1323:
1594:
1703:
1441:
38:
1544:
8622:
1639:
902:
8610:
8634:
1510:
1347:, which was tested at 50–56 Mt (210–230 PJ), but had a maximum theoretical design yield of 100 Mt (420 PJ). The effective destructive potential of such a weapon varies greatly, depending on such conditions as the altitude at which it is detonated, the characteristics of the target, the terrain, and the physical landscape upon which it is detonated.
4207:
1290:
1955:
Calculating a single RE factor for an explosive is, however, impossible. It depends on the specific case or use. Given a pair of explosives, one can produce 2× the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the difference in direct metal cutting ability may be 4×
6279:
Maselli, A.; Melandri, A.; Nava, L.; Mundell, C. G.; Kawai, N.; Campana, S.; Covino, S.; Cummings, J. R.; Cusumano, G.; Evans, P. A.; Ghirlanda, G.; Ghisellini, G.; Guidorzi, C.; Kobayashi, S.; Kuin, P.; LaParola, V.; Mangano, V.; Oates, S.; Sakamoto, T.; Serino, M.; Virgili, F.; Zhang, B.- B.;
283:
However even on this basis, comparing the actual energy yields of a large nuclear device and an explosion of TNT can be slightly inaccurate. Small TNT explosions, especially in the open, don't tend to burn the carbon-particle and hydrocarbon products of the explosion. Gas-expansion and
1931:
The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor) relates an explosive's demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive.
1956:
higher for one type of metal and 7× higher for another type of metal. The relative differences between two explosives with shaped charges will be even greater. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of data.
4537:
1935:
This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of different explosives when applying blasting formulas developed specifically for TNT. For example, if a timber-cutting formula calls for a charge of 1 kg of TNT, then based on
1238:) of 89.8 petajoules, which is equivalent to 21.5 megatons of TNT. No such method of total conversion as combining 500 grams of matter with 500 grams of antimatter has yet been achieved. In the event of proton–
6341:
The LIGO Scientific
Collaboration; the Virgo Collaboration; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abernathy, M. R.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C. (June 14, 2016). "Properties of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914".
6485:
3937:
TBX (thermobaric explosives) or EBX (enhanced blast explosives), in a small, confined space, may have over twice the power of destruction. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the condition of
940:
of 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate that killed initially 137 at and near a
Lebanese port at 6 p.m. local time Tuesday August 4, 2020. An independent study by experts from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the
1414:
The total global nuclear arsenal is about 15,000 nuclear warheads with a destructive capacity of around 1460 megatons or 1.46 gigatons (1,460 million tons) of TNT. This is the equivalent of
6127:
Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; Hilton, James; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Krasinsky, George; Petit, Gérard; Pitjeva, Elena; Soffel, Michael (July 10, 2011).
284:
pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. A large open explosion of TNT may maintain fireball temperatures high enough so that some of those products do burn up with atmospheric oxygen.
4576:
1181:
The energy contained in one megaton of TNT (4.2 PJ) is enough to power the average
American household for 103,000 years. The 30 Mt (130 PJ) estimated upper limit blast power of the
4529:
5780:
Richards, Mark A.; Alvarez, Walter; Self, Stephen; Karlstrom, Leif; Renne, Paul R.; Manga, Michael; Sprain, Courtney J.; Smit, Jan; Vanderkluysen, Loÿc; Gibson, Sally A. (November 1, 2015).
1068:
explosive to provide a scaled equivalent airblast of an eight kiloton (33.44 TJ) nuclear device, is believed to be the largest planned detonation of conventional explosives in history.
321:
These complications have been sidestepped by convention. The energy released by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a matter of convention to be 4,184 J, which is exactly one
280:
produced by its detonation. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4,686 J/g from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4,853 J/g.
7385:
6481:
1359:
4079:
Sorin Bastea, Laurence E. Fried, Kurt R. Glaesemann, W. Michael Howard, P. Clark Souers, Peter A. Vitello, Cheetah 5.0 User's Manual, Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, 2007.
7971:
5393:
1107:
on August 9, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ) killing over 60,000. The modern nuclear weapons in the United States arsenal range in
273:
Alternative values for TNT equivalency can be calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured.
5144:
8165:
4826:
6280:
Barthelmy, S.; Beardmore, A.; Bernardini, M. G.; Bersier, D.; Burrows, D.; Calderone, G.; Capalbi, M.; Chiang, J. (2014). "GRB 130427A: A Nearby
Ordinary Monster".
5722:
5170:
4441:
1828:) megatons) of TNT, equivalent to the explosive force of a quantity of TNT over a trillion (10) times the mass of the planet Earth. This is the astrophysical
4969:
4506:
5923:; Zhang, Shuang; Alegret, Laia; Schmidt, Daniela N.; Rae, James W. B.; Witts, James D.; Landman, Neil H.; Greene, Sarah E.; Huber, Brian T. (October 21, 2019).
3978:
7573:
1624:, wiping out 75% of all species on Earth. This is far more destructive than any natural disaster recorded in history. Such an event would've caused global
4560:
7100:
1185:
could power the same average home for more than 3,100,000 years. The energy of that blast could power the entire United States for 3.27 days.
1036:. It accumulated 6700 metric tons of surplus World War II ammunition placed in various locations around the island and set off. The energy released was
7395:
4058:
4946:
8276:
5991:
5389:
5008:
4677:
6544:
8421:
6511:
5333:
4722:
945:
predicts the best estimate of the yield of Beirut explosion to be 0.5 kilotons of TNT and the reasonable bound estimate as 1.12 kilotons of TNT.
5118:
133:
6411:
7080:
5363:
253:
The kiloton and megaton of TNT equivalent have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the destructive power, of a
7402:
6833:
764:
in a 0.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.5 m (20 in × 20 in × 20 in) compartment within a 1-second period.
5747:
7168:
5210:
4463:
1096:
on August 6, 1945, exploded with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ) killing between 90,000 and 166,000 people, and the
5199:
7671:
6453:
Török, Zoltán; Ozunu, Alexandru (2015). "Hazardous properties of ammonium nitrate and modeling of explosions using TNT equivalency".
6130:"The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy"
5696:
4403:
1621:
1504:
7910:
5574:
6185:
6048:
5221:
4231:
3810:
3313:
1973:
1885:
1284:
8121:
7961:
7900:
8041:
7866:
5786:
5385:
5295:
4818:
276:
Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's energy is normally expressed for chemical purposes as the
7095:
6802:
6735:
6717:
6698:
4700:
4500:
4251:
4163:
5148:
1309:
7917:
5505:
5174:
4849:
4090:
987:
falling on 4,000 m (1 acre) of land in a year is 9.5 TJ (2,650 MWh) (an average over the Earth's surface).
8638:
7834:
7380:
7345:
4433:
1480:) or one-quarter of the entire world's annual energy consumption. This eruption was 4-10 times more destructive than the
5869:
5604:
5012:
4530:"Beirut Blast: How does yield of 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate compare against Halifax explosion, Hiroshima bombing?"
8532:
8116:
4942:
4193:
1250:
821:
4981:
4490:
4377:
7196:
7075:
3970:
2098:
1500:
1269:
5088:
1322:
8426:
8291:
6826:
8665:
8369:
8203:
7805:
7683:
7340:
7201:
3423:
1829:
8359:
8208:
7666:
4277:
3546:
1469:
57:
8133:
7966:
7390:
7318:
5925:"Rapid ocean acidification and protracted Earth system recovery followed the end-Cretaceous Chicxulub impact"
3889:
The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a cross-sectional surface area of
3805:
3295:
1820:
joules of energy, which is about 2.4–4.8 hundred billion yottatons (24–48 octillion (2.4–
1400:
8476:
8213:
7922:
7676:
7173:
3800:
3184:
1438:, was estimated at a moment magnitude of 9.4–9.6. This is the most powerful earthquake recorded in history.
655:
5837:
Jablonski, David; Chaloner, William
Gilbert; Lawton, John Hartley; May, Robert McCredie (April 29, 1994).
4050:
1320:
joules, slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. It was estimated at a moment magnitude of 9.0–9.1.
8626:
8539:
8511:
8468:
8433:
8271:
8098:
8036:
7861:
7765:
7651:
7119:
6819:
4938:
3850:
3449:
3081:
2480:
1227:
697:(large calorie, kcal), which is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one
8460:
8319:
7998:
7516:
7473:
7325:
6533:
5678:
1584:
6507:
6071:
5122:
8680:
8614:
8296:
7905:
7688:
5894:
5325:
5240:"Energetic output of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption from pressure measurements"
4126:
Tnt equivalency of different explosives – estimation for calculating load limits in heaf firing tanks
3209:
3205:
1481:
1385:
6642:
6340:
5838:
4801:
1620:
yielded 72 teratons of TNT equivalent (1 teraton of TNT equals 10 megatons of TNT) which caused the
8685:
8675:
8544:
8386:
8286:
8198:
7407:
7293:
7253:
7065:
6419:
5920:
5652:
4352:
3863:
2374:
1538:
1435:
782:
6070:
Lü, Jiangning; Sun, Youshun; Nafi Toksöz, M.; Zheng, Yingcai; Zuber, Maria T. (December 1, 2011).
5355:
1944:, engineers would need 1.0/1.66 (or 0.60) kg to obtain the same effects as 1 kg of TNT. With
726:
Under controlled conditions one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle.
