." 2715:

and ratified it on 3 November 1997. In the official declaration submitted to OPCW Iranian government acknowledged that it had developed a chemical-weapons-program in the 1980s but asserted that it had since ceased the program and destroyed the stockpiles of operational weapons.

1415:

states. ElBaradei said he and the Agency have repeatedly said the rumors of censorship were "totally baseless, totally groundless. All information that we have received that has been vetted, assessed in accordance with our standard practices, has been shared with the Board."

2494:

The Islamic Republic of Iran, based on its fundamental religious and legal beliefs, would never resort to the use of weapons of mass destruction. In contrast to the propaganda of our enemies, fundamentally we are against any production of weapons of mass destruction in any

445:

In December 2014, a Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control report by Lincy and Milhollin based on IAEA data concluded that Iran could produce enough weapons-grade uranium for one nuclear warhead in 1.7 months. In 2012, sixteen U.S. intelligence agencies, including the

2669:

for legitimate scientific purposes which have been weaponised by other nations in the past, or could theoretically be weaponised. Although they do not allege that Iran has attempted to weaponise them, Iran possesses sufficient biological facilities to potentially do so.

1248:

the Agency has not seen indications of diversion of nuclear material to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices ... however, after three years of intensive verification, there remain uncertainties with regard to both the scope and the nature of Iran's nuclear

2556:

How can they face Iran? How come Israel has 50 nuclear bombs? Why are they selective? Why shouldn't an Islamic or Arab country have a nuclear bomb? I am not referring to the Iranian program, which the Iranians say is for peaceful purposes. I am talking about a nuclear

1863:

reported in 2006 that the Bush administration had been planning the use of nuclear weapons against Iran. When specifically questioned about the potential use of nuclear weapons against Iran, President Bush claimed that "All options were on the table." According to the

1020:

that the previously undeclared nuclear material and activities ... were related to a nuclear weapons program." Iran has claimed that the military threat posed by Israel and the United States is forcing it to restrict the release of information on its nuclear program.

1204:

An IAEA report issued 8 November 2011 provided detailed information outlining the IAEA's concerns about the possible military dimensions of Iran's nuclear program, noting that Iran had pursued a structured program or activities relevant to the development of nuclear

1121:(NCRI) declared the Natanz project in August of that year. Since that time, international pressure on Iran has remained steady, hampering but not halting the country's nuclear development. Iran remains legally bound to the NPT and states its support for the treaty. 1948:

Lieutenant General Ronald Burgess, the chief of the Defense Intelligence Agency, said in January 2010 that there is no evidence that Iran has made a decision to build a nuclear weapon and that the key findings of a 2007 National Intelligence Estimate are all still

1776:

in the 1960s. A nuclear-armed Iran would dramatically change the balance of power in the Middle East, weakening US influence. It could also encourage other Middle Eastern nations to develop nuclear weapons of their own further reducing US influence in a critical

1407:

that any components of nuclear weapons had been manufactured. Iran has asserted that the documents are a fabrication, while the IAEA has urged Iran to be more cooperative and Member States to provide more information about the allegations to be shared with Iran.

1987:, said, "No one that I'm aware of thinks that there's any real positive outcome of a military strike or some kind of conflict." He advocated negotiating with Iran and deterring Iran from aggressive actions and said, "Let's not precipitate something." General 2199:

In February 2012, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin said that Russia opposes Iran developing nuclear-weapons capability. "Russia is not interested in Iran becoming a nuclear power. It would lead to greater risks to international stability.", Putin said.

2038:

concluded that Iran was not developing nuclear weapons, though it was improving its nuclear capabilities, reporting that "Iran is not currently undertaking the key nuclear weapons-development activities that would be necessary to produce a testable nuclear

1767:

A potential reason behind U.S. resistance to an Iranian nuclear program lies in Middle Eastern geopolitics. In essence, the US feels that it must guard against even the possibility of Iran obtaining a nuclear weapons capability. Some nuclear technology is

8665: 1289:

enriched uranium and plutonium, saying Iran had explained both and they could plausibly be classified as byproducts of peaceful nuclear activities." In 2007 these traces were determined to have come from leaking used highly enriched uranium fuel from the

2444:

Beg said he is sure Iran has had enough time to develop them. But he insists the Pakistani government didn't help, even though he says former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto once told him the Iranians offered more than $ 4 billion for the technology.

2611:

member countries, at the summit level, declared supporting Iran's nuclear program for civilian purposes in their final written statement. That is a clear majority of the 192 countries comprising the entire United Nations, which comprise 55% of the

2603:

The Non-Aligned Movement has said that the present situation whereby Nuclear Weapon States monopolise the right to possess nuclear weapons is "highly discriminatory", and they have pushed for steps to accelerate the process of nuclear disarmament.

1422:

Russia has denied allegations of "continued Russian assistance to Iran's nuclear weapons program" as "totally groundless" and said the November 2009 IAEA report reaffirmed the absence of a military component in Iran's efforts in the nuclear field.

2531:

The Muslim, Iranian, fighting people now possess nuclear capabilities. My brother, the Iranian representative sitting here, let me tell you that we, the Palestinian people, are in favour of Iran having a nuclear bomb, not just energy for peaceful

1028:

speculates that Iran may have a lack of confidence in the international community which was reinforced when many nations, under pressure from the United States, rejected or withdrew from signed commercial deals with the Iranian nuclear authority.

1606:

made the following statement: "If they say that we should close down our fuel production facilities to resume talks, we say fine, but those who enter talks with us should also close down their nuclear fuel production activities". The

2244:, then a member of Parliament, argued in his newspaper column that it was reasonable for Iran to seek nuclear weapons and that a nuclear-armed Iran could make the Middle East more stable. On assuming office he called for a new deal. 1116:

network, Iran was able to begin the construction of pilot-scale and industrial-scale enrichment facilities at Natanz around 2000." Full exposure of Iran's nuclear activities came in 2002, when an Iranian exiled opposition group, the

6680:"Additional Supply Agreement of 9 December 1988 between the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran and of Argentina for the Transfer of Enriched Uranium for a Research Reactor in Iran" 2886:

in the central Iranian province of Semnan. Improvements include better navigation system, better targeting system, more payload, longer range, faster lift-off, longer storage time, quicker launch, and lower detection possibility.

1999:

stated in October 2012 that sanctions were beginning to have an effect and that "the results of an American or Israeli military strike on Iran could, in my view, prove catastrophic, haunting us for generations in that part of the

1036:, which were tightened on 24 March 2007, because Iran refused to suspend enrichment. Iran's representative to the UN argued that the sanctions compelled Iran to abandon its rights under the NPT to peaceful nuclear technology. The 4879: 1161:

On 22 October 2007, Mohamed ElBaradei repeated that, even assuming Iran was trying to develop a nuclear bomb, they would require "between another three and eight years to succeed", an assessment shared by "all the intelligence

708: 510:"to be clarified to exclude the possibility of military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program." Iran said the "hasty and undue" resolution would "jeopardize the conducive environment vitally needed" for successful negotiations. 5740:"International Atomic Energy Agency: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 3422:"International Atomic Energy Agency: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 2284:, has said Iran is "decades away" from developing any credible nuclear-arms capacity and that an attack on Iran would have grave repercussions for the global economy. If Iran ever did develop nuclear weapons, Israeli academic 1278:

centrifuges that had been previously found or something new," said one diplomat close to the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). These reports have not yet been officially confirmed by the IAEA (as of 1 June 2006).

2782:, for analysis and produced detailed mass spectral data which was added to the OPCW Central Analytical Database. Previously there had been no detailed descriptions of their spectral properties in open scientific literature. 2735:

had twice blocked his proposal to begin working on both nuclear and chemical weapons to counter Iraqi chemical attacks, which Rafighdoost interpreted as a fatwa against their use and production, because it was issued by the

485:

After the IAEA voted in a rare non-consensus decision to find Iran in non-compliance with its NPT Safeguards Agreement and to report that non-compliance to the UN Security Council, the Council demanded that Iran suspend its

2336:

newspaper, the Netherlands had launched an operation to infiltrate and sabotage the Iranian weapons industry, but ended the operation due to increasing fears of an American or Israeli attack on Iran's nuclear facilities.

9039: 6625:

International Atomic Energy Agency: Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of

2107:

said that "China is opposed to any country in the Middle East, including Iran, developing and possessing nuclear weapons.", adding that Iran nonetheless has the right to pursue nuclear activities for peaceful purposes.

1380:

question of allegations," ElBaradei further said. ElBaradei has strongly denied reports that the agency had concluded Iran had developed technology needed to assemble a nuclear warhead, when a November 2009 article in

2433:

In the AP interview, Beg detailed nearly 20 years of Iranian approaches to obtain conventional arms and then technology for nuclear weapons. He described an Iranian visit in 1990, when he was Chief of Army Staff.

1564:

the same day, Gharavian rejected these reports, saying "We do not seek nuclear weapons and the Islamic religion encourages coexistence along with peace and friendship...these websites have tried to misquote me."

1270:, certain military-owned workshops, and research and development locations. Iran agreed voluntarily to implement the Additional Protocol provisionally, however when the IAEA reported Iran's non-compliance to the 1634:(LEU). Though HEU enriched to levels exceeding 20% is considered technically usable in a nuclear explosive device, this route is much less desirable because far more material is required to achieve a sustained 6158: 1296:

In July 2007 the IAEA announced that Iran has agreed to allow inspectors to visit its Arak nuclear plant, and by August 2007 a plan for monitoring the Natanz uranium enrichment plant will have been finalised.

1979:, former CIA Director, said in January 2012 that Israel was not able to inflict significant damage on Iran's nuclear sites. He said, "They only have the ability to make this worse." In February 2012, Admiral 7220: 2077:

corresponding responsibility and commitment". He added "It is urgently needed that Iran should fully cooperate with the IAEA and regain the confidence of the international community in its nuclear program".

6872: 1732:

and reprocessing technologies. The United States, the IAEA and others consider these technologies to be of particular concern because they can be used to produce fissile material for use in nuclear weapons.

3318: 2877:

The Sejil is a two-stage, solid-propellant, surface-to-surface missile (SSM) produced by Iran with a reported 1,930 km (1,200 mi) range. A successful test launch took place on 12 November 2008.

8927: 1649:

On 22 February 2012, in a meeting in Tehran with the director and officials of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) and nuclear scientists, Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah Seyyed

1266:

On 18 December 2003, Iran voluntarily signed, but did not ratify or bring into force, an Additional Protocol that allows IAEA inspectors access to individuals, documentation relating to procurement,

5078: 2266:, has frequently claimed that Iran is actively pursuing a nuclear weapons program. Arguing an "existential threat from Iran", Israel has issued several veiled and explicit threats to attack Iran. 2003:

In 2011, the senior officers of all of the major American intelligence agencies stated that there was no conclusive evidence that Iran has made any attempt to produce nuclear weapons since 2003.

2353:(gas-centrifuge-based programme), also supplied Iran with critical technology for its uranium enrichment program, and helped "put Iran on a fast track toward becoming a nuclear weapons power." 9293:

Bureau of Verification and Compliance, U.S. Department of State, "Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" (30 August 2005).

7915: 5689:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008), and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 1473:, and further says that it "has constantly complied with its obligations under the NPT and the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency". Twelve other countries are known to operate 1466:, the former UN weapons inspector in Iraq. Roger Stern, of Johns Hopkins Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, agrees "Iran's claims to need nuclear power could be genuine". 1308:

the same month, ElBaradei remarked that "Iran does not constitute a certain and immediate threat for the international community". In October 2007, ElBaradei amplified these remarks, telling

9513:"DRAFT REPORT OF THE OPCW ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION IN 2008" 4007:"Implementation of the NPT safeguards agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 1088:(AEOI). Sensing a heightened risk of nuclear proliferation, the United States convinced Western allies to limit the export of nuclear fuel-cycle facilities to Iran. Supreme Leader Ayatollah 5789: 685: 1760:

in exchange for security assurances and normalization of diplomatic relations. The Bush Administration did not respond to the proposal, as senior U.S. officials doubted its authenticity.

1300:

In August 2007 the IAEA announced that Iran has agreed to a plan to resolve key questions regarding its past nuclear activities. The IAEA described this as a "significant step forward".

2698:

Iran has experienced attack by chemical warfare (CW) on the battlefield and suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties, both civilian and military, in such attacks during the 1980–88

2579:

stated that "the only way to resolve Iran's nuclear issue is to resume negotiations without any preconditions and to enhance co-operation with the involvement of all relevant parties".

