Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

991:" proposal, presented to the eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly, urged that an international organization be established to disseminate peaceful nuclear technology, while guarding against development of weapons capabilities in additional countries. His proposal resulted in 1957 in the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which was charged with the dual responsibility for promotion and control of nuclear technology. IAEA technical activities began in 1958. An interim safeguards system for small nuclear reactors, put in place in 1961, was replaced in 1964 by a system covering larger installations and, over the following years, was expanded to include additional nuclear facilities. In recent years, efforts to strengthen the effectiveness and improve the efficiency of the IAEA safeguards system culminated in the approval of the Model Additional Protocol by the IAEA Board of Governors in May 1997. 742:. North Korea never came into compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement and was cited repeatedly for these violations, and later withdrew from the NPT and tested multiple nuclear devices. Iran was found in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards obligations in an unusual non-consensus decision because it "failed in a number of instances over an extended period of time" to report aspects of its enrichment program. In 1991, Romania reported previously undeclared nuclear activities by the former regime and the IAEA reported this non-compliance to the Security Council for information only. Libya pursued a clandestine nuclear weapons program before abandoning it in December 2003. The IAEA reported Syria's safeguards non-compliance to the UN Security Council, which did not take action. 1618:. North Korea initially demanded resumption of fuel shipments, while the United States demanded the "complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement" of the North Korean nuclear program. On 10 February 2005, North Korea publicly declared that it possessed nuclear weapons and pulled out of the six-party talks. "We had already taken the resolute action of pulling out of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and have manufactured nuclear arms for self-defence to cope with the Bush administration's evermore undisguised policy to isolate and stifle the DPRK ," a North Korean Foreign Ministry statement said regarding the issue. Six-party talks resumed in July 2005. 2494:, an analyst from the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, argued that Ukraine had been unwise to give up its arsenal, as Russia breaking the treaty only had limited consequences, and demonstrated that only a nuclear arsenal guarantees a country's sovereignty in the face of aggression from a nuclear power. However, Mariana Budjeryn of Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center, argued that it was unclear whether Ukraine's nuclear arsenal would have kept it safe from Russian aggression. Establishing operative control and maintaining the missiles would have been challenging for Ukraine, which might have faced sanctions had it refused to give up its arsenal. 2944:

pursue complete disarmament. The non-nuclear states see no signs of this happening". Some argue that the NWS have not fully complied with their disarmament obligations under Article VI of the NPT. Some countries such as India have criticized the NPT, because it "discriminated against states not possessing nuclear weapons on 1 January 1967," while Iran and numerous Arab states have criticized Israel for not signing the NPT. There has been disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 13,400 warheads (as of February 2021) among them.

2814: 1180:, to wield (U.S.) nuclear weapons in self-defense. (Until that point of all-out war, however, the weapons themselves would remain in U.S. hands.) The point was to limit the spread of countries having their own nuclear weapons programs, helping ensure that NATO allies would not choose to go down the proliferation route. (West Germany was discussed in U.S. intelligence estimates for a number of years as being a country with the potential to develop nuclear weapons capabilities of its own if officials in Bonn were not convinced that their defense against the Soviet Union and its allies could otherwise be met.) 1847: 734:

reprocessing (a.k.a. "ENR") technology. Countries possessing ENR capabilities, it is feared, have what is in effect the option of using this capability to produce fissile material for weapons use on demand, thus giving them what has been termed a "virtual" nuclear weapons program. The degree to which NPT members have a "right" to ENR technology notwithstanding its potentially grave proliferation implications, therefore, is at the cutting edge of policy and legal debates surrounding the meaning of Article IV and its relation to Articles I, II, and III of the treaty.

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goes, would seriously consider eliminating its last nuclear weapons without high confidence that other countries would not acquire them. Some observers have even suggested that the very progress of disarmament by the superpowers—which has led to the elimination of thousands of weapons and delivery systems—could eventually make the possession of nuclear weapons more attractive by increasing the perceived strategic value of a small arsenal. As one U.S. official and NPT expert warned in 2007, "logic suggests that as the number of nuclear weapons decreases, the '

1169:, now argue this violates Articles I and II of the treaty, and are applying diplomatic pressure to terminate these agreements. They point out that the pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practice handling and delivering the U.S. nuclear bombs, and non-U.S. warplanes have been adapted to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs which must have involved the transfer of some technical nuclear weapons information. NATO believes its "nuclear forces continue to play an essential role in war prevention, but their role is now more fundamentally political". 2233:(NIE) later concluded that Iran had halted an active nuclear weapons program in the fall of 2003 and that it had remained halted as of mid-2007. The NIE's "Key Judgments", however, also made clear that what Iran had actually stopped in 2003 was only "nuclear weapon design and weaponization work and covert uranium conversion-related and uranium enrichment-related work"-namely, those aspects of Iran's nuclear weapons effort that had not by that point already been leaked to the press and become the subject of IAEA investigations. 560:

the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology comes the responsibility of nonproliferation. Progress on disarmament reinforces efforts to strengthen the nonproliferation regime and to enforce compliance with obligations, thereby also facilitating peaceful nuclear cooperation. The "pillars" concept has been questioned by some who believe that the NPT is, as its name suggests, principally about nonproliferation, and who worry that "three pillars" language misleadingly implies that the three elements have equivalent importance.

998:, Irish Minister for External Affairs, in 1958. The NPT gained significant momentum in the early 1960s. The structure of a treaty to uphold nuclear non-proliferation as a norm of international behaviour had become clear by the mid-1960s, and by 1968 final agreement had been reached on a Treaty that would prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, enable cooperation for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. It was opened for signature in 1968, with Finland the first 9128: 2550: 1796: 1194: 2955:, stated that "there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control". Some critics of the nuclear-weapons states contend that they have failed to comply with Article VI by failing to make disarmament the driving force in national planning and policy with respect to nuclear weapons, even while they ask other states to plan for their security without nuclear weapons. 2959:

eliminating whole categories of warheads and delivery systems and reducing its reliance on nuclear weapons. U.S. officials have also pointed out the ongoing U.S. work to dismantle nuclear warheads. By the time accelerated dismantlement efforts ordered by President George W. Bush were completed, the U.S. arsenal was less than a quarter of its size at the end of the Cold War, and smaller than it had been at any point since the Eisenhower administration, well before the drafting of the NPT.

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observers find Iran's continued development of fissile material production capabilities distinctly worrying. Particularly because fissile material availability has long been understood to be the principal obstacle to nuclear weapons development and the primary "pacing element" for a weapons program, the fact that Iran has reportedly suspended weaponization work may not mean very much. As The Bush Administration's Director of National Intelligence (DNI)

1353:'s visit to the United States in July 2005 and cemented during President Bush's visit to India earlier in 2006. The legislation allows for the transfer of civilian nuclear material to India. Despite its status outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, nuclear cooperation with India was permitted on the basis of its clean non-proliferation record, and India's need for energy fueled by its rapid industrialization and a billion-plus population. 2916:

review of the operation of the Treaty every five years, a provision which was reaffirmed by the States parties at the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference and the 2000 NPT Review Conference. At the 2015 NPT Review Conference, States parties examined the implementation of the Treaty's provisions since 2010. Despite intensive consultations, the Conference was not able to reach agreement on the substantive part of the draft Final Document.

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provided by certain Member States, which those states claimed originated from Iran. Iran rejected the allegations as "baseless" and the documents as "fabrications". In June 2009, the IAEA reported that Iran had not "cooperated with the Agency in connection with the remaining issues ... which need to be clarified to exclude the possibility of military dimensions to Iran's nuclear program."

1083: 8225: 2452:. The reactor's components had likely been designed and manufactured in North Korea, with the reactor's striking similarity in shape and size to the North Korean Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center. That information alarmed Israeli military and intelligence to such a degree that the idea of a targeted airstrike was conceived. It resulted in 1630:, as per the 1994 Agreed Framework, was left to be resolved in future discussions. On the next day North Korea reiterated its known view that until it is supplied with a light water reactor it will not dismantle its nuclear arsenal or rejoin the NPT. The six-party talks eventually collapsed before a final agreement could be negotiated after the 2335:, the South African government developed a deep fear of both a black uprising and the threat of communism. This led to the development of a secret nuclear weapons program as an ultimate deterrent. South Africa has a large supply of uranium, which is mined in the country's gold mines. The government built a nuclear research facility at 786:

co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in the territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.

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international outcry or any serious Syrian retaliatory moves as both parties tried to keep it secret: Despite a half-century state of war declared by surrounding states, Israel did not want publicity as regards its breach of the ceasefire, while Syria was not willing to acknowledge its clandestine nuclear program.

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state parties to the treaty agreed—without a vote—on the treaty's indefinite extension, and decided that review conferences should continue to be held every five years. After Brazil acceded to the NPT in 1998, the only remaining non-nuclear-weapon state which had not signed was Cuba, which joined the NPT (and the

1390:, Gillard's successor as Australian Prime Minister, sealed a civil nuclear deal to sell uranium to India. "We signed a nuclear cooperation agreement because Australia trusts India to do the right thing in this area, as it has been doing in other areas," Abbott told reporters after he and Indian Prime Minister 6150:, remarks at Wilton Park, UK (20 December 2007), ("Given that possession of the necessary quantity of fissile material is the most difficult challenge in developing a nuclear weapon, the recently-released U.S. National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) hardly alleviates our concerns about Iran's nuclear work."). 644:

of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament." Under this interpretation, Article VI does not strictly require all signatories to actually conclude a disarmament treaty. Rather, it only requires them "to negotiate in good faith".

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According to Thomas Reed and Danny Stillman, the "NPT has one giant loophole": Article IV gives each non-nuclear weapon state the "inalienable right" to pursue nuclear energy for the generation of power. A "number of high-ranking officials, even within the United Nations, have argued that they can do

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North Korea has also caused an uproar by its use of this provision of the treaty. Article X.1 only requires a state to give three months' notice in total, and does not provide for other states to question a state's interpretation of "supreme interests of its country". In 1993, North Korea gave notice

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aircraft taking part. The Israeli government is said to have bounced the idea of the operation off of the US Bush administration, although the latter declined to participate. The nuclear reactor was destroyed in the attack, which also killed about ten North Korean workers. The attack did not cause an

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Since Iran's uranium enrichment program at Natanz—and its continuing work on a heavy water reactor at Arak that would be ideal for plutonium production—began secretly years before in conjunction with the very weaponization work the NIE discussed and for the purpose of developing nuclear weapons, many

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NPT Article IV acknowledges the right of all Parties to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes and to benefit from international cooperation in this area, in conformity with their nonproliferation obligations. Article IV also encourages such cooperation. This so-called third pillar provides for

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The wording of the NPT's Article VI arguably imposes only a vague obligation on all NPT signatories to move in the general direction of nuclear and total disarmament, saying, "Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation

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These pillars are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. An effective nonproliferation regime whose members comply with their obligations provides an essential foundation for progress on disarmament and makes possible greater cooperation on the peaceful use of nuclear energy. With the right to access

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Critics argue that the NPT cannot stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons or the motivation to acquire them. They express disappointment with the limited progress on nuclear disarmament, where the five authorized nuclear weapons states still have 13,400 warheads in their combined stockpile. Several

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At the time the NPT was proposed, there were predictions of 25–30 nuclear weapon states within 20 years. Instead, over forty years later, five states are not parties to the NPT, and they include the only four additional states believed to possess nuclear weapons. Several additional measures have been

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was adopted in July 2017 and was subsequently opened for signature on 20 September 2017. Entering into force on 22 January 2021, it prohibits each state party from the development, testing, production, stockpiling, stationing, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as assistance

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According to critics, those states which possess nuclear weapons, but are not authorized to do so under the NPT, have not paid a significant price for their pursuit of weapons capabilities. Also, the NPT has been explicitly weakened by a number of bilateral deals made by NPT signatories, notably the

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The 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was held at the United Nations in New York from 27 April to 22 May 2015 and presided over by Ambassador Taous Feroukhi of Algeria. The Treaty, particularly article VIII, paragraph 3, envisages a

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and "suspended" its withdrawal notice. In October 2002, the United States accused North Korea of violating the Agreed Framework by pursuing a secret uranium enrichment program, and suspended shipments of heavy fuel oil under that agreement. In response, North Korea expelled IAEA inspectors, disabled

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responded by denying the allegations but asserting that North Korea had a right to nuclear weapons. The U.S. subsequently halted fuel oil shipments to North Korea in December 2002 and the DPRK government again gave notice of withdrawal from NPT on 10 January 2003. The withdrawal became effective 10

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called on Israel to open its nuclear facilities to IAEA inspection and adhere to the non-proliferation treaty as part of a resolution on "Israeli nuclear capabilities", which passed by a narrow margin of 49–45 with 16 abstentions. The chief Israeli delegate stated that "Israel will not co-operate in

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On 1 August 2008, the IAEA approved the India Safeguards Agreement and on 6 September 2008, India was granted the waiver at the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) meeting held in Vienna, Austria. The consensus was arrived after overcoming misgivings expressed by Austria, Ireland and New Zealand and is an

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said during a visit to Tokyo in 2007: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its lack of commitment for non-proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty and it did not recognize the need for universal, non-discriminatory verification and treatment." Although there have

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Other observers have suggested that the linkage between proliferation and disarmament may also work the other way, i.e., that the failure to resolve proliferation threats in Iran and North Korea, for instance, will cripple the prospects for disarmament. No current nuclear weapons state, the argument

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Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. As required by the text, after twenty-five years, NPT parties met in May 1995 and agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely. More countries are parties to the NPT than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament

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In December 2003, Libya announced that it had agreed to eliminate all its WMD programs, and permitted U.S. and British teams (as well as IAEA inspectors) into the country to assist this process and verify its completion. The nuclear weapons designs, gas centrifuges for uranium enrichment, and other

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After about two years of EU3-led diplomatic efforts and Iran temporarily suspending its enrichment program, the IAEA Board of Governors, acting under Article XII.C of the IAEA Statute, found in a rare non-consensus decision with 12 abstentions that these failures constituted non-compliance with the

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By 2010, China reportedly signed a civil nuclear agreement with Pakistan, using the justification that the deal was "peaceful". The British government criticized this, on the grounds that 'the time is not yet right for a civil nuclear deal with Pakistan'. China did not seek formal approval from the

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was quoted as responding "It is a discriminatory treaty. Pakistan has the right to defend itself, so Pakistan will not sign the NPT. Why should we?" Until 2010, Pakistan had always maintained the position that it would sign the NPT if India did so. In 2010, Pakistan abandoned this historic position

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In some regions, the fact that all neighbors are verifiably free of nuclear weapons reduces any pressure individual states might feel to build those weapons themselves, even if neighbors are known to have peaceful nuclear energy programs that might otherwise be suspicious. In this, the treaty works

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See, e.g., U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, Annex to National Intelligence Estimate No. 100-2-58: Development of Nuclear Capabilities by Fourth Countries: Likelihood and Consequences, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 100-2-58 (1 July 1958), at p.4, paragraphs 18–19; U.S.