8449:
8416:
8391:
8005:
7782:
7588:
7511:
7468:
7451:
7412:
7335:
5119:"USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: Energy and Broadband Solution: Off W Coast of Northern Sumatra"
4604:"Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media"
4327:
3825:
3124:
2553:
942:
875:
224:
8374:
3760:
1593:
8281:
7568:
7112:
6215:
4650:
4302:
3790:
2060:
1940:'s RE factor of 2.38, it would take only 1.0/2.38 (or 0.42) kg of it to do the same job. Using
937:
8575:
8311:
8266:
7728:
7656:
7583:
7578:
7543:
7330:
7298:
7085:
7012:
5755:
4788:
4183:
4025:
4000:
2008:
1362:, in the southern Pacific Ocean, is estimated to have been equivalent to 61 Megatons of TNT.
203:
This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional
6257:
6241:
6087:
5207:
4229:
Blast effects of external explosions (Section 4.8. Limitations of the TNT equivalent method)
8486:
8261:
8246:
7563:
7521:
7357:
7263:
7191:
6681:
6361:
6299:
6253:
6141:
6083:
6029:
5936:
5795:
5540:
5469:
5428:
5251:
5196:
5035:
4884:
4731:
4615:
3795:
3400:
2455:
2233:
1108:
914:
896:
607:
6595:
5723:"The thought experiment: What would happen if the supervolcano under Yellowstone erupted?"
5582:
4411:
4098:(Technical report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. UCRL-JC-147683. Archived from
328:
A kiloton of TNT can be visualized as a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.8 ft) on a side.
8:
8660:
8585:
8396:
8181:
7775:
7643:
7621:
7446:
7303:
7070:
7032:
6865:
4228:
1200:
in one minute, primarily from water condensation. Winds constitute 0.25% of that energy.
6365:
6303:
6193:
6145:
6056:
6033:
5940:
5843:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
5799:
5544:
5473:
5432:
5255:
5218:
4888:
4735:
4619:
1702:
318:
due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not present with small open-air charges.
8565:
8301:
8138:
8065:
7876:
7526:
7496:
7480:
7463:
7107:
6997:
6945:
6895:
6842:
6393:
6351:
6323:
6289:
6167:
5967:
5924:
5819:
5556:
5487:
5277:
4915:
4872:
4757:
2933:
2637:
1029:
277:
204:
6784:
1526:
The total solar irradiance energy received by Earth in the upper atmosphere per hour.
7633:
7426:
7313:
7288:
7226:
7183:
7027:
7022:
7017:
6860:
6798:
6772:
6731:
6713:
6694:
6397:
6385:
6377:
6315:
6261:
6171:
6159:
6109:
5972:
5954:
5811:
5560:
5491:
5281:
5269:
4920:
4902:
4749:
4696:
4671:
4633:
4599:
4568:
4496:
4437:
4199:
4189:
4159:
3756:
3466:
3240:
2912:
2891:
2854:
2316:
2028:
1809:
1496:
1008:
in 1917 was the accidental detonation of 200 tons of TNT and 2,300 tons of
1005:
760:
The approximate radiant heat energy released during 3-phase, 600 V, 100 kA
706:
1952:, they would require 1.0/0.74 (or 1.35) kg or 1.0/0.32 (or 3.125) kg, respectively.
207:, of which TNT is a typical example, although other conventional explosives such as
8481:
7536:
7501:
7258:
7248:
7136:
7124:
6965:
6960:
6950:
6940:
6935:
6790:
6762:
6666:
6462:
6373:
6369:
6327:
6307:
6149:
6099:
6091:
5962:
5944:
5850:
5823:
5803:
5548:
5477:
5436:
5303:
5259:
5070:
5062:
4910:
4892:
4776:
4739:
4623:
3706:
3689:
3525:
3330:
3278:
2506:
2399:
2258:
2217:
2195:
2177:
2156:
2119:
1987:
1949:
1697:
1617:
1197:
1112:
43:
6570:
5441:
5416:
4651:
c=AU; co=Commonwealth of
Australia; ou=Department of Sustainability, Environment.
4247:
1440:
1289:
8670:
8379:
8339:
7793:
7607:
7531:
7506:
7352:
7145:
7047:
7037:
7002:
6880:
6870:
6688:
5225:
5214:
5203:
4897:
4561:"Beirut Explosion: What Happened in Lebanon and Everything Else You Need to Know"
4235:
3740:
3470:
3405:
3347:
3167:
3012:
2991:
2782:
2753:
2732:
2711:
2678:
2612:
2587:
2395:
2353:
2292:
2254:
1937:
1857:
1591:
is equivalent to 6 million megatons (6 trillion tons) of TNT.
963:
906:
292:
186:
37:
7871:
4652:
4099:
1111:
from 0.3 kt (1.3 TJ) to 1.2 Mt (5.0 PJ) equivalent, for the
899:. If the charge were a full sphere, it would be 1 kiloton of TNT (4.2 TJ).
8334:
8329:
8324:
8074:
7981:
7950:
7932:
7456:
7308:
7273:
7206:
7153:
7007:
6900:
6885:
6875:
6767:
5509:
5264:
5239:
4857:
4628:
4603:
3395:
3163:
3085:
3055:
2995:
2966:
2874:
2416:
2275:
2077:
1633:
1182:
1163:
631:
254:
164:
8354:
6242:"Light curves of type IA supernova models with different explosion mechanisms"
6154:
6129:
6095:
6017:
4203:
8654:
8519:
7810:
7216:
7057:
6776:
6381:
6265:
6163:
6113:
5958:
5815:
5631:"Hurricane FAQ – NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory"
5608:
5552:
5531:
Kristensen, Hans M; Norris, Robert S (2015). "Chinese nuclear forces, 2015".
5482:
5457:
5273:
5004:
4906:
4775:
Tech Reps (1986). "Minor Scale Event, Test
Execution Report". Albuerque, NM.
4753:
4637:
4572:
3862:
The solar constant of the sun is 1370 watts per square meter and Earth has a
3581:
3364:
3077:
3051:
2949:
2703:
2633:
2043:
1503:. It was the second most energetic event to have occurred on Earth since the
1472:
in the island of
Sumbawa in Indonesia. Yielded the equivalent of 2.2 million
643:
287:
Such differences can be substantial. For safety purposes a range as wide as
6311:
5992:"That Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Instantly Acidified Our World's Oceans, Too"
5949:
5074:
1312:
was over 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated by the USGS at
1226:
The complete conversion of 1 kg of matter into pure energy would yield
8085:
7221:
7163:
7090:
7042:
6912:
6466:
6389:
6319:
5976:
5854:
4924:
4780:
4744:
4717:
3866:
3656:
3431:
3107:
2929:
2908:
2463:
2433:
2221:
2136:
1403:
usage combined, from the 1940s to the present, is about 540 megatons.
1340:
1242:
1134:
984:
262:
111:
19:"Kiloton" redirects here. For the similarly named weight measurements, see
6022:
Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets III: From Stars to Surfaces
5096:
8496:
8143:
7733:
7240:
7211:
2570:
1629:
1100:
1089:
1061:
1009:
812:
619:
177:
6104:
5697:"La Garita Mountains grew from volcanic explosions 35 million years ago"
5066:
1064:, a 1985 United States conventional explosion, using 4,744 tons of
7849:
4994:(Calculated from 2007 value of 3,892,000,000,000 kWh annual usage)
4328:"Convert tons of TNT to BTU - British Thermal Unit | energy conversion"
4143:(Technical report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. EMPE-01-81.
4128:(Technical report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. EMPE-02-22.
3723:
1781:
1733:
1473:
1344:
1254:
1239:
1212:
1086:
1033:
910:
674:
192:
170:
5089:"Mount St. Helens – From the 1980 Eruption to 2000, Fact Sheet 036-00"
4598:
Rigby, S. E.; Lodge, T. J.; Alotaibi, S.; Barr, A. D.; Clarke, S. D.;
4092:
Estimating equivalency of explosives through a thermochemical approach
1638:
1543:
1245:, approximately 50% of the released energy will escape in the form of
156:, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The
8491:
7854:
7844:
6972:
6925:
6890:
6811:
6482:"Storage requirements for security sensitive ammonium nitrate (SSAN)"
5807:
5630:
4761:
3047:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2832:
2774:
2682:
2532:
2502:
2459:
2357:
2333:
2225:
2024:
1707:
1625:
1246:
1093:
850:
761:
8349:
5782:"Triggering of the largest Deccan eruptions by the Chicxulub impact"
4693:
Ground Zero: A Reassessment of the 1917 Explosion in Halifax Harbour
242:(of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules (
8580:
8223:
8218:
8158:
7827:
7755:
7738:
7723:
7698:
7441:
6930:
6794:
6356:
5781:
3785:
2629:
2604:
2349:
2199:
1104:
698:
208:
181:), which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a
6630:
6619:
6294:
4718:"Seismic Experiments on the North German Explosions, 1946 to 1947"
3390:
Nuclear weapons and the most powerful non-nuclear weapon examples
1211:
The approximate radiated surface energy released in a magnitude 8
966:
that killed more than 500 at a German fertilizer factory in 1921.
