Explosive - Knowledge

110: 297: 113: 112: 117: 116: 111: 118: 115: 960:), are intrinsically labile. Kinetically, there exists a low activation barrier to the decomposition reaction. Consequently, these compounds exhibit high sensitivity to flame or mechanical shock. The chemical bonding in these compounds is characterized as predominantly covalent and thus they are not thermodynamically stabilized by a high ionic-lattice energy. Furthermore, they generally have positive enthalpies of formation and there is little mechanistic hindrance to internal molecular rearrangement to yield the more thermodynamically stable (more strongly bonded) decomposition products. For example, in 6056: 677:. While these definitions are distinct, the problem of precisely measuring rapid decomposition makes practical classification of explosives difficult. For a reaction to be classified as a detonation, as opposed to just a deflagration, the propagation of the reaction shockwave through the material being testing must be faster than the speed of sound through that material. The speed of sound through a liquid or solid material is usually orders of magnitude faster than the speed of sound through air or other gases. 4953: 2534: 505:. Whether the mine is on the surface or is buried underground, the detonation or deflagration of either a high or low explosive in a confined space can be used to liberate a fairly specific sub-volume of a brittle material (rock) in a much larger volume of the same or similar material. The mining industry tends to use nitrate-based explosives such as emulsions of fuel oil and ammonium nitrate solutions, mixtures of ammonium nitrate prills (fertilizer pellets) and fuel oil ( 5484: 5479: 5474: 2683:: Pyrotechnic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic substance, or article containing both an explosive substance and an illuminating, incendiary, tear-producing or smoke-producing substance (other than a water-activated article or one containing white phosphorus, phosphide or flammable liquid or gel or hypergolic liquid) (1.1G, 1.2G, 1.3G, 1.4G). Examples include Flares, signals, incendiary or illuminating ammunition and other smoke and tear producing devices. 598: 6725: 5831: 114: 524:). A thin plate of some material is placed atop a thick layer of a different material, both layers typically of metal. Atop the thin layer is placed an explosive. At one end of the layer of explosive, the explosion is initiated. The two metallic layers are forced together at high speed and with great force. The explosion spreads from the initiation site throughout the explosive. Ideally, this produces a metallurgical bond between the two layers. 528: 389: 6737: 51: 1283:

reduced by inert materials that reduce the continuity of the explosive mass. When the moisture content evaporates during detonation, cooling occurs, which reduces the temperature of reaction. Stability is also affected by the presence of moisture since moisture promotes decomposition of the explosive and, in addition, causes corrosion of the explosive's metal container.

486: 2695:: Article containing both an explosive substance and flammable liquid or gel (1.1J, 1.2J, 1.3J). This excludes liquids or gels which are spontaneously flammable when exposed to water or the atmosphere, which belong in group H. Examples include liquid or gel filled incendiary ammunition, fuel-air explosive (FAE) devices, and flammable liquid fueled missiles. 324:

the first time in warfare. The Chinese would incorporate explosives fired from bamboo or bronze tubes known as bamboo firecrackers. The Chinese also inserted live rats inside the bamboo firecrackers; when fired toward the enemy, the flaming rats created great psychological ramifications—scaring enemy soldiers away and causing cavalry units to go wild.

621:. The energetic stability of the gaseous products and hence their generation comes from the formation of strongly bonded species like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and (di)nitrogen, which contain strong double and triple bonds having bond strengths of nearly 1 MJ/mole. Consequently, most commercial explosives are organic compounds containing 2654:: Secondary detonating explosive substance or black powder or article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance, in each case without means of initiation and without a propelling charge, or article containing a primary explosive substance and containing two or more effective protective features. (1.1D, 1.2D, 1.4D, 1.5D). 1266:. Excessive volatility often results in the development of pressure within rounds of ammunition and separation of mixtures into their constituents. Volatility affects the chemical composition of the explosive such that a marked reduction in stability may occur, which results in an increase in the danger of handling. 940:(i.e., rate of decomposition). It is perhaps best, then, to differentiate between the terms thermodynamically stable and kinetically stable by referring to the former as "inert." Contrarily, a kinetically unstable substance is said to be "labile." It is generally recognized that certain groups like nitro (–NO 533: 532: 529: 2586:

Moderate fire, no blast or fragment. HC/D 1.4 items are listed in the table as explosives with no significant hazard. Most small arms ammunition (including loaded weapons) and some pyrotechnic items fall into this category. If the energetic material in these items inadvertently initiates, most of the

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to translate a physical shock signal. In other situations, different signals such as electrical or physical shock, or, in the case of laser detonation systems, light, are used to initiate an action, i.e., an explosion. A small quantity, usually milligrams, is sufficient to initiate a larger charge of

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of loading refers to the mass of an explosive per unit volume. Several methods of loading are available, including pellet loading, cast loading, and press loading, the choice being determined by the characteristics of the explosive. Dependent upon the method employed, an average density of the loaded

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The velocity with which the reaction process propagates in the mass of the explosive. Most commercial mining explosives have detonation velocities ranging from 1800 m/s to 8000 m/s. Today, velocity of detonation can be measured with accuracy. Together with density it is an important element

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United Nations markings include numbered Hazard Class and Division (HC/D) codes and alphabetic Compatibility Group codes. Though the two are related, they are separate and distinct. Any Compatibility Group designator can be assigned to any Hazard Class and Division. An example of this hybrid marking

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Detonation velocity is dependent on loading density (c), charge diameter, and grain size. The hydrodynamic theory of detonation used in predicting explosive phenomena does not include the diameter of the charge, and therefore a detonation velocity, for a massive diameter. This procedure requires the

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Sensitivity is an important consideration in selecting an explosive for a particular purpose. The explosive in an armor-piercing projectile must be relatively insensitive, or the shock of impact would cause it to detonate before it penetrated to the point desired. The explosive lenses around nuclear

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As the length of time the shock wave spends at any point is small, we can see mixing of the two metals and their surface chemistries, through some fraction of the depth, and they tend to be mixed in some way. It is possible that some fraction of the surface material from either layer eventually gets

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is less sensitive than a primary explosive and requires substantially more energy to be initiated. Because they are less sensitive, they are usable in a wider variety of applications and are safer to handle and store. Secondary explosives are used in larger quantities in an explosive train and are

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is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized. If an explosive molecule contains just enough oxygen to convert all of its carbon to carbon dioxide, all of its hydrogen to water, and all of its metal to metal oxide with no excess, the molecule is said to

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Chinese alchemists were eagerly trying to find the elixir of immortality. In the process, they stumbled upon the explosive invention of black powder made from coal, saltpeter, and sulfur in 1044. Gunpowder was the first form of chemical explosives and by 1161, the Chinese were using explosives for

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In deflagration, decomposition of the explosive material is propagated by a flame front which moves slowly through the explosive material at speeds less than the speed of sound within the substance (which is usually higher than 340 m/s or 1240 km/h in most liquid or solid materials) in

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Hazard Class and Division (HC/D) is a numeric designator within a hazard class indicating the character, predominance of associated hazards, and potential for causing personnel casualties and property damage. It is an internationally accepted system that communicates using the minimum amount of

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of about 3–9 kilometres per second (9,800–29,500 ft/s). For instance, TNT has a detonation (burn) rate of approximately 6.9 km/s (22,600 feet per second), detonating cord of 6.7 km/s (22,000 feet per second), and C-4 about 8.0 km/s (26,000 feet per second). They are normally

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is a measure of a material's moisture-absorbing tendencies. Moisture affects explosives adversely by acting as an inert material that absorbs heat when vaporized, and by acting as a solvent medium that can cause undesired chemical reactions. Sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation are

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as applied to an explosive refers to its ability to do work. In practice it is defined as the explosive's ability to accomplish what is intended in the way of energy delivery (i.e., fragment projection, air blast, high-velocity jet, underwater shock and bubble energy, etc.). Explosive power or

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In the strictest technical sense, the word "stability" is a thermodynamic term referring to the energy of a substance relative to a reference state or to some other substance. However, in the context of explosives, stability commonly refers to ease of detonation, which is concerned with

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Specific explosives (usually but not always highly sensitive on one or more of the three above axes) may be idiosyncratically sensitive to such factors as pressure drop, acceleration, the presence of sharp edges or rough surfaces, incompatible materials, or even—in rare cases—nuclear or

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of an explosive may take years, days, hours, or a fraction of a second. The slower processes of decomposition take place in storage and are of interest only from a stability standpoint. Of more interest are the other two rapid forms besides decomposition: deflagration and detonation.