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policy. NATO's argument is based on the phrase "the consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war" in the treaty preamble, inserted at the behest of U.S. diplomats, arguing that the treaty would at that point have failed to fulfill its function of prohibiting a general war

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Treaty, President Obama said that the United States, Russia, and other nations were demanding that Iran face consequences for failing to fulfill its obligations under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, saying "We will not tolerate actions that flout the NPT, risk an arms race in a vital region,

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Iran stated it has a legal right to enrich uranium for peaceful purposes under the NPT, and further says that it had "constantly complied with its obligations under the NPT and the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency". Iran also stated that its enrichment program has been part of its

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India argues that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. India's then

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agreements whereby the United States provided nuclear weapons to be deployed by, and stored in, other NATO states. Some argue this is an act of proliferation violating Articles I and II of the treaty. A counter-argument is that the U.S. controlled the weapons in storage within the NATO states, and

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program and a similar Soviet Union program. In the 1980s a program to convert HEU research reactors to use low enriched fuel was started in the United States due to proliferation concerns. However 26 states possessed more than 1 kg of civilian HEU in 2015, and as of 2016 the stocks of HEU for

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See generally U.S. Department of State, "Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments", August 2005, pp. 87–92, www.state.gov/documents/organization/52113.pdf; Anthony Faiola, "N. Korea Declares Itself a Nuclear Power," The Washington

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The IAEA Board of Governors rejected this interpretation. Most countries held that a new three-months withdrawal notice was required, and some questioned whether North Korea's notification met the "extraordinary events" and "supreme interests" requirements of the treaty. The Joint Statement of 19

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reports stating that North Korea was developing an enriched uranium weapons program, which led to North Korea leaving the NPT, had overstated or misread the intelligence. On the other hand, even apart from these press allegations, there remains some information in the public record indicating the

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imposed sanctions on North Korea, the six-party talks resumed. In February 2007 the parties agreed to the Initial Actions for the Implementation for the Joint Statement in which North Korea would dismantle its nuclear weapons programs, including the Yongbyon reactor, in exchange for the return of

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The NSG Guidelines currently rule out nuclear exports by all major suppliers to Pakistan, with very narrow exceptions, since it does not have full-scope IAEA safeguards (i.e. safeguards on all its nuclear activities). Pakistan has sought to reach an agreement similar to that with India, but these

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The treaty provided, in article X, for a conference to be convened 25 years after its entry into force to decide whether the treaty should continue in force indefinitely, or be extended for an additional fixed period or periods. Accordingly, at the NPT Review and Extension Conference in May 1995,

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Initial efforts, which began in 1946, to create an international system enabling all States to have access to nuclear technology under appropriate safeguards, were terminated in 1949 without the achievement of this objective, due to serious political differences between the major Powers. By then,

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Countries that have become Parties to the NPT as non-nuclear-weapon States have a strong record of not building nuclear weapons, although some tried and one eventually left the NPT and acquired nuclear weapons. Iraq was found by the IAEA to have violated its safeguards obligations and subject to

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The treaty is reviewed every five years in meetings called Review Conferences. Even though the treaty was originally conceived with a limited duration of 25 years, the signing parties decided, by consensus, to unconditionally extend the treaty indefinitely during the Review Conference in New York

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The U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation agreed that nonproliferation and disarmament are linked, noting that they can be mutually reinforcing but also that growing proliferation risks create an environment that makes disarmament more difficult. The United Kingdom, France and

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The United States has also purchased many thousands of weapons' worth of uranium formerly in Soviet nuclear weapons for conversion into reactor fuel. As a consequence of this latter effort, it has been estimated that the equivalent of one lightbulb in every ten in the United States is powered by

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Over the years the NPT has come to be seen by many Third World states as "a conspiracy of the nuclear 'haves' to keep the nuclear 'have-nots' in their place". This argument has roots in Article VI of the treaty which "obligates the nuclear weapons states to liquidate their nuclear stockpiles and

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In early March 2006, India and the United States finalized an agreement, in the face of criticism in both countries, to restart cooperation on civilian nuclear technology. Under the deal India has committed to classify 14 of its 22 nuclear power plants as being for civilian use and to place them

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Article VI of the NPT represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon states. The NPT's preamble contains language affirming the desire of treaty signatories to ease international tension and strengthen international trust so as to

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The five NWS parties have made undertakings not to use their nuclear weapons against a non-NWS party except in response to a nuclear attack, or a conventional attack in alliance with a Nuclear Weapons State. However, these undertakings have not been incorporated formally into the treaty, and the

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devices" and "not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce" a non-nuclear weapon state (NNWS) to acquire nuclear weapons (Article I). NNWS parties to the NPT agree not to "receive", "manufacture", or "acquire" nuclear weapons or to "seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear

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applied for membership on 19 May 2016, supported by Turkey and China However, many NSG members opposed Pakistan's membership bid due to its track record, including the illicit procurement network of Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan, which aided the nuclear programs of Iran, Libya and North Korea.

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On 14 June 2023, president Lukashenko said that Russia had started moving tactical nuclear weapons into Belarus's territory. The Russian president had said the weapons were moved "as a deterrence measure" against threats to Russian statehood, and would not be controlled by Belarus. NATO saw no

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The IAEA has been able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran, and is continuing its work on verifying the absence of undeclared activities. In February 2008, the IAEA also reported that it was working to address "alleged studies" of weaponization, based on documents

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announced a desire to allow exports to India, a policy change which was authorized by her party's national conference in December. The following month, Gillard overturned Australia's long-standing ban on exporting uranium to India. She further said, "We should take a decision in the national

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Because the availability of fissile material has long been considered the principal obstacle to, and "pacing element" for, a country's nuclear weapons development effort, it was declared a major emphasis of U.S. policy in 2004 to prevent the further spread of uranium enrichment and plutonium

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The United States responds to criticism of its disarmament record by pointing out that, since the end of the Cold War, it has eliminated over 13,000 nuclear weapons, and eliminated over 80% of its deployed strategic warheads and 90% of non-strategic warheads deployed to NATO, in the process

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2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also

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The revival of interest in nuclear power could result in the worldwide dissemination of uranium enrichment and spent fuel reprocessing technologies, which present obvious risks of proliferation as these technologies can produce fissile materials that are directly usable in nuclear weapons.

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Article X allows a state to leave the treaty if "extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country", giving three months' (ninety days') notice. The state is required to give reasons for leaving the NPT in this notice.

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The United States concluded that Iran violated its Article III NPT safeguards obligations, and further argued based on circumstantial evidence that Iran's enrichment program was for weapons purposes and therefore violated Iran's Article II nonproliferation obligations. The November 2007 US

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the transfer of nuclear technology and materials to NPT Parties for peaceful purposes in the development of civilian nuclear energy programs in those countries, subject to IAEA safeguards to demonstrate that their nuclear programs are not being used for the development of nuclear weapons.

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Libya had signed (in 1968) and ratified (in 1975) the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and was subject to IAEA nuclear safeguards inspections, but undertook a secret nuclear weapons development program in violation of its NPT obligations, using material and technology provided by the

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On 19 September 2005, North Korea announced that it would agree to a preliminary accord. Under the accord, North Korea would scrap all of its existing nuclear weapons and nuclear production facilities, rejoin the NPT, and readmit IAEA inspectors. The difficult issue of the supply of

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Five states are recognized by the NPT as nuclear weapon states (NWS): China (signed 1992), France (1992), the Soviet Union (1968; obligations and rights now assumed by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom (1968), and the United States (1968), which also happen to be the five

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in 1945, it has been apparent that the development of nuclear capabilities by States could enable them to divert technology and materials for weapons purposes. Thus, the problem of preventing such diversions became a central issue in discussions on peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

6731:"The 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was held from 2 to 27 May 2005 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The President-elect of the Review Conference is Ambassador Sérgio de Queiroz Duarte of Brazil". 1383:

interest, a decision about strengthening our strategic partnership with India in this the Asian century," and said that any agreement to sell uranium to India would include strict safeguards to ensure it would only be used for civilian purposes, and not end up in nuclear weapons.

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The main outcome of the 2000 Conference was the adoption by consensus of a comprehensive Final Document, which included among other things "practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts" to implement the disarmament provisions of the NPT, commonly referred to as the

776:: Each non-NWS party undertakes to conclude an agreement with the IAEA for the application of its safeguards to all nuclear material in all of the state's peaceful nuclear activities and to prevent diversion of such material to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. 792:: Each party "undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control". 782:: 1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this Treaty. 1134:

that no transfer of the weapons or control over them was intended "unless and until a decision were made to go to war, at which the treaty would no longer be controlling", so there is no breach of the NPT. These agreements were disclosed to a few of the states, including the

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it was known to operate only one small Chinese-built research reactor, SRR-1. Despite being a proponent of a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East the country was accused of pursuing a military nuclear program with a reported nuclear facility in a desert

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also joined the treaty soon after their independence. Montenegro and East Timor were the last countries to accede to the treaty on their independence in 2006 and 2003; the only other country to accede in the 21st century was Cuba in 2002. The three Micronesian countries in

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Critics of the NPT-recognized nuclear-weapon states (the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom) sometimes argue that what they view as the failure of the NPT-recognized nuclear weapon states to disarm themselves of nuclear weapons, especially in the

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the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals.

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of the Philippines, and an Action Plan that was adopted by consensus. The 2010 conference was generally considered a success because it reached consensus where the previous Review Conference in 2005 ended in disarray. Many attributed the success of the 2010 conference to

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On June 23, 2023, The US Department of State issued a statement that the United States hosted the meeting on June 13–14 in Cairo among the five nuclear weapons states, describing it as "an ongoing exchange in the context of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)."

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Under Article I of the NPT, nuclear-weapon states pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices to any recipient or in any way assist, encourage or induce any non-nuclear-weapon state in the manufacture or acquisition of a nuclear weapon.

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At the Seventh Review Conference in May 2005, there were stark differences between the United States, which wanted the conference to focus on non-proliferation, especially on its allegations against Iran, and most other countries, who emphasized the lack of serious

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Director of Central Intelligence, Likelihood and Consequences of the Development of Nuclear Capabilities by Additional Countries, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 100-4-60 (20 September 1960), at p. 2, paragraph 4, & p.8, paragraphs 27–29.

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IAEA equipment, and, on 10 January 2003, announced that it was ending the suspension of its previous NPT withdrawal notification. North Korea said that only one more day's notice was sufficient for withdrawal from the NPT, as it had given 89 days before.

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Ukraine acceded to the NPT in 1994 as a non-nuclear-weapon state, and committed to remove all nuclear weapons from its territory. In recognition of Ukraine's decision, the UK, the United States and Russia provided security assurances to Ukraine under the

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since 1958, and some nonproliferation analysts estimate that Israel may have stockpiled between 100 and 200 warheads using reprocessed plutonium. The position on the NPT is explained in terms of "Israeli exceptionality", a term coined by Professor

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to discuss the deployment of Russian short-range nuclear-capable missiles on the territory of Belarus. The transfer of nuclear warheads would require a further decision, possibly after a number of years, and could be tied to future NATO decisions.

8750: 651:, have interpreted Article VI's language as constituting a formal and specific obligation on the NPT-recognized nuclear-weapon states to disarm themselves of nuclear weapons, and argue that these states have failed to meet their obligation. The 2245:

civilian nuclear energy program, which is allowed under Article IV of the NPT. The Non-Aligned Movement has welcomed the continuing cooperation of Iran with the IAEA and reaffirmed Iran's right to the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.

1059:

Major South American countries Argentina, Chile, and Brazil joined in 1995 and 1998. Arabian Peninsula countries included Saudi Arabia and Bahrain in 1988, Qatar and Kuwait in 1989, UAE in 1995, and Oman in 1997. The European states of

9036: 8260: 3749:

U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation Christopher Ford, "Disarmament and Non-Nuclear Stability in Tomorrow's World," remarks to the Conference on Disarmament and Nonproliferation Issues, Nagasaki, Japan (31 August

1024:

Several NPT states parties have given up nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons programs. South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program, but has since renounced it and acceded to the treaty in 1991 after destroying its small nuclear

764:: Each nuclear-weapons state (NWS) undertakes not to transfer, to any recipient, nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices, and not to assist any non-nuclear weapon state to manufacture or acquire such weapons or devices. 8834: 1679:

existence of a uranium effort. Quite apart from the fact that North Korean First Vice Minister Kang Sok-ju at one point admitted the existence of a uranium enrichment program, Pakistan's then-President Musharraf revealed that the

2425:, in which Gaddafi agreed to eliminate Libya's nuclear weapons program, has been repeatedly cited by North Korea, which views Gaddafi's fate as a "cautionary tale" that influences North Korea's decision to maintain and intensify 770:: Each non-NWS party undertakes not to receive, from any source, nuclear weapons, or other nuclear explosive devices; not to manufacture or acquire such weapons or devices; and not to receive any assistance in their manufacture. 6965:"Foreign Policy Situation Report: Obama to outline big nuke cuts today; DOD civilian owes $ 500k – to DOD; Petraeus to Team Rubicon; Hastings, dead; Say goodbye, Rambo; Tara Sonenshine on "bottom line diplomacy;" and a bit more" 2010: 1696:)—which, if true, would mean that North Korea has a uranium conversion facility for producing feedstock for centrifuge enrichment. North Korea formally announced the existence of a uranium enrichment program in September 2009. 572:

Under Article II of the NPT, non-nuclear-weapon states pledge not to acquire or exercise control over nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and not to seek or receive assistance in the manufacture of such devices.

640:

create someday the conditions for a halt to the production of nuclear weapons, and treaty on general and complete disarmament that liquidates, in particular, nuclear weapons and their delivery vehicles from national arsenals.