901:
298:
Thus one can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of 15 kt (
8549:
8501:
8364:
8344:
7743:
7718:
7158:
6989:
6977:
6955:
6920:
3597:
3257:
3141:
1588:
1401:
total energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and combat
1167:
1097:
702:
694:
580:
322:
6753:
Mathieu, Jörg; Stucki, Hans (2004), "Military High Explosives",
1457:
The energy released by a hurricane per day during condensation.
8153:
8148:
8128:
8108:
8093:
7976:
7713:
7693:
7661:
5870:"Huge Global Tsunami Followed Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Impact"
3618:
3601:
3487:
2824:
2799:
2670:
2654:
2608:
2391:
2250:
2229:
2039:
2035:
197:
153:
6677:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Version 3.2.
1509:
8570:
8527:
8190:
8046:
7839:
7703:
6667:"Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)"
3820:
3030:
2983:
2510:
2173:
1477:
790:
786:
592:
182:
20:
5779:
1583:
The estimated energy at impact when the largest fragment of
8051:
7940:
7750:
7708:
6126:
3638:
3521:
3504:
3427:
3188:
3073:
2803:
2778:
2536:
2152:
2115:
2094:
1945:
1941:
1706:
The photo of the Caloris Planitia on Mercury. Taken by the
1065:
871:
817:
261:, and has been used to characterize the energy released in
258:
6278:
5918:
5836:
1343:
developed a prototype thermonuclear device, nicknamed the
8024:
7888:
6730:, Washington, D.C.: Pentagon Publishing, pp. 83–84,
6725:
6240:
Khokhlov, A.; Mueller, E.; Hoeflich, P. (March 1, 1993).
4977:
4434:"Botroseya church bombing death toll rises to 29 victims"
3815:
3672:
3634:
3563:
3542:
3261:
3159:
3103:
2987:
2858:
2836:
2828:
2807:
2757:
2736:
2715:
2707:
2686:
2674:
2528:
2498:
2451:
1495:
The approximate total yield of the super-eruption of the
159:
4353:"Convert tons of TNT to foot pounds | energy conversion"
223:(of TNT equivalent)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184
6239:
4248:"Appendix B8 – Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically"
3971:"Tons (Explosives) to Gigajoules Conversion Calculator"
6072:"Seismic effects of the Caloris basin impact, Mercury"
5887:
5415:
Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (May 3, 2016).
4970:"Country Comparison :: Electricity – consumption"
4819:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects"
4597:
3376:
1616:
Estimates in 2010 show that the kinetic energy of the
1196:
The energy output that would be released by a typical
793:
on December 11, 2016 that left 29 dead and 47 injured
6069:
5300:
Commonwealth of Australia 2012, Bureau of Meteorology
5005:"NOAA FAQ: How much energy does a hurricane release?"
4959:(Calculated from 2007 value of 936 kWh monthly usage)
895:
A real 0.454-kiloton-of-TNT (1.90 TJ) charge at
268:
6446:
5506:"Minimize Harm and Security Risks of Nuclear Energy"
5386:"Global nuclear weapons: downsizing but modernizing"
4404:"The Energy in Wildfires: The Western United States"
42:
The explosion from a 14-kiloton nuclear test at the
6693:(25th Anniversary ed.). Simon & Schuster.
6049:"Sun: Amount of Energy the Earth Gets from the Sun"
5228:, all from Carey Sublette's Nuclear Weapon Archive.
4303:"Convert tons of TNT to joules | energy conversion"
1860:(GRBs) release more than 10 joules of energy.
870:Conventional bombs yield from less than one ton to
7574:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
6748:, Volumes I–IV (second ed.), Oxford: Pergamon
6455:Environmental Engineering & Management Journal
5055:Comparison of Fusion/Antiproton Propulsion systems
4873:"Kinetic Energy of Tornadoes in the United States"
4378:"Tons Of Tnt to Kilowatt-hours | Kyle's Converter"
4181:
3828:, a unit of energy almost exactly 10 tonnes of TNT
1920:Estimated mass-energy of the observable universe.
1388:in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia).
16:Class of units of measurement for explosive energy
6479:
5009:National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
4871:Fricker, Tyler; Elsner, James B. (July 1, 2015).
1780:The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT of the
1732:The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT of the
189:. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded,
8652:
5530:
5455:
5414:
5390:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
1926:
1566:The solar irradiance of the Sun every 12 hours.
1360:2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcanic eruption
6789:. The National Academies Press, nap.edu. 2004.
5929:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4723:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1679:The total energy output of the Sun per second.
6441:US Army FM 3–34.214: Explosives and Demolition
5653:"Tambora 1815: Just How Big Was The Eruption?"
1884:A merger of two black holes, resulting in the
1756:Total solar output in all directions per day.
1537:Approximate yield of the last eruption of the
1444:The aftermath of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
8277:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
6827:
6752:
6728:Field Manual 5-25: Explosives and Demolitions
6664:
6596:"methylenedinitramine | CH4N4O4 | ChemSpider"
5456:Kristensen, Hans M; Norris, Robert S (2015).
5197:Currently deployed U.S. nuclear weapon yields
5036:"How much energy does an earthquake release?"
4870:
4690:
4265:
1597:The impact site of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
1293:An animation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
909:(5 by 10 m (17 by 34 ft)) awaiting
5238:Díaz, J. S.; Rigby, S. E. (August 9, 2022).
4676:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4278:"Tons Of Tnt to Calories | Kyle's Converter"
3946:
3944:
1960:Some relative effectiveness factor examples
1373:The solar irradiance on Earth every second.
1326:The damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami
564:
6134:Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
5775:
5773:
5748:"Comet/Jupiter Collision FAQ – Post-Impact"
5356:"Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance"
5296:"The eruption of Krakatoa, August 27, 1883"
4495:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 249.
4488:
4123:
4088:
1044:, or about 3.2 kilotons of TNT equivalent.
6834:
6820:
6755:CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry
6452:
4939:"Frequently Asked Questions – Electricity"
4464:"How do Thunderstorms and Lightning Work?"
4177:
4175:
4138:
4051:"Joules to Megatons Conversion Calculator"
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
1032:on April 18, 1947, blasted the bunkers on
36:
6766:
6412:"Big Bang Energy (Ask an Astrophysicist)"
6355:
6293:
6153:
6103:
6018:"Climatic Effect of Impacts on the Ocean"
5966:
5948:
5481:
5440:
5263:
5237:
5208:Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons
4914:
4896:
4774:
4743:
4627:
3941:
849:The energy output released by an average
8189:
6743:
6665:Thompson, A.; Taylor, B.N. (July 2008).
6543:. United States Department of the Army.
5770:
5650:
5052:
4715:
4709:
4401:
3885:
3883:
3811:Table of explosive detonation velocities
1886:first observation of gravitational waves
1856:The largest type of supernova observed,
1701:
1662:The impact energy of Archean asteroids.
1637:
1592:
1542:
1508:
1439:
1321:
1288:
900:
257:. The TNT equivalent appears in various
6046:
5868:Kornei, Katherine (December 20, 2018).
5145:"USGS.gov: USGS WPhase Moment Solution"
4172:
3918:
3072:Plastics Gel® (in toothpaste tube: 45%
1499:is 10,000 times more powerful than the
743:The energy to burn 1 kilogram of wood.
569:1 ton TNT equivalent is approximately:
8653:
8204:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
6841:
6746:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
6707:
6686:
6514:from the original on February 10, 2017
6015:
5867:
5787:Geological Society of America Bulletin
4949:from the original on November 23, 2010
4210:from the original on December 26, 2018
4182:Charles E. Needham (October 3, 2017).
4153:
4061:from the original on November 24, 2009
1832:used to determine galactic distances.
1642:The animation of the Chicxulub impact.
1547:Image of the Yellowstone supervolcano.
214:
8446:
8209:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
7618:
7605:
6815:
6488:from the original on October 22, 2020
5989:
5919:Henehan, Michael J.; Ridgwell, Andy;
5676:
5575:"Measuring the Size of an Earthquake"
5366:from the original on January 24, 2018
5147:. Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from
5015:from the original on November 2, 2017
4847:
4813:
4811:
4691:Ruffman, Alan; Howell, Colin (1994).
4558:
4527:
4509:from the original on January 14, 2021
4254:from the original on January 29, 2016
3915:1 day is equivalent to 86400 seconds.
3906:1 hour is equivalent to 3600 seconds.
3880:
3410:
3399:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1505:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1253:events emit their energy entirely as
878:is equivalent to 500 kg of TNT.
8633:
7606:
5396:from the original on October 7, 2016
5171:"USGS Energy and Broadband Solution"
5057:. 23rd Joint Propulsion Conference.
4158:. New York: Wiley-VCH. p. 406.
310:pile of TNT may yield (for example)
8214:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
6726:HQ Department of the Army (2004) ,
6568:
6550:from the original on August 5, 2020
6418:. February 11, 1998. Archived from
5581:. September 1, 2009. Archived from
5053:Borowski, Stanley K. (March 1996).
4579:from the original on August 6, 2020
4540:from the original on August 6, 2020
3981:from the original on March 17, 2017
3384:
1133:The typical energy yield of severe
781:Amount of TNT used (12 kg) in
13:
8023:
7174:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
6190:Cosmic Helospheric Learning Center
5839:"Extinctions in the fossil record"
5607:. December 7, 2022. Archived from
4943:United States Department of Energy
4848:Crook, Aaron (February 10, 2010).
