1939:
1931:
1923:
1947:
1955:
28:
457:
1963:
150:
813:-producing research reactor. Known as 'The Atlantic Project', it was conducted by the Special Projects Institute – IPE (closed on October 1, 2001). Nowadays, CTEx performs scientific research and technology development in defence activities in strict respect to the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil and international laws. The CTEx's nuclear research laboratories are under the national regulatory authority (
963:
750:
569:. Sources have indicated that, a few years later, Brazilian cylinders of hexafluoride were transported to China containing natural uranium. They returned to Brazil in a container that, supposedly, carried porcelain purchased by the First Lady Dulce Figueiredo during the presidential trip. In 1987, President
635:
and its constituent nations. The dispute came down to whether IAEA inspectors would be allowed to inspect the machines themselves. The
Brazilian government did not allow the inspection of the centrifugal cascade halls, arguing that this would reveal technological secrets (probably relating to the use
612:
under
Figueiredo. The congressional investigation exposed secret bank accounts, code-named "Delta", which were managed by the CNEN and used for funding the program. The congressional report revealed that the IEAv had designed two atomic bomb devices, one with a yield of twenty to thirty kilotons and
777:
and covers 45,000 km, an area larger than the
Netherlands. It is within this military area that a 320 meters-deep hole at the Cachimbo Mountain Range was a site for nuclear explosives tests. The shaft has been public knowledge since 1986 and was allegedly abandoned in September 1990, when
640:", the pressure for full access to inspection - even in universities - could be construed as an attempt to pirate industrial secrets. They also claimed that their technology is better than that of the United States and France, mainly because the centrifugal axis is not mechanical, but
1331:
Brasil-RPC. Energia
Nuclear. Informação para o Senhor Presidente da República 102, 4 April 1984, quoted in PATTI, Carlo (2012). Brazil in Global Nuclear Order. PhD thesis. Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Italy. p.
644:. Eventually, after extensive negotiations, agreement was reached that while not directly inspecting the centrifuges, the IAEA would inspect the composition of the gas entering and leaving the centrifuge. Then–
621:
663:
have concluded that in view of its previous nuclear activities, Brazil is in a position to produce nuclear weapons within three years. If Brazil decided to pursue a nuclear weapon, the centrifuges at the
899:
Brazil's 1988 Constitution states in
Article 21 that "all nuclear activity within the national territory shall only be admitted for peaceful purposes and subject to approval by the National Congress".
987:
818:
1155:
2072:
503:, Brazil had a secret program intended to develop nuclear weapons. The program was dismantled in 1990, five years after the military regime ended. Brazil is considered to possess no
1087:
620:
In 1991, Brazil and
Argentina renounced their nuclear rivalry. On 13 December 1991, they signed the Quadripartite agreement, at the IAEA headquarters, creating the
443:
1353:
BARLETTA, Michael (1997). "The
Military Nuclear Program in Brazil", Center for International Security and Arms Control Working Paper, Stanford University, p.13.
672:
for nuclear weapons. Even a small enrichment plant like
Resende could produce several nuclear weapons per year, but only if Brazil was willing to do so openly.
732:, or PCNs). The enrichment laboratories are under the National Safeguards control and national inspections are carried out by the Safeguards Division of CNEN.
526:
encouraged the development of independent national nuclear capabilities. At that time, the United States worked actively to prevent Brazil from acquiring the
486:
1195:
1152:
596:
opened an investigation into the
Parallel Program. Congress members visited numerous facilities, including the Institute of Advanced Studies (IEAv) in
511:
1437:
1389:
1430:
636:
of a magnetic lower bearing in place of the more common mechanical bearing). The
Brazilian authorities stated that, as Brazil is not part of any "
2196:
1312:
545:, Brazil pursued a covert nuclear weapons program known as the "Parallel Program," with enrichment facilities (including small scale centrifuge
1450:
Urânio: Brasil não é contra a inspeção internacional, mas contra aumento da inspeção que pode apropriar-se da tecnologia desenvolvida pelo país
834:
724:. In addition to the Centrifuge Enrichment Plant, the facility also hosts an Isotopic Enrichment Laboratory and several Small Nuclear Centers (
387:
188:
1662:
392:
1217:
613:
a second with a yield of twelve kilotons. The same report revealed that Brazil's military regime secretly exported eight tons of uranium to
1903:
948:
439:
347:
342:
1938:
631:
enrichment plant in May 2006. Brazil's enrichment technology development, and the plant itself, involved substantial discussions with the
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1128:
397:
1858:
1514:
1449:
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1202:
993:
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It is likely that Brazil has retained the technological capacity and knowhow to produce and deliver a nuclear weapon. Experts at the
565:(CNEN), Rex Nazaré, headed a mission to China with the objective of purchasing enriched uranium from his Chinese counterparts at the
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2005:
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During the 1970s and 1980s, Brazil and Argentina embarked on a nuclear competition. Through technology transfers from the
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609:
336:
27:
2036:
1896:
1875:
1254:""We Are Not a Nonproliferation Agency": Henry Kissinger's Failed Attempt to Accommodate Nuclear Brazil, 1974–1977"
903:
687:. In 2008, France agreed to transfer technology to Brazil for the joint development of the nuclear submarine hull.