8585: 1663:

frozen funds at Banco Delta Asia and foreign energy assistance. However, the agreement failed due to verification problems and North Korea fully withdrew from the six-party talks in 2009 after the other members condemned the

970:

was fragile. Having more nuclear-weapon states would reduce security for all, multiplying the risks of miscalculation, accidents, unauthorized use of weapons, escalation in tensions, and nuclear conflict. Moreover, since the

8580: 2911:

has brought suit in The Hague against the United States, the former Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea and Israel seeking to have the disarmament provisions of the NPT enforced.

1447:

efforts have been rebuffed by the United States and other NSG members, on the grounds that Pakistan's track record as a nuclear proliferator makes it impossible for it to have any sort of nuclear deal in the near future.

2381:

proliferation network—including actual nuclear weapons designs allegedly originating in China. Libya began secret negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom in March 2003 over potentially eliminating its

635:

Under Article VI of the NPT, all Parties undertake to pursue good-faith negotiations on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race, to nuclear disarmament, and to general and complete disarmament.

8622: 4249:

See, e.g., U.S. Director of Central Intelligence, Likelihood and Consequences of a Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Systems, declassified U.S. National Intelligence Estimate, NIE 4–63 (28 June 1963), at p.17, paragraph

1683:

proliferation network had provided North Korea with a number of gas centrifuges designed for uranium enrichment. Additionally, press reports have cited U.S. officials to the effect that evidence obtained in dismantling

2755:

and has given critical technological assistance in the construction of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development facilities, in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, of which China even then was a signatory.

2739:

claiming that both the deals violate the NPT by facilitating nuclear programmes in states which are not parties to the NPT. Some reports asserted that the deal was a strategic move by China to balance US influence in

675:, has angered some non-nuclear-weapon NPT signatories of the NPT. Such failure, these critics add, provides justification for the non-nuclear-weapon signatories to quit the NPT and develop their own nuclear arsenals. 592:

weapons" (Article II). NNWS parties also agree to accept safeguards by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to verify that they are not diverting nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear weapons or other

1645:

On 2 October 2006, the North Korean foreign minister announced that his country was planning to conduct a nuclear test "in the future", although it did not state when. On Monday, 9 October 2006 at 01:35:28 (UTC) the

1551:, but was ruled be in noncompliance with its IAEA safeguards agreement after a series of inspections in 1992-93 which determined that North Korea had not fully declared its history of reprocessing spent fuel at the 5076: 1520:

any matter with this resolution." However, similar resolutions were defeated in 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015. As with Pakistan, the NSG Guidelines currently rule out nuclear exports by all major suppliers to Israel.

2509:

states argue that when there is a state of "general war" the treaty no longer applies, effectively allowing the states involved to leave the treaty with no notice. This is a necessary argument to support the NATO

3111: 1715:

led to the 29 February 2012 "Leap Day Agreement" in which North Korea would agree to allow IAEA inspections and resume the six-party talks. However, these diplomatic gains were quickly undercut by launching the

7441: 683:' of a nuclear weapon as an instrument of military power increases. At the extreme, which it is precisely disarmament's hope to create, the strategic utility of even one or two nuclear weapons would be huge." 2398:.) Libya's non-compliance with its IAEA safeguards was reported to the U.N. Security Council, but with no action taken, as Libya's return to compliance with safeguards and Article II of the NPT was welcomed. 6964: 1499:, in reference to the perception that the country's small size, overall vulnerability, as well as the history of deep hostility and large-scale attacks by neighboring states, require a deterrent capability. 6052:, Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007), 1803 (2008) and 1835 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 5 June 2009. 490:

adopted to strengthen the NPT and the broader nuclear nonproliferation regime and make it difficult for states to acquire the capability to produce nuclear weapons, including the export controls of the

2787:'s commitment to nuclear nonproliferation and disarmament. Some have warned that this success raised unrealistically high expectations that could lead to failure at the next Review Conference in 2015. 13316: 13311: 8627: 1248:

missile systems. Both conventional and nuclear versions of the missile would be provided under the plans. Additionally, Putin said that he would facilitate the modifications necessary for Belarusian

12481: 5300: 813: 264: 8597: 3714:, Christopher Ford, U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation, delivered at the Conference on "Preparing for 2010: Getting the Process Right," Annecy, France, 17 March 2007; 663:

There exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.

3218: 1264:

Four states—India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan—have never signed the treaty. India and Pakistan have publicly disclosed their nuclear weapon programs, and Israel has a long-standing

8647: 2283: 1987: 3303: 8607: 2487:

argued that the United States should encourage Ukraine to retain a nuclear deterrent against potential Russian expansion, and to reduce the danger of war. After the Russian invasion of

841: 12291: 10766: 8250: 2386:. In October 2003, Libya was embarrassed by the interdiction of a shipment of Pakistani-designed centrifuge parts sent from Malaysia, also as part of A. Q. Khan's proliferation ring. 2394:—were removed from Libya by the United States. (Libyan chemical weapons stocks and chemical bombs were also destroyed on site with international verification, with Libya joining the 383:, which acceded in 1985 but never came into compliance, announced its withdrawal from the NPT in 2003, following detonation of nuclear devices in violation of core obligations. Four 8906: 7912: 4808: 2194:

Iran is a party to the NPT since 1970 but was found in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement, and the status of its nuclear program remains in dispute. In November 2003

1326:

been unofficial discussions on creating a South Asian nuclear weapons free zone, including India and Pakistan, this is considered to be highly unlikely for the foreseeable future.

8188: 798:: "For the purposes of this Treaty, a nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967." 526:

The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles. Although the concept of "pillars" is not expressed anywhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as a

8304: 7892: 2362:

acceded to the NPT and opened itself up to IAEA inspection. In 1994, the IAEA completed its work and declared that the country had fully dismantled its nuclear weapons program.

2124: 7228:, remarks to the Conference on "Preparing for 2010: Getting the Process Right," Annecy, France (17 March 2007); "The United States and Article VI: A Record of Accomplishment," 6900: 2596:

argued that the U.S.-India nuclear deal, in combination with US attempts to deny Iran (an NPT signatory) civilian nuclear fuel-making technology, might destroy the NPT regime.

2923:, and concluded without adopting a final document. Contentious negotiations came close to consensus on a text, but ultimately Russia blocked consensus over issues related to 1982: 1768:

between Trump and Kim, the first face-to-face meeting between the US and North Korean heads of state. The IAEA has called for North Korea to rejoin it and the NPT since 2013.

12101: 667:

The ICJ opinion notes that this obligation involves all NPT parties (not just the nuclear weapon states) and does not suggest a specific time frame for nuclear disarmament.

1036:

where nuclear weapons had been based, namely Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan, transferred those weapons to Russia and joined the NPT by 1994 following the signature of the

8642: 6864: 12871: 9164: 8782: 7808: 7759: 6833: 2988:

Based on concerns over the slow pace of nuclear disarmament and the continued reliance on nuclear weapons in military and security concepts, doctrines and policies, the

1567:

in which North Korea agreed to an IAEA-monitored freeze of plutonium production facilities and construction of new reactors in exchange for two light-water reactors and

1502:

The Israeli government refuses to confirm or deny possession of nuclear weapons, although this is now regarded as an open secret after Israeli junior nuclear technician

1361:(CTBT). While India could commence nuclear trade with other willing countries. The U.S. Congress approved this agreement and President Bush signed it on 8 October 2008. 804:: Establishes the right to withdraw from the Treaty giving 3 months' notice. It also establishes the duration of the Treaty (25 years before 1995 Extension Initiative). 13321: 13241: 8722: 8570: 1346: 1309:

signaled a significant shift from "no first use" to "no first use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of Golden Jubilee celebrations of the

994:

Within the framework of the United Nations, the principle of nuclear non-proliferation was addressed in negotiations as early as 1957. The NPT process was launched by

12411: 7777: 2967:

Russia likewise defend their nuclear disarmament records, and the five NPT NWS issued a joint statement in 2008 reaffirming their Article VI disarmament commitments.

2592:

and declared that he would work to change US law and international rules to permit trade in US civilian nuclear technology with India. At the time, British columnist

13091: 7414: 13281: 8294: 8230: 8183: 7947: 2272: 581: 12856: 12666: 5231: 4404: 1654:

70 km (43 mi) north of Kimchaek, North Korea indicating a nuclear test. The North Korean government announced shortly afterward that they had completed

576:

Under Article III of the Treaty, non-nuclear-weapon states pledge to accept IAEA safeguards to verify that their nuclear activities serve only peaceful purposes.

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exact details have varied over time. The U.S. also had nuclear warheads targeted at North Korea, a non-NWS, from 1959 until 1991. The previous United Kingdom

13001: 10952: 8911: 8497: 8099: 4949: 1424:. Although there is little confirmed information in public, as of 2015, Pakistan was estimated to have as many as 120 warheads. According to analyses of the 12961: 4429: 1435:

Pakistani officials argue that the NPT is discriminatory. When asked at a briefing in 2015 whether Islamabad would sign the NPT if Washington requested it,

10383: 8864: 8814: 8612: 8215: 8158: 7828: 7230: 6079: 5295: 2806:. Forty seven states and three international organizations took part in the summit, which issued a communiqué and a work plan. For further information see 1138:, negotiating the treaty, but most of the states that signed the NPT in 1968 would not have known about these agreements and interpretations at that time. 7119: 3888: 2279:, lifting sanctions on Iran in exchange for constraints and on Iran's nuclear activities and increased verification by the IAEA. On 8 May 2018, President 867: 13071: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8637: 8531: 8153: 1977: 1972: 1765: 1711:, North Korea began to express interest in returning to the six-party talks. Bilateral negotiations between North Korea and the United States after the 6787: 6768: 5685: 4584: 2221:

in 2006, after which the Security Council passed a resolution demanding that Iran suspend its enrichment. Instead, Iran resumed its enrichment program.

1455:, and claimed instead that its cooperation with Pakistan was "grandfathered" when China joined the NSG, a claim that was disputed by other NSG members. 13306: 13291: 8602: 8480: 8059: 8005: 7922: 7838: 7823: 7519: 6995: 6269: 5536: 4098: 3601: 2725:

In the first half of 2010, it was strongly believed that China had signed a civilian nuclear deal with Pakistan claiming that the deal was "peaceful".

2140: 13016: 4271: 3444: 12446: 9057: 8200: 7917: 6389: 6213: 6181: 2015: 7145: 5883:

Post, 10 February 2005, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12836-2005Feb10.html; "Khan 'Gave N. Korea Centrifuges'", BBC News, 24 August 2005,

874: 13286: 12086: 11613: 10363: 8475: 8255: 7747: 7713: 7634: 6393: 5249: 1572: 17: 6054: 5986: 5922: 5602: 4296: 4033: 3998: 3466:

Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

13326: 13261: 12286: 9930: 9264: 9157: 9031: 8675: 8670: 8526: 8024: 6018: 4782: 4724: 4129: 3473: 3105: 2418: 2181: 2116: 1668: 1659: 6659: 4558: 4319: 3844: 1232:

was staged in Belarus to remove a constitutional prohibition on basing nuclear weapons on its territory. On 25 June 2022, President of Belarus

1010:. In 1992, The People's Republic of China and France acceded to the NPT, the last of the five nuclear powers recognized by the treaty to do so. 12476: 12172: 9681: 9490: 8299: 8205: 7696: 7625: 7043: 3299: 2523:

to withdraw from the NPT. However, after 89 days, North Korea reached agreement with the United States to freeze its nuclear program under the

2150: 856: 4698: 13186: 12766: 9258: 8963: 8727: 8240: 8235: 8210: 8074: 7897: 7848: 7725: 7701: 7279: 6495: 6372: 5720: 5314: 3250: 3040: 2853: 2803: 1368:

denounced both the deals, claiming that they weakened the NPT by facilitating nuclear programmes in states which are not parties to the NPT.

8363: 3718: 13221: 12376: 12281: 12162: 9307: 8992: 8926: 8470: 7957: 6749: 3790: 3191: 3169: 3058: 2989: 2818: 2775:

was held in May 2010 in New York City, and adopted a final document that included a summary by the Review Conference President, Ambassador

2713: 2299: 7568: 7550: 7350: 6786:, 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, NPT/CONF.2010/50, adopted 28 May 2010. 6563: 6320: 5116: 4812: 4156:, Mariana Budjereyn, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project Issue Brief #3, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 12536: 12391: 12136: 11023: 8284: 3342: 3333: 2690: 2645: 2426: 2130: 2101: 1534: 1256:

evidence in a change in Russia's nuclear position, while Ukrainian intelligence said that not a single warhead had yet been transferred.

455: 6701: 1781: 13036: 12991: 12621: 12126: 9150: 9019: 8953: 8665: 8592: 8575: 7937: 7887: 7813: 7754: 7690: 7262: 3694: 2202:

reported that Iran had repeatedly and over an extended period failed to meet its safeguards obligations under the NPT with respect to:

1895: 1425: 1037: 608:, has also explicitly invoked the possibility of the use of the country's nuclear weapons in response to a non-conventional attack by " 7277:

Remarks by U.S. National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley at the Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University

2358:

openly admitted that the country had developed a limited nuclear weapon capability. These weapons were subsequently dismantled before

2241:

put it in 2008, the aspects of its work that Iran allegedly suspended were thus "probably the least significant part of the program."

1547:

North Korea acceded to the treaty on 12 December 1985 in order to obtain assistance from the Soviet Union in the construction of four

82: 12821: 12571: 12215: 8311: 8019: 7798: 7737: 6926: 6890: 6245: 2022: 1229: 972: 6115: 5117:"Pakistan against signing the NPT as a non-nuclear weapons state | Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses" 4234: 4171: 3959: 1582:, expressed skepticism on North Korean compliance to the Agreed Framework. During 2002 negotiations US Assistant Secretary of State 1172:

U.S. nuclear sharing policies were originally designed to help prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons—not least by persuading

702:

uses enriched uranium fuel, it follows that states must be able either to enrich uranium or purchase it on an international market.

13301: 13151: 13066: 12741: 12311: 12167: 10200: 9240: 9025: 8859: 8146: 8084: 8044: 7932: 7596: 7554: 6182:"INFCIRC/724 – Communication dated 26 March 2008 received from the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Agency" 2649: 2275:(China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) plus Germany. On 14 July 2015, the P5+1 and Iran concluded the 2005: 1729: 1403: 451: 364: 6341:, testimony before the Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Human Rights (22 September 2004); DeSutter, 5583: 5178: 4665: 3004:

in the 21st century could undermine the credibility of the security assurances that are part of the current global nuclear order.