8558: 6089: 2767:

limited its public assessment to just noting that "Iran has a large and growing commercial chemical industry that could be used to support a chemical agent mobilization capability."

1560:, spoke about the necessity of using nuclear weapons as a means to retaliate and announced that "based on religious law, everything depends on our purpose". In an interview with the 6751: 4368: 4330: 4292: 7367: 2073: 2796: 9780: 3639: 822: 1967:

Several high U.S. military and intelligence officials have stated that the effects of an Israeli attack on Iran's nuclear facilities would not be preventive. Defense Secretary

1497:

On 14 November 2004, Iran's chief nuclear negotiator said that his country agreed to voluntarily and temporarily suspend the uranium enrichment program after pressure from the

680: 9432:"Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced Conventional Munitions, 1 January Through 30 June 2001" 9007: 6425: 2221:

suspends all enrichment related activities, answer all the outstanding issues relating to Iran's nuclear programme and implement the additional protocol agreed with the IAEA

2067: 1556:, a news website run by Iranian exiles (the Fedayeen Khalq leftist terrorist group), reported that Hojatoleslam Mohsen Gharavian, a student of Qom's fundamentalist cleric 2539: 9132:"Iraqi Ayatollah Ahmad Al-Baghdadi Talks of America's Annihilation and the Muslim Conquest of the World; Declares Support for Nuclear Bombs for Muslim and Arab Countries" 8307: 1842: 1212:

revealed thousands of files he said were copied from a "highly secret location" in Teheran which show an Iranian effort to develop nuclear weapons between 1999 and 2003.

9482: 9963: 8392: 2096:

ties between Israel and China. Yin Gang of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has expressed his opinion on China policies toward region, and according to Haaretz

1320:, the former head of the IAEA, Mohamed ElBaradei, stated that he had seen "no evidence" of Iran developing nuclear weapons. The IHT quoted ElBaredei as stating that, 4431: 3929:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006) and 1747 (2007) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 1055:

a "supporter of terrorism". Iran responded that "it is incongruent for a country who itself is a producer of weapons of mass destruction to take such a decision."

6983: 5285: 3541: 2774:

In 2013 Ahmet Uzumcu, the Director-General of the OPCW, hailed Iran as an effective and active member-state of the OPCW. In 2016 Iranian chemists synthesised five

2439:

They didn't want the technology. They asked: 'Can we have a bomb?' My answer was: By all means you can have it but you must make it yourself. Nobody gave it to us.

1367:

Former IAEA Director General ElBaradei said in 2009 that the agency had been provided with "no credible evidence" that Iran is developing nuclear weapons, but the

1047:

US intelligence predicted in August 2005 that Iran could have the key ingredients for a nuclear weapon by 2015. On 25 October 2007, the United States declared the

9876:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006) and 1747 (2007) in the Islamic Republic of Iran

7976: 6876: 6524: 5307:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006) and 1747 (2007) in the Islamic Republic of Iran

3389: 8016: 1501:

on behalf of the United Kingdom, France and Germany, as a confidence-building measure for a reasonable period of time, with six months mentioned as a reference.

338: 7946: 3834:"Security Council Tightens Restrictions on Iran's Proliferation-Sensitive Nuclear Activities, Increases Vigilance Over Iranian Banks, Has States Inspect Cargo" 3295: 8935: 1032:

On 31 July 2006, the UN Security Council passed a resolution demanding Iran suspend its enrichment program. On 23 December 2006, the Security Council imposed

2324:

agents on the Iranian coast. In 2018, the Israeli Prime Minister said that the Mossad seized about one hundred thousand documents of Iran's nuclear program.

381: 8747: 6768: 5515: 3757: 2488:

have repeatedly declared that Islam forbids the development and use of all weapons of mass destruction. SFGate.com quoted Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as saying:

7228: 4249: 3679:"Statement by H.E. Mr. Manouchehr Mottaki, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, before The Conference on Disarmament (March 2007)" 3243: 2862:

missiles. The missiles had ranges from 300 km to up to 2,000 km...Iranian experts have made some changes to Shahab-3 missiles installing cluster

2595:

called for a nuclear weapons free Middle East and recognition of the right of a country to expertise in the field of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

9542: 1243:(IAEA) is an autonomous international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for military purposes. 2847:, has an unknown range but is estimated to be 2,500 km. The missile is radar evading and can strike targets simultaneously using multiple warheads. 2592: 1711: 1158:

The former head of the IAEA, Mohamed ElBaradei, said on 24 May 2007 that Iran could take between 3 and 8 years to make a bomb if it went down that route.

675: 670: 8984: 5393:"International Atomic Energy Agency: Introductory Statement to the Board of Governors by IAEA Director General Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei (26 November 2009)" 1151:, said Tehran would not be able to produce enough material for a nuclear bomb before 2010 and would only be able to make it into a weapon by about 2015. 1108:

sought to revive Iran's overt nuclear civilian program and expand undeclared nuclear activities during the 1990s. According to a strategic dossier from

9710: 9190:"The Closing Statement Of the Twenty-Seventh Session of the Supreme Council of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (December 2006)" 1081: 838: 645: 407: 1201:, the head of the Institute for Science and International Security, said in a report that Iran was seeking to "make sufficient weapons-grade uranium". 9241: 8527: 8497: 6245: 6213: 2092:

relevant parties take more flexible and pragmatic measures and step up diplomatic efforts in a bid to resume talks as soon as possible," said Jiang.

713: 7923: 6679: 7061: 5082: 2180:. At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "Iran has the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programs without any restrictions". 1630:, Iran began using a single cascade to enrich uranium "up to 19.8%", to match the previously foreign supplied fuel. 20% is the upper threshold for 6628: 4905: 4091: 3421: 10073: 9957: 8240: 3103: 2080:

In April 2008, several news agencies reported that China had supplied the IAEA with intelligence on Iran's nuclear program following a report by

1740:

latency is not necessarily evidence of intent to proceed toward the acquisition of nuclear weapons, since "intent is in the eye of the beholder".

1327:"But have we seen Iran having the nuclear material that can readily be used into a weapon? No. Have we seen an active weaponization program? No." 879: 814: 8640: 7671: 6966: 5793: 1869:, "the president of the United States directly threatened Iran with a preemptive nuclear strike. It is hard to read his reply in any other way." 10013:

Ambassador Javad Zarif's statement to the UN Security Counsel in response to the resolution requiring Iran to suspend enrichment, 31 July 2006.

10010: 8210: 8124: 8094: 7775:"Thomas Fingar: "Reducing Uncertainty: Intelligence and National Security Using Intelligence to Anticipate Opportunities and Shape the Future"" 7587: 6550: 2209: 1975:, director of National Intelligence, said in February 2012 that an Israeli attack would only delay Iran's program by one or two years. General 848: 282: 83: 9303: 7143:

Letter dated 13 July 2006 from the Permanent Representative of France to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council

3332: 9431: 6901: 5549:: Transcript of the IAEA Director General's Remarks at the Joint Press Conference with the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, 4 October 2009 2514: 1706: 1129: 1109: 502:. The IAEA has been able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran, but not the absence of undeclared activities. The 287: 9637: 8566: 7994: 7474: 5348: 9382: 3268: 1215:

On 1 May 2018 the IAEA reiterated its 2015 report, saying it had found no credible evidence of nuclear weapons activity in Iran after 2009.

334: 242: 237: 9043: 7879: 7732: 6748: 4482: 4384: 4346: 4308: 2631:

multilaterally negotiated instrument which prohibits threats of attacks on nuclear facilities devoted to peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

2465:

Countries acquire the (nuclear) capability on their own, as we have done it. Iran will do the same, because they are threatened by Israel.

1938: 9189: 8451: 828: 799: 262: 247: 207: 197: 192: 9356: 8373: 6828: 4855:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 9688: 8436: 5561: 4988: 3643: 2223:". The UK (with China, France, Germany and Russia) put forward the three Security Council resolutions that have been passed in the UN. 593: 292: 9784: 3678: 6475: 5205: 1892: 720: 374: 107: 102: 9329: 7774: 7204: 6214:"IAEA Information Circular 724 (March 2008): Communication from the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Agency" 6117: 4752: 4658: 4575: 3522: 9490: 9064: 9014: 6246:"IAEA Information Circular 729 (June 2008): Communication from the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Agency" 6063: 2419: 2350: 703: 217: 202: 117: 9889: 7276: 6645: 6433: 5415: 4554: 2145:"Where will it drop it, this bomb? On Israel? It would not have gone 200 meters into the atmosphere before Tehran would be razed." 1454:

Iran states that the purpose of its nuclear program is the generation of power and that any other use would be a violation of the

10004: 7828: 5739: 4663:: Reducing Uncertainty: Intelligence and National Security – Using Intelligence to Anticipate Opportunities and Shape the Future" 552: 277: 222: 187: 142: 97: 92: 9948:, September 2005–presentation of US position. Satellite photography and quotes from Iranian leaders are documented and analyzed. 8588: 8475: 7509: 7032: 6320: 5985: 4152: 3803:"Security Council Imposes Sanctions on Iran for failure to halt Uranium Enrichment, Unanimously adopting Resolution 1737 (2006)" 2126:

said "No civilian nuclear programme can explain the Iranian nuclear programme. It is a clandestine military nuclear programme."

1784:

be "held accountable" for seeking to build nuclear arms in violation of its agreements. In June 2005, the US secretary of state

1343:

On 18 February 2010 the IAEA released a new report on Iran's nuclear program. Ivan Oelrich and Ivanka Barzashka, writing in the

9976:(Harvard Int'l Law Review, Vol. 26 No. 4 – Winter 2005) lays out the case for nuclear energy in Iran, by Prof. Muhammad Sahimi. 9008:"2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll, Survey of the Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland" 8332:

Strengthening U.S-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation (2005) Development, Security, and Cooperation (DSC) (page 57)

8197:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Remarks on Reports of China Providing Information to IAEA on Iran's Nuclear Programs" 4794: 2576: 2455: 2253: 2155: 2117: 1599:

threatening to withdraw from the NPT if Iran's right to peaceful use of nuclear technology under the treaty was not protected.

1118: 272: 257: 227: 212: 182: 162: 137: 122: 112: 9242:"XV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (July 2008): Statement on the Islamic Republic of Iran's Nuclear Issue" 5955: 1304:

agreed on a plan to resolve all outstanding issues, Director-General Mohamed ElBaradei said at the time. In an interview with

903: 8410: 6368: 4767: 4406: 4378: 4340: 4302: 3591: 2522: 1773: 267: 177: 172: 147: 132: 127: 7015: 6408: 6397: 5130: 3708:"IAEA Board of Governors: "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (September 2005)" 2866:

in them with the capacity to carry 1,400 bombs." These launches come after some United States-led military exercises in the

2020:, reported that Iran was pursuing research that could enable it to produce nuclear weapons, but was not attempting to do so. 1385: 8389: 7715: 5333: 4961: 4695:"Central Intelligence Agency: Declassified National Intelligence Estimates on the Soviet Union and International Communism" 3732:"IAEA Board of Governors: "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (February 2006)" 3589:

Dennis Blair: Annual Threat Assessment of the Intelligence Community for the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (2009)

3479: 2543: 2365: 1956:, a former CIA analyst and House Intelligence Committee staff member, took issue with a February 2011 revision of the 2007 1933: 1772:; i.e. it can be used for peaceful energy generation, and to develop nuclear weapons, a situation that resulted in India's 853: 843: 455: 367: 355: 157: 19: 9898: 9215: 7853: 6577: 6448: 5659: 5479: 4694: 2708:

reported that Iran started a major campaign to produce and stockpile chemical weapons after a truce was agreed with Iraq.

2231: 8840: 6991: 4435: 3220:"Nuclear proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran", Gawdat Bahgat, Iranian Studies Journal, vol. 39(3), September 2006 2737: 2400: 1723: 872: 736: 471: 9154:"Security Council Demands Iran Suspend Uranium Enrichment by 31 August, or Face Possible Economic, Diplomatic Sanctions" 8811: 7688: 5282: 4458: 4201: 3774:"Security Council Demands Iran Suspend Uranium Enrichment by 31 August, or Face Possible Economic, Diplomatic Sanctions" 3145: 1313:

tomorrow, and that we are faced right now with the issue of whether Iran should be bombed or allowed to have the bomb".