645:
126:
1709:
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2000:
1990:
272:
1966:
1633:
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by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear weapon development.
911:
757:
inspecting the Brazilian Navy's Nuclear Propulsion Development Facility in July 2007. This facility produces
500:
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1985:
862:
665:
1958:
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510:
Brazil is one of many countries (and one of the last) to forswear nuclear weapons under the terms of the
504:
423:
2201:
2021:
1725:
1427:
141:
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2144:
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684:
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941:
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1057:
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8:
1980:
1942:
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1838:
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and allowing fullscope IAEA safeguards of Argentine and Brazilian nuclear installations.
1649:
1465:
1409:
1283:
527:
817:- CNEN) control and safeguards inspections verifications are performed jointly by the
601:
1995:
1287:
1275:
1106:
1019:
680:
651:
stated in 2004 that he was sure that Brazil had no plans to develop nuclear weapons.
600:. They also interviewed key players in the nuclear program, such as former President
828:
523:
1265:
1069:
641:
554:
546:
164:
1821:
1785:
1757:
1729:
1713:
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1221:
1199:
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907:
542:
169:
1954:
1946:
1934:
1926:
721:
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605:
589:
357:
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but does have some of the key technologies needed to produce nuclear weapons.
2190:
1367:
1279:
754:
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637:
534:
1807:
Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
1342:
988:
Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
819:
Brazilian-Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
720:-only enrichment plant in Brazil. The facility is run by the CNEN and the
622:
Brazilian–Argentine Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
1270:
1253:
530:
that could be used to produce high-enriched uranium for nuclear weapons.
1962:
1706:
765:
The Cachimbo test site, officially named Brigadeiro Velloso Test Site (
1881:
1516:
Brazil's Pursuit of a Nuclear Submarine Raises Proliferation Concerns
1501:
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory (FCN)
810:
802:
1806:
1630:
1788: (archived 2007-05-14) – Manages Brazil's nuclear power plants
1469:
1412:
1364:"Brazilian Nuclear Cooperation with the People's Republic of China"
856:
709:
1876:
Collection of Archival Documents on the Brazilian Nuclear Program
829:
Aerospace Technology and Science Department (São José dos Campos)
717:
550:
538:
774:
585:
149:
788:
19:
1814:
1107:
States Formerly Possessing or Pursuing Nuclear Weapons: Brazil
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683:
fleet, and in 2007 authorised the construction of a prototype
1512:
1491:
German Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on 2011-10-23.
1162:
558:
1640:
Americas Nuclear Energy Symposiums. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
883:. The plant is managed by the Nuclear Industries of Brazil (
632:
614:
1794:
1769:
1741:
1177:
1153:
Countries and issues of nuclear strategic concern: Brazil
1878:– hosted by the Wilson Center Digital Archive (English)
875:, or FCN) is a nuclear enrichment facility located in
785:
used a small shovel to symbolically seal up the hole.
588:, and exposed the military’s secret plan to develop a
561:
in the 1980s. In December 1982, then-president of the
1833:
1116:
The Nuclear Weapon Archive. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
958:
573:announced that Brazil had enriched uranium to 20%.
1619:WMD Facilities: Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory (FCN)
1319:Reachingcriticalwill.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
668:enrichment plant could be reconfigured to produce
1834:Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial
1571:WMD Facilities: Aramar Experimental Center, Iperó
1438:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1237:Albright, Lampreia hail Brazil's accession to NPT
940:, multinational agencies concerned with reducing
608:General Danilo Venturini, the former head of the
549:plants, a limited reprocessing capability, and a
2188:
951:on September 20, 2017, but has not ratified it.