2350:

In 1991, after international pressure and when a change of government was imminent, South African Ambassador to the United States

323: 13296: 13266: 13191: 12516: 12426: 11603: 10247: 9328: 9277: 7833: 7686: 7616: 6640: 3748: 3087: 2791: 2682: 1854: 12686: 7205: 6854: 5510: 4066: 1338:, then Director General of the IAEA, welcomed the deal by calling India "an important partner in the non-proliferation regime." 1302:

policy, a pledge not to use nuclear weapons unless first attacked by an adversary using nuclear weapons, however India's former

881: 13271: 12601: 12556: 12261: 12096: 10368: 9295: 8465: 8388: 8245: 8220: 7665: 6830: 6803: 3725:, U.S. statement to the Second Session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2010 NPT Review Conference, Geneva (30 April 2008) 3402: 3099: 3093: 2880:. In the same speech, Obama emphasized his administration's efforts to isolate any nuclear weapons capabilities emanating from 2736: 2626: 2622: 2618: 1725: 1483: 1469: 74: 42: 7069: 6294: 6214:"XV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement (July 2008): Statement on the Islamic Republic of Iran's Nuclear Issue" 5647: 1298:

in 1998. It is estimated to have enough fissile material for more than 150 warheads and was among the few countries to have a

1176:

not to develop an independent nuclear capability by assuring it that West Germany would be able, in the event of war with the

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both the United States and the former Soviet Union had tested nuclear weapons, and were beginning to build their stockpiles.

962:

The impetus behind the NPT was concern for the safety of a world with many nuclear weapon states. It was recognized that the

447: 11114: 4760: 3325: 86: 13246: 12956: 12896: 12786: 10933: 10858: 10518: 10118: 8896: 8519: 8289: 7875: 7860: 7843: 4861:"President Bush Signs H.R. 7081, the United States-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act" 3629: 2630: 2155: 2145: 2111: 1777: 5053: 3822: 1756:

threatening military action. The crisis was averted after a series of meetings between Kim Jong-un, US Secretary of State

1317:

on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence".

13251: 12511: 12276: 12246: 12131: 10538: 9671: 8987: 8982: 8406: 8274: 8136: 8039: 7962: 7902: 6747:

The General Debate of the 2005 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

4484:"Preparations For Russian Nuclear Weapons Transfer To Belarus Ongoing, Not A Single Warhead Transferred So Far - Budanov" 4203:, Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (ieer.org), Science for Democratic Action Volume 9 Number 3, May 2001, 3337: 3186: 2795: 2748: 2410: 2238: 2174: 2038: 1269: 9780: 9708: 5857: 5832: 4834: 3553: 12771: 12641: 12220: 11573: 10668: 9646: 9531: 9485: 9480: 9426: 9228: 9108: 8353: 8141: 8131: 7803: 7766: 6675: 3869: 2276: 2195: 1967: 1926: 1916: 1890: 1785: 1737: 1516: 707: 495: 4455: 4372: 2993:

to those activities. It reaffirms in its preamble the vital role of the full and effective implementation of the NPT.

2866:

treaty—bringing the number of deployed warheads to about 1,000". Obama is seeking to "negotiate these reductions with

2308:

South Africa is the only country that developed nuclear weapons by itself and later dismantled them—unlike the former

13166: 13076: 13046: 13021: 12806: 12681: 12656: 12611: 12606: 12416: 11305: 10868: 10138: 10079: 9093: 8777: 8509: 8378: 8109: 8089: 8029: 8014: 7389: 7092: 5619: 4614: 4173:

The Nuclear Weapons Non-Proliferation Articles I, II and VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

3773: 3146: 3046: 2799: 2303: 1631: 1303: 907: 9876: 7314: 5422: 4860: 3924: 3663: 3516:

This view was expressed by Christopher Ford, the U.S. NPT representative at the end of the Bush Administration. See

13226: 13111: 12996: 12976: 12901: 12551: 12491: 12471: 12341: 11008: 11003: 10498: 10461: 10190: 9636: 9004: 8173: 6246:"OIC (March 2008): UN Secretary-General's address to the 11th Summit of the Organization of the Islamic Conference" 5038: 2928: 2249: 1830: 1745: 1225: 410:

as those that have built and tested a nuclear explosive device before 1 January 1967; these are the United States (

10686: 10548: 10232: 13201: 13136: 13121: 13041: 13011: 12861: 12826: 12791: 12781: 12736: 12716: 12596: 12486: 12441: 12351: 12336: 12256: 11728: 11109: 11038: 10938: 10816: 10588: 10578: 10165: 9552: 9216: 9186: 8760: 8178: 8163: 7732: 7708: 7237: 5724: 4358: 4344: 4167: 3152: 2862:, Obama proposed a "one-third reduction in strategic nuclear warheads—on top of the cuts already required by the 2686: 2218: 1952: 1664: 1647: 1310: 739: 620:

on France could trigger a small-scale nuclear retaliation aimed at destroying the "rogue state's" power centers.

499: 10503: 10390: 10378: 6321:"Paula DeSutter, "Libya Renounces Weapons of Mass Destruction", eJournal USA: Foreign Policy Agenda, March 2005" 5407: 4975: 4640:

Banerjee, Dipankar (1998). "The Obstacles to a South Asian Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone". In Thakur, Ramesh (ed.).

4456:"NATO says it sees no change after Lukashenko claims that Belarus has started receiving Russian nuclear weapons" 2963:

nuclear fuel removed from warheads previously targeted at the United States and its allies during the Cold War.

13211: 13086: 13051: 12906: 12831: 12776: 12676: 12631: 12326: 12316: 12251: 12241: 11159: 10928: 10508: 10410: 10143: 9587: 9582: 9392: 8358: 7882: 7818: 7720: 7123: 6730: 6590:"Media Advisory 2003/48 – IAEA Board of Governors Adopts Resolution on Safeguards in North Korea – 12 February" 5887:; "Pakistan and North Korea: Dangerous Counter-Trades", IISS Strategic Comments, Vol. 8, No. 9 (November 2002). 3659: 3030: 2781: 2443:

Syria is a state party to the NPT since 1969 and has a limited civil nuclear program. Before the advent of the

2230: 2167: 1733: 1721: 1655: 1538: 1506:—subsequently arrested and sentenced for treason by Israel—published evidence about the program to the British 1479: 1265: 845: 652: 624: 601: 463: 10828: 10558: 10069: 9841: 6306: 13236: 13131: 13126: 13101: 13096: 13061: 13056: 12966: 12946: 12801: 12726: 12661: 12531: 12526: 12466: 12431: 12396: 12356: 12106: 11121: 11074: 10838: 10761: 10493: 9204: 9052: 8970: 8891: 8849: 8809: 8737: 8418: 8343: 8328: 7657: 6783: 6764: 6355: 6307:

Uncovering the Nuclear Black Market: Working Toward Closing Gaps in the International Nonproliferation Regime

6273: 5682: 5386: 4592: 4141: 2344: 1880: 1555:. North Korea responded by announcing its intent to withdraw from the treaty on 12 March 1993, and President 1048: 753:

said that by some estimates thirty-five to forty states could have the knowledge to develop nuclear weapons.

435: 10553: 10262: 10185: 9856: 5543: 4105: 3612: 13216: 13206: 13196: 13181: 13156: 13026: 12916: 12881: 12876: 12866: 12846: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12701: 12691: 12671: 12626: 12581: 12566: 12561: 12541: 12521: 12496: 12421: 12386: 12366: 12361: 12346: 12331: 12321: 12301: 12296: 11139: 11099: 11069: 11018: 10878: 10796: 10792: 10663: 10593: 10358: 10175: 9941: 9836: 9768: 8958: 8819: 7589: 6093:

Adherence to and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments

3441: 2807: 2732: 1885: 1436: 484: 6745:

Syed Hamid Albar, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, United Nations (un.org), New York, 2 May 2005,

6220: 6188: 1586:

accused North Korea of a secret highly enriched uranium program; North Korean First Vice Foreign Minister

13231: 13176: 13171: 13161: 13106: 13031: 12986: 12936: 12921: 12851: 12836: 12796: 12746: 12731: 12711: 12646: 12636: 12586: 12506: 12436: 12406: 12401: 12381: 12371: 12306: 12111: 11583: 11578: 11295: 10973: 10701: 10446: 10405: 10349: 10252: 10133: 10091: 9996: 9521: 9475: 8034: 7853: 6589: 6318:

See generally Assistant Secretary of State Paula DeSutter, "Libya Renounces Weapons of Mass Destruction,

6309:, by David Albright and Corey Hinderstein, Institute for Science and International Security, 4 June 2004. 5568: 3983: 3019: 2924: 2717: 2414: 2395: 1962: 1875: 1407: 1372: 1053: 8193: 2256:

welcomed the continued dialogue between Iran and the IAEA. He urged a peaceful resolution of the issue.

506:

high-ranking officials within the United Nations have said that they can do little to stop states using

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rocket, leading the United States to suspend food aid. North Korea conducted further nuclear tests in

379:

to the treaty's significance. As of August 2016, 191 states have become parties to the treaty, though

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Hoey, Fintan (6 June 2016). "Japan and Extended Nuclear Deterrence: Security and Non-proliferation".

1708: 1552: 617: 38: 6611: 5938: 4702: 11803: 11370: 10633: 10523: 10277: 9821: 9348: 8854: 8839: 8424: 7563: 7276: 6343:"U.S. Government's Assistance to Libya in the Elimination of its Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)" 6100: 5728: 3079: 2355: 1578:

During the late 1990s and the early 2000s critics of the agreement, as well as Clinton's successor

1285: 1091: 11543: 4176:, Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean, archived from 3923:

See Remarks by President Bush at the National Defense University (11 February 2004), available at

3715: 11033: 10978: 10963: 10903: 10711: 10691: 10451: 10128: 9733: 9368: 8799: 7582: 6746: 3504:

U.S. Department of State / U.S. delegation to the 2010 nuclear nonproliferation treaty conference

3035: 2511: 2449: 2406: 2212:

declaring of facilities and other locations where nuclear material had been stored and processed.

1838: 1452: 1033: 834: 722: 491: 9936: 7357: 6324: 4345:"Belarus to Receive Russian Iskander Hypersonic Ballistic Missile Systems Within Months - Putin" 4220:

U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A Review of Post-Cold War Policy, Force Levels, and War Planning

3800: 3496: 2919:

The Tenth Review Conference convened 1–26 August 2022, after a two-year postponement due to the

11823: 11327: 10721: 10395: 9871: 9631: 9626: 9419: 8886: 8348: 8069: 6567: 6295:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

5250:"Kiwis soft on India's NSG bid, Turkey backs Pak - TOI Mobile | The Times of India Mobile Site" 5134: 3164: 2889: 2813: 2536:

called for North Korea to "return" to the NPT, implicitly acknowledging that it had withdrawn.

2135: 1375:, had continued its refusal to export uranium to India despite diplomatic pressure from India. 1342: 1101: 714:" of the nuclear nonproliferation regime. As of 2007, 13 states have an enrichment capability. 411: 387:

have never accepted the NPT, three of which possess or are thought to possess nuclear weapons:

12033: 363:

and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the

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responded by announcing sanctions and considering military action. The crisis ended with the

1508: 1044: 957: 699: 672: 535: 8916: 5705: 4923: 4738: 3889:"Ridding research reactors of highly enriched uranium to take decades longer than projected" 3688: 2798:

and was intended to strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in conjunction with the

1744:

in the January 2016 and 2017 tests. The North Korean nuclear weapons development led to the

11598: 11365: 11220: 11174: 11089: 11084: 10883: 10782: 10731: 10726: 10618: 10573: 10528: 10466: 10297: 10272: 10222: 10150: 10064: 9914: 9516: 9495: 9198: 9103: 9067: 9062: 9014: 8745: 7994: 7487:. Contributions to Political Science. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 153–169. 5897: 5455: 4530: 3397: 3052: 2776: 2765: 2422: 2058: 1957: 1741: 1712: 1700: 1689: 1439: 1233: 1166: 1015: 984: 648: 647:

On the other hand, some governments, especially non-nuclear-weapon states belonging to the

8835:

International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

6342: 6338: 6252: 5758:"Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy | Arms Control Association" 5645:

DPRK FM on Its Stand to Suspend Its Participation in Six-party Talks for Indefinite Period

3529: 2264:

and threaten the credibility of the international community and our collective security."

1357:

unprecedented step in giving exemption to a country, which has not signed the NPT and the

8: 12043: 11958: 11953: 11853: 11716: 11513: 11397: 11312: 11200: 11053: 11048: 11028: 11013: 10923: 10918: 10823: 10756: 10746: 10658: 10653: 10643: 10543: 10483: 10456: 10282: 10267: 10237: 10215: 10001: 9991: 9718: 9641: 9611: 9595: 9343: 9234: 8804: 7480: 6146:

See, e.g., U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation Christopher A. Ford,

6122: 5783: 5644: 5580: 4231: 4177: 3966: 3300:"Decisions Adopted at the 1995 NPT Review & Extension Conference - Acronym Institute" 2761: 2728: 2488: 2477: 2470: 1846: 1623: 1548: 1496: 1365: 696: 543: 427: 360: 10898: 10811: 7620: 7351:"Statement by Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Kislyak at the 2005 NPT Review Conference" 7296: 7221: 5757: 4272:"Russia accused of taking Belarus 'nuclear hostage' with deal to station missiles there" 3727: 3711: 3016:(an important section in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Treaty) 2563:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1809:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1207:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

12197: 11993: 11978: 11903: 11883: 11878: 11863: 11710: 11458: 11210: 11094: 10848: 10751: 10736: 10648: 10638: 10613: 10608: 10373: 10327: 10242: 10227: 10170: 9986: 9909: 9785: 9676: 9666: 9333: 8936: 6545: 6469: 6435: 5353: 4672: 4460: 4215: 3274: 3127: 2402: 2080: 1364:

When China announced expanded nuclear cooperation with Pakistan in 2010, proponents of

356: 297: 11893: 11722: 9142: 6636: 6520:

Budjeryn, Mariana (1 September 2016). "Was Ukraine's Nuclear Disarmament a Blunder?".