10058: 7811: 6528: 3399: 3098: 3078: 2811: 1789: 1240: 1085: 1041: 665: 624: 614: 588: 6302: 2623:

rejected any "interference" in Iran's nuclear transparency deal with U.N. inspectors by Western countries through the

1362: 1133:

however, that it is unlikely that Iran would flatly ignore international reactions and develop nuclear weapons anyway.

9906: 5873: 4827: 3453: 2728: 2651: 2035: 1865: 1819: 1438: 1345: 231: 7954: 3303: 10068: 9973: 9864: 7761: 7311: 6801: 5589: 5056: 2415: 2404: 2259: 1470: 1455: 1230:

that "Iran probably has already the atomic bomb," citing past detection failures by U.S. intelligence and the IAEA.

1002: 528: 7341: 6281:"Final document of the 12th summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998" 3855: 1072:

Iran's nuclear program began as a result of the Cold War alliance between the United States and the Shah of Iran,

10063: 9758: 9613:

Report of the Scientific Advisory Board on developments in science and technology for the Third Review Conference

9131: 8759: 8531: 8501: 8345: 7142: 6775: 3754: 2518: 2216: 1546: 1530: 1282: 1271: 1251:". However, the inspectors did find some sensitive documents, including instructions and diagrams on how to make 650: 167: 5104: 3497: 1474: 7250: 5050: 2426: 2274:, has cautioned that an Israeli air attack on Iran would be high-risk and warned against Israel striking Iran. 1957: 1929: 1884: 1166: 1137: 1124:

There are various estimates of when Iran might be able to produce a nuclear weapon, should it choose to do so:

865: 451: 9875: 8992: 8256: 6303:"Rafsanjani in Friday Sermon at Tehran University: We Will Soon Join The Nuclear Club - For Peaceful Purposes" 5925: 2564:

This Arab Islamic nation must obtain a nuclear bomb. Without a nuclear bomb, we will continue to be oppressed,

2304:

believes Iran's nuclear program is partially formed on the potential threat of a nuclear Israel. Iran and the

2013:

stated that Iran was pursuing a nuclear weapons capability, but was not attempting to produce nuclear weapons.

1080:

program, Iran received basic nuclear research facilities from the United States. In return, Tehran signed the

410:(NPT). Iran has first-hand knowledge of WMD effects—over 100,000 Iranian troops and civilians were victims of 9910: 7117: 6686: 5902: 5816: 4459:"Iran Is Judged 10 Years From Nuclear Bomb U.S. Intelligence Review Contrasts With Administration Statements" 2640: 1813: 578: 399: 308: 9718: 9404: 2747:

report dated January 2001 speculated that Iran had manufactured and stockpiled chemical weapons – including

9512: 9171: 6919:

Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments

6603: 5714:"Sources: UN watchdog hiding evidence on Iran nuclear program – Haaretz Daily Newspaper | Israel News" 3888: 2168:

said he had seen no evidence of any nuclear weapons program in Iran, no matter how old. On 16 October 2007

2138: 1961: 1909: 1827: 1735:

The United States has argued that Iran's concealment of efforts to develop sensitive nuclear technology is

1561: 1317: 1101: 583: 9248: 8535: 8505: 7713:

Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015: Proceedings of a Russian-U.S. Workshop (2009) (page 3)

6731: 6252: 6220: 5305: 4246: 3819: 2309:

the Middle East, and has urged all countries to sign and adhere the 1970 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.

4526: 2871: 2764: 2744: 2712: 2472: 2301: 1925:

safeguards using a fuel leasing approach with fuel supplied by Russia and spent fuel returned to Russia."

1557: 1025: 660: 573: 447: 411: 403: 395: 318: 8897: 5001: 10018: 7408:

Norris, Robert S.; Kristensen, Hans M. (September–October 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: Then and now".

7121: 6624: 5688: 5545: 5178: 5023: 4854: 4632: 4125: 4100: 4006: 3928: 3731: 3707: 3428: 2054:

under the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty to peaceful nuclear technology for civilian energy purposes.

1681: 1623: 559: 36: 9970:, November 2005 – questions whether Iran's nuclear program was really clandestine as commonly claimed. 9960:

by Prof. Volker Perthes, head of the German Institute for International and Security Affairs in Berlin

9460:

Iran's First-Generation Chemical Weapons Evaporate, as Certainty Declines in U.S. Intelligence Reports

8178: 10048: 10032: 8644: 7668: 6963: 2662: 2137:, indicated that if Iran possessed a nuclear weapon, the weapon could not be used. Chirac alluded to 1809: 9075: 8218: 8132: 8102: 7595: 6718: 5261: 3340: 1508:

has publicly stated Iran is not developing nuclear weapons. On 9 August 2005 Iran's Supreme Leader,

1263:, though the documents did not have the necessary technical details to actually manufacture a bomb. 10053: 9806: 9618:(Report). Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. 27 March 2013. p. 3. RC-3/WP.1 9435: 9307: 8725: 8408:

Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015: Proceedings of a Russian-U.S. Workshop (2009).

8284: 7104: 6942: 5392: 5156: 4181: 4034: 2916: 2844: 1485: 1305: 1093: 479: 458:

assessed that Iran had ended all "nuclear weapon design and weaponization work" in 2003. Then U.S.

7482: 7180: 5956:"Russian Information Agency Novosti: West finds new pretext for toughening sanctions against Iran" 5846: 5764: 3958: 3614: 3601:

develop nuclear weapons, we assess Tehran at a minimum is keeping open the option to develop them.

2771:

to the Iranian people. Iran has not made any declaration of a weapons stockpile under the treaty.

2084:

reporter George Jahn based on anonymous diplomatic sources. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson

1584:

he said, "I am officially announcing that Iran has joined the group of those countries which have

9833: 9641: 9612: 8962: 8371:

Putin Positive on Second Caspian Summit Results, Meets With Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

7451: 7393: 6604:"Introductory Statement to Board of Governors by IAEA Director General – Tehran Research Reactor" 5002:"Introductory Statement to the Board of Governors by IAEA Director General Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei" 4186: 3108: 2313: 1877: 1290: 1148: 536: 519: 26: 9386: 8155:"Kazakhstan Today: IAEA did not receive information of uranium deliveries by Kazakhstan to Iran" 6502: 3272: 7890: 7669:

United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations: Statement of Richard N. Haass (March 2009)

6918: 5292: 3050: 2829: 2818: 2485: 2477: 1635: 1033: 833: 491: 422: 9935: 9193: 6554: 1481:

Iran has proposed that the Middle East be established as a proposed Nuclear Weapon Free Zone.

9967: 8370: 7565: 6705: 6657: 5606: 4724: 2575:

A declaration signed on 20 June 2006 by the foreign ministers of 56 nations of the 57-member

2396: 2271: 2123: 1992: 1105: 1073: 768: 470:

said Iran was close to having the capability to produce nuclear weapons. Iran has called for

313: 9696: 9355:

Times, Michael R. Gordon With Stephen Engelberg and Special To the New York (27 June 1989).

9087: 6393:"Internationalization of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Goals, Strategies, and Challenges (2009)." 9578: 7417: 6860:

The most difficult step in building a nuclear weapon is the production of fissile material.

6843: 6167: 6134: 5373: 5235: 4501: 4265: 4064: 3682: 3123: 2620: 2608: 2320:. Their reported missions were to deter Iran, gather intelligence, and to potentially land 1984: 1631: 1048: 1037: 756: 655: 503: 74: 9979: 9458: 6479: 5213: 1274:

on 4 February 2006 Iran withdrew from its voluntary adherence to the Additional Protocol.

8: 9945: 9333: 8867: 8703: 8331: 7781: 7201: 6114: 4669: 4582: 3833: 3802: 3773: 3519: 2851: 2624: 2177: 1838: 1823: 1804: 1769: 1638:. HEU enriched to 90% and above is most typically used in a weapons development program. 1603: 1602:

On 21 February 2007, the same day the UN deadline to suspend nuclear activities expired,

1576:

had successfully enriched uranium to the 3.5 percent level, using a small cascade of 164

1569: 1526: 1505: 1267: 1092:, whose revolution displaced the Shah's monarchy in 1979 and ruled the newly established 544: 495: 475: 9582: 7643: 7617: 7421: 6929: 6847: 6171: 6036: 6014: 3362: 1895:, said he hoped the administration would "appropriately adjust its rhetoric and policy". 1688:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

9663: 7433: 7288: 7055: 6280: 6190: 6153: 5423: 4558: 3118: 2732: 2724: 2704: 2188: 2134: 1745: 1585: 1396: 1209: 778: 487: 8390:

Answer to a Question at the Joint Press Conference Following the Second Caspian Summit

5629: 4933: 4880:"Israel says it holds a trove of documents from Iran's secret nuclear weapons archive" 2814:

with a 10,000 km range, has been alleged but not proven to be under development.

9922: 9732: 9594: 9109: 8680: 8430: 8196: 7857: 7535: 7513: 7437: 7078: 6350: 6328: 6195: 6135:"Regime change is the reason, disarmament the excuse: An interview with Scott Ritter" 5445: 4607: 4374: 4336: 4298: 4229: 4156: 3484: 3319:"Did Iran's supreme leader issue a Fatwa against the development of nuclear weapons?" 2699: 2691: 2655: 2346: 2176:, Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit, where he met with Iranian leader 2031:

did not rule out a military intervention to stop Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons.

2007: 1980: 1976: 1913: 1793: 1523: 1434: 1260: 1194:, has said Iran is "decades away" from developing any credible nuclear-arms capacity. 1089: 1056: 773: 499: 459: 415: 6015:"Secret documents on Iran must be verified: Russia's representative to IAEA – Trend" 9586: 8785: 8068: 7425: 6851: 6737:

enrichment after significant burnup, this does not violate the accepted definition.

6185: 6175: 5959: 5713: 3201:"Signatories and Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 3113: 2687: 2666: 2613: 2582: 2411: 2392: 2296:

has written that Israel's stance on nuclear arms complicates efforts against Iran.

2081: 1972: 1953: 1905: 1873: 1846: 1785: 1744:

United States has pointed to other information reported by the IAEA, including the

1627: 1542: 1469:

Iran states it has a legal right to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes under the

1442: 1285:

passed a resolution demanding that Iran suspend its uranium enrichment activities.

783: 763: 59: 9153: 8614: 8414: 7889:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. 23 February 2012. Archived from 7154: 7012: 6551:"As Nuclear Deadline Passes, US and Iran Trade Accusations of Bombing Involvement" 6372: 3588: 9902: 9868: 8841:"Nuclear Threat Initiative: Israel Will Not Change Nuclear Policy, Official Says" 8396: 8377: 7815: 7719: 7675: 7208: 7019: 6970: 6755: 6632: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6394: 6121: 5289: 5134: 4253: 3761: 3595: 3526: 3200: 2775: 2756: 2430: 2277: 2235: 1968: 1798: 1402: 1227: 1187: 1077: 467: 64: 9996: 7712: 6902:"Backing 'every' option against Iran, Blinken appears to nod at military action" 4698: 3174: 2517:, a party that achieved 4.25% of the votes and holds 3 out the 132 seats in the 2088:

described these reports as "completely groundless and out of ulterior motives".

10000: 9905:, Prof. Mohammad Sahimi, Chairman of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the 9895: 9409: 9273: 9219: 8923: 6452: 3506: 3394: 2962: 2833: 2403:

to impose a third set of sanctions on Iran. It was the only country out of the

2263: 2228: 2169: 2130: 2028: 1988: 1719: 1577: 1498: 1198: 984: 741: 439: 252: 69: 9829: 8958: 8844: 8199:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 3 April 2008. 7083:: Diplomats: China Has Provided IAEA With Intelligence on Iran's Nuke Program" 5180:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran

5025:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran

4633:"UN nuclear watchdog chief expresses concern about anti-Iran rhetoric from US" 4127:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran

4093:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran

2797:

Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps § Missile forces

432:, along with other clerics, issued a public and categorical religious decree ( 398:(WMD) and has signed treaties repudiating the possession of WMD including the 10042: 10007:

Subcommittee on the Middle East and Central Asia, Washington DC, 24 June 2004

9400: 8781: 7977:"Blinken Declines to Rule Out Military Option Should Iran Nuclear Talks Fail" 4906:"IAEA: 'No Credible Indications' of Iran Nuclear Weapons Activity After 2009" 3501: 3229:

Center for Documents of The Imposed War, Tehran. (مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات جنگ)

3149: 2854:. Iranian state television reported "dozens of missiles were fired including 2850:

On 2 November 2006, Iran fired unarmed missiles to begin 10 days of military

2748: 2720: 2297: 2241: 2165: 1942: 1921: 1917:

nuclear program, and that Iran is the main nuclear threat in the Middle East.