4829:from the original on July 23, 2015
4808:
4559:Staff, W. S. J. (August 6, 2020).
1476:(the first atomic bomb to drop on
1310:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
306:), but the explosion of an actual
269:Historical derivation of the value
14:
8697:
7197:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
7096:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
6192:. August 16, 2000. Archived from
6016:Zahnle, K. J. (August 26, 2018).
5990:Nield, David (October 22, 2019).
5533:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5462:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5421:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
5025:cites 6E14 watts continuous.
4602:; Tyas, A. (September 22, 2020).
4444:from the original on May 24, 2024
1468:The total energy released by the
1384:The total energy released by the
1270:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
1249:, which are almost undetectable.
8632:
8621:
8620:
8608:
8297:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
5336:from the original on May 8, 2017
5326:"Status of World Nuclear Forces"
5173:. March 16, 2011. Archived from
4653:"Space Weather Services website"
4528:Fuwad, Ahamad (August 5, 2020).
4402:Timcheck, Jonathan (Fall 2017).
3314:4,4’-Dinitro-3,3’-diazenofuroxan
3226:MEDINA (Methylene dinitroamine)
1513:A photo of the La Garita Caldera
874:'s 44 tons. The yield of a
7386:Historical stockpiles and tests
6635:
6631:https://i.imgur.com/nTirCcn.png
6624:
6620:https://i.imgur.com/yHlPKb4.png
6613:
6588:
6562:
6526:
6500:
6473:
6434:
6404:
6334:
6272:
6233:
6208:
6178:
6120:
6063:
6040:
6009:
5983:
5912:
5861:
5830:
5740:
5715:
5689:
5670:
5644:
5623:
5597:
5567:
5524:
5498:
5449:
5408:
5378:
5348:
5318:
5302:. April 5, 2012. Archived from
5288:
5231:
5189:
5163:
5137:
5121:. April 4, 2010. Archived from
5111:
5081:
5046:
5028:
4997:
4962:
4931:
4864:
4841:
4768:
4684:
4644:
4591:
4552:
4521:
4482:
4456:
4426:
4395:
4370:
4345:
4320:
4295:
4270:
4240:
4222:
3909:
3900:
3856:
3844:
1268:Approximate total yield of the
259:nuclear weapon control treaties
152:is a convention for expressing
8287:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
7169:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
6374:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241102
5417:"Russian nuclear forces, 2016"
4489:Homer-Dixon, Thomas F (2002).
4147:
4132:
4117:
4082:
4073:
4043:
4018:
3993:
3963:
3637:modern thermonuclear warhead (
2180:water gel) commercial product
1501:1980 Mount St. Helens eruption
1470:1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
1251:Electron–positron annihilation
820:to make "homemade" diamonds. (
291:has been stated for a gram of
1:
8615:Nuclear technology portal
6783:"3. Thermobaric Explosives".
6690:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
5651:Klemetti, Erik (April 2022).
5442:10.1080/00963402.2016.1170359
4139:Cunningham, Bruce J. (2001).
3832:
3806:Relative effectiveness factor
3296:Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane
3031:1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene
2419:(13.5% N, NC; AKA guncotton)
1927:Relative effectiveness factor
8477:Field-reversed configuration
8087:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
6786:Advanced Energetic Materials
6682:Nuclear Weapons FAQ Part 1.3
6673:. NIST Special Publication.
4898:10.1371/journal.pone.0131090
4124:Maienschein, Jon L. (2002).
4089:Maienschein, Jon L. (2002).
3957:
3837:
3801:Orders of magnitude (energy)
3617:Classic (one-stage) fission
1285:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
656:Orders of magnitude (energy)
167:defined by convention to be
7:
8434:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
7619:
7381:States with nuclear weapons
6744:Urbański, Tadeusz (1985) ,
6076:Planetary and Space Science
5677:Evans, Robert (July 2002).
3779:
3507:(non-nuclear bomb, GBU-43)
3450:Massive Ordnance Penetrator
3388:
2481:Diethylene glycol dinitrate
1958:
1358:The energy released by the
1308:The energy released in the
649:
10:
8702:
8447:
8272:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
7396:Tests in the United States
6768:10.2533/000942904777677669
6508:"Whitehall Paraindistries"
6246:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5727:BBC Science Focus Magazine
5265:10.1007/s00193-022-01092-4
5213:December 16, 2008, at the
5202:September 7, 2016, at the
5059:NASA Glenn Research Center
4629:10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z
4468:www.thenakedscientists.com
4026:"Convert Gigaton to Joule"
4001:"Convert Megaton to Joule"
3739:
3722:
3705:
3688:
3671:
3654:
3633:
3616:
3596:
3579:
3562:
3541:
3520:
3503:
3486:
3465:
3447:
3424:Bomb used in Oklahoma City
3422:
3363:
3346:
3329:
3311:
3294:
3277:
3256:
3239:
3225:
3204:
3183:
3157:
3140:
3123:
3101:
3071:
3046:
3028:
3011:
2982:
2965:
2948:
2927:
2906:
2890:
2852:
2823:
2798:
2773:
2752:
2731:
2702:
2669:
2653:
2628:
2603:
2586:
2569:
2552:
2526:
2496:
2479:
2449:
2432:
2415:
2390:
2373:
2348:
2332:
2315:
2290:
2274:
2249:
2215:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2076:
2059:
2023:
2007:
1986:
1696:The kinetic energy of the
653:
200:) of energy are released.
18:
8602:
8558:
8510:
8467:
8457:
8409:
8397:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
8310:
8292:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
8257:
8240:
8180:
8107:
8099:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
8073:
8064:
8016:
7996:
7949:
7931:
7887:
7792:
7774:
7642:
7629:
7614:
7601:
7556:
7489:
7434:
7425:
7373:
7281:
7272:
7239:
7182:
7144:
7135:
7056:
6988:
6911:
6853:
6849:
6155:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4
6096:10.1016/j.pss.2011.07.013
6047:Carroll, Carroll (2017).
5458:"US nuclear forces, 2015"
3206:Ethylene glycol dinitrate
2122:+ 6% fuel oil)
1386:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
665:
662:
565:Conversion to other units
129:
107:
103:
85:
74:
66:
56:
51:
35:
30:
8302:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
7918:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
7254:Electron-beam processing
6708:Cooper, Paul W. (1996),
6687:Rhodes, Richard (2012).
6575:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5895:"Chicxulub Impact Event"
5553:10.1177/0096340215591247
5483:10.1177/0096340215571913
4234:August 10, 2016, at the
4188:. Springer. p. 91.
4154:Cooper, Paul W. (1996).
2375:Nickel hydrazine nitrate
1539:Yellowstone supervolcano
1436:1960 Valdivia earthquake
1434:The energy yield of the
352:Corresponding mass loss
8417:Organic nuclear reactor
7589:Nuclear power phase-out
7512:Nuclear decommissioning
7452:Reactor-grade plutonium
7202:Targeted alpha-particle
7081:Accidents and incidents
6712:, New York: Wiley-VCH,
6643:"Nuclear weapon design"
6480:Queensland Government.
6344:Physical Review Letters
6312:10.1126/science.1242279
6258:1993A&A...270..223K
6088:2011P&SS...59.1981L
5950:10.1073/pnas.1905989116
5605:"Table-Top Earthquakes"
3851:Mass–energy equivalence
3826:Tonne of oil equivalent
3125:Erythritol tetranitrate
2554:Triaminotrinitrobenzene
2450:PBXW-126 (22% NTO, 20%
1283:Energy released by the
1228:the theoretical maximum
962:Estimated yield of the
943:University of Sheffield
936:Estimated yield of the
876:Tomahawk cruise missile
783:Coptic church explosion
701:of water by one degree
8666:Explosives engineering
6710:Explosives Engineering
6467:10.30638/eemj.2015.284
6186:"Ask A Physicist: Sun"
5855:10.1098/rstb.1994.0045
5579:U.S. Geological Survey
5224:June 17, 2016, at the
4850:"The gathering storms"
4796:Cite journal requires
4745:10.1098/rsta.1949.0007
4382:www.kylesconverter.com
4282:www.kylesconverter.com
4156:Explosives Engineering
4030:www.unitconverters.net
4005:www.unitconverters.net
3791:Net explosive quantity
3675:thermonuclear warhead
3600:(dropped on Nagasaki)
1812:explosion gives off 1–
1711:
1643:
1618:Chicxulub impact event
1598:
1585:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
1548:
1514:
1482:1883 Krakatoa eruption
1445:
1327:
1294:
918:
816:used 2.5 tons of
7579:Anti-nuclear movement
6416:Imagine the Universe!
5752:www.physics.sfasu.edu
5679:"Blast from the Past"
5512:on September 24, 2014
4716:Willmore, PL (1949).
4695:. Nimbus Publishing.
3102:Composition A-5 (98%
2202:) commercial product
2009:Mercury(II) fulminate
1990:(AN + <0.5% H
1705:
1641:
1622:K-Pg extinction event
1596:
1546:
1512:
1507:66 million years ago.
1443:
1325:
1292:
904:
705:at a pressure of one
654:Further information:
608:British thermal units
211:contain more energy.