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influencing the yield of the energy transmitted for both atmospheric over-pressure and ground acceleration. By definition, a "low explosive", such as black powder, or smokeless gunpowder has a burn rate of 171–631 m/s. In contrast, a "high explosive", whether a primary, such as

2723:: Substance or article so packed or designed that any hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning are limited to the extent that they do not significantly hinder or prohibit fire fighting or other emergency response efforts in the immediate vicinity of the package (1.4S). 1788:. As a practical measure, primary explosives are sufficiently sensitive that they can be reliably initiated with a blow from a hammer; however, PETN can also usually be initiated in this manner, so this is only a very broad guideline. Additionally, several compounds, such as 535: 616:

change (great quantities of gases are released) in going from reactants to products, thereby constituting a thermodynamically favorable process in addition to one that propagates very rapidly. Thus, explosives are substances that contain a large amount of energy stored in

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typically provide the required oxygen to burn the carbon and hydrogen fuel. High explosives tend to have the oxygen, carbon and hydrogen contained in one organic molecule, and less sensitive explosives like ANFO are combinations of fuel (carbon and hydrogen fuel oil) and

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A wide variety of chemicals can explode; a smaller number are manufactured specifically for the purpose of being used as explosives. The remainder are too dangerous, sensitive, toxic, expensive, unstable, or prone to decomposition or degradation over short time spans.

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scale that consists of a series of 10 detonators, from n. 1 to n. 10, each of which corresponds to an increasing charge weight. In practice, most of the explosives on the market today are sensitive to an n. 8 detonator, where the charge corresponds to 2 grams of

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of explosives, providing regulations for the safe manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession of the same, and for other purposes". This was the first federal regulation of licensing explosives purchases. The act was deactivated after World War I ended.

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is used, care must be taken to clarify what kind of sensitivity is under discussion. The relative sensitivity of a given explosive to impact may vary greatly from its sensitivity to friction or heat. Some of the test methods used to determine sensitivity relate to:

783:, where a shock wave and then detonation in conventional chemical explosive material is created by laser- or electric-arc heating. Laser and electric energy are not currently used in practice to generate most of the required energy, but only to initiate reactions. 1198:

In addition to strength, explosives display a second characteristic, which is their shattering effect or brisance (from the French meaning to "break"). Brisance is important in determining the effectiveness of an explosion in fragmenting shells, bomb casings, and

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The sand crush test is commonly employed to determine the relative brisance in comparison to TNT. No test is capable of directly comparing the explosive properties of two or more compounds; it is important to examine the data from several such tests (sand crush,

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This test establishes the minimum physical size a charge of a specific explosive must be to sustain its own detonation wave. The procedure involves the detonation of a series of charges of different diameters until difficulty in detonation wave propagation is

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The rate of decomposition of explosives increases at higher temperatures. All standard military explosives may be considered to have a high degree of stability at temperatures from –10 to +35 °C, but each has a high temperature at which its rate of

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performance is evaluated by a tailored series of tests to assess the material for its intended use. Of the tests listed below, cylinder expansion and air-blast tests are common to most testing programs, and the others support specific applications.

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The index of the capacity of an explosive to be initiated into detonation in a sustained manner. It is defined by the power of the detonator which is certain to prime the explosive to a sustained and continuous detonation. Reference is made to the

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tend to be too large at high pressures characteristic of explosions. Ultimate volume expansion may be estimated at three orders of magnitude, or one liter per gram of explosive. Explosives with an oxygen deficit will generate soot or gases like

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The distinction, however, is not very clear. Certain materials—dusts, powders, gases, or volatile organic liquids—may be simply combustible or flammable under ordinary conditions, but become explosive in specific situations or forms, such as