6104: 6092: 4508: 3937: 3427: 2852:

on 19 June 2013, Obama outlined plans to further reduce the number of warheads in the

1667:, expelling all US and IAEA inspectors from the country. The UN responded by adopting 1068:

joined in 1995–6. Also acceding in the 1990s were Myanmar in 1992 and Guyana in 1993.

12210: 12063: 12008: 11983: 11938: 11868: 11843: 11808: 11798: 11767: 11654: 11538: 11508: 11245: 11235: 11149: 11043: 10888: 10603: 10400: 10257: 10210: 10108: 10059: 10033: 10011: 9851: 9831: 9775: 9763: 9577: 9412: 9338: 8946: 8901: 8881: 8766: 8536: 8430: 8368: 8168: 7629: 7496: 7461: 7256: 7226:"Procedure and Substance in the NPT Review Cycle: The Example of Nuclear Disarmament" 7225: 7201: 6549: 6537: 6427: 6147: 6073: 5956: 5479: 5471: 5461: 5357: 5211: 4718: 4645: 4073: 3898: 3893: 3769: 3583: 3517: 3469: 3181: 3141: 3069: 2920: 2457: 2453: 2287: 2199: 2075: 1627: 1335: 1306: 1141:

As of 2005, it is estimated that the United States still provides about 180 tactical

750: 711: 703: 659:, issued 8 July 1996, unanimously interprets the text of Article VI as implying that 593: 588: 483:

City on 11 May 1995, in the culmination of U.S. government efforts led by Ambassador

12187: 11858: 7328: 7017: 6814: 5884: 4666:"Remarks With International Atomic Energy Agency Director General Mohamed ElBaradei" 3377: 11973: 11898: 11828: 11813: 11793: 11740: 11523: 11518: 11498: 11448: 11438: 11265: 11230: 11215: 11164: 10893: 10833: 10673: 10332: 10312: 10021: 9963: 9957: 9924: 9904: 9894: 9743: 9544: 9536: 8502: 8442: 8412: 8094: 7788: 7488: 7453: 6529: 6419: 6390:

Giving Up on the Bomb: Revisiting Libya’s Decision to Dismantle its Nuclear Program

5345: 4897: 4204: 4200: 3906: 3575: 3408: 3064: 2908: 2845: 2752: 2524: 2484: 2444: 2085: 2065: 1635: 1560: 1503: 1322: 1142: 718: 680: 384: 7528: 3579: 3428:"The nuclear express : a political history of the bomb and its proliferation" 12192: 12048: 12038: 12023: 12003: 11988: 11963: 11908: 11673: 11641: 11533: 11493: 11255: 11250: 11190: 11131: 10863: 10741: 10568: 10533: 10441: 10436: 10160: 10054: 9728: 9661: 9651: 9616: 9572: 9559: 9511: 9373: 7865: 7492: 7283: 7209: 6837: 6791: 6772: 6753: 6663: 6644: 5926: 5689: 5651: 5606: 5587: 5426: 5004: 4386: 4320:"Russia-Belarus nuclear sharing would mirror NATO's—and worsen Europe's security" 4238: 3925:

https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/02/20040211-4.html

3795: 3763: 3722: 3698: 3477: 3448: 3346: 3074: 2972: 2674: 2533: 1599: 1542: 1443:

and stated that it would join the NPT only as a recognized nuclear-weapon state.

1130: 1111: 1077: 988: 726: 507: 10155: 9199:

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

9127: 4034:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 3999:"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran" 3633: 3541: 3112:

Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean

1595:

April 2003 making North Korea the first state ever to withdraw from the treaty.

627:

has been a factor limiting incentives for some NNWS to acquire nuclear weapons.

12018: 11943: 11933: 11928: 11788: 11528: 11317: 11240: 10968: 10873: 10623: 10563: 10195: 10113: 10016: 9976: 9946: 9846: 9801: 9358: 7605: 6931: 6895: 6859: 5061: 4865: 4809:"India's civil nuclear agreements: A new dimension in India's global diplomacy" 3826: 2901: 2876: 2858: 2604: 2593: 2589: 2491: 2043: 1583: 1579: 1568: 1429: 1350: 1291: 1237: 613: 423: 368: 352: 252: 7457: 5919:

Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in the Islamic Republic of Iran

5483: 5349: 5336:

Steinberg, Gerald (2006). "Examining Israel's NPT Exceptionality: 1998–2005".

3219:"UK Depositary Status List;Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 12235: 12182: 12028: 11923: 11888: 11873: 11833: 11375: 11205: 10943: 10853: 10716: 10696: 10583: 10344: 10322: 10287: 9866: 9861: 9816: 9738: 9698: 9447: 7559: 7533: 7465: 7224:; U.S. Special Representative for Nuclear Nonproliferation Christopher Ford, 6541: 6533: 6431: 6160: 4585:"Draft Report of National Security Advisory Board on Indian Nuclear Doctrine" 3902: 3587: 3472:

of the Republic of Indonesia to the United Nations (indonesiamission-ny.org)

2351: 1391: 1379: 730:

civilian research were 60 tonnes, with 74 research reactors still using HEU.

551: 6345:, testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee (26 February 2004) 6148:"The 2020 NPT Review Cycle So Far: A View from the United States of America" 6116:"Iran: Nuclear Intentions and Capabilities (National Intelligence Estimate)" 4430:"Putin says tactical nuclear weapons now in Belarus as 'deterrence measure'" 4219: 3910: 3873: 2209:

reporting of the subsequent processing and use of imported nuclear material;

11968: 11918: 11848: 11838: 11692: 11680: 11667: 11473: 11300: 10801: 10049: 9899: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9454: 9132: 9009: 8869: 7870: 5077:"Report: Pakistan's nuclear arsenal could become the world's third-biggest" 4165: 3246: 2896:

and called on countries to negotiate a new treaty to end the production of

2784: 2359: 2309: 2280: 2106: 2053: 2048: 1753: 1591: 1564: 1556: 1299: 1173: 1135: 967: 609: 248: 7096: 6356:

How the 'Libya Model' Became a Sticking Point in North Korea Nuclear Talks

4618: 1699:

In 2011, after rising tensions over the North Korean nuclear program, the

12013: 11618: 11588: 11443: 11433: 11332: 11195: 10988: 10477: 10307: 10292: 10103: 9951: 9919: 9806: 9621: 9526: 9465: 9098: 8912:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

7202:

Fact Sheet: Increasing Transparency in the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Stockpile

7146:"Pakistan and India refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty" 6373:

What North Korea learned from Libya's decision to give up nuclear weapons

5419: 4775: 3667: 3001: 2885: 2599: 2354:

signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. In 1993, the then president

2253: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1639: 1607: 1587: 1387: 1183: 1177: 1158: 995: 814:

List of parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

710:, has called the spread of enrichment and reprocessing capabilities the " 458:

have openly tested and declared that they possess nuclear weapons, while

443: 400: 380: 286: 278: 189: 165: 6676:"US Report: China gifted nuclear bomb and Pakistan stole the technology" 6473: 6439: 6407: 5276:"China says more talks needed to build consensus on nuclear export club" 3842: 3518:"The 2010 Review Cycle So Far: A View from the United States of America" 2953:

advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

2768:

reiterated their position emphasizing the need for nuclear disarmament.

657:

advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

11772: 11483: 11453: 11407: 11322: 11290: 11282: 11225: 10913: 10628: 10317: 10205: 9811: 8999: 8064: 6454: 5692:, furnished by Media Corp News (channelnewsasia.com), 20 September 2005 5232:"Pakistan appreciates China's unequivocal support for admission in NSG" 4979: 4927: 4154:

The Breach: Ukraine’s Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum

2741: 2709: 2588:

On 18 July 2005, US President George W. Bush met Indian Prime Minister

2321: 1651: 1413: 1295: 1245: 848: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 605: 446:). Four other states are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons: 355:

and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of

327: 10426: 6996:"Pacific Island Nation Sues U.S., Others For Violating Nuclear Treaty" 5149: 4297:"Belarus approves hosting nuclear weapons, Russian forces permanently" 3984:

http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/MediaAdvisory/2003/med-advise_048.shtml

3845:

Civil HEU Watch: Tracking Inventories of Civil Highly Enriched Uranium

3716:

Nuclear Disarmament Progress and Challenges in the Post-Cold War World

1416:

earlier that month, Pakistan conducted two sets of nuclear tests, the

717:

During the 1960s and 1970s many states, almost 60, were supplied with

12068: 11913: 11762: 11735: 11548: 11503: 11412: 11380: 11360: 11352: 10681: 10471: 9301: 9283: 6423: 6297:, International Atomic Energy Agency, GOV/2008/39, 12 September 2008. 4359:"Putin Says Russia To Supply Belarus With Iskander-M Missile Systems" 2975:

to produce nuclear weapons". A 2009 United Nations report said that:

2863: 2378: 2336: 2332: 2260: 1680: 1421: 1373:

top three uranium producer and home to world's largest known reserves

1314: 1007: 7120:"India Wants to Join the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a Weapon State" 7044:"US convenes nuclear weapons meeting with China, France, Russia, UK" 3960:"The DPRK's Violation of its NPT Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA" 1575:

consortium. North Korea also abandoned its withdrawal from the NPT.

823: 11647: 11488: 11385: 11260: 11079: 10983: 10123: 9981: 9435: 9252: 7989: 7977: 7545: 7481:"The Future of the Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament Regime" 5203: 5102: 4753: 3013: 2871: 2582: 2340: 1456: 1417: 1003: 963: 396: 282: 185: 10767:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

5475: 13317:

Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

13312:

Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

11593: 11478: 11468: 11417: 10958: 9703: 9246: 8907:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

7574: 2897: 2705: 2678: 2317: 2313: 1921: 1782:

Nuclear program of Iran § Iran's nuclear program and the NPT

1736:, and announced that it was developing miniaturized warheads and 1150: 1146: 1065: 1029:; after this, the remaining African countries signed the treaty. 1026: 7483:. In Vicente, Adérito; Sinovets, Polina; Theron, Julien (eds.). 5293:

Guardia, Ahmed Rashid in Lahore and Anton La (3 February 2004).

5204:"NSG to take up Pakistan, India's membership requests this week" 5179:"The China-Pakistan Nuclear Deal: A Realpolitique Fait Accompli" 4218:, National Resources Defence Council (nrdc.org), February 2005, 920: 11661: 11463: 11402: 10337: 8054: 7972: 7942: 7907: 7560:

Compilation of speeches and papers relevant to NPT Review Cycle

7018:"Russia blocks nuclear treaty agreement over Ukraine reference" 5598:

Nuclear Age Peace Foundation (wagingpeace.org), 10 April 2003,

5031:"India and Australia seal civil nuclear deal for uranium trade" 4144:, Mariana Budjeryn and Matthew Bunn, Belfer Center, March 2020. 3430:. Minneapolis : Zenith Press – via Internet Archive. 2874:

nuclear postures," according to briefing documents provided to

2867: 2849: 2694: 2456:, that took place on 6 September 2007 and saw as many as eight 1748:

which nearly led to war, with both North Korean Supreme Leader

1611: 1487: 1162: 1061: 686: 587:

These five NWS agree not to transfer "nuclear weapons or other

518: 459: 431: 415: 392: 372: 348: 274: 198: 181: 7569:

Annotated bibliography for the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

6655:

George Monbiot, The Guardian (guardian.co.uk), 2 August 2005,

5600:

North Korea's Withdrawal from Nonproliferation Treaty Official

966:

deterrent relationship between just the United States and the

924:

Date NPT first effective (including USSR, YU, CS of that time)

296:

Governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

123: 12146: 12102:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

11608: 11391: 9470: 7952: 4387:"Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles" 4373:"Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles" 3843:

David Albright; Serena Kelleher-Vergantini (7 October 2015).

3823:"U.S. Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance" 3520:, presented at Wilton Park, United Kingdom, 20 December 2007. 2268: 1931: 1900: 1870: 1615: 1603: 1491: 1394:

signed a pact to sell uranium for peaceful power generation.

1249: 1154: 1071: 439: 419: 388: 270: 177: 12482:

Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1964–1971)

11686: 11568: 9460: 9404: 7523: 6944: 6912: 6876: 6841: 4878: 4405:"Belarus starts taking delivery of Russian nuclear weapons" 2881: 2670: 2506: 2391: 2325: 1717: 1460:

Pakistani officials reiterated the request in August 2016.

1331: 1126: 1018: 5683:

N. Korea raises stakes on nuclear deal with reactor demand

5579:

Korean News Service, Tokyo (kcna.co.jp), 10 January 2003,

4270:

Sabbagh, Dan; Jones, Sam; Borger, Julian (26 March 2023).

3872:. National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from 3850:(Report). Institute for Science and International Security 3825:. National Nuclear Security Administration. Archived from 2907:

On 24 April 2014, it was announced that the nation of the

2794:" took place 12–13 April 2010. The summit was proposed by 2328:

and also acceded to the NPT as non-nuclear weapon states.

1347:

United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act

12141: 12121: 12116: 7442:"The Challenges to International Law in the 21st Century" 6496:"Putin's War Is a Death Blow to Nuclear Nonproliferation" 5701: 5567:

International Atomic Energy Agency (iaea.org), May 2003,

3927:(announcing initiative to stop spread of ENR technology). 3440:

See, for example, the Canadian government's NPT web site

1675: 1674:

In 2007, reports from Washington suggested that the 2002

1432:, Pakistan has enough fissile material for 350 warheads. 1349:, endorsing a deal that was forged during Prime Minister 1056:

with the USA joined the NPT in 1995, along with Vanuatu.

1002:. Accession became nearly universal after the end of the 951: Never signed (India, Israel, Pakistan, South Sudan) 7536:

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

7534:

Procedural history, related documents and photos on the

5643:

Korean News Service, Tokyo (kcna.co.jp), February 2005,

5150:"BBC News – China says Pakistan nuclear deal 'peaceful'" 4950:"An opportunity for sound and fury signifying something" 2888:. He also called for a renewed bipartisan effort in the 1486:). Israel has been developing nuclear technology at its 582:

permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

473:

The NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain:

9172: 7541:

United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

6958: 6956: 6954: 6487: 5581:

Statement of DPRK Government on its withdrawal from NPT

5410:, Kelsey Davenport, Arms Control Today, 2 October 2013. 4132:, Steven Pifer, Brookings Institution, 5 December 2019. 1082: 12292:

Treaties of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania

7329:"The 2005 NPT Review Conference: A French Perspective" 6891:"Communiqué of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit" 6767:, Beatrice Fihn, Reaching Critical Will, 1 June 2010. 6455:"The Ukraine Example: Nuclear Disarmament Doesn't Pay" 5721:

Magnitude 4.3—North Korea 2006 October 09 01:35:28 UTC

5296:"I've sold nuclear secrets to Libya, Iran and N Korea" 5005:"Australia's Labor party backs uranium sales to India" 4696: 4039:. IAEA. 24 September 2005. GOV/2005/77. Archived from 1642:

for money-laundering involving North Korean accounts.