185:(1,000 kilograms) of
124:4.184 gigajoules
8487:Reversed field pinch
8282:Traveling-wave (TWR)
7766:Supercritical (SCWR)
7264:Gemstone irradiation
5794:(11–12): 1507–1520.
5683:Smithsonian Magazine
5585:on September 1, 2009
4440:. February 4, 2017.
4105:on December 21, 2016
3796:Nuclear weapon yield
3655:Typical (two-stage)
915:Operation Sailor Hat
897:Operation Sailor Hat
867:1.16–51.14 MWh
810:The television show
522:or 4.184 petajoules
492:or 4.184 terajoules
462:or 4.184 gigajoules
432:or 4.184 megajoules
402:or 4.184 kilojoules
7652:Aqueous homogeneous
7447:Reprocessed uranium
7120:Safety and security
6366:2016PhRvL.116x1102A
6304:2014Sci...343...48M
6220:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
6146:2011CeMDA.110..293L
6059:on August 16, 2000.
6034:2018LPICo2065.2056Z
5941:2019PNAS..11622500H
5935:(45): 22500–22504.
5800:2015GSAB..127.1507R
5611:on December 7, 2022
5545:2015BuAtS..71d..77K
5474:2015BuAtS..71b.107K
5433:2016BuAtS..72c.125K
5256:2022ShWav..32..553D
5067:10.2514/6.1987-1814
4984:on January 28, 2012
4945:. October 6, 2009.
4889:2015PLoSO..1031090F
4736:1949RSPTA.242..123W
4620:2020ShWav..30..671R
4565:Wall Street Journal
4414:on January 17, 2018
4141:C-4/tnt equivalency
3391:
2673:(aka HBX, 41%
1961:
1082:17.4–23.2 GWh
846:280–2,800 kWh
552:or 4.184 exajoules
215:Kiloton and megaton
205:explosive materials
98:... is equal to ...
52:General information
8566:Dense plasma focus
7481:Actinide chemistry
6946:Isotope separation
6843:Nuclear technology
6600:www.chemspider.com
6422:on August 19, 2014
6196:on August 16, 2000
5758:on August 28, 2021
4974:The World Factbook
4825:. August 9, 2012.
4657:www.sws.bom.gov.au
4408:large.stanford.edu
4266:NIST SI Guide 2008
4055:unitconversion.org
3975:unitconversion.org
3389:
3298:(HNIW; AKA CL-20)
2934:nitrogen tetroxide
2853:RISAL P (50%
2497:PBXIH-135 EB (42%
2061:Hexamine dinitrate
1959:
1712:
1644:
1599:
1549:
1515:
1446:
1328:
1295:
1030:Operation Big Bang
919:
289:2,673–6,702 J
278:thermodynamic work
139:
131:
117:
109:
8648:
8647:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8545:Magnetized-target
8442:
8441:
8405:
8404:
8236:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8176:
8175:
8060:
8059:
7992:
7991:
7597:
7596:
7552:
7551:
7421:
7420:
7408:Weapon-free zones
7235:
7234:
7227:Radiopharmacology
6804:978-0-309-09160-2
6737:978-0-9759009-5-6
6719:978-0-471-18636-6
6700:978-1-4516-7761-4
6461:(11): 2671–2678.
6443:, 2007, page 1–2.
6082:(15): 1981–1991.
5703:. August 25, 2021
5701:US Forest Service
5392:. June 13, 2016.
5306:on March 18, 2016
5177:on March 16, 2011
5151:on March 14, 2011
5040:Volcano Discovery
4860:on April 4, 2012.
4702:978-1-55109-095-5
4502:978-0-375-71328-6
4492:The Ingenuity Gap
4438:Egypt Independent
4165:978-0-471-18636-6
3777:
3776:
3757:Operation Dominic
3724:Tsar nuclear bomb
3382:
3381:
3241:Trinitroazetidine
2892:Hydrazine nitrate
2317:Hexanitrostilbene
2216:ANNMAL (66%
2099:hexamine peroxide
1965:Explosive, grade
1924:
1923:
1810:type Ia supernova
1497:La Garita Caldera
1423:joules of energy
1159:20 MWh – 700 GWh
1006:Halifax Explosion
562:
561:
357:milligram of TNT
147:
146:
86:Conversions
8693:
8681:Equivalent units
8636:
8635:
8624:
8623:
8613:
8612:
8611:
8523:
8482:Levitated dipole
8452:
8444:
8443:
8392:Helium gas (GFR)
8255:
8254:
8250:
8187:
8186:
8071:
8070:
8021:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8009:
8008:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7624:
7616:
7615:
7608:Nuclear reactors
7603:
7602:
7502:High-level (HLW)
7432:
7431:
7279:
7278:
7259:Food irradiation
7249:Atomic gardening
7142:
7141:
7125:Nuclear meltdown
6951:Nuclear material
6941:Fissile material
6936:Fertile material
6851:
6850:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6779:
6770:
6749:
6740:
6722:
6704:
6678:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6654:
6639:
6633:
6628:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6549:
6538:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6504:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6450:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6359:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6297:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6216:"Sun Fact Sheet"
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6157:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6055:. Archived from
6044:
6038:
6037:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5952:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5899:www.lpi.usra.edu
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5808:10.1130/B31167.1
5777:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5754:. Archived from
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5508:. Archived from
5502:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5267:
5235:
5229:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5125:on April 4, 2010
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5095:. Archived from
5085:
5079:
5078:
5075:2060/19960020441
5050:
5044:
5043:
5042:. June 12, 2023.
5032:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4980:. Archived from
4966:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4900:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4856:. Archived from
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4747:
4730:(843): 123–151.
4713:
4707:
4706:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4675:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4410:. Archived from
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4274:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4250:. July 2, 2009.
4244:
4238:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4097:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3967:
3951:
3950:Predicted values
3948:
3939:
3935:
3916:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3707:B41 nuclear bomb
3690:B53 nuclear bomb
3526:thermobaric bomb
3392:
3385:Nuclear examples
3378:
3331:Heptanitrocubane
3279:Hexanitrobenzene
2157:acetone peroxide
1988:Ammonium nitrate
1962:
1950:ammonium nitrate
1916:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1858:gamma-ray bursts
1852:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1804:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1698:Caloris Planitia
1690:
1688:
1673:
1671:
1659:>28 ZWh
1656:
1654:
1610:
1608:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1558:
1422:
1420:
1319:
1317:
1302:
1198:tropical cyclone
1156:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1127:
1125:
1115:strategic bomb.
1079:
1077:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1022:
1020:
998:
996:
977:
975:
956:
954:
938:Beirut explosion
930:
928:
889:
887:
864:
862:
843:
841:
835:
833:
804:
802:
775:
773:
754:
752:
737:
735:
720:
718:
687:
685:
671:Megatons of TNT
660:
659:
642:
640:
630:
628:
618:
616:
606:
604:
601:
591:
589:
579:
577:
551:
549:
533:petagram of TNT
521:
519:
503:teragram of TNT
491:
489:
473:gigagram of TNT
461:
459:
443:megagram of TNT
431:
429:
419:milliton of TNT
413:kilogram of TNT
401:
399:
389:microton of TNT
372:or 4.184 joules
371:
331:
330:
317:
315:
309:
305:
303:
295:upon explosion.
290:
263:asteroid impacts
249:
247:
234:
232:
195:
180:
173:
143:
142:10 calories
140:
132:
125:
122:
118:
110:
44:Nevada Test Site
40:
28:
27:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8686:Trinitrotoluene
8676:Units of energy
8651:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8609:
8607:
8590:
8554:
8521:
8506:
8463:
8453:
8448:
8438:
8401:
8306:
8251:
8244:
8243:
8228:
8172:
8103:
8078:
8056:
8028:
8010:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7988:
7954:
7945:
7927:
7892:
7883:
7797:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7770:
7684:Natural fission
7638:
7637:
7625:
7620:
7610:
7593:
7569:Nuclear weapons
7548:
7507:Low-level (LLW)
7485:
7417:
7369:
7268:
7231:
7178:
7131:
7052:
6984:
6907:
6845:
6840:
6805:
6782:
6738:
6720:
6701:
6661:
6652:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6614:
6604:
6602:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6579:
6577:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6527:
6517:
6515:
6506:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6489:
6478:
6474:
6451:
6447:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6423:
6410:
6409:
6405:
6339:
6335:
6288:(6166): 48–51.
6277:
6273:
6238:
6234:
6224:
6222:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6125:
6121:
6068:
6064:
6053:Ask a Physicist
6045:
6041:
6014:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5988:
5984:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5866:
5862:
5849:(1307): 11–17.
5835:
5831:
5778:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5706:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5454:
5450:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5397:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5360:armscontrol.org
5354:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5309:
5307:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5236:
5232:
5226:Wayback Machine
5215:Wayback Machine
5204:Wayback Machine
5194:
5190:
5180:
5178:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5102:
5100:
5099:on May 12, 2013
5087:
5086:
5082:
5051:
5047:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5018:
5016:
5011:. August 2001.
5003:
5002:
4998:
4987:
4985:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4952:
4950:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4883:(7): e0131090.