2798:"Anyone who wishes to acquire and or keep relevant explosives needs to contact their local police explosives liaison officer. All explosives are relevant explosives apart from those listed under Schedule 2 of Explosives Regulations 2014." 2289:, low explosives undergo deflagration at rates that vary from a few centimetres per second to approximately 0.4 kilometres per second (1,300 ft/s). It is possible for them to deflagrate very quickly, producing an effect similar to a 122:

Demonstration of the explosive properties of three different explosives; four explosions are demonstrated. Three are conducted on a solid marble base, and one is conducted on the demonstrator's hand; each is initiated by a glowing wooden

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traversing the explosive material at speeds greater than the speed of sound within the substance. The shock front is capable of passing through the high explosive material at supersonic speeds, typically thousands of metres per second.

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The legality of possessing or using explosives varies by jurisdiction. Various countries around the world have enacted explosives law and require licenses to manufacture, distribute, store, use, possess explosives or ingredients.

489: 2627:: An article containing a primary explosive substance and not containing two or more effective protective features. Some articles, such as detonator assemblies for blasting and primers, cap-type, are included. (1.1B, 1.2B, 1.4B). 1117:

firing of a series of charges of the same density and physical structure, but different diameters, and the extrapolation of the resulting detonation velocities to predict the detonation velocity of a charge of a massive diameter.

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Some chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react, possibly to the point of detonation. Each molecule of the compound dissociates into two or more new molecules (generally gases) with the release of energy.

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sensitivity to initiation is common in a number of explosives. Static or other electrical discharge may be sufficient to cause a reaction, even detonation, under some circumstances. As a result, safe handling of explosives and

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The most widely used explosives are condensed liquids or solids converted to gaseous products by explosive chemical reactions and the energy released by those reactions. The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically

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the surrounding items. The explosion could propagate to all or the majority of the items stored together, causing a mass detonation. There will also be fragments from the item's casing and/or structures in the blast

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have a zero oxygen balance. The molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if it contains less oxygen than is needed. The sensitivity,

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Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard. Propellants and many pyrotechnic items fall into this category. If one item in a package or stack initiates, it will usually propagate to the other items, creating a mass

2922: 689:. A sensitizer such as powdered aluminum may be added to an explosive to increase the energy of the detonation. Once detonated, the nitrogen portion of the explosive formulation emerges as nitrogen gas and toxic 798:

must first be known. The usefulness of an explosive can only be appreciated when the properties and the factors affecting them are fully understood. Some of the more important characteristics are listed below:

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but it does not include an explosive substance produced as part of a manufacturing process which thereafter reprocesses it in order to produce a substance or preparation which is not an explosive substance"

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Explosives considerably differ from one another as to their behavior in the presence of water. Gelatin dynamites containing nitroglycerine have a degree of water resistance. Explosives based on

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substance with its means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid, gel or hypergolic liquid) or without a propelling charge (1.1F, 1.2F, 1.3F, 1.4F).

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powder may be introduced to increase total energy and blast effects. Explosive compounds are also often "alloyed": HMX or RDX powders may be mixed (typically by melt-casting) with TNT to form

2816: 5463: 2637:, propelling charges, and devices containing propellants with or without means of ignition. Examples include single-based propellant, double-based propellant, triple-based propellant, and 1072:, usually of copper, and detonated at one end. Data is collected concerning the rate of radial expansion of the cylinder and the maximum cylinder wall velocity. This also establishes the 5415: 2406:. Although tertiary explosives (such as ANFO at 3,200 m/s) can technically meet the explosive velocity definition, they are not considered high explosives in regulatory contexts. 3396: 2573:

Non-mass explosion, fragment-producing. HC/D 1.2 is further divided into three subdivisions, HC/D 1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 1.2.3, to account for the magnitude of the effects of an explosion.

1379:. Attempts to obtain more precise volume estimates must consider the possibility of such side reactions, condensation of steam, and aqueous solubility of gases like carbon dioxide. 488: 1341:

Explosive material may be incorporated in the explosive train of a device or system. An example is a pyrotechnic lead igniting a booster, which causes the main charge to detonate.