857:Resende (Engenheiro Passos) Nuclear Fuel Factory
843:Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aerospacial
553:program). Brazil also reportedly bought highly
1707:Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear
1387:Congressional Report on the "Parallel Program".
1539:
894:
835:Department of Aerospace Science and Technology
809:, once worked on the project development of a
1897:
1762:Central-West Nuclear Sciences Regional Center
1327:
1325:
1015:Brazil in the Global Nuclear Order, 1945–2018
845:, or DCTA) is a research facility located in
695:
480:
1726:Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas Nucleares
1650:Constitution of Brazil: Article 21; XXIII; a
1621:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1609:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1597:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1585:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1573:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1513:Sarah Diehl and Eduardo Fujii (March 2008),
1503:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1452:Jornal da Ciência. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1335:
1252:Patti, Carlo; Spektor, Matias (2020-05-01).
1251:
1060:Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
949:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
932:Brazil is also an active participant in the
789:Brazilian Army Technology Center (Guaratiba)
1859:Jornal da Ciência's article (in Portuguese)
1843:Aerospace Technology and Science Department
1410:BBC News: Brazil joins world's nuclear club
1396:Senate of Brazil. Retrieved on 2012-03-23.
654:
1904:
1890:
1734:National Nuclear Energy Research Institute
1542:"Why Does Brazil Need Nuclear Submarines?"
1322:
853:where nuclear research is also conducted.
487:
473:
148:
1269:
1203:Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control
537:company Kraftwerk Union (a subsidiary of
1795:Associação Brasileira de Energia Nuclear
1718:Center of Nuclear Technology Development
1631:INB Activities on the Nuclear Fuel Cycle
748:
1799:Brazilian Association of Nuclear Energy
1423:
1421:
1188:
1186:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1085:Tracking Nuclear Proliferation - Brazil
1070:Brazil, IAEA Reach Inspection Agreement
716:, was inaugurated in 1988 as the first
2197:Weapons of mass destruction by country
2189:
1911:
1865:Web Archives (archived 2010-11-12)
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
793:The Brazilian Army Technology Center (
1885:
1810:(in English, Portuguese, and Spanish)
1754:Centro Regional de Ciências Nucleares
1011:
891:, or INB) and by the Brazilian Navy.
735:
2176:Future of the Brazilian Armed Forces
1770:Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear
1418:
1183:
1141:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
906:on September 18, 1998, ratified the
1607:WMD Facilities: São José dos Campos
1341:Oral history interviews, CPDOC/FGV
1294:
1230:
1225:German Council on Foreign Relations
994:Argentinian nuclear weapons program
867:The Resende Nuclear Fuel Facility (
815:Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission
499:In the 1970s and 1980s, during the
13:
1815:Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso
1774:National Nuclear Energy Commission
1663:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1652:V-Brazil. Retrieved on 2009-09-06.
1119:
1078:
1063:
1018:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
982:National Nuclear Energy Commission
934:International Atomic Energy Agency
823:International Atomic Energy Agency
771:Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso
742:Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso
567:China National Nuclear Corporation
563:National Nuclear Energy Commission
517:
14:
2223:
1683:
1466:"US sure of Brazil nuclear plans"
1240:Federation of American Scientists
1032:
873:Fábrica de Combustíveis Nucleares
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1058:Brazil: Nuclear Weapons Programs
961:
904:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
700:The Aramar Experimental Center (
456:
455:
107:Cumulative strategic arsenal in
26:
1991:Joint Staff of the Armed Forces
1742:Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear
1655:
1643:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1533:
1506:
1494:
1475:
1459:
1443:
1403:
1380:
1356:
1347:
1245:
1208:
51:First thermonuclear weapon test
1967:National Public Security Force
1695:Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil
1519:, WMD Insights, archived from
1168:
1100:
1005:
889:Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil
799:Centro Tecnológico do Exército
773:), is located in the State of
661:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
1760: (archived 2008-03-19) –
1746:Nuclear Engineering Institute
1732: (archived 2008-02-19) –
999:
914:on 27 February 1973, and the
912:Biological Weapons Convention
706:Centro Experimental de Aramar
690:
627:Brazil officially opened the
20:Federative Republic of Brazil
2207:Nuclear technology in Brazil
1699:Brazilian Nuclear Industries
1540:Paul D. Taylor (June 2009).
863:Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory
685:submarine propulsion reactor
7:
1959:Military Firefighters Corps
1258:Journal of Cold War Studies
954:
916:Chemical Weapons Convention
895:Legislation and conventions
761:gas for uranium enrichment.
730:Pequenas Centrais Nucleares
505:weapons of mass destruction
142:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
2228:
2047:Brazil and nuclear weapons
1472:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1440:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1415:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1242:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1227:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1205:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1180:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1165:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1138:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1097:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
1075:. Retrieved on 2010-10-06.
860:
739:
696:Aramar Experimental Center
679:is currently developing a
35:Nuclear program start date
2168:
2117:
2081:
2055:
2014:
1973:
1919:
1595:WMD Facilities: Guaratiba
1552:(6). U.S. Naval Institute
1310:Brazil: Nuclear Inventory
1136:Global Security Institute
977:Angra Nuclear Power Plant
969:Nuclear technology portal
925:in 1967, making Brazil a
610:National Security Council
541:), which did not require
125:
117:
106:
99:Current strategic arsenal
98:
90:
82:
74:
66:
58:
50:
43:First nuclear weapon test
42:
34:
25:
18:
2212:Nuclear weapons programs
2073:Air Force General Staff
2042:National Defense Council
1583:WMD Facilities: Cachimbo
1428:How Brazil Spun the Atom
1073:Arms Control Association
927:nuclear-weapon-free zone
783:Fernando Collor de Mello
655:Technological capability
580:symbolically closed the
578:Fernando Collor de Mello
522:In the 1950s, President
512:Non-Proliferation Treaty
1193:Brazil’s Nuclear Puzzle
938:Nuclear Suppliers Group
910:on 28 August 1970, the
881:State of Rio de Janeiro
807:State of Rio de Janeiro
670:highly enriched uranium
646:U.S. Secretary of State
2015:History and traditions
1636:July 16, 2011, at the
1344:Retrieved 1 July 2013.
1158:July 18, 2010, at the
902:Brazil acceded to the
888:
872:
842:
801:, or CTEx) located in
798:
770:
762:
729:
705:
1198:July 6, 2010, at the
1175:Life without the bomb
1012:Patti, Carlo (2021).
942:nuclear proliferation
752:
528:centrifuge technology
118:Maximum missile range
38:1970s (ended in 1990)
1546:Proceedings Magazine
1271:10.1162/jcws_a_00940
923:Treaty of Tlatelolco
759:uranium hexafluoride
2068:Navy General Staff
1986:Ministry of Defence
1863:Library of Congress
1839:Brazilian Air Force
1482:Brazil and the Bomb
1215:Brazil and the Bomb
847:São José dos Campos
598:São José dos Campos
576:In 1990, President
2063:Army General Staff
1913:Military of Brazil
1826:Cachimbo Test Site
1820:2003-11-27 at the
1712:2006-02-20 at the
1487:2010-06-01 at the
1433:2009-08-22 at the
1392:2016-03-03 at the
1315:2011-07-16 at the
1220:2010-05-16 at the
1131:2015-09-19 at the
1112:2015-01-26 at the
1090:2013-11-04 at the
947:Brazil signed the
921:Brazil signed the
918:on 13 March 1996.