1223: 1174: 1021: 7805: 6180: 6068:: Ahmadinejad Tells Diane Sawyer Document Detailing Nuke Bomb Plans Is Fake" 4576:"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate)" 9598: 8476:"Putin Says Iran Developing Nuclear Capability Would Risk Global Stability" 6306: 6199: 4373:. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2011. p. 10. 3561: 3093: 2867: 2779: 2373: 2333: 2317: 2010: 1996: 1816: 1650: 1512: 1463: 1381: 1144: 804: 751: 746: 462: 429: 10003:, Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security, before the 9890:

Towards Transatlantic Cooperation in Meeting the Iranian Nuclear Challenge

9383:"Iranian Use of Chemical Weapons: A Critical Analysis of Past Allegations" 8154: 8041: 6525:"Iran lawmakers threaten withdrawal from Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" 4335:. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2011. p. 9. 4297:. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2011. p. 7. 3982: 3902: 3820:"Security Council tightens sanctions against Iran over uranium enrichment" 1395:

article cited classified US intelligence reports asserting that Professor

9983: 7030: 2760: 2752: 2361: 2305: 2285: 2267: 2104: 1960:

on Iran's nuclear weapons program in a Wall Street Journal op-ed titled "

1854: 1850: 1608: 1371:

reported in January 2009 that the IAEA is investigating U.S. allegations

1060: 9861: 8017:"Iran's Nuclear Weapons Capability and Terrorism Monitoring Act of 2022" 6805: 3244:"Nuclear weapons unholy, Iran says. Islam forbids use, clerics proclaim" 2654:

claimed that Iran began work on offensive biological weapons during the

1857:

has reportedly appropriated more than $ 120 million to fund the project.

8441:(Page 235) Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) 7345: 5484:: 'No credible evidence' of Iranian nuclear weapons, says UN inspector" 2454:

I would not like my future generations to live in the neighborhood of "

1888: 1596: 1182: 1100:

Following the death of Ayotollah Khomeini, the leadership of President

1052: 9951: 9917:"Iran's Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities: A Pattern of Peaceful Intent?". 8129:: IAEA receives report on Iranian plans of importing purified uranium" 7429: 6984:"Capability versus intent: The latent threat of nuclear proliferation" 6855: 6732:

International Atomic Energy Agency: Research Reactor Spent Fuel Status

2731:

throughout the eight-year Iran-Iraq war, described how supreme leader

2349:

network, established to procure equipment and material for Pakistan's

1545:

program in January 2006, prompting the IAEA to refer the issue to the

1293:, which the U.S. supplied to Iran in 1967, and the matter was closed. 9590: 9274:"Razi Institute produces dlrs 100 m worth of vaccines, serums a year" 8498:"Foreign Secretary and Condoleezza Rice joint statement (23/05/2008)" 7916:"U.S. Gen. Dempsey: 'I don't wish to be complicit in Israeli strike'" 7809:: Quotes from Payvand News of Iran – News, photos, topics, and quotes 6426:"Terrorist Organization Profile: Fedayeen Khalq (People's Commandos)" 4756:: US intelligence unsure of Iran's nuclear weapons intentions: chief 4434:. International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2005. Archived from 3084:

built its own transport aircraft, fighters, and gunship helicopters.

2966: 2388: 2024: 1757: 1722:

did not rule out a military intervention to stop Iran from obtaining

1715: 1641:

In an interview in October 2011, President Ahmadinejad of Iran said:

1612: 1509: 1428: 1113: 1076:, who emerged as an important US ally in the Persian Gulf. Under the 426: 9892:– analysis by George Perkovich, IFRI Proliferation Papers n°14, 2005 9040:"Iran's President Thanks Indonesia for Not Supporting UN Resolution" 8928:"Mossad Agents Have Disclosed the Failure of Iran's Security System" 3860:: Security Council calls on Iran to comply with nuclear obligations" 2316:

with nuclear missiles capable of reaching any target in Iran in the

2016:

In 2012, sixteen United States intelligence agencies, including the

1384:

said the allegations included Iran's weapon design activities using

8816:: Israel's stance on nuclear arms complicates efforts against Iran" 7829:"U.S. intelligence chief sees limited benefit in an attack on Iran" 4938: 4065:"ASIL Insight – Iran's Resumption of its Nuclear Program: Addendum" 2987: 2958: 2937: 2859: 2855: 2807: 2802: 2683: 2678: 2506: 2281: 2085: 1484:

On 3 December 2004, Iran's former president and an Islamic cleric,

1309: 1191: 1171:

do not know whether it currently intends to develop nuclear weapons

8099:: Russia denies knowledge of Iranian uranium deal with Kazakhstan" 7648:: Iraq pleased with Iran's launching of Omid satellite: al-Rubaie" 6930:

Promoting Expanded and Responsible Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy

6154:"The Iranian petroleum crisis and United States national security" 5477: 4852: 4729:: RPT-EXCLUSIVE-Iran would need 18 months for atom bomb-diplomats" 3889:"UN Security Council demands that Iran suspend nuclear activities" 1937:

administration "say they no longer believe the key finding of the

506:

has called on both sides to work through the IAEA for a solution.

9845: 8261: 6873:"Fareed Zakaria interviews Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" 5131:"IAEA inspectors found traces of highly enriched uranium in Iran" 4485: 2870:

on 30 October 2006, meant to train for blocking the transport of

2863: 2837: 2510: 2481: 2369: 1581: 1459: 1411: 1252: 619: 6964:

See paragraphs 6 and 7 of the Nuclear Suppliers Group Guidelines

5105:"Diplomats: New traces of highly enriched uranium found in Iran" 2583:

Qatar and Arab vote against the U.N. Security Council resolution

2425:

On 12 May 2006 AP published an interview with Pakistan's former

2196:

has nuclear readiness but does not have a bomb," Primakov said.

44: 8681:"Israel Threatens Iran Over Nuclear Program – U.S. & World" 7722:, Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC). 7221:"The Daily Telegraph: American armada prepares to take on Iran" 3907:: "Ahmadinejad: Iran's nuclear issue is 'closed'" (09/25/2007)" 3296:"Did the IAEA report undermine Khamenei's religious authority?" 3029: 3008: 2321: 2173: 1781: 1592: 1573: 1256: 9567: 9216:"Payvand's Iran News: Iran Wins Backing From Non-Aligned Bloc" 7031:

Bob Drogin, Kim Murphy, Los Angeles Times (25 February 2007).

4989:

Iran Probably Already Has the Bomb. Here’s What to Do about It

1572:

announced Iranian scientists working at the pilot facility at

438:) against the development, production, stockpiling and use of 8215:: China calls for diplomacy as U.S. weighs sanctions on Iran" 7995:"US intelligence says Iran is not developing nuclear weapons" 7013:

Statement by Ambassador Gregory L. Schulte, 13 September 2006

5566:: Exclusive: ElBaradei says West won't meet Iran atom demand" 3991:

abstained. One country, Azerbaijan, was absent from the vote.

2547: 2502: 1753: 1534:

possession of a nuclear fuel cycle is an empty proposition".

1516: 1218:

In 2021, a group of former Republican officials including ex-

629: 598: 568: 434: 9958:

Europe's Iran Policy: Breaking out of the Spiral of Mistrust

9952:

Iran as a Pioneer Case for Multilateral Nuclear Arrangements

9638:"NTI: Country Overviews: Iran Profile: Missile Capabilities" 9536: 9534: 8959:"Dutch Government Pulls Intelligence Operatives Out of Iran" 8615:"Boris Johnson: Replace Iran nuclear plan with 'Trump deal'" 8241:"'China will not stop Israel if it decides to attack Iran'." 8022:. Office of the Director of National Intelligence. June 2023 6827:

Wood, Houston G.; Glaser, Alexander; Kemp, R. Scott (2014).

5516:"U.S. Rejected Aid for Israeli Raid on Iranian Nuclear Site" 2840:

in 2001. The X-55 has a range of 2,500 to 3,000 kilometers.

2448:

In an article in 2005 about nuclear proliferation he stated

1140:

stated that Iran was ten years from making a nuclear weapon.

9543:"Iranian chemists identify Russian chemical warfare agents" 9483:"OPCW Director-General Visits the Islamic Republic of Iran" 8704:"Israel Threatens Iran – Defense/Middle East – Israel News" 8559:"Give Iran the bomb: it might make the regime more pliable" 8452:"East-West Institute: Iran's Nuclear and Missile Potential" 7496: 7103:

Steve Coll, 'Will Iran Get That Bomb?', review of Parsi in

6476:"Islam forbids use of nuclear weapons: Theological scholar" 5590:

Iran tested advanced nuclear warhead design – secret report

4966: 3055: 3034: 3013: 2992: 2971: 2942: 2921: 2822: 2357: 1831: 1553: 895: 9954:. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 8726:"Israeli politician threatens Iran with attack over nukes" 8528:"Iranian expansion of its enrichment program (08/04/2008)" 6371:. Al Jazeera Magazine Online Edition. 2005. Archived from 5664:: Strong Leads and Dead Ends in Nuclear Case Against Iran" 5478:

Julian Borger; Richard Norton-Taylor (30 September 2009).

5123: 5097: 5071: 3480:

U.S. does not believe Iran is trying to build nuclear bomb

2825:

that can carry an 1800 kg payload over 2000 km.

2068:

People's Republic of China and weapons of mass destruction

1155:

weapon. That day is still 2–3 years away at the earliest."

9714: 9531: 8999: 8581: 4910: 3390:"Iran may be seeking nuclear warhead, U.N. watchdog says" 2476:

reported on 31 October 2003, that Grand Ayatollahs, like

2395:

Muslim-majority nation and a non-permanent member of the

2377: 2017: 1219: 1051:

a "proliferator of weapons of mass destruction", and the

9997:

Iran's Continuing Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction

7592:: Iran insists its satellite serves no military purpose" 7472: 7452:"Rice tells nuke watchdog to butt out of Iran diplomacy" 7344:. Mathaba News Network. 19 November 2008. Archived from 6576:

Erdbrink, Thomas; Branigin, William (19 December 2009).

5763:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (26 November 2009).

5347:

Sciolino, Elaine; Broad, William J. (16 November 2007).

4991:, James Woolsey et al., National Review, March 19, 2021. 4432:"Iran's Strategic Weapons Programmes – A Net Assessment" 4407:"The Iran Nuclear Archive: Impressions and Implications" 3269:"Ayat. Kashani: N-bomb production religiously forbidden" 2550:

was interviewed on Syrian TV. In his interview he said:

9304:"NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Biological Capabilities" 7947:"Ex-defense chief says hit on Iran would be disastrous" 7764:

By DAVID E. SANGER and WILLIAM J. BROAD, 3 January 2010

7566:"U.S. Department of State: Iranian Launch of Satellite" 6041:: Tehran dismisses report on nuclear program as psyops" 4934:"Iran nuclear row: Tehran says Israel's Netanyahu lied" 4153:"NTI: Global Security Newswire - Monday, April 2, 2007" 1595:" or Parliament) sent a letter to UN Secretary-General 9733:"Middle East | Iran tests new long-range missile" 9540: 8306:

Sciolino, Elaine; Bennhold, Katrin (1 February 2007).

8179:"Arab League chief calls for nuclear-free Middle East" 8173: 8171: 8131:. Xinhua News Agency. 30 December 2009. Archived from 7762:

U.S. Sees an Opportunity to Press Iran on Nuclear Fuel

7281:: U.S. opens two fronts in an effort to 'defeat' Iran" 6829:"The Gas Centrifuge and Nuclear Weapons Proliferation" 6802:"Council on Foreign Relations: Iran's Nuclear Program" 6685:. IAEA. January 1990. INFCIRC/97/Add.2. Archived from 5930:: Spy Agencies Are Puzzled by Nuclear Memo in Persian" 5607:"Iran Dope Arms Control Wonk: Concerns RV Not Warhead" 4853:

IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano (8 November 2011).