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Read "Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings: An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors" at NAP.edu

3184: 2844:) was signed on 6 October 1917 and went into effect on 16 November 1917. The legal summary is "An Act to prohibit the manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession in 1129:

A charge of a specific size is detonated and its impulse (the area under the pressure-time curve) measured as a function of distance. The results are tabulated and expressed as

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Explosive substance or article containing an explosive substance and presenting a special risk (e.g., due to water-activation or presence of hypergolic liquids, phosphides, or

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Compatibility Group codes are used to indicate storage compatibility for HC/D Class 1 (explosive) materials. Letters are used to designate 13 compatibility groups as follows.

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Traditional explosives mechanics is based on the shock-sensitive rapid oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water in the form of steam.

2660:: Article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance without means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid, gel or 6572: 3779: 3384: 5083: 1323:"Green explosives" seek to reduce environment and health impacts. An example of such is the lead-free primary explosive copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, an alternative to 612:

An explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction that, once initiated, is driven by both a large exothermic change (great release of heat) and a large positive

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The availability and cost of explosives are determined by the availability of the raw materials and the cost, complexity, and safety of the manufacturing operations.

3272: 3140: 1658:. This is a very sensitive mixture. It is a primary high explosive in which sulfur is substituted for some or all of the phosphorus to slightly decrease sensitivity. 1523:

The above compositions may describe most of the explosive material, but a practical explosive will often include small percentages of other substances. For example,

3204: 3160: 2633:: Propellant explosive substance or other deflagrating explosive substance or article containing such explosive substance (1.1C, 1.2C, 1.3C, 1.4C). These are bulk 3690: 5655: 5608: 5593: 3388: 3248: 3136: 1539:, which act as stabilizers. Plastics and polymers may be added to bind powders of explosive compounds; waxes may be incorporated to make them safer to handle; 5520: 3570: 3483: 3268: 2689:: Article containing both an explosive substance and white phosphorus (1.2H, 1.3H). These articles will spontaneously combust when exposed to the atmosphere. 2162: 1792:, are so sensitive that they cannot even be handled without detonating. Nitrogen triiodide is so sensitive that it can be reliably detonated by exposure to 544:

ejected when the end of material is reached. Hence, the mass of the now "welded" bilayer, may be less than the sum of the masses of the two initial layers.

3811: 2993: 1666:: A very general class incorporating any strong oxidizer and highly reactive fuel, although in practice the name was most commonly applied to mixtures of 3292: 3156: 2883: 1306:). The decomposition products, residual solids, or gases of some explosives can be toxic, whereas others are harmless, such as carbon dioxide and water. 1243:

are crushed, the explosive may become more sensitive. Increased load density also permits the use of more explosive, thereby increasing the power of the

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is a measured quantity of explosive material, which may either be composed solely of one ingredient or be a mixture containing at least two substances.

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A charge of a specific size is detonated and its pressure effects measured at a standard distance. The values obtained are compared with those for TNT.

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In addition to chemical explosives, there are a number of more exotic explosive materials, and exotic methods of causing explosions. Examples include

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pressure data derived from measurements of shock waves transmitted into water by the detonation of cylindrical explosive charges of a standard size.

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Explosives are often characterized by the physical form that the explosives are produced or used in. These use forms are commonly categorized as:

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rapidly accelerates and stability is reduced. As a rule of thumb, most explosives become dangerously unstable at temperatures above 70 °C.

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to some extent. Manufacturing inputs can also be organic compounds or hazardous materials that require special handling due to risks (such as

5645: 5422: 847:– Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the amount of pressure applied to the material in order to create enough friction to cause a reaction. 839:– Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the distance through which a standard weight must be dropped onto the material to cause it to explode. 5139: 2998: 2562:

Mass Detonation Hazard. With HC/D 1.1, it is expected that if one item in a container or pallet inadvertently detonates, the explosion will

6560: 3244: 4896: 2749:(explosives for civil use Act), in accordance with EU directive nr. 93/15/EEG (Dutch). The illegal use of explosives is covered under the 5752: 2898: 356: 5386: 2273:

Low explosives (or low-order explosives) are compounds wherein the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than the

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that decomposes rapidly (deflagration); however, they burn more slowly than a high explosive, which has an extremely fast burn rate.