851:State of São Paulo
763:
736:Cachimbo Test Site
714:State of São Paulo
582:Cachimbo test site
67:Largest yield test
2202:Weapons of Brazil
2184:
2183:
2006:Air Force Command
1996:Army High Command
1025:978-1-4214-4287-7
681:nuclear submarine
594:National Congress
497:
496:
136:
135:
91:Current stockpile
59:Last nuclear test
2219:
2118:Military regions
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
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1853:Scientific sites
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1126:Country Profiles
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971:
966:
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964:
821:(ABACC) and the
555:enriched uranium
489:
482:
475:
459:
458:
440:List of treaties
152:
138:
137:
30:
16:
15:
2227:
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2222:
2221:
2220:
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2109:Submarine Force
2077:
2051:
2010:
1969:
1951:Military Police
1915:
1910:
1847:(in Portuguese)
1846:
1829:(in Portuguese)
1828:
1822:Wayback Machine
1809:
1802:(in Portuguese)
1801:
1790:(in Portuguese)
1789:
1786:Wayback Machine
1777:(in Portuguese)
1776:
1765:(in Portuguese)
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1758:Wayback Machine
1749:(in Portuguese)
1748:
1737:(in Portuguese)
1736:
1730:Wayback Machine
1720:
1714:Wayback Machine
1701:
1686:
1681:
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1667:treaties.un.org
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1638:Wayback Machine
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1489:Wayback Machine
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1454:(in Portuguese)
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1435:Wayback Machine
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1398:(in Portuguese)
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1394:Wayback Machine
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1317:Wayback Machine
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908:Geneva Protocol
897:
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738:
698:
693:
657:
642:electromagnetic
602:João Figueiredo
543:IAEA safeguards
520:
518:Nuclear program
501:military regime
493:
12:
11:
5:
2225:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
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2150:Southeastern
2135:Northeastern
2094:Marine Corps
2046:
2032:Conscription
2001:Navy Command
1869:
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1721:(in English)
1717:
1702:(in English)
1698:
1688:
1687:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1645:
1626:
1614:
1602:
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1554:. Retrieved
1549:
1545:
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1525:, retrieved
1521:the original
1515:
1508:
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1371:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
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1264:(2): 58–93.
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1095:PBS NewsHour
1080:
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832:
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674:
658:
649:Colin Powell
638:axis of evil
626:
619:
604:and retired
575:
532:
521:
509:
498:
348:South Africa
343:Saudi Arabia
337:Soviet Union
217:
180:Radiological
592:. Brazil's
535:West German
368:Switzerland
353:South Korea
313:Philippines
303:North Korea
298:Netherlands
109:megatonnage
75:Total tests
2191:Categories
1981:Presidency
1974:Leadership
1556:26 October
1527:2008-03-27
1373:2019-06-11
1000:References
885:Portuguese
869:Portuguese
839:Portuguese
795:Portuguese
767:Portuguese
753:President
726:Portuguese
702:Portuguese
691:Facilities
547:enrichment
398:Yugoslavia
189:By country
165:Biological
2089:Aerospace
1943:Air Force
1672:27 August
1288:219168031
1280:1520-3972
879:, in the
849:, in the
811:plutonium
803:Guaratiba
780:President
617:in 1981.
213:Australia
208:Argentina
2155:Southern
2145:Planalto
2140:Northern
2082:Commands
1818:Archived
1710:Archived
1634:Archived
1485:Archived
1470:BBC News
1431:Archived
1413:BBC News
1390:Archived
1313:Archived
1218:Archived
1196:Archived
1156:Archived
1129:Archived
1110:Archived
1088:Archived
955:See also
936:and the
825:(IAEA).
461:Category
432:Treaties
424:Missiles
414:Chemical
323:Rhodesia
308:Pakistan
223:Bulgaria
170:Chemical
2160:Western
2130:Eastern
2022:History
1861:at the
1784:at the
1756:at the
1728:at the
990:(ABACC)
877:Resende
718:uranium
712:in the
666:Resende
629:Resende
551:missile
539:Siemens
419:Nuclear
383:Ukraine
328:Romania
293:Myanmar
248:Germany
203:Algeria
198:Albania
175:Nuclear
157:By type
2169:Future
2125:Amazon
1286:
1278:
1022:
984:(CNEN)
571:Sarney
378:Taiwan
363:Sweden
333:Russia
318:Poland
288:Mexico
268:Israel
243:France
228:Canada
218:Brazil
2027:Ranks
1284:S2CID
1163:SIPRI
710:Iperó
584:, in
559:China
557:from
373:Syria
358:Spain
283:Libya
278:Japan
273:Italy
253:India
238:Egypt
233:China
129:party
1935:Navy
1927:Army
1674:2022
1558:2011
1332:207.
1276:ISSN
1020:ISBN
833:The
775:Pará
675:The
633:IAEA
615:Iraq
606:Army
586:Pará
263:Iraq
258:Iran
121:None
113:None
102:None
94:None
86:None
78:None
70:None
62:None
54:None
46:None
1550:135
1266:doi
1178:BBC
132:Yes
127:NPT
2193::
1841:-
1836:–
1824:–
1797:–
1772:–
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1716:–
1697:–
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837:(
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335:(
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