4869:
4865:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4817:
4816:
4809:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4781:100.2/ADA269600
4773:
4769:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4689:
4685:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4645:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4580:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4510:
4503:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4470:. March 6, 2007
4462:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4400:
4396:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4236:Wayback Machine
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4196:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4152:
4148:
4137:
4133:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4009:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3864:cross-sectional
3861:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3782:
3751:43,000,000,000
3490:(Daisy Cutter)
3471:Earthquake bomb
3417:
3412:
3406:kilotons of TNT
3403:
3387:
3348:Octanitrocubane
2754:Composition C-4
2733:Composition C-3
2632:, Nobel's (75%
2588:Trinitrobenzene
2293:Trinitrotoluene
2194:Hydromite 600 (
2032:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1938:octanitrocubane
1929:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1830:standard candle
1823:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1782:mass of the Sun
1772:
1770:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1667:
1652:
1650:
1628:, earthquakes,
1606:
1604:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1554:
1465:38.53 PWh
1418:
1416:
1315:
1313:
1300:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1123:
1121:
1075:
1073:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1018:
1016:
994:
992:
973:
971:
964:Oppau explosion
952:
950:
933:2.088 GWh
926:
924:
885:
883:
860:
858:
839:
837:
831:
829:
800:
798:
778:13.94 kWh
771:
769:
757:11.62 kWh
750:
748:
733:
731:
723:1.162 kWh
716:
714:
683:
681:
658:
652:
638:
636:
626:
624:
614:
612:
602:
599:
597:
587:
585:
575:
573:
567:
547:
545:
539:gigaton of TNT
517:
515:
509:megaton of TNT
487:
485:
479:kiloton of TNT
457:
455:
427:
425:
397:
395:
369:
363:nanoton of TNT
313:
311:
308:15,000 ton
307:
301:
299:
288:
271:
245:
243:
230:
228:
217:
190:
175:
168:
141:
138:
130:
123:
120:
116:
108:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8699:
8689:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8630:
8618:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8576:Muon-catalyzed
8573:
8568:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8553:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8525:
8516:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8505:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8458:
8455:
8454:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8316:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8267:Integral (IFR)
8264:
8258:
8252:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8195:
8193:
8184:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8131:
8126:
8125:
8124:
8113:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8082:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8033:
8031:
8026:
8018:
8011:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7937:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7897:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7837:
7832:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7822:
7819:
7816:
7802:
7800:
7795:
7787:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7741:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7686:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7654:
7648:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7612:
7611:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7584:Uranium mining
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7457:Minor actinide
7454:
7449:
7438:
7436:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7285:
7283:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7245:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7154:Autoradiograph
7150:
7148:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7117:
7116:
7115:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7062:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6876:Atomic nucleus
6873:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6847:
6846:
6839:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6803:
6795:10.17226/10918
6780:
6761:(6): 383–389,
6750:
6741:
6736:
6723:
6718:
6705:
6699:
6684:
6679:
6660:
6659:
6649:, May 28, 2024
6634:
6623:
6612:
6587:
6561:
6525:
6499:
6472:
6445:
6433:
6403:
6350:(24): 241102.
6333:
6271:
6232:
6207:
6177:
6119:
6062:
6039:
6008:
5982:
5911:
5886:
5860:
5829:
5769:
5739:
5714:
5688:
5669:
5643:
5622:
5596:
5566:
5523:
5497:
5448:
5427:(3): 125–134.
5407:
5377:
5347:
5317:
5287:
5250:(6): 553–561.
5230:
5188:
5162:
5136:
5110:
5080:
5045:
5027:
4996:
4961:
4930:
4863:
4840:
4807:
4798:|journal=
4767:
4708:
4701:
4683:
4643:
4614:(6): 671–675.
4600:Langdon, G. S.
4590:
4551:
4520:
4501:
4481:
4455:
4425:
4394:
4369:
4357:convert-to.com
4344:
4332:convert-to.com
4319:
4307:convert-to.com
4294:
4269:
4239:
4221:
4195:978-3319653822
4194:
4171:
4164:
4146:
4131:
4116:
4081:
4072:
4042:
4017:
3992:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3940:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3897:square meters.
3879:
3877:square meters.
3855:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:50,000–56,000
3727:
3726:(three-stage)
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3709:(three-stage)
3703:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3420:
3419:
3418:effectiveness
3414:
3409:
3398:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:nitrocellulose
3044:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:Nitrotriazolon
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:Methyl nitrate
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2527:PBXN-109 (64%
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:Nitrocellulose
2413:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:Nitroguanidine
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:Dinitrobenzene
2074:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1982:effectiveness
1978:
1971:
1966:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1714:
1713:
1694:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1634:climate change
1614:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1581:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1551:
1550:
1535:
1534:1.02 EWh
1532:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1412:
1411:1.69 PWh
1409:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1280:30.6 TWh
1278:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:18.6 TWh
1206:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:Tunguska event
1179:
1178:1.16 TWh
1176:
1172:
1171:
1164:kinetic energy
1162:The estimated
1160:
1157:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1083:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1026:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1002:
999:
989:
988:
981:
980:2.67 GWh
978:
968:
967:
960:
959:1.16–2.32 GWh
957:
947:
946:
934:
931:
921:
920:
893:
890:
880:
879:
868:
865:
855:
854:
847:
844:
826:
825:
808:
807:2.90 MWh
805:
795:
794:
779:
776:
766:
765:
758:
755:
745:
744:
741:
738:
728:
727:
724:
721:
711:
710:
691:
690:1.162 Wh
688:
678:
677:
672:
668:
667:
664:
651:
648:
647:
646:
634:
632:kilowatt-hours
622:
610:
595:
583:
566:
563:
560:
559:
558:46.55 kg
556:
553:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
513:
510:
507:
504:
500:
499:
498:46.55 mg
496:
493:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
463:
453:
450:
447:
444:
440:
439:
438:46.55 ng
436:
433:
423:
420:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
393:
390:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
373:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
270:
267:
255:nuclear weapon
216:
213:
165:unit of energy
162:
150:TNT equivalent
145:
144:
136:
127:
126:
114:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
83:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
31:TNT equivalent
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8698:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8656:
8641:
8640:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8533:electrostatic
8531:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8509:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8451:
8445:
8435:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8313:
8312:Generation IV
8309:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8262:Breeder (FBR)
8260:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8248:
8239:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8012:
8007:
8000:
7995:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7948:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7886:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7764:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7628:
7623:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:Nuclear power
7562:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7545:
7544:Transmutation
7542:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7341:high-altitude
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:Proliferation
7329:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7271:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7217:Brachytherapy
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7013:Cross section
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6825:
6823:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6806:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6781:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6662:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6632:
6627:
6621:
6616:
6601:
6597:
6591:
6576:
6572:
6565:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6529:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6437:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6407:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6236:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6123:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5921:Thomas, Ellen
5915:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5875:
5871:
5864:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5658:
5654:
5647:
5632:
5626:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5411:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5381:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5192:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5098:
5094:
5093:pubs.usgs.gov
5090:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4803:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4704:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4679:
4673:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4594:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4120:
4101:
4094:
4093:
4085:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3947:
3945:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3912:
3903:
3886:
3884:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:suitcase nuke
3580:Hypothetical
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:, B54 (SADM)
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:Davy Crockett
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:GBU-57 bomb (
3446:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:Octaazacubane
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:PBXW-11 (96%
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:Nitroglycerin
2947:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2928:Mixture: 30%
2926:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:Mixture: 24%
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:1A (76%
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:Composition B
2701:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:low explosive
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1919:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1896: joules
1887:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:mass of Earth
1731:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1693:280 ZWh
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:106 ZWh
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1632:, and global
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1613:116 EWh
1612:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:350 PWh
1522:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:280 PWh
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:630 TWh
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1381:230 TWh
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:thunderstorms
1132:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:9.3 GWh
1057:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:3.6 GWh
1024:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:3.4 GWh
1000:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
970:
969:
965:
961:
958:
949:
948:
944:
939:
935:
932:
923:
922:
916:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
892:581 MWh
891:
882:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
857:
856:
852:
848:
845:
828:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:
809:
806:
797:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
768:
767:
763:
759:
756:
747:
746:
742:
739:
730:
729:
725:
722:
713:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
680:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
661:
657:
645:
644:electronvolts
635:
633:
623:
621:
611:
609:
596:
594:
584:
582:
572:
571:
570:
557:
554:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
501:
497:
494:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
326:
324:
319:
296:
294:
285:
281:
279:
274:
266:
264:
260:
256:
251:
241:
236:
226:
222:
212:
210:
206:
201:
199:
194:
188:
184:
179:
172:
166:
161:
157:
155:
151:
137:
135:
128:
115:
113:
112:SI base units
106:
102:
99:
96:
94:
90:
89:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
50:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
8637:
8625:
8606:
8586:Pyroelectric
8540:Laser-driven
8320:Sodium (SFR)
8247:fast-neutron
8086:
7632:
7522:Reprocessing
7403:WMD treaties
7362:
7222:Radiosurgery
7192:Fast-neutron
7164:Scintigraphy
6785:
6758:
6754:
6745:
6727:
6709:
6689:
6674:
6670:
6651:, retrieved
6646:
6637:
6626:
6615:
6603:. Retrieved
6599:
6590:
6578:. Retrieved
6574:
6564:
6552:. Retrieved
6540:
6528:
6516:. Retrieved
6502:
6490:. Retrieved
6475:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6424:. Retrieved
6420:the original
6415:
6406:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6223:. Retrieved
6219:
6210:
6200:February 23,
6198:. Retrieved
6194:the original
6189:
6180:
6137:
6133:
6122:
6105:1721.1/69472
6079:
6075:
6065:
6057:the original
6052:
6042:
6025:
6021:
6011:
5999:. Retrieved
5996:ScienceAlert
5995:
5985:
5932:
5928:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5898:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5873:
5863:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5791:
5785:
5762:February 24,
5760:. Retrieved
5756:the original
5751:
5742:
5730:. Retrieved
5726:
5717:
5705:. Retrieved
5700:
5691:
5682:
5672:
5660:. Retrieved
5656:
5646:
5634:. Retrieved
5625:
5615:February 10,
5613:. Retrieved
5609:the original
5599:
5587:. Retrieved
5583:the original
5578:
5569:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5510:the original
5500:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5398:. Retrieved
5380:
5368:. Retrieved
5359:
5350:
5338:. Retrieved
5329:
5320:
5310:February 23,
5308:. Retrieved
5304:the original
5299:
5290:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5191:
5181:February 10,
5179:. Retrieved
5175:the original
5165:
5153:. Retrieved
5149:the original
5139:
5129:February 10,
5127:. Retrieved
5123:the original
5113:
5101:. Retrieved
5097:the original
5092:
5083:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5017:. Retrieved
4999:
4986:. Retrieved
4982:the original
4973:
4964:
4951:. Retrieved
4933:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4858:the original
4853:
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4822:
4789:cite journal
4770:
4727:
4721:
4711:
4692:
4686:
4660:. Retrieved
4656:
4646:
4611:
4607:
4593:
4581:. Retrieved
4564:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4533:
4523:
4511:. Retrieved
4491:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4467:
4458:
4446:. Retrieved
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4412:the original
4407:
4397:
4385:. Retrieved
4381:
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4356:
4347:
4335:. Retrieved
4331:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4306:
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4281:
4272:
4256:. Retrieved
4242:
4224:
4212:. Retrieved
4184:
4155:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4125:
4119:
4109:December 12,
4107:. Retrieved
4100:the original
4091:
4084:
4075:
4065:November 23,
4063:. Retrieved
4054:
4045:
4033:. Retrieved
4029:
4020:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3911:
3902:
3867:surface area
3858:
3846:
3764:(two-stage)
3759:
3692:(two-stage)
3657:nuclear bomb
3108:stearic acid
2930:nitrobenzene
2909:nitrobenzene
2434:Nitromethane
2309:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2137:Urea nitrate
2025:Black powder
1954:
1934:
1930:
1630:megatsunamis
1341:Soviet Union
1336:58 TWh
1305:53 TWh
1265:28 TWh
1243:annihilation
1235:
1231:
1223:25 TWh
1193:10 TWh
985:solar energy
905:454 tons of
811:
762:arcing fault
666:Description
568:
383:gram of TNT
370:4.184 J
327:
320:
297:
286:
282:
275:
272:
252:
239:
237:
220:
218:
202:
149:
148:
97:
92:
67:Unit of
62:Non-standard
25:
8497:Stellarator
8461:confinement
8355:Superphénix
8182:Molten-salt
8134:VHTR (HTGR)
7911:HW BLWR 250
7877:R4 Marviken
7806:Pressurized
7776:Heavy water
7760:many others
7689:Pressurized
7644:Light water
7346:underground
7304:Disarmament
7212:Tomotherapy
7207:Proton-beam
7071:Power plant
7033:Temperature
6866:Engineering
6554:October 23,
6252:: 223–248.
5589:January 17,
5244:Shock Waves
4988:October 22,
4953:October 21,
4608:Shock Waves
4513:November 7,
4214:January 25,
4185:Blast Waves
3938:explosions.
3432:racing fuel
3401:Total yield
2861:+ 15%
2857:+ 28%
2781:+ 44%
2710:+ 36%
2677:+ 40%
2611:+ 30%
2571:Picric acid
2539:'s system)
2513:'s system)
2466:'s system)
2398:+ 20%
2356:+ 20%
2257:+ 50%
2220:+ 25%
2034:+ 19%
1974:Detonation
1888:, released
1580:7 EWh
1474:Little Boys
1431:3 PWh
1103:dropped on
1101:atomic bomb
1092:dropped on
1090:atomic bomb
1062:Minor Scale
1010:Picric acid
853:discharge.
822:Episode 116
813:MythBusters
620:foot-pounds
449:ton of TNT
323:kilocalorie
191:4.184
178:gigacalorie
169:4.184
58:Unit system
8661:Explosives
8655:Categories
8522:(acoustic)
8139:PBR (PBMR)
7527:Spent fuel
7517:Repository
7497:Fuel cycle
7464:Activation
7241:Processing
7108:Propulsion
7066:by country
6998:Activation
6534:"FM 5–250"
6492:August 24,
6357:1602.03840
6140:(4): 293.
5468:(2): 107.
5219:Tsar Bomba
4833:January 7,
4823:K1 project
4204:1005353847
3985:January 6,
3833:References
3773:3,042,400
3761:Housatonic
3741:Antimatter
3735:2,100,000
3718:5,100,000
3701:2,200,000
3684:4,960,000
3664:650–1,120
3650:1,300,000
3524:(advanced
3467:Grand Slam
2873:+ 2%
2869:+ 1%
2865:+ 4%
2806:+ 6%
2756:(91%
2735:(78%
2714:+ 1%
2706:(63%
2607:(70%
2394:(80%
2352:(80%
2253:(50%
2228:+ 3%
2224:+ 5%
2118:(94%
2042:, ancient
2038:+ 6%
2027:(75%
1976:vel. (m/s)
1753: RWh
1729: RWh
1370:97.04 TWh
1345:Tsar Bomba
1255:gamma rays
1240:antiproton
1213:earthquake
1087:Little Boy
1034:Heligoland
983:Amount of
911:detonation
707:atmosphere
675:Watt-hours
555:1.162 PWh
525:1.162 TWh
495:1.162 GWh
465:1.162 MWh
435:1.162 kWh
375:1.162 mWh
334:Grams TNT
225:terajoules
193:kilojoules
183:metric ton
171:gigajoules
80:ton of TNT
8492:Spheromak
8191:Fluorides
7855:IPHWR-700
7850:IPHWR-540
7845:IPHWR-220
7634:Moderator
7314:Explosion
7289:Arms race
7076:Economics
7028:Reflector
7023:Radiation
7018:Generator
6973:Plutonium
6926:Deuterium
6891:Radiation
6861:Chemistry
6777:0009-4293
6647:Knowledge
6569:PubChem.
6518:March 31,
6426:March 23,
6398:217406416
6382:0031-9007
6295:1311.5254
6266:0004-6361
6225:March 22,
6172:122755461
6164:1572-9478
6114:0032-0633
6001:April 23,
5959:0027-8424
5904:April 23,
5879:March 21,
5816:0016-7606
5732:April 23,
5707:April 23,
5636:March 21,
5561:145759562
5539:(4): 77.
5492:145260117
5282:251480018
5274:1432-2153
5155:March 13,
5103:April 23,
4907:1932-6203
4754:0080-4614
4662:April 23,
4638:1432-2153
4583:August 7,
4573:0099-9660
4544:August 7,
4534:DNA India
4474:March 22,
4418:March 31,
4387:March 22,
4362:March 22,
4337:March 22,
4312:March 22,
4287:March 22,
4258:March 29,
4035:March 22,
4010:March 22,
3958:Citations
3838:Footnotes
3661:500–1000
3545:, Mk-54 (
3528:, ATBIP)
3430:based on
3416:Relative
3264:grade B)
3185:Penthrite
3048:Gelignite
3033:, FOX-7)
2775:Pentolite
2638:diatomite
2358:aluminium
2334:Nitrourea
1980:Relative
1881: Wh
1853: Wh
1847:(2.8–5.6)
1838:(2.4–4.8)
1805: Wh
1799:(2.8–5.6)
1790:(2.4–4.8)
1777: Wh
1708:MESSENGER
1700:impactor.
1626:volcanism
1454:3.34 PWh
1355:70.9 TWh
1247:neutrinos
1094:Hiroshima
1042:10 J
851:lightning
693:≈ 1 food
550:10 J
520:10 J
490:10 J
468:46.55 μg
460:10 J
430:10 J
408:46.55 pg
405:1.162 Wh
400:10 J
378:46.55 fg
340:Tons TNT
316:10 J
304:10 J
248:10 J
233:10 J
196:(or 4184
91:1 t
78:t,
46:, in 1951
8627:Category
8581:Polywell
8512:Inertial
8469:Magnetic
8224:TMSR-LF1
8219:TMSR-500
8199:Fuji MSR
8159:THTR-300
7999:Graphite
7862:PHWR KWU
7828:ACR-1000
7756:IPWR-900
7739:ACPR1000
7734:HPR-1000
7724:CPR-1000
7699:APR-1400
7490:Disposal
7442:Actinide
7435:Products
7294:Delivery
7137:Medicine
6966:depleted
6961:enriched
6931:Helium-3
6896:ionizing
6571:"Medina"
6545:Archived
6512:Archived
6486:Archived
6390:27367378
6320:24263134
6028:: 2056.