1598:

In April 2003, North Korea agreed to the multilateral

1184:

Preparations for Russia's weapon deployment in Belarus

128:

Participation in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

6927:"Work Plan of the Washington Nuclear Security Summit" 5429:, Kelsey Davenport, Arms Control Today, October 2015. 5054:"Impact of US wargames on Pakistan N-arms 'negative'" 4232:

NATO's Nuclear Forces in the New Security Environment

4004:. IAEA. 10 November 2003. GOV/2003/75. Archived from 2658: Other states presumed to have nuclear weapons ( 2532:

September 2005 at the end of the Fourth Round of the

2259:

In April 2010, during the signing of the U.S.-Russia

1740:. It also claimed that it had successfully detonated 1602:

to find a diplomatic solution to the issue hosted by

8865:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

8815:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

7415:"UN: Nuclear weapons ban treaty to enter into force" 6951: 5805:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (1 March 2007).

5784:"N.Korean uranium enrichment program fades as issue" 5103:"Pakistan will not sign NPT, says foreign secretary" 4311: 3497:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 3275:"UNODA - Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)" 3247:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 2217:

IAEA safeguards agreement. This was reported to the

1688:

points toward North Korea as the source for Libya's

1515:

On 18 September 2009, the General Conference of the

857:"Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons" 7070:"Insights Secure-2014: Questions On Current Events" 6831:

Obama Calls for Global Nuclear Summit in March 2010

5375:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 266. 4028: 4026: 3993: 3991: 3880: 3870:"Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors" 1244:In Belarus, Russia plans to deploy nuclear-capable 255:, the United States, and 40 other signatory states. 9193:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 8922:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 6494:Umland, Andreas; Essen, Hugo von (21 March 2022). 5665:"North Korea Says It Will Abandon Nuclear Efforts" 5457:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future 5294: 4269: 4142:Budapest Memorandum at 25: Between Past and Future 4130:Why care about Ukraine and the Budapest Memorandum 3664:"Legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons" 2704: States formerly possessing nuclear weapons ( 2324:, which inherited nuclear weapons from the former 1165:under these NATO agreements. Many states, and the 563: 522:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 337:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 117:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 13322:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands 9058:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 7571:from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 5885:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4180286.stm 5620:"North Korea: A Rogue State Outside the NPT Fold" 5387:"Israel pressured on nuclear sites – Middle East" 5315:"Pakistan launches fresh push for NSG membership" 4898:"White House Low-Key on China-Pakistan Nuke Deal" 4615:"India seeks Japan's support, calls NPT 'flawed'" 4064: 3554:Chirac: Nuclear Response to Terrorism Is Possible 2343:where uranium was enriched to fuel grade for the 2273:five permanent members of the UN Security Council 2267:In 2015, Iran negotiated a nuclear deal with the 13092:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan 12233: 12087:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 6394:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 6078:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5618:Hassig, Kongdan Oh and Ralph C. (1 March 2005). 4739:"IAEA Board Approves India-Safeguards Agreement" 4617:. Whereincity.com. 24 March 2007. Archived from 4361:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 June 2022. 4317: 4023: 3988: 3838: 3836: 1573:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization 973:use of nuclear weapons in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 944: 3rd decade: ratified or acceded since 1988 197: Partially recognized state that ratified ( 13282:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands 12872:Treaties of the People's Republic of Mozambique 10524:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 9931:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 9265:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty 9032:World Federation of United Nations Associations 8527:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 6165:"Intelligence Chief Cites Qaeda Threat to U.S." 6060:. 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After 1270:List of states with nuclear weapons 1252:bombers to carry nuclear missiles. 513: 403:, founded in 2011, has not joined. 56: 12537:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 12392:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 12173:Soviet Union–United States summits 9647:1947 Polish parliamentary election 9532:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 9229:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty 9109:Withdrawal from the United Nations 8295:Security Council Permanent members 7604: 7117: 5939:"United Nations Official Document" 5782:Carol Giacomo (10 February 2007). 5704:(news.bbc.co.uk), 3 October 2006, 5663:Khan, Joseph (19 September 2005). 5490: 5432: 5037:. 5 September 2014. 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Kennedy 10119:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 9637:Restatement of Policy on Germany 9388: 9387: 9126: 7539:in the Historic Archives of the 7520:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7472: 7433: 7407: 7375: 7343: 7321: 7303: 7289: 7270: 7214: 7195: 7189: 7172:"Status of World Nuclear Forces" 7164: 7138: 7111: 7084: 7062: 7036: 7010: 6987: 6919: 6883: 6847: 6824: 6796: 6777: 6758: 6739: 6724: 6649: 6629: 6604: 6582: 6556: 6446: 6399: 6382: 6365: 6348: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6238: 6206: 6153: 6140: 6086: 6043: 6019:"Microsoft Word - gov2008-4.doc" 6011: 5949: 5931: 5912: 5890: 5876: 5850: 5824: 5798: 5775: 5710: 5695: 5675: 5656: 5637: 5611: 5135:US and India seal nuclear accord 4318:Nikolai N. Sokov (1 July 2022). 3632:. Acronym.org.uk. Archived from 3426:Reed, Thomas C. 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Iaea.org. 31 July 2008 3476:20 November 2005 at the 3080:Nuclear-weapon-free zone 2702: 2667: 2656: 2638: 2611: 2540:Recent and coming events 2432: 2365: 2356:Frederik Willem de Klerk 2006:Nuclear Achievements Act 1988:United States withdrawal 1948:Non-Proliferation Treaty 1940:International agreements 1901:Karun atomic energy site 1311:National Defence College 1286:Nuclear weapons of India 1275: 1118: 1108: 1098: 1088: 949: 942: 935: 928: 721:fuelled by weapon grade 341:Non-Proliferation Treaty 339:, commonly known as the 229:London, United Kingdom; 39:latest accepted revision 13227:Treaties of South Yemen 13112:Treaties of Switzerland 12997:Treaties of Saint Lucia 12977:Treaties of South Korea 12902:Treaties of New Zealand 12552:Treaties of El Salvador 12492:Treaties of Ivory Coast 12472:Treaties of the Comoros 12342:Treaties of the Bahamas 11034:Fall of the Berlin Wall 10979:People Power Revolution 10964:Central American crisis 10904:1986 Black Sea incident 10554:1973 Afghan coup d'état 10452:Western Sahara conflict 10263:1966 Syrian coup d'état 10186:1963 Syrian coup d'état 10129:Portuguese Colonial War 10092:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 9857:1954 Syrian coup d'état 9734:Annexation of Hyderabad 9677:1947–1949 Palestine war 9369:Nuclear weapons testing 9026:Woodrow Wilson Memorial 8988:UN International School 8983:UN Federal Credit Union 8964:Security Council reform 8800:Four Nations Initiative 8728:Security Council (2016) 8571:Security Council vetoes 7702:Under-Secretary-General 7485:Russia's War on Ukraine 6998:. National Public Radio 6836:31 January 2010 at the 5925:3 December 2011 at the 5454:Cha, Victor D. (2013). 5425:17 January 2019 at the 3602:"Information Circulars" 3049:(MNuclear blackmailTCR) 3036:Humanitarian Initiative 2939:Criticism and responses 2925:its invasion of Ukraine 2735:as they did in case of 2675:nuclear weapons sharing 2512:nuclear weapons sharing 2450:Deir ez-Zor Governorate 2392:SCUD ballistic missiles 2119:against nuclear weapons 1839:Nuclear program of Iran 1771: 1453:nuclear suppliers group 1131:nuclear weapons sharing 1034:former Soviet Republics 723:highly enriched uranium 596:devices (Article III). 492:Nuclear Suppliers Group 13202:Treaties of Uzbekistan 13137:Treaties of East Timor 13122:Treaties of Tajikistan 13042:Treaties of Seychelles 13012:Treaties of San Marino 12862:Treaties of Montenegro 12827:Treaties of Mauritania 12792:Treaties of Madagascar 12782:Treaties of Luxembourg 12737:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan 12717:Treaties of Kazakhstan 12597:Treaties of the Gambia 12487:Treaties of Costa Rica 12442:Treaties of Cape Verde 12352:Treaties of Bangladesh 12337:Treaties of Azerbaijan 12257:Nuclear weapons policy 11328:Neoclassical economics 10839:Gulf of Sidra incident 10396:1969 Libyan revolution 10087:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 9872:1954 Geneva Conference 9632:Turkish straits crisis 9627:Corfu Channel incident 8976:Security Council mural 8942:Millennium Declaration 8887:SDG Publishers Compact 8349:Universal Postal Union 7546:Membership/Signatories 6734:2005 Review Conference 5688:8 January 2009 at the 5216:: CS1 maint: others ( 4237:29 August 2005 at the 3940:. BBC. 16 October 2006 3768:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3165:Tragedy of the commons 3114:(Treaty of Tlatelolco) 2982: 2890:United States Congress 2841: 2773:2010 Review Conference 2722: 2405:was overthrown in the 2136:Sanctions against Iran 1343:United States Congress 1236:met Russian President 1122: 1120: Neither, but NPT 1102:Nuclear weapons states 953: 665: 523: 480: 464:deliberately ambiguous 347:, is an international 13212:Treaties of Venezuela 13087:Treaties of Sri Lanka 13052:Treaties of Singapore 12907:Treaties of Nicaragua 12832:Treaties of Mauritius 12777:Treaties of Lithuania 12677:Treaties of Indonesia 12632:Treaties of Guatemala 12327:Treaties of Australia 12317:Treaties of Argentina 12252:Nuclear proliferation 12242:Arms control treaties 12178:Russia–NATO relations 12059:Jonathan Reed Winkler 11343:Democratic capitalism 11338:Supply-side economics 11306:American conservatism 11105:Breakup of Yugoslavia 10994:Bougainville conflict 10909:South Yemen civil war 10844:Martial law in Poland 10707:Nicaraguan Revolution 10682:Dirty War (Argentina) 10489:1971 JVP insurrection 10303:Years of Lead (Italy) 10181:North Yemen civil war 10099:Berlin Crisis of 1961 10075:Albanian–Soviet split 10007:1959 Tibetan uprising 9972:Syrian Crisis of 1957 9827:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 9687:1948 Arab–Israeli War 9364:Nuclear proliferation 9354:Nuclear weapon design 9114:Women in peacekeeping 8773:Drug control treaties 6662:3 August 2005 at the 5605:12 April 2006 at the 5373:The Worst Kept Secret 5371:Cohen, Avner (2010). 5064:on 27 September 2013. 4644:. London: Macmillan. 3829:on 22 September 2006. 3102:(Treaty of Rarotonga) 3090:(Treaty of Pelindaba) 2998:territorial integrity 2977: 2816: 2766:non-aligned countries 2602: 2411:military intervention 1742:thermonuclear weapons 1632:U.S. State Department 1085: 1045:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1006:and of South African 958:Nuclear proliferation 923: 700:nuclear power station 661: 521: 475: 408:nuclear-weapon states 150: Other ratifiers 13237:Treaties of Zimbabwe 13132:Treaties of Thailand 13127:Treaties of Tanzania 13102:Treaties of Eswatini 13097:Treaties of Suriname 13062:Treaties of Slovenia 13057:Treaties of Slovakia 12967:Treaties of Portugal 12947:Treaties of Paraguay 12802:Treaties of Malaysia 12727:Treaties of Kiribati 12662:Treaties of Honduras 12532:Treaties of Dominica 12527:Treaties of Djibouti 12467:Treaties of Colombia 12432:Treaties of Cameroon 12397:Treaties of Botswana 12357:Treaties of Barbados 11599:Non-Aligned Movement 11221:Peaceful coexistence 11175:North Borneo dispute 11090:German reunification 11085:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 10783:Salvadoran Civil War 10732:Grand Mosque seizure 10727:Yemenite War of 1979 10619:Mozambican Civil War 10574:Carnation Revolution 10529:Yemenite War of 1972 10467:1970 Polish protests 10298:1967 Hong Kong riots 10273:Argentine Revolution 10223:Guatemalan Civil War 10151:Cuban Missile Crisis 10065:Bay of Pigs Invasion 9937:1956 Poznań protests 9915:Geneva Summit (1955) 9517:Hukbalahap Rebellion 9496:Non-Aligned Movement 9068:United Nations Radio 9063:United Nations Medal 9015:University for Peace 8746:Bretton Woods system 8481:governed territories 8226:Developing Countries 8137:Secretariat Building 8006:Specialized agencies 6975:on 15 September 2014 6790:16 July 2011 at the 6771:16 July 2011 at the 6570:on 22 September 2011 6258:on 18 December 2008. 6226:on 11 September 2010 6194:on 11 September 2010 5041:on 20 December 2015. 4815:on 15 September 2022 4389:. BBC. 26 June 2022. 3447:27 July 2014 at the 3398:Benjamin K. Sovacool 3084:Multi-country zones 3053:New Agenda Coalition 2854:U.S. nuclear arsenal 2423:disarmament of Libya 2117:Ali Khamenei's fatwa 1713:death of Kim Jong-il 1690:uranium hexafluoride 1686:Libya's WMD programs 1624:light water reactors 1549:light-water reactors 1440:Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry 1386:On 5 September 2014 1167:Non-Aligned Movement 1129:had in place secret 1016:Treaty of Tlatelolco 985:Dwight D. Eisenhower 842:improve this article 649:Non-Aligned Movement 247:Ratification by the 106:International treaty 13217:Treaties of Vietnam 13207:Treaties of Vanuatu 13197:Treaties of Uruguay 13182:Treaties of Ukraine 13157:Treaties of Tunisia 13027:Treaties of Senegal 12917:Treaties of Nigeria 12882:Treaties of Namibia 12877:Treaties of Myanmar 12867:Treaties of Morocco 12847:Treaties of Moldova 12762:Treaties of Liberia 12757:Treaties of Lesotho 12752:Treaties of Lebanon 12702:Treaties of Jamaica 12692:Treaties of Ireland 12672:Treaties of Iceland 12627:Treaties of Grenada 12582:Treaties of Finland 12567:Treaties of Estonia 12562:Treaties of Eritrea 12542:Treaties of Ecuador 12522:Treaties of Denmark 12497:Treaties of Croatia 12422:Treaties of Burundi 12387:Treaties of Bolivia 12367:Treaties of Belgium 12362:Treaties of Belarus 12347:Treaties of Bahrain 12332:Treaties of Austria 12322:Treaties of Armenia 12302:Treaties of Andorra 12297:Treaties of Algeria 12044:Alex von Tunzelmann 12034:Vladimir Tismăneanu 11959:Thomas J. McCormick 11954:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 11854:Robert Hugh Ferrell 11717:Crusade for Freedom 11514:Illiberal democracy 11398:Ho Chi Minh Thought 11201:Eisenhower Doctrine 11054:Peaceful Revolution 11049:Romanian Revolution 11029:Revolutions of 1989 11014:1988 Polish strikes 10924:Operation INFEKTION 10919:1987 Lieyu massacre 10824:Eritrean Civil Wars 10807:Peruvian Revolution 10757:1979 Herat uprising 10747:Sino-Vietnamese War 10712:Uganda–Tanzania War 10692:Egyptian–Libyan War 10659:Third Indochina War 10654:Sino-Albanian split 10644:Ethiopian Civil War 10544:Eritrean Civil Wars 10484:Ping-pong diplomacy 10457:Cambodian Civil War 10283:Korean DMZ Conflict 10268:Cultural Revolution 10238:Dominican Civil War 10216:Tlatelolco massacre 10002:1959 Mosul uprising 9992:1958 Lebanon crisis 9719:Al-Wathbah uprising 9642:First Indochina War 9612:Iran crisis of 1946 9344:Nuclear disarmament 8840:International Years 8805:Genocide Convention 8241:Outer Space Affairs 8236:Disarmament Affairs 8201:Safety and Security 8142:Conference Building 8122:Secretariat offices 7767:Trusteeship Council 7243:on 18 December 2008 7099:on 24 November 2010 6657:The treaty wreckers 6327:on 12 November 2008 6163:(6 February 2008). 6128:on 22 November 2010 5862:The Washington Post 5837:The Washington Post 5762:www.armscontrol.org 5650:31 May 2009 at the 5081:The Washington Post 4841:. 12 September 2008 4839:The Washington Post 4835:"Yes for an Answer" 4789:on 8 September 2008 4079:on 27 November 2007 3876:on 29 October 2004. 3803:on 22 February 2007 3721:15 May 2008 at the 3697:6 July 2017 at the 3468:, furnished by the 3108:(Treaty of Bangkok) 2931:in the draft text. 2762:nuclear disarmament 2733:China-Pakistan deal 2607:states of the world 2478:Budapest Memorandum 2471:Budapest Memorandum 2331:During the days of 2219:UN Security Council 2125:Manufactured Crisis 1953:Additional Protocol 1497:Gerald M. Steinberg 740:UN Security Council 697:light water reactor 500:Additional Protocol 406:The treaty defines 361:nuclear disarmament 113: 29:Page version status 13232:Treaties of Zambia 13177:Treaties of Uganda 13172:Treaties of Tuvalu 13162:Treaties of Turkey 13107:Treaties of Sweden 13032:Treaties of Serbia 12987:Treaties of Rwanda 12937:Treaties of Panama 12922:Treaties of Norway 12852:Treaties of Monaco 12837:Treaties of Mexico 12797:Treaties of Malawi 12747:Treaties of Latvia 12732:Treaties of Kuwait 12712:Treaties of Jordan 12647:Treaties of Guyana 12637:Treaties of Guinea 12587:Treaties of France 12507:Treaties of Cyprus 12437:Treaties of Canada 12407:Treaties of Brunei 12402:Treaties of Brazil 12382:Treaties of Bhutan 12372:Treaties of Belize 12307:Treaties of Angola 12198:Russian Revolution 11994:Mary Elise Sarotte 11979:William B. Pickett 11904:Patrick J. Hearden 11884:Gabriel Gorodetsky 11879:Timothy Garton Ash 11864:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 11459:Ethnic nationalism 11211:Hallstein Doctrine 11095:Yemeni unification 10884:1985 Geneva Summit 10849:Casamance conflict 10752:New Jewel Movement 10737:Iranian Revolution 10722:Chadian–Libyan War 10669:Cambodian conflict 10649:Lebanese Civil War 10639:Western Sahara War 10614:June 1976 protests 10609:Cambodian genocide 10374:17 July Revolution 10328:Nigerian Civil War 10243:Rhodesian Bush War 10228:Colombian conflict 10171:Ramadan Revolution 9910:Bandung Conference 9786:Operation Valuable 9667:Partition of India 9334:Nuclear deterrence 8860:Official languages 8407:London Declaration 8216:Internal Oversight 8206:Palestinian Rights 7778:Funds, programmes, 7208:6 May 2010 at the 7126:on 24 October 2014 6820:on 23 August 2011. 6752:8 May 2005 at the 6682:. 18 November 2009 6680:The world reporter 6396:(23 October 2017). 6276:on 19 October 2012 6168:The New York Times 6031:on 2 December 2010 5999:on 2 December 2010 5967:. 13 February 2006 5811:The New York Times 5669:The New York Times 5254:The Times of India 5236:The Indian Express 4982:. 15 November 2011 4956:. 15 November 2011 4621:on 12 January 2012 4595:on 5 December 2009 4565:on 27 January 2013 4529:Tellis, Ashley J. 4461:The New York Times 4216:Hans M. Kristensen 4111:on 2 December 2010 4046:on 25 October 2007 4011:on 25 October 2007 3128:Outer Space Treaty 3031:Nuclear deterrence 2842: 2839: Did not vote 2723: 2498:Leaving the treaty 2403:Muammar al-Gaddafi 2023:US Congress review 1341:In December 2006, 1123: 954: 625:nuclear deterrence 524: 298:Russian Federation 111: 35: 13147:Treaties of Tonga 13117:Treaties of Syria 13082:Treaties of Spain 13007:Treaties of Samoa 12972:Treaties of Qatar 12932:Treaties of Palau 12912:Treaties of Niger 12892:Treaties of Nepal 12887:Treaties of Nauru 12817:Treaties of Malta 12722:Treaties of Kenya 12707:Treaties of Japan 12697:Treaties of Italy 12652:Treaties of Haiti 12617:Treaties of Ghana 12592:Treaties of Gabon 12547:Treaties of Egypt 12457:Treaties of Chile 12272:Cold War treaties 12229: 12228: 12216:List of conflicts 12064:Rudolph Winnacker 12009:Giles Scott-Smith 11984:Ronald E. Powaski 11939:Melvyn P. Leffler 11869:John Lewis Gaddis 11844:Robert D. English 11809:Warren H. Carroll 11799:Michael Beschloss 11768:Nuclear arms race 11749: 11748: 11655:Neues Deutschland 11557: 11556: 11539:White nationalism 11509:Liberal democracy 11246:Ulbricht Doctrine 11236:Brezhnev Doctrine 11044:Velvet Revolution 10788:Soviet–Afghan War 10604:Angolan Civil War 10401:Goulash Communism 10258:ASEAN Declaration 10211:Mexican Dirty War 10109:Annexation of Goa 10060:1960 U-2 incident 10034:Sino-Soviet split 10012:Laotian Civil War 9852:Bricker Amendment 9832:Mau Mau rebellion 9776:Malayan Emergency 9764:Chinese Civil War 9724:Tito–Stalin split 9578:Division of Korea 9402: 9401: 9339:Nuclear arms race 9140: 9139: 8971:UN Art Collection 8947:Millennium Summit 8902:UN Block By Block 8882:Ralph Bunche Park 8850:UN laissez-passer 8810:UN Global Compact 8767:Delivering as One 8666:Secretary-General 8557: 8556: 8537:Indigenous Caucus 8431:Tehran Conference 8425:Moscow Conference 8400:Preparatory years 8369:League of Nations 8269: 8268: 8169:Palace of Nations 7871:UNEP/GRID-Arendal 7687:Secretary-General 7630:Amina J. Mohammed 7617:Secretary-General 7502:978-3-031-32220-4 7421:. 24 October 2020 7331:. Armscontrol.org 7286:(8 February 2008) 7118:Fidler, David P. 6945:National Archives 6913:National Archives 6899:. 13 April 2010. 6877:National Archives 6863:. 13 April 2010. 6103:, 30 August 2005 5517:. 11 October 2018 5467:978-0-06-199850-8 5011:. 4 December 2011 4930:. 20 January 2011 4879:National Archives 4651:978-0-333-73980-8 4230:NATO (nato.int), 4180:on 5 January 2009 3618:on 7 August 2007. 3470:Permanent Mission 3182:Zangger Committee 3142:Nuclear Terrorism 3096:(Treaty of Semei) 3070:Nuclear blackmail 2921:COVID-19 pandemic 2777:Libran Capactulan 2753:nuclear materials 2578: 2577: 2458:Israeli Air Force 2454:Operation Orchard 2288:sanctions on Iran 2200:Mohamed ElBaradei 2198:Director General 2192: 2191: 2016:Majlis commission 1824: 1823: 1752:and US President 1437:Foreign Secretary 1336:Mohamed ElBaradei 1307:Shivshankar Menon 1222: 1221: 1143:B61 nuclear bombs 918: 917: 910: 892: 751:Mohamed ElBaradei 719:research reactors 704:Mohamed ElBaradei 673:post–Cold War era 594:nuclear explosive 589:nuclear explosive 536:non-proliferation 485:Thomas Graham Jr. 333: 332: 209: 208: 174: Non-parties 104: 103: 83:length guidelines 47:13 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 13334: 13142:Treaties of Togo 12952:Treaties of Peru 12927:Treaties of Oman 12812:Treaties of Mali 12577:Treaties of Fiji 12502:Treaties of Cuba 12452:Treaties of Chad 11974:David S. Painter 11899:John Earl Haynes 11829:Nicholas J. Cull 11814:Adrian Cioroianu 11794:Thomas A. Bailey 11741:Voice of America 11632: 11631: 11544:White separatism 11524:Social democracy 11519:Guided democracy 11499:Authoritarianism 11449:Ultranationalism 11439:Anti-imperialism 11366:Marxism–Leninism 11279: 11278: 11266:Kinmen Agreement 11231:Johnson Doctrine 11216:Kennedy Doctrine 11132:Frozen conflicts 11115:1991 August Coup 11004:Afghan Civil War 10899:Reykjavík Summit 10894:Somali Rebellion 10834:Ugandan Bush War 10812:Gdańsk Agreement 10333:Protests of 1968 10313:War of Attrition 10022:Cuban Revolution 9958:We will bury you 9925:Cyprus Emergency 9905:Kashmir Princess 9895:Jebel Akhdar War 9744:Western betrayal 9429: 9422: 9415: 9406: 9405: 9391: 9390: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9133:World portal 9131: 9130: 9037:Biopiracy treaty 8623:Nagorno-Karabakh 8593:Security Council 8576:General Assembly 8503:Human Rights Day 8443:Yalta Conference 8413:Atlantic Charter 8334: 8333: 8290:Founding members 8211:Peace Operations 8095:World Bank Group 7789:Culture of Peace 7780:and other bodies 7733:Security Council 7709:General Assembly 7675:Principal organs 7654: 7653: 7621:António Guterres 7599: 7592: 7585: 7576: 7575: 7507: 7506: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7419:Associated Press 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7394: 7388:. Archived from 7387: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7363:on 26 March 2009 7362: 7356:. Archived from 7355: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7317:on 12 June 2009. 7313:. Archived from 7307: 7301: 7300: 7299:. 17 March 2007. 7293: 7287: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7236:. Archived from 7235: 7218: 7212: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7091:Rendall, Steve. 7088: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7024:. 27 August 2022 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6991: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6971:. Archived from 6960: 6949: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6910: 6908: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6874: 6872: 6851: 6845: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6813:. Archived from 6808: 6800: 6794: 6781: 6775: 6762: 6756: 6743: 6737: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6712:on 12 March 2012 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6672: 6666: 6653: 6647: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6459: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6424:10.2307/20045622 6403: 6397: 6386: 6380: 6377:The Conversation 6369: 6363: 6352: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6323:. Archived from 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6251:. Archived from 6250: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6225: 6219:. Archived from 6218: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6187:. Archived from 6186: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6127: 6121:. Archived from 6120: 6112: 6106: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6059: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6030: 6024:. Archived from 6023: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5998: 5992:. Archived from 5991: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5935: 5929: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5754: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731:on 27 April 2014 5718: 5714: 5708: 5699: 5693: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5660: 5654: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5609: 5596: 5590: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5542:. Archived from 5541: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5507: 5488: 5487: 5451: 5430: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5317:. 