4521: 4519: 4039:: Iran Censured Over Nuclear Program by U.N. Watchdog" 1591:

In May 2006 some members of the Iranian legislature ("

1181:

keeping the option to develop them open. Mossad Chief

10016: 8607: 8589:"Boris gaffe as he says: 'Give nuclear bomb to Iran'" 7594:. Xinhua News Agency. 4 February 2009. Archived from 6275: 6273: 4821: 4819: 4496: 4494: 4099:. IAEA. 10 November 2003. GOV/2003/75. Archived from 3613:

Broad, William J.; DAVID E. SANGER (3 October 2009).

3337::Six powers to meet soon over Iran's nuclear program" 2607:

On 16 September 2006 in Havana, Cuba, all of the 118

1246:

On 6 March 2006, the IAEA Secretariat reported that "

494:

when Iran refused to do so. Former Iranian President

9517:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

9487:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

9357:"A GERMAN CONCERN SOLD CHEMICALS TO IRAN, U.S. SAYS" 8217:. Xinhua News Agency. 5 January 2010. Archived from 8101:. Xinhua News Agency. 1 January 2010. Archived from 5906:: US sees Iran edging closer to nuclear arms knowhow 5851:: Document Sparks New Concerns About A Nuclear Iran" 5765:".U.N. Nuclear Agency Calls Iran Inquiry 'Dead End'" 5334:"Iran more transparent but expands nuclear campaign" 4799:: Iran, world powers agree to draft deal on uranium" 4370:

Iran's Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Capabilities

4332:

Iran's Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Capabilities

4294:

Iran's Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Capabilities

3640:"Medvedev: Iran Nearer to Nuclear Weapons Potential" 3612: 3179:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

2380:

in March 2008 noted the following as a key finding.

9434:. Central Intelligence Agency (USA). Archived from 9088:"Outside View: Nuke Proliferators Can't Be Stopped" 8168: 7622:: Iran should turn into model country: Ahmadinejad" 7475:"Iran launches first home-made satellite: state TV" 7368:"U.S. Nuclear Arms Stance Modified by Policy Study" 4516: 4411:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

4182:

Nuclear proliferation: The Islamic Republic of Iran

4086: 4084: 4082: 3959:"Developing states rap "interference" in Iran deal" 3175:"States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention" 1410:In August 2009 an article in the Israeli newspaper 1363:

Nuclear program of Iran § February 2008 report

10011:Iranian Response to UN Security Council Resolution 8069:"Report: Iran seeking to smuggle purified uranium" 7073: 7071: 6769:"HEU as weapons material – a technical background" 6369:"Iran rejects "unacceptable" EU nuclear proposals" 6270: 5349:"Report Raises New Doubts on Iran Nuclear Program" 4816: 4491: 3615:"Report Says Iran Has Data to Make a Nuclear Bomb" 3542:Iran Trumpets Nuclear Ability at a Second Location 3146:"Signatories of the Biological Weapons Convention" 1615:rejected the offer and called it a "false offer". 1082:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 9042:. Voice of America. 11 March 2008. Archived from 8956: 8669:: Rabin's long memory and the NIE report on Iran 8346:"Ahmadinejad declares victory in nuclear dispute" 7997:. Nuclear Engineering International. 14 July 2023 7512:. individual.com. 4 February 2008. Archived from 6758:, C.W. Forsberg et al., ORNL/TM-13517, March 1998 6672: 6650:: China determined to stop Iran getting nukes-UK" 6527:. Jurist.law.pitt.edu. 7 May 2006. Archived from 6446: 5821:: Secret document exposes Iran's nuclear trigger" 5814: 5206:"IAEA, Iran agree visit at disputed reactor site" 5079:"UN finds highly enriched uranium traces in Iran" 4570: 4568: 4550: 4548: 3537: 3535: 3475: 3473: 3471: 2412:the second largest Muslim population in the world 1684:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 10040: 9218:. Payvand.com. 17 September 2006. Archived from 8305: 7854:"Iran's Nuclear Program and U.S. Policy Options" 7407: 7118:"The 'Grand Bargain' Fax: A Missed Opportunity?" 6575: 5298: 5171: 5016: 4176: 4174: 4118: 4079: 3814: 3812: 3529:, National Intelligence Estimate, November 2007. 2665:, Iran is known to possess cultures of the many 2043: 1356: 8898:"Israel stations nuclear missile subs off Iran" 8774: 8337: 7872: 7502: 7068: 5513: 3702: 3700: 3241: 3104:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747 9605: 9561: 8046:: Report: Iran seeking to smuggle raw uranium" 7820: 7473:Fredrik Dahl; Edmund Blair (3 February 2009). 7181:"IAEA blasts U.S. intelligence report on Iran" 6826: 6578:"In Iran, nuclear issue is also a medical one" 6449:"Iranian Cleric Okays Use of Nuclear Weapons!" 6430:National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism 6361: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5634:: Iran's nuclear disclosures: why they matter" 5509: 5507: 5505: 5043: 4994: 4768:"In sechs Monaten können sie die Bombe zünden" 4565: 4545: 4424: 4224: 4222: 3986:: UN atomic watchdog censures Iran: diplomats 3532: 3468: 3261: 2690:by Iraqi forces in the battlefield during the 2210:United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction 2133:, speaking "off the record" to reporters from 1920:In 2009, Independent U.S. Security Consultant 1488:alluded to Iran's position on nuclear energy: 849:Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive 9862:Annotated Google map of Iranian nuclear sites 9456: 8780: 8752:: Military chief warns against striking Iran" 8550: 8344:Hines, Nico; Baldwin, Tom (5 December 2007). 8308:"Chirac Strays From Assailing a Nuclear Iran" 7987: 7037:: Most U.S. tips fingering Iran false–envoys" 6500: 5792:. Ln.mid.ru. 24 November 2009. Archived from 5346: 5331: 4627: 4625: 4171: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3809: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 2515:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 1707:United States and weapons of mass destruction 1130:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1110:International Institute for Strategic Studies 873: 375: 9783:. Stratfor. 12 November 2008. Archived from 9134:. Middle East Media Research Institute. 2006 9112:. Middle East Media Research Institute. 2006 9005: 8895: 8343: 8009: 7846: 7060:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6943:"Mohamed ElBaradei, "Towards a Safer World"" 6618: 6601: 6503:"Iran Enriches Uranium, Plans New Expansion" 6467: 6440: 6415:. Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board (NRSB) 5450:: Iran unveils 'faster' uranium centrifuges" 4962:"Statement on Iran by the IAEA Spokesperson" 4001: 3999: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3697: 3642:. .voanews.com. 12 July 2010. Archived from 3237: 3235: 2164:On 5 December 2007 Russian Foreign Minister 2122:On 16 February 2006 French Foreign Minister 1580:. In the televised address from the city of 9807:"Iran tests new surface-to-surface missile" 9640:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from 9424: 9306:. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from 8641:"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance" 7510:"Iran launches first space research center" 7394:"Hersh: U.S. mulls nuclear option for Iran" 6896: 6894: 6494: 6206: 5910: 5878:: This is no smoking gun, nor Iranian bomb" 5762: 5627: 5502: 4722: 4527:"Iran bomb would take '3–8 years' to build" 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4247:No evidence Iran is making nukes: ElBaradei 4219: 4202:"Iran Is Judged 10 Years From Nuclear Bomb" 3921: 9830:"Iran Successfully Tests Sejjil-2 Missile" 9172:"Iran won't respond to offer until August" 9102: 9090:. United Press International. 7 March 2005 8843:. Gsn.nti.org. 10 May 2010. Archived from 8643:. Arms Control Association. Archived from 8299: 8277: 7856:. C-SPAN. 23 February 2012. Archived from 7686: 7342:"U.S. planning velvet revolution in Iran?" 6820: 5979: 5977: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5473: 5471: 4832:: "In Sight: an Amicable Endgame in Iran"" 4718: 4716: 4622: 4028: 4026: 3945: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3658: 2538:On 3 May 2006 Iraqi Shia cleric Ayatollah 2280:, head of the global intelligence company 1190:, head of the global intelligence company 880: 866: 594:Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center 382: 368: 43: 9630: 9571:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 9541:Ryan De Vooght-Johnson (1 January 2017). 7938: 7689:"Five Myths About Iran's Nuclear Program" 7202:Annals of National Security: The Next Act 6982:Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H. (14 June 2007). 6189: 6179: 5990:: No proof Iran nuke program is military" 5262:"Iran angry with France over war warning" 3996: 3874: 3520:Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities 3316: 3232: 2399:abstained from a vote in March 2008 on a 2215:power program if it, in the words of the 2129:In January 2007, former French President 1780:In 2003, the United States insisted that 1208:On 30 April 2018, Israeli Prime Minister 1197:On 12 February 2010 US think tank expert 1040:called on both sides to work through the 9873:Report by the Director General of IAEA: 8257:"China warns Iran again on nuclear aims" 8189: 7944: 7826: 7466: 7406:Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen 6981: 6891: 6793: 6761: 6749:Definition of Weapons-Usable Uranium-233 5559: 5157:"IAEA finds traces of plutonium in Iran" 4792: 4276: 3956: 3556: 3554: 3169: 3167: 2836:purchased without nuclear warheads from 2677: 2312:In May 2010, Israel reportedly deployed 2262:and which is widely believed to possess 2103:In March 2012, Chinese Foreign Minister 2034:In June 2023, an assessment by the U.S. 1837:In March 2006, it was reported that the 1710: 10005:House International Relations Committee 9827: 9296: 8556: 6940: 5974: 5534: 5468: 5413: 5390: 4713: 4023: 3788: 3387: 2598: 2364:Chair for Peace and Development at the 1316:In late October 2007, according to the 829:Iran–United States relations after 1979 394:Iran is not known to currently possess 10074:Weapons of mass destruction by country 10041: 9964:Iran needs nuclear energy, not weapons 9399: 9380: 8957:infolivetvenglish (1 September 2008). 8809: 8701: 8435:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 8066: 7687:Cirincione, Joseph (18 October 2009). 6875:. CNN. 22 October 2011. Archived from 6799: 6313: 6132: 6061: 5983: 5924:Broad, William J. (15 December 2009). 5871: 5657: 5599: 4723:Charbonneau, Louis (26 October 2009). 4456: 4199: 4133:. IAEA. 24 September 2005. GOV/2005/77 4032: 3140: 3138: 2577:Organisation of the Islamic Conference 2254:Israel and weapons of mass destruction 2156:Russia and weapons of mass destruction 2118:France and weapons of mass destruction 1462:ore. These claims have been echoed by 1119:National Council of Resistance of Iran 9836:from the original on 13 December 2021 9405:"When the Ayatollah Said No to Nukes" 9354: 9266: 9065:Iran sought Pakistan advice on attack 8965:from the original on 13 December 2021 8399:, 16 October 2007, Tehran, Kremlin.ru 7908: 7309: 6151: 5923: 5711: 5313:. IAEA. 15 November 2007. GOV/2007/58 5031:. IAEA. 18 November 2005. GOV/2005/87 4825: 4760: 4555:U.S. Says Iran Ended Atomic Arms Work 4502:"Q&A: Iran and the nuclear issue" 3551: 3293: 3214: 3164: 2634: 1962:America's Intelligence Denial on Iran 9381:Zander, Jean Pascal (7 March 2001). 9192:. Library.gcc-sg.org. Archived from 8922: 7540:: Iran launches homegrown satellite" 6473: 5159:. Associated Press. 15 November 2006 4826:Laing, Jonathan R. (4 August 2008). 4793:Daragahi, Borzou (21 October 2009). 4483:Iran could have nuclear bomb by 2015 3957:Heinrich, Mark (11 September 2007). 3388:Strobel, Warren (18 February 2010). 2366:University of Maryland, College Park 2258:Israel, which is not a party to the 1971:said in December 2011, and Lt. Gen. 1883:In December 2007, the United States 1665: 1568:On 11 April 2006, Iranian President 1165:In December 2007, the United States 456:United States Intelligence Community 20:Iraq and weapons of mass destruction 8683:. Fox News Channel. 21 October 2011 7155:"US agrees to back UN nuclear head" 7085:. Fox News Channel. 20 October 2011 6043:. Tehrantimes.com. 15 December 2009 5560:Heinrich, Mark (25 November 2009). 5514:David E. Sanger (10 January 2009). 5416:"There's still nothing new on Iran" 5374:"Iran calls for US nuclear apology" 5186:. IAEA. 30 August 2007. GOV/2007/48 4610:. Fox News Channel. 21 October 2011 4608:"Iran: U.S. Spied to Get Nuke Info" 4033:Cooper, Helene (27 November 2009). 3862:. United Nations. 27 September 2008 3363:"Iran wants new nuclear fuel talks" 3242:Collier, Robert (31 October 2003). 3135: 2785: 2711:On 13 January 1993 Iran signed the 2673: 2570: 2360:Public Opinion Poll, Survey of the 2340: 1939:2007 National Intelligence Estimate 1433:emeritus of theoretical physics at 800:Assassination of nuclear scientists 13: 9489:. 8 September 2005. Archived from 8702:Fendel, Hillel (5 December 2005). 8557:Johnson, Boris (11 October 2006). 7827:Dilanian, Ken (16 February 2012). 7650:. Tehrantimes.com. 7 February 2009 7624:. Tehrantimes.com. 4 February 2009 6656:. 10 February 2010. Archived from 6133:Horton, Scott (28 February 2007). 5547:International Atomic Energy Agency 5332:Mark Heinrich (15 November 2007). 4954: 4926: 4898: 4230:"US imposes new sanctions on Iran" 3681:. Missions.itu.int. Archived from 3193: 3099:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 3079:Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force 2843:Iran's most advanced missile, the 2812:intercontinental ballistic missile 1241:International Atomic Energy Agency 1086:Atomic Energy Organization of Iran 709:Iranian act implementing the JCPOA 625:International Atomic Energy Agency 615:Atomic Energy Organization of Iran 513: 14: 10085: 9907:University of Southern California 9855: 9717:. 2 November 2006. Archived from 9076:'Take Israel hostage if attacked' 8865: 8758:. 19 October 2011. Archived from 8285:"France: Iran program 'military'" 7945:Sizemore, Bill (4 October 2012). 7410:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6988:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6478:. The Muslim News. Archived from 6115:Saghand Mining Department Website 6062:Siegel, Joel (20 December 2009). 5984:Keinon, Herb (25 December 2009). 5815:Philippe Naughton (21 May 2011). 5658:Linzer, Dafna (8 February 2006). 5420:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5236:"Iran accepts fresh nuclear plan" 4266:"Israel minister: Sack ElBaradei" 4155:. 8 December 2007. Archived from 3566:: Iran's Nuclear Program: Status" 3564:Federation of American Scientists 3339:. 15 January 2008. Archived from 3223: 2729:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 2652:United States Department of State 2203: 2048: 2036:Director of National Intelligence 1983:, who retired in 2008 as head of 1866:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1849:, the daughter of Vice President 1449: 1439:Natural Resources Defense Council 1346:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 10026: 9821: 9799: 9773: 9751: 9725: 9703: 9681: 9656: 9505: 9475: 9450: 9393: 9374: 9348: 9332:. 2 January 2003. Archived from 9322: 9287: 9234: 9208: 9182: 9164: 9146: 9124: 9080: 9069: 9058: 9032: 8991:. 21 August 2012. Archived from 8977: 8950: 8916: 8889: 8872:: UNSC powers back nuke-free ME" 8859: 8833: 8803: 8740: 8718: 8695: 8673: 8659: 8633: 8520: 8490: 8468: 8444: 8402: 8383: 8364: 8325: 8249: 8233: 8203: 8147: 8117: 8087: 8060: 8034: 7969: 7922:. 31 August 2012. Archived from 7799: 7767: 7755: 7725: 7706: 7680: 7662: 7636: 7610: 7580: 7558: 7528: 7444: 7400: 7386: 7360: 7334: 7303: 7269: 7255:: U.S. to sharpen focus on Iran" 7243: 7213: 7195: 7173: 7147: 7136: 7110: 7097: 7024: 7006: 6975: 6957: 6934: 6923: 6912: 6865: 6742: 6725: 6638: 6595: 6569: 6553:. Democracy Now!. Archived from 6543: 6517: 6418: 6387: 6343: 6327:. 11 August 2005. Archived from 6295: 6238: 6145: 6126: 6108: 6082: 6055: 6029: 6007: 5948: 5896: 5865: 5839: 5808: 5782: 5756: 5732: 5705: 5681: 5651: 5283:Tehran not an 'immediate threat' 5057:Foreign Affairs Select Committee 3294:Raman, Suby (22 November 2011). 2416:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2260:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1670: 1622:In February 2010, to refuel the 1456:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 983:Cumulative strategic arsenal in 902: 543: 478:and for the Middle East to be a 351: 350: 9879:, 22 February 2008, GOV/2008/4. 9664:"Khorramshahr - Missile Threat" 9457:Markus Binder (February 2008). 8532:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 8502:Foreign and Commonwealth Office 8334:. The National Academies Press. 7316:: Hard Realities of Soft Power" 6351:"Iranian president's UN speech" 6017:. En.trend.az. 25 December 2009 5872:Dombey, Norman (4 April 2011). 5628:Peter Grier (17 October 2009). 5621: 5583: 5553: 5438: 5414:Oelrich, Ivan (19 March 2010). 5407: 5384: 5366: 5340: 5325: 5276: 5254: 5228: 5198: 5149: 4982: 4872: 4846: 4786: 4746: 4687: 4651: 4600: 4476: 4457:Linzer, Dafna (2 August 2005). 4450: 4399: 4361: 4323: 4258: 4240: 4200:Linzer, Dafna (2 August 2005). 4193: 4145: 4057: 3976: 3895: 3891:. UN News Centre. 31 July 2006. 3848: 3826: 3766: 3748: 3724: 3632: 3606: 3582: 3513: 3491: 3446: 3414: 3381: 3355: 3325: 2891:Iran's Nuclear Capable Missiles 2519:Palestinian Legislative Council 1283:United Nations Security Council 1272:United Nations Security Council 927:First thermonuclear weapon test 854:Views on Iran's nuclear program 661:2015 prelim agreement, Lausanne 498:argued that the sanctions were 9781:"Free Article for Non-Members" 8534:. 8 April 2008. Archived from 7287:. 9 March 2006. Archived from 7107:, 24 May 2012, pp.34-36, p.35. 6321:"Leader's Fatwa Forbids Nukes" 5212:. 16 July 2007. Archived from 4697:. Foia.cia.gov. Archived from 3310: 3287: 2778:, originally developed in the 2546:and is an advocate of violent 2327: 2270:, former chairman of the U.S. 1958:National Intelligence Estimate 1885:National Intelligence Estimate 1661: 1167:National Intelligence Estimate 1138:National Intelligence Estimate 656:2013 interim agreement, Geneva 452:National Intelligence Estimate 1: 9911:Union of Concerned Scientists 9761:. Janes.com. 14 November 2008 9711:"Iran fires unarmed missiles" 8810:Pincus, Walter (4 May 2010). 8504:. 23 May 2008. Archived from 8478:. Bloomberg. 24 February 2012 8380:, 16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru 7310:Azimi, Negar (24 June 2007). 6602:Yukiya Amano (1 March 2010). 5958:. RIA Novosti. Archived from 5712:Ravid, Barak (9 March 2010). 5638:The Christian Science Monitor 3909:. NBC News. 25 September 2007 3129: 2905:(varies with payload weight) 2641:Biological Weapons Convention 2544:presence of US forces in Iraq 2513:-based representative of the 2044:Other international responses 1475:uranium enrichment facilities 1357:Alleged weaponization studies 466:2011, then Russian President 400:Biological Weapons Convention 8896:Uzi Mahnaimi (30 May 2010). 8048:. NBC News. 29 December 2009 7568:. State.gov. 3 February 2009 7499:(meaning "Hope") into space. 7285:International Herald Tribune 5391:Austria (25 November 2009). 4637:International Herald Tribune 4190:, vol. 39(3), September 2006 2368:conducted in Egypt, Jordan, 2139:mutually assured destruction 2098:he made surprising statement 1910:Council on Foreign Relations 1562:Islamic Republic News Agency 1318:International Herald Tribune 1102:Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 666:2015 final agreement, Vienna 7: 9330:"CNS - DC: Briefing Series" 7880:"Iran: U.S. Policy Options" 6941:Austria (15 October 2003). 6090:"Egypt & Nuclear Power" 3248:The San Francisco Chronicle 3087: 3072: 2872:weapons of mass destruction 2790: 2765:Defense Intelligence Agency 2745:Central Intelligence Agency 2713:Chemical Weapons Convention 2647:biological warfare agents. 2473:The San Francisco Chronicle 2302:National Defense University 1930:U.S. congressional research 1026:National Defense University 1014: 737:Iranian nuclear negotiators 404:Chemical Weapons Convention 396:weapons of mass destruction 37:Weapons of mass destruction 10: 10090: 6447:Shahram Rafizadeh (2006). 