2784:(aa) being unduly sensitive or so reactive as to be subject to spontaneous reaction and accordingly too dangerous to transport, and 1409:

of an explosive are all somewhat dependent upon oxygen balance and tend to approach their maxima as oxygen balance approaches zero.

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A 5 to 50 kg charge is detonated in water and piezoelectric gauges measure peak pressure, time constant, impulse, and energy.

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into an explosive is highly undesirable since it reduces the sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation of the explosive.

351:(the latter two being sophisticated stabilized preparations of nitroglycerin rather than chemical alternatives, both invented by 2711:

substances) needing isolation of each type (1.1L, 1.2L, 1.3L). Damaged or suspect ammunition of any group belongs in this group.

2245:. These are often used for safety and the typically lower costs of material and handling. The largest consumers are large-scale 68: 5573: 3998: 1227:

charge can be obtained that is within 80–99% of the theoretical maximum density of the explosive. High load density can reduce

4751: 5530: 5076: 4878: 4798: 4649: 4539: 4514: 4292: 4252: 4179: 4154: 2917: 2811:, numerous laws were created to regulate war related industries and increase security within the United States. In 1917, the 5492: 4555: 6584: 6578: 370:. However, C-4 and PETN react with metal and catch fire easily, yet unlike TNT, C-4 and PETN are waterproof and malleable. 5748: 5535: 2865: 2409:

Countless high-explosive compounds are chemically possible, but commercially and militarily important ones have included

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deflagrates inside the confined space of a bullet casing, accelerating the bullet to well beyond the speed of sound) or

453: 6080: 4592: 2894: 548: 17: 5109:"Regulations for Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives" 4371:

Veysset, David; Lee, Jae-Hwang; Hassani, Mostafa; Kooi, Steven E.; Thomas, Edwin L.; Nelson, Keith A. (1 March 2021).

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Sensitivity refers to the ease with which an explosive can be ignited or detonated, i.e., the amount and intensity of

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There are applications where a shock wave, and electrostatics, can result in high velocity projectiles such as in an

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contrast to detonation, which occurs at speeds greater than the speed of sound. Deflagration is a characteristic of

6740: 5793: 5510: 5062: 5044: 5026: 355:). World War I saw the adoption of TNT in artillery shells. World War II saw extensive use of new explosives (see 6216: 5904: 5563: 5515: 4691: 2979: 2837: 432: 5818: 4588: 3728: 3200: 1928: 1784:. As a very general rule, primary explosives are considered to be those compounds that are more sensitive than 776: 410: 6566: 6523: 6195: 5858: 5665: 3606: 2988: 2762: 1095: 6684: 2767:

The new Explosives Regulations 2014 (ER 2014) came into force on 1 October 2014 and defines "explosive" as:

311:, have existed since ancient times. At its roots, the history of chemical explosives lies in the history of 6637: 6475: 5834: 5603: 5540: 5408: 5363: 3644: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3400: 2430: 2028: 1785: 1215:, and so forth) in order to gauge relative brisance. True values for comparison require field experiments. 439: 5170: 860:

electromagnetic radiation. These factors present special hazards that may rule out any practical utility.

6768: 6508: 6440: 6257: 6090: 5348: 4219: 4094: 3252: 2812: 5230:; Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command. NAVORD OP 3000, vol. 2, 1st rev. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971. 1567:) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the 6075: 6015: 5458: 5448: 5237: 4196: 3380: 3236: 3152: 2870: 406: 39: 2587:

energy and fragments will be contained within the storage structure or the item containers themselves.

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have little or no water resistance as ammonium nitrate is highly soluble in water and is hygroscopic.

421: 6590: 6425: 6085: 5500: 5353: 3392: 3256: 2542: 1773: 1482:: A nitrated polymer which can be a high or low explosive depending on nitration level and conditions 901:, or a secondary, such as TNT or C-4, has a significantly higher burn rate about 6900–8092 m/s. 855:– Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the temperature at which decomposition of the material occurs. 4931: 4913: 4717: 1313:

Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and barium from primers (observed in high-volume firing ranges)

6728: 6534: 6450: 6430: 6407: 6170: 5935: 5851: 5798: 5773: 5197: 3799: 3648: 2905:"Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials" (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40). 2469: 2395: 2136: 2033: 1228: 1087: 864:

charges are also designed to be highly insensitive, to minimize the risk of accidental detonation.