23 August 2016 5311: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5146: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5060:. Archived from 5049: 5043: 5042: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4883: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4869:. 8 October 2008 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4811:. Archived from 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4701:. Archived from 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4678:on 26 March 2009 4677: 4671:. Archived from 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4591:. Archived from 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4531:"Atoms for War?" 4526: 4517: 4516: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4201:Otfried Nassauer 4198: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4166:Brian Donnelly, 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4104:. Archived from 4103: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3986: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3971: 3965:. Archived from 3964: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3799:. Archived from 3786: 3780: 3779: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3708: 3702: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3666:. Archived from 3655: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3611:. Archived from 3606: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3480: 3458: 3452: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3412: 3409:World Scientific 3395: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3352:on 11 March 2013 3351: 3345:. Archived from 3330: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3215: 3065:Nuclear armament 2973:nuclear reactors 2909:Marshall Islands 2898:fissile material 2846:Brandenburg Gate 2838: 2832: 2826: 2721: 2703: 2698: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2639: 2634: 2612: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2552: 2551: 2544: 2525:Agreed Framework 2485:John Mearsheimer 2445:Syrian Civil War 2407:Libyan Civil War 2184: 2177: 2170: 1849: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1636:Banco Delta Asia 1561:Agreed Framework 1504:Mordechai Vanunu 1323:Pranab Mukherjee 1217: 1214: 1208: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 952: 950: 945: 943: 938: 936: 931: 929: 913: 906: 902: 899: 893: 891: 850: 826: 818: 681:marginal utility 514:Treaty structure 508:nuclear reactors 385:UN member states 322: 321: 227:Moscow, Russia; 196: 173: 163: 155: 149: 143: 137: 131: 126: 114: 110: 99: 96: 90: 81:Please read the 67: 66: 59: 21: 13342: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13331: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12202: 12193:Second Cold War 12151: 12079: 12073: 12049:Odd Arne Westad 12039:Patrick Vaughan 12024:Athan Theoharis 12004:Ellen Schrecker 11989:Yakov M. Rabkin 11964:Timothy Naftali 11909:Tvrtko Jakovina 11894:Jussi Hanhimäki 11777: 11755: 11745: 11723:Paix et Liberté 11698: 11642:Active measures 11623: 11553: 11534:White supremacy 11494:Totalitarianism 11422: 11347: 11270: 11256:Reagan Doctrine 11251:Carter Doctrine 11191:Truman Doctrine 11179: 11126: 11058: 10953:Soviet reaction 10864:Ndogboyosoi War 10771: 10742:Saur Revolution 10569:1973 oil crisis 10534:Munich massacre 10442:Alcora Exercise 10437:Black September 10415: 10161:Sino-Indian War 10055:Simba rebellion 10038: 9882:Capture of the 9790: 9729:Berlin Blockade 9662:May 1947 crises 9652:Truman Doctrine 9617:Greek Civil War 9606:Blacklist Forty 9573:Gouzenko Affair 9560:Cursed soldiers 9512:Morgenthau Plan 9500: 9438: 9433: 9403: 9398: 9378: 9374:Nuclear warfare 9312: 9174: 9171: 9141: 9136: 9125: 9118: 9041: 8732: 8654: 8553: 8454: 8395: 8337:Preceding years 8323: 8276: 8265: 8124:and departments 8123: 8116: 8008: 7999: 7782: 7779: 7771: 7670: 7643: 7608: 7603: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7477: 7473: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7334: 7332: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7284:Wayback Machine 7275: 7271: 7254: 7253: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231:"Archived copy" 7229: 7219: 7215: 7210:Wayback Machine 7200: 7196: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7155: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7089: 7085: 7075: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6999: 6992: 6988: 6978: 6976: 6961: 6952: 6938: 6936: 6935:. 13 April 2012 6925: 6924: 6920: 6906: 6904: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838:Wayback Machine 6829: 6825: 6817: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6797: 6792:Wayback Machine 6782: 6778: 6773:Wayback Machine 6763: 6759: 6754:Wayback Machine 6744: 6740: 6729: 6725: 6715: 6713: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6685: 6683: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6664:Wayback Machine 6654: 6650: 6645:Wayback Machine 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6492: 6488: 6478: 6476: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6412:Foreign Affairs 6404: 6400: 6387: 6383: 6370: 6366: 6353: 6349: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6248: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6158: 6154: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6091: 6087: 6071: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5927:Wayback Machine 5917: 5913: 5903: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5877: 5867: 5865: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5755: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5700: 5696: 5690:Wayback Machine 5680: 5676: 5661: 5657: 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4691: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4239:Wayback Machine 4229: 4225: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4192: 4183: 4181: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3885: 3881: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3796:Financial Times 3787: 3783: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3730:. 17 March 2007 3726: 3723:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3699:Wayback Machine 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3662:(8 July 1996). 3656: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3636:on 15 June 2011 3628: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3483: 3478:Wayback Machine 3459: 3455: 3449:Wayback Machine 3439: 3435: 3424: 3415: 3396: 3385: 3374: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3273: 3272: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3205: 3200: 3075:Nuclear warfare 3010: 2985:United States. 2941: 2902:nuclear weapons 2856:. According to 2840: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2737:U.S.-India deal 2701: 2700: 2699: 2691:the Netherlands 2666: 2665: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2534:Six-Party Talks 2500: 2473: 2467: 2441: 2435: 2374: 2368: 2306: 2296: 2188: 2118: 1820: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1774: 1695: 1600:six-party talks 1545: 1543:Six-party talks 1531: 1526: 1476: 1466: 1410: 1400: 1288: 1278: 1262: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1112:Nuclear sharing 1107: 1106: 1105: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1078:Nuclear sharing 1074: 989:Atoms for Peace 960: 948: 947: 946: 941: 940: 939: 934: 933: 932: 927: 926: 925: 914: 903: 897: 894: 851: 849: 839: 827: 816: 810: 759: 727:Atoms for Peace 689: 633: 566: 516: 399:. In addition, 375:, Switzerland. 353:nuclear weapons 319: 268: 230: 228: 211: 210: 202: 194: 175: 171: 169: 161: 157: 153: 151: 147: 145: 141: 139: 135: 107: 100: 94: 91: 80: 77:may be too long 72:This article's 68: 64: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13340: 13330: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12227: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12083: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12072: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12019:Timothy Snyder 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11949:Vojtech Mastny 11946: 11944:Geir Lundestad 11941: 11936: 11934:Walter Laqueur 11931: 11929:Walter LaFeber 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11859:André Fontaine 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11789:Gar Alperovitz 11785: 11783: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11759: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11743: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11719: 11714: 11706: 11704: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11689: 11684: 11677: 11670: 11665: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11638: 11636: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11559: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11529:Third-Worldism 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11357: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11320: 11318:Libertarianism 11315: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11298: 11296:Chicago school 11293: 11287: 11285: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11241:Nixon Doctrine 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11187: 11185: 11184:Foreign policy 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11128: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10969:Operation RYAN 10966: 10961: 10956: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10874:Able Archer 83 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10790: 10785: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10624:Oromo conflict 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10564:Yom Kippur War 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10423: 10421: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10347: 10342: 10341: 10340: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10196:Aden Emergency 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10114:Papua conflict 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10095: 10094: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10019: 10017:Kitchen Debate 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9977:Sputnik crisis 9974: 9969: 9961: 9954: 9949: 9947:Polish October 9944: 9939: 9934: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9847:Pact of Madrid 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9802:Bamboo Curtain 9798: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9601: 9593: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9542: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9451: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9432: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9409: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9359:Nuclear ethics 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9292: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9273:(not in force) 9267: 9261: 9255: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9182: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9169: 9162: 9155: 9147: 9138: 9137: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9083: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9049: 9047: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8968: 8967: 8966: 8956: 8951: 8950: 8949: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8680: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8643:Western Sahara 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8500: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8317:European Union 8309: 8308: 8307: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8154:Envoy on Youth 8151: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8128: 8126: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7662: 7660: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7641: 7639:Dennis Francis 7632: 7623: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7606:United Nations 7602: 7601: 7594: 7587: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7566: 7557: 7548: 7543: 7531: 7526: 7515: 7514:External links 7512: 7509: 7508: 7501: 7471: 7432: 7406: 7395:on 4 June 2011 7374: 7342: 7320: 7302: 7288: 7269: 7213: 7204:, 3 May 2010. 7194: 7188: 7163: 7137: 7110: 7083: 7061: 7050:. 24 June 2023 7035: 7009: 6986: 6969:Foreign Policy 6950: 6932:whitehouse.gov 6918: 6896:whitehouse.gov 6882: 6860:whitehouse.gov 6846: 6823: 6795: 6784:Final Document 6776: 6757: 6738: 6723: 6693: 6667: 6648: 6628: 6603: 6581: 6555: 6512: 6500:Foreign Policy 6486: 6445: 6398: 6381: 6379:(11 May 2018). 6364: 6362:(16 May 2018). 6360:New York Times 6347: 6311: 6299: 6287: 6261: 6237: 6205: 6173: 6152: 6139: 6107: 6085: 6042: 6010: 5978: 5948: 5930: 5911: 5889: 5875: 5864:. 2 March 2007 5849: 5823: 5797: 5774: 5742: 5709: 5694: 5674: 5655: 5636: 5610: 5591: 5572: 5560: 5549:on 4 June 2011 5528: 5489: 5466: 5431: 5412: 5400: 5378: 5363: 5344:(1): 117–141. 5328: 5306: 5285: 5267: 5256:. 16 June 2016 5241: 5238:, 24 June 2016 5223: 5195: 5167: 5156:. 17 June 2010 5138: 5126: 5108: 5093: 5067: 5044: 5022: 4993: 4967: 4941: 4915: 4904:. 30 June 2010 4884: 4866:whitehouse.gov 4852: 4826: 4800: 4774: 4752: 4730: 4705:on 20 May 2011 4689: 4657: 4650: 4632: 4606: 4576: 4550: 4518: 4500: 4488:Ukrainian News 4474: 4446: 4421: 4392: 4378: 4364: 4350: 4336: 4310: 4288: 4262: 4252: 4242: 4223: 4208: 4190: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4090: 4057: 4022: 3987: 3972:on 7 June 2007 3951: 3929: 3916: 3879: 3861: 3832: 3814: 3781: 3774: 3754: 3741: 3703: 3681: 3670:on 9 July 2011 3647: 3621: 3593: 3574:(4): 484–501. 3558: 3546: 3534: 3522: 3509: 3481: 3453: 3433: 3413: 3411:, pp. 187–190. 3383: 3363: 3317: 3291: 3263: 3238: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3006: 2940: 2937: 2892:to ratify the 2877:Foreign Policy 2859:Foreign Policy 2835: 2829: 2823: 2821:on 7 July 2017 2782:U.S. President 2627:United Kingdom 2594:George Monbiot 2590:Manmohan Singh 2583:Thirteen Steps 2576: 2575: 2556: 2554: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2499: 2496: 2492:Andreas Umland 2466: 2463: 2434: 2431: 2367: 2364: 2295: 2292: 2286:and reimposed 2239:Mike McConnell 2214: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2141:UN resolutions 2138: 2133: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2008: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1822: 1821: 1802: 1800: 1793: 1773: 1770: 1730:September 2016 1693: 1584:James A. Kelly 1580:George W. Bush 1569:heavy fuel oil 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1465: 1462: 1430:Stimson Center 1399: 1396: 1351:Manmohan Singh 1277: 1274: 1261: 1258: 1220: 1219: 1200: 1198: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1076:Main article: 1073: 1070: 916: 915: 830: 828: 821: 809: 806: 758: 755: 712:Achilles' heel 688: 685: 655:(ICJ), in its 632: 629: 614:Jacques Chirac 565: 562: 557: 556: 548: 540: 515: 512: 424:United Kingdom 369:United Nations 357:nuclear energy 331: 330: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 261: 257: 256: 253:United Kingdom 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 207: 206: 193: 170: 160: 158: 152: 146: 140: 134: 129: 127: 119: 118: 105: 102: 101: 71: 69: 62: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13339: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 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12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12183:War on terror 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12078:Espionage and 12076: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12029:Andrew Thorpe 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11924:Gabriel Kolko 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11889:Fred Halliday 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11874:Lloyd Gardner 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11834:Norman Davies 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11819:John Costello 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11754:Technological 11752: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11635:Pro-communist 11633: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11562:Organizations 11560: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11376:Eurocommunism 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11206:Domino theory 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11182: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11160:South Ossetia 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10954: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10944:8888 Uprising 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10889:Iran–Iraq War 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10854:Falklands War 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10774: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10717:NDF Rebellion 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10697:German Autumn 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10584:Metapolitefsi 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10418: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10348: 10346: 10345:Prague Spring 10343: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10323:Al-Wadiah War 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10288:12-3 incident 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10217: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9932: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9867:Domino theory 9865: 9863: 9862:Petrov Affair 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9739:Madiun Affair 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9699:Marshall Plan 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9456: 9452: 9450: 9449: 9448:United States 9445: 9444: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9425: 9423: 9418: 9416: 9411: 9410: 9407: 9395: 9394: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9305: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9285: 9281: 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8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8277:and observers 8272: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8221:Legal Affairs 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8119: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 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7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7391: 7384: 7378: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7330: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7306: 7298: 7292: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7151: 7147: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7071: 7065: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7023: 7019: 7013: 6997: 6990: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6946: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6914: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6878: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6827: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6742: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6681: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6591: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6522:World Affairs 6516: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6462:World Affairs 6456: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6344: 6340: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6254: 6247: 6241: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6161:Mark Mazzetti 6156: 6149: 6143: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6056: 6055:"| IAEA" 6051: 6046: 6027: 6020: 6014: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5785: 5778: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5388: 5382: 5374: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5297: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5219: 5213: 5205: 5199: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5104: 5097: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4903: 4902:Global Issues 4899: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4788: 4784: 4778: 4762: 4756: 4740: 4734: 4726: 4720: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4298: 4292: 4277: 4273: 4266: 4256: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 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3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2661: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2632: 2631:United States 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2605:nuclear-armed 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2555: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2472: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352:Harry Schwarz 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2146:WMD-free zone 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998:Domestic laws 1997: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1909:Organizations 1908: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1818: 1806: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1652:seismic event 1649: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:nuclear tests 1409: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1392:Narendra Modi 1389: 1384: 1381: 1380:Julia Gillard 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1345:approved the 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1283: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1216: 1204: 1199: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1113: 1103: 1093: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:State to sign 997: 992: 990: 986: 981: 977: 974: 969: 965: 959: 922: 912: 909: 901: 890: 887: 883: 880: 876: 873: 869: 866: 862: 859: – 858: 854: 853:Find sources: 847: 843: 837: 836: 831:This section 829: 825: 820: 819: 815: 805: 803: 799: 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 781: 777: 775: 771: 769: 765: 763: 754: 752: 747: 746:as designed. 743: 741: 735: 731: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 698: 693: 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11313:Keynesianism 11301:Conservatism 11165:Transnistria 11145:China-Taiwan 10802:Gera Demands 10675: 10476: 10431: 10351: 10156:El Porteñazo 10050:Congo Crisis 9965: 9900:Algerian War 9883: 9759:Western Bloc 9754:Eastern Bloc 9749:Iron Curtain 9605: 9597: 9589: 9566: 9546: 9538: 9455:Soviet Union 9453: 9446: 9386: 9192: 9124: 9086: 9078: 9024: 8921: 8870:Peacekeeping 8845:Interpreters 8765: 8466:Peacekeeping 8384:organization 8285:Full members 8246:Partnerships 8132:Headquarters 7854:peacekeeping 7535: 7484: 7474: 7449: 7445: 7435: 7423:. 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