5977:31636204
5394:Archived
5364:Archived
5334:Archived
5222:Archived
5211:Archived
5200:Archived
5019:June 30,
5013:Archived
4947:Archived
4925:26132830
4877:PLOS ONE
4827:Archived
4672:cite web
4577:Archived
4538:Archived
4507:Archived
4442:Archived
4252:Archived
4232:Archived
4208:Archived
4059:Archived
3979:Archived
3786:Brisance
3780:See also
3681:272–308
3667:900,000
3473:, M110)
3377:>5.00
2630:Dynamite
2605:Tetrytol
2483:(DEGDN)
2350:Tritonal
2200:emulsion
1710:orbiter.
1563:4.2 EWh
1531:875,000
1520:301,000
1489:240,000
1168:tornados
1130:280 GWh
1105:Nagasaki
740:5.6 kWh
699:kilogram
650:Examples
581:calories
528:46.55 g
349:Energy
346:Energy
209:dynamite
8639:Commons
8550:Z-pinch
8520:Bubble
8502:Tokamak
8365:FBR-600
8345:CFR-600
8340:BN-1200
8006:coolant
7933:Organic
7818:CANDU 9
7815:CANDU 6
7783:coolant
7744:ACP1000
7719:CAP1400
7657:Boiling
7622:Fission
7469:Fission
7413:Weapons
7353:Warfare
7336:Testing
7326:History
7319:effects
7274:Weapons
7184:Therapy
7159:RadBall
7146:Imaging
7038:Thermal
7003:Capture
6990:Neutron
6978:Thorium
6956:Uranium
6921:Tritium
6901:braking
6881:Fission
6871:Physics
6854:Science
6653:July 7,
6605:May 20,
6580:May 20,
6541:bits.de
6362:Bibcode
6328:9782862
6300:Bibcode
6282:Science
6254:Bibcode
6142:Bibcode
6084:Bibcode
6030:Bibcode
5968:6842625
5937:Bibcode
5824:3463018
5796:Bibcode
5662:June 7,
5541:Bibcode
5470:Bibcode
5429:Bibcode
5330:fas.org
5252:Bibcode
4916:4489157
4885:Bibcode
4732:Bibcode
4616:Bibcode
4448:June 8,
3745:43,000
3732:26,500
3712:25,000
3629:50,000
3598:Fat Man
3592:80,000
3575:43,500
3493:0.0075
3476:0.0065
3458:13,600
3455:0.0035
3452:, MOP)
3437:0.0018
3373:15,000
3356:10,600
3322:10,000
3258:Octogen
3243:(TNAZ)
3142:Hexogen
3029:DADNE (
2556:(TATB)
2176:Extra (
1970:(g/ml)
1968:Density
1589:Jupiter
1587:struck
1462:33,000
1098:Fat Man
1074:(1.5–2)
703:Celsius
695:calorie
663:Energy
343:Symbol
337:Symbol
240:megaton
221:kiloton
176:1
158:ton of
121:
8671:Scales
8450:Fusion
8410:Others
8350:Phénix
8335:BN-800
8330:BN-600
8325:BN-350
8154:HTR-PM
8149:HTR-10
8129:UHTREX
8094:Magnox
8089:(UNGG)
7982:Lucens
7977:KS 150
7714:ATMEA1
7694:AP1000
7677:Kerena
7557:Debate
7309:Ethics
7299:Design
7282:Topics
7113:rocket
7091:Fusion
7086:Policy
7048:Fusion
7008:Poison
6886:Fusion
6801:
6775:
6734:
6716:
6697:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6326:
6318:
6264:
6170:
6162:
6112:
5975:
5965:
5957:
5822:
5814:
5559:
5516:May 4,
5490:
5400:May 4,
5370:May 4,
5340:May 4,
5280:
5272:
4923:
4913:
4905:
4854:Cosmos
4760:
4752:
4699:
4636:
4571:
4499:
4202:
4192:
4162:
3770:3,239
3767:9,960
3715:4,850
3698:4,050
3695:9,000
3678:1,200
3619:A-bomb
3612:4,500
3609:4,600
3602:A-bomb
3558:1,000
3552:0.022
3534:9,100
3531:0.044
3513:9,800
3510:0.011
3496:6,800
3488:BLU-82
3479:9,900
3440:2,300
3396:Weapon
3367:(OAC)
3350:(ONC)
3339:9,200
3333:(HNC)
3304:9,500
3287:9,340
3281:(HNB)
3270:9,100
3249:9,597
3232:8,700
3218:8,300
3197:8,400
3176:8,720
3164:HyTemp
3150:8,600
3144:(RDX)
3133:8,206
3127:(ETN)
3116:8,470
3094:7,940
3076:+ 45%
3064:7,970
3039:8,330
3021:8,120
3015:(NTO)
3004:8,690
2990:+ 19%
2975:7,900
2958:7,700
2941:8,290
2932:+ 70%
2920:8,060
2911:+ 76%
2899:8,500
2883:5,980
2845:7,640
2831:+ 20%
2816:7,670
2800:Semtex
2791:7,520
2766:8,040
2745:7,630
2724:7,840
2695:7,440
2681:+ 18%
2671:Torpex
2662:7,770
2655:Tetryl
2646:7,200
2636:+ 23%
2621:7,370
2609:tetryl
2596:7,300
2590:(TNB)
2579:7,350
2573:(TNP)
2562:7,550
2545:7,450
2535:, 16%
2531:, 20%
2519:7,060
2505:, 25%
2501:, 33%
2489:6,610
2472:6,450
2462:, 12%
2458:, 26%
2454:, 20%
2442:6,360
2425:6,400
2408:6,570
2392:Amatol
2383:7,000
2377:(NHN)
2366:6,650
2341:6,860
2325:7,080
2319:(HNS)
2283:6,750
2267:6,290
2251:Amatol
2242:5,360
2208:5,550
2198:water
2186:5,690
2165:5,300
2144:4,700
2128:4,200
2107:4,520
2086:6,025
2080:(DNB)
2069:5,070
2063:(HDN)
2016:4,250
2000:2,700
1451:2,870
1428:2,680
1408:1,460
1333:50–56
859:(1–44)
593:joules
198:joules
154:energy
93:in ...
75:Symbol
70:Energy
8571:Migma
8559:Other
8528:Fusor
8427:Piqua
8422:Arbus
8380:PRISM
8122:MHR-T
8117:GTMHR
8047:EGP-6
8042:AMB-X
8017:Water
7962:HWGCR
7901:HWLWR
7840:IPHWR
7811:CANDU
7672:ESBWR
7427:Waste
7391:Tests
7374:Lists
7358:Yield
7101:MMRTG
7058:Power
6548:(PDF)
6537:(PDF)
6394:S2CID
6352:arXiv
6324:S2CID
6290:arXiv
6168:S2CID
5820:S2CID
5657:Wired
5557:S2CID
5488:S2CID
5278:S2CID
4762:91443
4758:JSTOR
4103:(PDF)
4096:(PDF)
3821:Tonne
3537:4.83
3516:1.13
3499:1.10
3482:0.66
3461:0.26
3443:0.78
3413:(kg)
3411:Mass
3370:2.69
3359:2.38
3353:1.95
3336:1.92
3325:1.95
3319:1.98
3312:DDF (
3307:1.90
3301:1.97
3290:1.80
3284:1.97
3273:1.70
3267:1.86
3252:1.70
3246:1.85
3235:1.70
3229:1.65
3221:1.66
3215:1.49
3200:1.66
3194:1.77
3179:1.60
3173:1.81
3166:, 3%
3162:, 1%
3153:1.60
3147:1.78
3136:1.60
3130:1.72
3119:1.60
3113:1.65
3106:+ 2%
3097:1.60
3091:1.51
3084:+ 4%
3082:DEGDN
3080:+ 5%
3067:1.60
3061:1.60
3054:+ 7%
3050:(92%
3042:1.60
3036:1.77
3024:1.60
3018:1.87
3007:1.54
3001:1.83
2994:+ 1%
2986:(80%
2984:Octol
2978:1.54
2972:1.21
2969:(MN)
2961:1.54
2955:1.59
2952:(NG)
2944:1.50
2938:1.39
2923:1.50
2917:1.48
2902:1.42
2896:1.59
2886:1.40
2880:1.39
2848:1.35
2842:1.79
2835:+ 4%
2827:(76%
2825:Hexal
2819:1.35
2813:1.55
2794:1.33
2788:1.66
2777:(56%
2769:1.34
2763:1.59
2748:1.33
2742:1.60
2727:1.33
2721:1.72
2698:1.30
2692:1.80
2685:+ 1%
2665:1.25
2659:1.71
2649:1.25
2643:1.48
2624:1.20
2618:1.60
2599:1.20
2593:1.60
2582:1.17
2576:1.71
2565:1.17
2559:1.80
2548:1.17
2542:1.68
2522:1.17
2516:1.81
2511:TMETN
2492:1.17
2486:1.38
2475:1.10
2469:1.80
2445:1.10
2439:1.13
2436:(NM)
2428:1.10
2422:1.40
2411:1.10
2405:1.55
2386:1.05
2380:1.70
2369:1.05
2363:1.70
2344:1.05
2338:1.45
2328:1.05
2322:1.70
2305:6,900
2295:(TNT)
2286:0.95
2280:1.32
2270:0.91
2264:1.50
2245:0.87
2239:1.16
2232:+ 1%
2211:0.80
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