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component of the explosive burns. On the simplest level, the oxidizer may itself be an oxidizing

1017: 517: 399: 239:. Sensitive materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are 4815: 2233:, are so insensitive to shock that they cannot be reliably detonated by practical quantities of 6518: 6397: 6372: 6362: 6070: 6030: 4893: 3827: 3666: 3636: 3015: 2951: 2563: 2351:, but can replace high explosives in certain applications, including in gas pressure blasting. 2178: 1923: 1781: 1646: 1259: 1212: 919: 702: 571: 291: 4504: 6705: 6679: 6632: 6247: 6135: 6115: 5383: 4970: 4125: 3861: 3774: 3705: 3232: 3072: 2821: 2606:

To see an entire UNO Table, browse Paragraphs 3–8 and 3–9 of NAVSEA OP 5, Vol. 1, Chapter 3.

2066: 2018: 1839: 1627: 1207:) is a measure of its brisance. Brisance values are primarily employed in France and Russia. 987: 930: 605: 331:, developed in 1847. Since nitroglycerin is a liquid and highly unstable, it was replaced by 304: 6402: 6262: 5970: 5505: 5108: 4827: 4394: 4321: 4099: 4015: 3749: 3733: 3700: 3624: 3562: 3475: 3456: 3444: 3436: 3128: 2934: 2674: 2638: 2131: 2071: 2044: 1948: 1885: 1808: 1721: 1402: 1047: 1030: 1012: 287: 244: 5253: 8: 6763: 6445: 6352: 5569:

European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)

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History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference

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History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference

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Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand. Materials that

5306: 5298: 5224:; Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command; NAVORD OD 44811. Washington, DC: GPO, 1972. 4831: 4820:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences

4398: 2701:: Article containing both an explosive substance and a toxic chemical agent (1.2K, 1.3K) 300:

The Great Western Powder Company of Toledo, Ohio, a producer of explosives, seen in 1905

6232: 6160: 6125: 6120: 5975: 5808: 5373: 4992: 4851: 4384: 4057: 3754: 3743: 3632: 3558: 3499: 3479: 3276: 3076: 2375: 2106: 2086: 2054: 1943: 1933: 1913: 1804: 1789: 1757: 1662: 1651: 1623: 1536: 1247:. It is possible to compress an explosive beyond a point of sensitivity, known also as 1086:

A standard steel cylinder is loaded with explosive and detonated in a sawdust pit. The

910: 835: 446: 248: 5368: 972:, the nitrogen atoms are already bonded to one another, so decomposition into Pb and N 6658: 6653: 6648: 6544: 6435: 6417: 6307: 6145: 6055: 6040: 5275: 5267: 5213: 4914:"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik – BWBR0006803" 4874: 4855: 4843: 4794: 4743: 4645: 4535: 4510: 4410: 4288: 4248: 4175: 4150: 3972: 3759: 3710: 3695: 3628: 3566: 3510: 3314: 3046: 3028: 2474: 2442: 2238: 2234: 2147: 1993: 1903: 1898: 1849: 1844: 1777: 1596: 1514: 1478: 1251:, in which the material is no longer capable of being reliably initiated, if at all. 937: 879: 795: 780: 757: 582: 521: 513: 240: 509:) and gelatinous suspensions or slurries of ammonium nitrate and combustible fuels. 6642: 5980: 5598: 5082:. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. 4835: 4786: 4402: 3738: 3620: 3586: 3522: 3487: 3352: 3327: 3288: 3148: 3084: 3068: 3050: 2879: 2857: 2642: 2486: 2336: 2121: 2116: 1880: 1857: 1828: 1639: 1572: 1464: 1459: 1287: 1073: 761: 740: 739:

This term is used to describe an explosive phenomenon whereby the decomposition is

686: 560: 340: 136: 72: 2964: 2856:, the Explosives Act of 1917 was reactivated. In 1947, the act was deactivated by 826: 6337: 6272: 6211: 6180: 6155: 6105: 6100: 5914: 5874: 5783: 5390: 5177: 4900: 3918: 3769: 3678: 3360: 3335: 3264: 3224: 3220: 2959: 2956:

Colorado (Colorado statutes are copyrighted and require purchase before reading.)