3454:"Iran's Nuclear Timetable" 3148:. Opbw.org. Archived from 3076: 2794: 2540:Ahmad Husseini Al Baghdadi 2251: 2207: 2153: 2115: 2065: 1704: 1360: 1067: 911:Nuclear program start date 517: 24: 17: 10059:Foreign relations of Iran 9759:"Defence Security Report" 8985:"Washington Post article" 6804:. Cfr.org. Archived from 5632:Christian Science Monitor 4860:. IAEA Board of Governors 2817:In 2017, Iran tested the 2663:Nuclear Threat Initiative 2619:On 11 September 2007 the 2429:of Pakistan Army General 2420:possesses nuclear weapons 2247: 2149: 2111: 1843:Office of Iranian Affairs 1810:United States Fifth Fleet 1128:A 2005 assessment by the 1001: 993: 982: 975:Current strategic arsenal 974: 966: 958: 950: 942: 934: 926: 919:First nuclear weapon test 918: 910: 901: 894: 7454:. CNN. 19 September 2007 7207:27 November 2006 at the 7183:. CNN. 14 September 2006 7105:New York Review of Books 7018:25 December 2008 at the 5264:. CNN. 17 September 2007 3525:22 November 2010 at the 2593:Gulf Cooperation Council 2405:10 non-permanent members 2314:Dolphin class submarines 2074:Chinese Foreign Ministry 2061: 1529:in a 2005 speech to the 1486:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 1306:Radio Audizioni Italiane 1094:Islamic Republic of Iran 896:Islamic Republic of Iran 704:Nuclear Achievements Act 686:United States withdrawal 646:Non-Proliferation Treaty 638:International agreements 599:Karun atomic energy site 480:nuclear weapon free zone 408:Non-Proliferation Treaty 18:Not to be confused with 10069:Nuclear program of Iran 9982:by Abolghasem Bayyena, 9828:msoltan (20 May 2009). 8593:London Evening Standard 7814:1 February 2014 at the 7041:San Francisco Chronicle 6754:15 January 2010 at the 6631:3 December 2011 at the 6181:10.1073/pnas.0603903104 5853:. NPR. 17 December 2009 5288:3 February 2008 at the 4252:30 October 2007 at the 4187:Iranian Studies Journal 3109:Nuclear program of Iran 2650:A 2005 report from the 2501:On 21 April 2006, at a 2414:is not a member of the 2351:nuclear weapons program 1878:U.S. Secretary of State 1774:nuclear weapons program 1624:Tehran Research Reactor 1291:Tehran Research Reactor 1234: 817:against nuclear weapons 537:Nuclear program of Iran 520:Nuclear program of Iran 490:activities and imposed 27:Nuclear program of Iran 10064:Nuclear energy in Iran 9896:Iran's Nuclear History 8786:"Q&A: Avner Cohen" 7674:6 January 2010 at the 7322:. Iran;Washington (DC) 6739: 6713:Cite journal requires 6501:Shuster, Mike (2006). 6451:. Rooz. Archived from 5133:. 2006. Archived from 5081:. 2006. Archived from 4504:. BBC. 22 January 2010 3993: 3755:Resolution 1696 (2006) 3603: 3594:12 August 2009 at the 2727:, the Minister of the 2695: 2591:In December 2006, the 2486:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei 2478:Ayatollah Yousef Sanei 2456:nuclear capable Israel 2442: 2386: 2147: 2027:'s Secretary of State 2006:In January 2012, U.S. 1727: 1718:'s Secretary of State 1659: 1647: 1636:nuclear chain reaction 1495: 1329: 1034:sanctions against Iran 834:Sanctions against Iran 492:sanctions against Iran 472:nuclear weapons states 423:Supreme Leader of Iran 9968:Le Monde diplomatique 7807:National Public Radio 7396:. CNN. 10 April 2006. 6734: 6152:Stern, Roger (2007). 5849:National Public Radio 5609:. Armscontrolwonk.com 5052:Global Security: Iran 3988: 3598: 2776:Novichok nerve agents 2719:In an interview with 2682:Iranian soldier with 2681: 2436: 2397:U.N. Security Council 2393:world's most populous 2382: 2292:Walter Pincus of the 2272:Joint Chiefs of Staff 2143: 2124:Philippe Douste-Blazy 1993:Joint Chiefs of Staff 1830:"prepares to take on 1714: 1655: 1643: 1552:On 21 February 2006, 1531:U.N. General Assembly 1490: 1322: 1281:On 31 July 2006, the 1147:, the head of German 1106:Ali Hosseini Khamenei 1074:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 994:Maximum missile range 9991:Political statements 9909:, and member of the 9867:11 July 2007 at the 9699:on 16 February 2007. 9389:on 5 September 2015. 9254:on 11 September 2010 8973:– via YouTube. 8246:, 22 September 2011. 7787:on 15 September 2012 6969:14 July 2007 at the 6482:on 27 September 2007 6357:. 18 September 2005. 6226:on 11 September 2010 5426:on 27 September 2013 4834:. Online.barrons.com 4675:on 15 September 2012 3760:25 June 2007 at the 3124:Iranian Space Agency 2688:chemical bombardment 2621:Non-Aligned Movement 2609:Non-Aligned Movement 2599:Non-Aligned Movement 2410:Pakistan, which has 1985:U.S. Central Command 1845:(OIA) – overseen by 1632:low enriched uranium 1332:welcome seeing it." 1149:intelligence service 1049:Revolutionary Guards 1038:Non-Aligned Movement 815:Ali Khamenei's fatwa 504:Non-Aligned Movement 9946:US State Department 9901:14 May 2019 at the 9721:on 2 November 2006. 9583:2016RCMS...30.2585H 9547:spectroscopyNOW.com 9493:on 8 September 2012 9403:(16 October 2014). 9310:on 30 November 2005 8995:on 13 January 2004. 8989:The Washington Post 8820:The Washington Post 8762:on 8 September 2008 8563:The Daily Telegraph 8221:on 19 February 2014 7951:The Virginian-Pilot 7926:on 2 September 2012 7718:31 May 2010 at the 7693:The Washington Post 7422:2006BuAtS..62e..69N 7372:The Washington Post 7348:on 13 February 2016 7257:. CNN. 2 March 2006 7231:on 12 December 2007 7225:The Daily Telegraph 6906:The Times of Israel 6848:2014AIPC.1596..210W 6635:. 18 February 2010. 6582:The Washington Post 6557:on 14 November 2007 6411:7 June 2011 at the 6400:7 June 2011 at the 6172:2007PNAS..104..377S 6096:. 28 September 2006 5668:The Washington Post 5380:. 16 November 2007. 5216:on 28 December 2007 5055:. House of Commons 4884:The Washington Post 4661:Stanford University 4588:on 22 November 2010 4463:The Washington Post 4206:The Washington Post 4045:. Iran;Russia;China 3805:. 23 December 2006. 3488:, 23 February 2012. 3402:on 11 November 2014 3343:on 18 December 2011 2893: 2643:on 22 August 1973. 2625:UN Security Council 2427:Chief of Army Staff 2234:16 May 2006 at the 2178:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1908:, President of the 1872:In September 2007, 1839:US State Department 1805:The Daily Telegraph 1604:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1570:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1547:UN Security Council 1527:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1506:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1388:implosion designs. 1104:and Supreme Leader 823:Manufactured Crisis 651:Additional Protocol 496:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 10033:Nuclear technology 9980:If Iran Gets Nukes 9809:. CNN. 20 May 2009 9739:. 13 November 2008 9644:on 4 December 2011 9361:The New York Times 9006:Telhami, Shibley. 8876:The Jerusalem Post 8728:. CNN. 6 June 2008 8569:on 12 January 2020 8508:on 19 October 2008 8395:4 May 2008 at the 8376:4 May 2008 at the 8312:The New York Times 8135:on 19 January 2010 8105:on 26 January 2010 7983:. 31 October 2021. 7896:on 13 October 2012 7598:on 7 February 2009 7485:on 4 February 2009 7320:The New York Times 6908:. 14 October 2021. 6692:on 11 January 2012 6120:5 May 2006 at the 5994:The Jerusalem Post 5934:The New York Times 5769:The New York Times 5520:The New York Times 5353:The New York Times 5059:. 20 February 2008 4559:The New York Times 4387:on 27 January 2013 4349:on 27 January 2013 4311:on 27 January 2013 4272:. 8 November 2007. 4236:. 25 October 2007. 4184:", Gawdat Bahgat, 4159:on 8 December 2007 4106:on 25 October 2007 4043:The New York Times 3619:The New York Times 3546:The New York Times 3434:on 3 December 2011 3119:Green Salt Project 3003:Under Development 2889: 2733:Ayatollah Khomeini 2725:Mohsen Rafighdoost 2705:The New York Times 2696: 2639:Iran ratified the 2635:Biological weapons 2542:, who opposes the 2509:, Anwar Raja, the 2189:EastWest Institute 2135:The New York Times 1991:, Chairman of the 1808:reported that the 1746:Green Salt Project 1728: 1586:nuclear technology 1543:uranium enrichment 1504:Iranian president 1426:In December 2009, 1397:Mohsen Fakhrizadeh 1268:dual-use equipment 1210:Binyamin Netanyahu 943:Largest yield test 721:US Congress review 488:nuclear enrichment 9986:, 17 January 2006 9930:Missing or empty 9577:(24): 2585–2593. 9336:on 2 January 2003 8847:on 7 October 2011 8621:. 14 January 2020 8595:. 12 October 2006 8244:Haaretz Newspaper 8067:Associated, The. 7957:on 5 October 2012 7833:Los Angeles Times 7546:. 3 February 2009 7430:10.2968/062005016 7124:. 23 October 2007 6879:on 4 January 2012 6856:10.1063/1.4876322 6375:on 14 August 2005 5596:, 5 November 2009 5592:, Julian Borger, 5295:22 September 2007 5137:on 11 August 2006 4803:Los Angeles Times 4797:Los Angeles Times 4639:. 28 October 2007 4533:. 22 October 2007 4380:978-0-86079-207-9 4342:978-0-86079-207-9 4304:978-0-86079-207-9 3548:, 8 January 2012. 3498:Iran and the Bomb 3485:Los Angeles Times 3369:. 2 November 2009 3306:on 25 April 2012. 3070: 3069: 2947:300–2,000 km 2897:Name/Designation 2667:biological agents 2661:According to the 2229:CASMII delegation 2187:In May 2009, the 2008:Defense Secretary 1981:William J. Fallon 1977:Michael V. Hayden 1952:On 20 July 2011, 1934:U.S. intelligence 1914:Ploughshares Fund 1794:Mohamed ElBaradei 1703: 1702: 1541:Iran resumed its 1524:Iranian President 1435:Sussex University 1261:Abdul Qadeer Khan 1090:Ruhollah Khomeini 1057:Mohamed ElBaradei 1012: 1011: 967:Current stockpile 935:Last nuclear test 890: 889: 714:Majlis commission 460:Defense Secretary 414:during the 1980s 392: 391: 10081: 10049:Politics of Iran 10031: 10030: 10029: 10022: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9928: 9926: 9918: 9913:, 2 October 2003 9850: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9695:. Archived from 9685: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9674: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9617: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9591:10.1002/rcm.7757 9565: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9538: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9468: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9385:. Archived from 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9326: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9300: 9294: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9253: 9247:. Archived from 9246: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9168: 9162: 9161: 9158:UN press release 9150: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9117: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9084: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9019: 9013:. Archived from 9012: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8934:. Archived from 8932:salemalketbi.com 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8902:The Sunday Times 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8866:Yaari, Eliezer. 8863: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8677: 8671: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8565:. Archived from 8554: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8538:on 18 April 2008 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8456: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8434: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8413:. Archived from 8406: 8400: 8387: 8381: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8281: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8253: 8247: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8175: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8161: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8021: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7973: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7953:. Archived from 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7895: 7887:Schieffer Series 7884: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7860:on 14 April 2013 7850: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7839: 7824: 7818: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7780:. Archived from 7779: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7737:: A major shift" 7729: 7723: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7684: 7678: 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7551: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7481:. Archived from 7470: 7464: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7355: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7227:. Archived from 7217: 7211: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7151: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7114: 7108: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7075: 7066: 7065: 7059: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7028: 7022: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6990:. Archived from 6979: 6973: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6938: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6898: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6833: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6781:on 27 March 2009 6780: 6774:. Archived from 6773: 6765: 6759: 6746: 6740: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6711: 6709: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6642: 6636: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6573: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6455:on 26 March 2006 6444: 6438: 6437: 6436:on 23 June 2012. 6432:. Archived from 6422: 6416: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6331:on 22 March 2006 6317: 6311: 6310: 6309:on 14 June 2007. 6305:. Archived from 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6251:. Archived from 6250: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6219:. Archived from 6218: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6130: 6124: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5921: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5760: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5744: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5603: 5597: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5557: 5551: 5543: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5511: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5422:. Archived from 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5185: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4701:on 26 April 2012 4691: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4674: 4668:. Archived from 4667: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4581:. Archived from 4580: 4572: 4563: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4383:. Archived from 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4345:. Archived from 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4307:. Archived from 4289: 4274: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4132: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4098: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3994: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3954: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3933: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3885: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3836:. United Nations 3830: 3824: 3823: 3822:. 24 March 2007. 3816: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3776:. United Nations 3770: 3764: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3685:on 20 March 2012 3675: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3610: 3604: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3558: 3549: 3539: 3530: 3517: 3511: 3495: 3489: 3477: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3433: 3427:. Archived from 3426: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3398:. Archived from 3385: 3379: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3302:. Archived from 3291: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3271:. Archived from 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3230: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3171: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3152:on 4 August 2018 3142: 3114:Operation Merlin 2894: 2888: 2786:Delivery systems 2674:Chemical weapons 2614:world population 2571:Baku declaration 2356:The 2008 Annual 2341:Muslim countries 2289:close to zero." 2141:when he stated: 2082:Associated Press 1973:James R. Clapper 1954:Frederick Fleitz 1922:Linton F. Brooks 1906:Richard N. Haass 1874:Condoleezza Rice 1847:Elizabeth Cheney 1812:, including the 1788:required former 1786:Condoleezza Rice 1698: 1695: 1689: 1682:factual accuracy 1674: 1673: 1666: 1628:medical isotopes 1611:'s spokesperson 1443:Yevgeny Primakov 1044:for a solution. 906: 892: 891: 882: 875: 868: 547: 524: 523: 412:chemical weapons 384: 377: 370: 354: 353: 335:List of treaties 47: 33: 32: 10089: 10088: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10054:Weapons of Iran 10039: 10038: 10037: 10027: 10025: 10017: 9941: 9931: 9929: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9903:Wayback Machine 9869:Wayback Machine 9858: 9853: 9839: 9837: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9779: 9778: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9742: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9709: 9708: 9704: 9687: 9686: 9682: 9672: 9670: 9662: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9566: 9562: 9552: 9550: 9539: 9532: 9522: 9520: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9496: 9494: 9481: 9480: 9476: 9466: 9464: 9455: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9430: 9429: 9425: 9415: 9413: 9398: 9394: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9292: 9288: 9278: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9267: 9257: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9225: 9223: 9222:on 29 June 2011 9214: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9178:. 21 June 2006. 9170: 9169: 9165: 9160:. 31 July 2006. 9152: 9151: 9147: 9137: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9113: 9110:"Clip No. 1114" 9108: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9059: 9049: 9047: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9020:on 26 June 2008 9017: 9010: 9004: 9000: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8968: 8966: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8894: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8864: 8860: 8850: 8848: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8824: 8822: 8814:Washington Post 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8784:(5 June 2006). 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8756:Chicago Tribune 8750:Chicago Tribune 8746: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8724: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8707: 8700: 8696: 8686: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8664: 8660: 8650: 8648: 8639: 8638: 8634: 8624: 8622: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8598: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8509: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8428: 8427: 8420: 8418: 8411:"Archived copy" 8409: 8407: 8403: 8397:Wayback Machine 8388: 8384: 8378:Wayback Machine 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8304: 8300: 8290: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8268: 8266: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8239:Melman, Yossi. 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8177: 8176: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8138: 8136: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8108: 8106: 8093: 8092: 8088: 8078: 8076: 8065: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7960: 7958: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7863: 7861: 7852: 7851: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7825: 7821: 7816:Wayback Machine 7804: 7800: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7731: 7730: 7726: 7720:Wayback Machine 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7685: 7681: 7676:Wayback Machine 7667: 7663: 7653: 7651: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7586: 7585: 7581: 7571: 7569: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7549: 7547: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7488: 7486: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7445: 7405: 7401: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7374:. 23 March 2002 7366: 7365: 7361: 7351: 7349: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7308: 7304: 7294: 7292: 7291:on 1 March 2007 7275: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7209:Wayback Machine 7200: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7162: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7076: 7069: 7053: 7052: 7045: 7043: 7029: 7025: 7020:Wayback Machine 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6971:Wayback Machine 6962: 6958: 6948: 6946: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6913: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6882: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6831: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6756:Wayback Machine 6747: 6743: 6730: 6726: 6714: 6712: 6703: 6702: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6660:on 12 July 2012 6644: 6643: 6639: 6633:Wayback Machine 6623: 6619: 6609: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6584: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6499: 6495: 6485: 6483: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6445: 6441: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6413:Wayback Machine 6402:Wayback Machine 6392: 6388: 6378: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6258:on 26 June 2008 6255: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6150: 6146: 6131: 6127: 6122:Wayback Machine 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6060: 6056: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5982: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5911: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5796:on 14 June 2011 5788: 5787: 5783: 5773: 5771: 5761: 5757: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5662:Washington Post 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5572: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5535: 5525: 5523: 5512: 5503: 5493: 5491: 5476: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5389: 5385: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5345: 5341: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5290:Wayback Machine 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5219: 5217: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4973: 4971: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4886:. 30 April 2018 4878: 4877: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4824: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4721: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4613: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4562:3 December 2007 4553: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4531:The Irish Times 4525: 4524: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4492: 4488:24 October 2006 4481: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4381: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4305: 4291: 4290: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4254:Wayback Machine 4245: 4241: 4228: 4227: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4194: 4179: 4172: 4162: 4160: 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3278: 3276: 3275:on 6 April 2012 3267: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3090: 3081: 3075: 2904: 2834:cruise missiles 2799: 2793: 2788: 2759:, and probably 2738:guardian jurist 2676: 2637: 2601: 2585: 2573: 2431:Mirza Aslam Beg 2401:U.N. resolution 2343: 2332:According to a 2330: 2294:Washington Post 2278:George Friedman 2264:nuclear weapons 2256: 2250: 2236:Wayback Machine 2212: 2206: 2158: 2152: 2120: 2114: 2070: 2064: 2051: 2046: 1969:Leon E. Panetta 1904:In March 2009, 1893:majority leader 1799:Scott McClellan 1724:nuclear weapons 1709: 1699: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1679:This section's 1675: 1671: 1664: 1626:which produces 1578:gas centrifuges 1452: 1403:Washington Post 1365: 1359: 1237: 1228:National Review 1226:, wrote in the 1188:George Friedman 1078:Atoms for Peace 1070: 1017: 886: 816: 522: 516: 514:Nuclear weapons 468:Dmitry Medvedev 440:nuclear weapons 388: 29: 23: 12: 11: 5: 10087: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10036: 10035: 10015: 10014: 10008: 10001:John R. Bolton 9993: 9992: 9988: 9987: 9977: 9974:Forced to Fuel 9971: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9942:(2.36 MB) 9914: 9893: 9886: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9871: 9857: 9856:External links 9854: 9852: 9851: 9820: 9798: 9787:on 27 May 2009 9772: 9750: 9724: 9702: 9680: 9655: 9629: 9604: 9560: 9530: 9519:. 16 July 2009 9504: 9474: 9463:. WMD Insights 9449: 9438:on 1 June 2002 9423: 9410:Foreign Policy 9401:Porter, Gareth 9392: 9373: 9347: 9321: 9295: 9286: 9265: 9233: 9207: 9196:on 9 July 2008 9181: 9163: 9145: 9123: 9101: 9079: 9068: 9057: 9046:on 19 May 2008 9031: 8998: 8976: 8949: 8938:on 17 May 2018 8915: 8888: 8870:Jerusalem Post 8858: 8832: 8802: 8773: 8739: 8717: 8694: 8672: 8658: 8647:on 30 May 2007 8632: 8606: 8580: 8549: 8519: 8489: 8467: 8443: 8417:on 7 June 2011 8401: 8382: 8363: 8336: 8324: 8298: 8276: 8265:. 5 March 2012 8248: 8232: 8202: 8188: 8185:. 31 May 2006. 8183:People's Daily 8167: 8146: 8116: 8086: 8059: 8033: 8008: 7986: 7968: 7937: 7907: 7871: 7845: 7819: 7798: 7766: 7754: 7724: 7705: 7679: 7661: 7635: 7609: 7579: 7557: 7527: 7501: 7465: 7443: 7399: 7385: 7359: 7333: 7302: 7268: 7242: 7212: 7194: 7172: 7146: 7135: 7109: 7096: 7067: 7023: 7005: 6994:on 10 May 2017 6974: 6956: 6933: 6922: 6911: 6890: 6864: 6842:(210): 40–45. 6836:AIP Conf. Proc 6819: 6808:on 7 June 2010 6792: 6760: 6741: 6724: 6715:|journal= 6671: 6637: 6617: 6594: 6568: 6542: 6531:on 16 May 2006 6516: 6493: 6466: 6439: 6417: 6386: 6360: 6342: 6312: 6294: 6269: 6237: 6205: 6166:(1): 377–382. 6144: 6125: 6107: 6081: 6054: 6028: 6006: 5988:Jerusalem Post 5973: 5962:on 15 May 2013 5947: 5928:New York Times 5909: 5895: 5864: 5838: 5807: 5781: 5755: 5731: 5704: 5680: 5650: 5620: 5598: 5582: 5552: 5533: 5501: 5467: 5456:. 9 April 2010 5437: 5406: 5383: 5365: 5339: 5324: 5297: 5275: 5253: 5242:. 30 July 2007 5227: 5197: 5170: 5148: 5122: 5096: 5085:on 20 May 2006 5070: 5042: 5015: 4993: 4981: 4953: 4925: 4897: 4871: 4845: 4815: 4785: 4774:. 15 July 2009 4759: 4745: 4712: 4686: 4650: 4621: 4599: 4564: 4544: 4515: 4490: 4475: 4449: 4438:on 31 May 2006 4423: 4398: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4303: 4275: 4257: 4239: 4218: 4192: 4170: 4144: 4117: 4078: 4056: 4037:New York Times 4022: 3995: 3975: 3944: 3920: 3894: 3873: 3847: 3825: 3808: 3787: 3765: 3747: 3723: 3696: 3657: 3646:on 11 May 2012 3631: 3605: 3581: 3550: 3531: 3512: 3507:The New Yorker 3490: 3467: 3445: 3413: 3395:McClatchy News 3380: 3354: 3324: 3309: 3286: 3260: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3192: 3163: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3089: 3086: 3077:Main article: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3066:Testing phase 3064: 3061: 3058: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2795:Main article: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2675: 2672: 2636: 2633: 2600: 2597: 2584: 2581: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2536: 2535: 2521:following the 2499: 2498: 2480:, and Iranian 2469: 2468: 2461: 2342: 2339: 2329: 2326: 2249: 2246: 2219:spokesperson " 2217:Foreign Office 2205: 2204:United Kingdom 2202: 2184:obligations". 2170:Vladimir Putin 2151: 2148: 2131:Jacques Chirac 2113: 2110: 2063: 2060: 2050: 2049:United Nations 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2032: 2029:Antony Blinken 2021: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1989:Martin Dempsey 1965: 1950: 1946: 1926: 1918: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1881: 1870: 1859: 1858: 1841:had opened an 1835: 1778: 1765: 1761: 1749: 1741: 1733: 1720:Antony Blinken 1701: 1700: 1678: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1499:European Union 1451: 1450:Iranian stance 1448: 1393:New York Times 1369:New York Times 1358: 1355: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1216: 1213: 1206: 1202: 1199:David Albright 1195: 1178: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1141: 1134: 1069: 1066: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 999: 998: 995: 991: 990: 987: 980: 979: 976: 972: 971: 968: 964: 963: 960: 959:Peak stockpile 956: 955: 952: 948: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 932: 931: 928: 924: 923: 920: 916: 915: 912: 908: 907: 899: 898: 888: 887: 885: 884: 877: 870: 862: 859: 858: 857: 856: 851: 846: 841: 839:UN resolutions 836: 831: 826: 819: 812: 807: 802: 794: 793: 789: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 760: 759: 754: 749: 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9962: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9937: 9924: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9883: 9882: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9860: 9859: 9847: 9835: 9831: 9824: 9808: 9802: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9760: 9754: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9684: 9669: 9665: 9659: 9643: 9639: 9633: 9614: 9608: 9600: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9564: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9535: 9518: 9514: 9508: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9462: 9461: 9453: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9412: 9411: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9377: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9290: 9275: 9269: 9250: 9243: 9237: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9185: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9133: 9127: 9111: 9105: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9061: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8877: 8873: 8871: 8862: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8806: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8782:Shmuel Rosner 8777: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8751: 8743: 8727: 8721: 8706:. Arutz Sheva 8705: 8698: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8662: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8620: 8616: 8610: 8594: 8590: 8584: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8493: 8477: 8471: 8453: 8447: 8438: 8432: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8367: 8351: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8286: 8280: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8252: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8214: 8206: 8198: 8192: 8184: 8180: 8174: 8172: 8156: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8128: 8120: 8104: 8100: 8098: 8090: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8047: 8045: 8037: 8018: 8012: 7996: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7802: 7783: 7776: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7736: 7728: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7709: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7670: 7665: 7649: 7647: 7639: 7623: 7621: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7591: 7583: 7567: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7539: 7531: 7516:on 7 May 2008 7515: 7511: 7505: 7498: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7469: 7453: 7447: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7395: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7321: 7317: 7315: 7306: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7280: 7272: 7256: 7254: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7206: 7203: 7198: 7182: 7176: 7161:. 9 June 2005 7160: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7139: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7106: 7100: 7084: 7082: 7074: 7072: 7063: 7057: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7027: 7021: 7017: 7014: 7009: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6960: 6944: 6937: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6745: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6720: 6707: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6621: 6605: 6598: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6504: 6497: 6481: 6477: 6474:IRNA (2006). 6470: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6390: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6254: 6247: 6241: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6116: 6111: 6095: 6094:The Economist 6091: 6085: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6042: 6040: 6032: 6016: 6010: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5978: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5877: 5868: 5852: 5850: 5842: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5741: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5663: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5624: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5571: 5567: 5565: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5522:. Iran;Israel 5521: 5517: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5472: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5328: 5309: 5308: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5263: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5182: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5111:. 13 May 2006 5110: 5106: 5100: 5084: 5080: 5074: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5003: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4969: 4968: 4963: 4957: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4901: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4856: 4849: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4717: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4671: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4609: 4603: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4310: 4306: 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3238: 3236: 3226: 3217: 3202: 3196: 3181:. 20 May 2008 3180: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3080: 3065: 3062: 3060:2,000 km 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3039:2,000 km 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018:1,930 km 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3000:2,000 kg 2999: 2997:2,000 km 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2976:2,100 km 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2926:2,000 km 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:Gareth Porter 2717: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2701: 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Pakistan 7520:4 February 7495:satellite 7489:3 February 7235:24 October 6945:. Iaea.org 6325:Iran Daily 6070:. ABC News 5643:24 October 5395:. Iaea.org 5336:. Reuters. 5190:25 October 4643:29 October 4537:22 October 4391:1 February 4353:1 February 4315:1 February 4137:25 October 4110:25 October 4067:. Asil.org 3624:25 October 3459:8 February 3253:6 December 3130:References 2525:declared: 2252:See also: 2208:See also: 2154:See also: 2116:See also: 2066:See also: 1889:Harry Reid 1820:Eisenhower 1705:See also: 1597:Kofi Annan 1361:See also: 1183:Meir Dagan 1162:services". 1136:A 2005 US 1053:Quds Force 560:Facilities 518:See also: 406:, and the 293:Yugoslavia 84:By country 60:Biological 25:See also: 9648:1 October 9416:21 August 9176:USA Today 8926:, Salem. 8350:The Times 7961:5 October 7930:31 August 7438:143502352 7122:Frontline 7056:cite news 6406:(page 38) 6395:(page 37) 6283:. 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