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To determine the suitability of an explosive substance for a particular use, its

647: 363: 170: 4311:

revised ed., Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Lanham, MD (2009), p.73.

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A chemical explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound, such as

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An explosive is classified as a low or high explosive according to its rate of

659: 622: 332: 271: 228: 227:(the front of the chemical reaction moves faster through the material than the 203: 186: 178: 76: 31: 5395: 3003: 2781:(ii) be classified in accordance with the United Nations Recommendations as — 2717:: Articles containing only extremely insensitive detonating substances (1.6N). 362:

In turn, these have largely been replaced by more powerful explosives such as

6757: 6710: 6700: 6498: 6470: 6387: 6005: 5995: 5965: 5909: 5803: 5689:

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

4847: 4414: 4347:"Slurry Explosives -Manufacturer & Suppliers-IDEAL INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVES" 4084: 4062: 4052: 3889: 3873: 3869: 3670: 3602: 3420: 3240: 3176: 3144: 3064: 2708: 2533: 2410: 2394:

High explosives can be divided into two explosives classes differentiated by

2173: 2061: 1971: 1953: 1769: 1710: 1451: 1418: 1363: 722: 643: 618: 328: 275: 235:

are said to be "low explosives". Explosives may also be categorized by their

217: 174: 4816:"The initiation of explosion by neutrons, α -particles and fission products" 2359:

High explosives (HE, or high-order explosives) are explosive materials that

1474:: Yellow insensitive crystals that can be melted and cast without detonation 6627: 6513: 6392: 6382: 6317: 6282: 6242: 6201: 6165: 5955: 5950: 5920: 5698: 5568: 4839: 4079: 3944: 3546: 3542: 3372: 3216: 3111: 3107: 3009: 2853: 2645: 2388: 2340: 2278: 2250: 2111: 2008: 1976: 1918: 1812: 1610: 1591: 1506: 1502:: Very powerful explosives which can be used pure or in plastic explosives 1430: 1263: 1026: 769: 715: 670: 352: 316: 190: 61: 642:

groups that, when detonated, release gases like the aforementioned (e.g.,

166:

The potential energy stored in an explosive material may, for example, be

6347: 6302: 6292: 6185: 6130: 6095: 5990: 5558: 4089: 4067: 3986: 3784: 3594: 3526: 3115: 3103: 2808: 2742: 2367: 2309: 2302: 2091: 2083: 1938: 1716: 1698: 1001: 980: 259: 213: 194: 5058: 5040: 5022: 2975:

Georgia Code Title 16 Chapter 7 Articles 64–97 (Repealed by Ga. L. 1996)

6607: 6460: 5960: 5945: 5925: 4932:"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wet wapens en munitie – BWBR0008804" 3852: 3718: 2841: 2661: 2634: 2599: 2371: 2360: 2320: 2290: 2282: 2281:) which travels much more slowly through the explosive material than a 1998: 1862: 1434: 1324: 1303: 1100: 961: 744: 734: 674: 666: 636: 597: 413: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 308: 232: 5400: 5327:; International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 450 pp.; 1909. 5258:

SLP 17; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 66 pp.; 1932 / 1935 / 1940.

4406: 6529: 6357: 6322: 6312: 6297: 6277: 6252: 6025: 6020: 5985: 5888: 4024: 3990: 3981: 3953: 3949: 3914: 3839: 3582: 3578: 3119: 3057: 3035: 2364: 2348: 2332: 2298: 2157: 1800: 1705: 1619: 1615: 1576: 1540: 348: 312: 263: 140: 35: 5358: 4372: 2774:(i) if packaged for transport, be classified in accordance with the 2528: 2379:

employed in mining, demolition, and military applications. The term

388: 6622: 6332: 6287: 6010: 6000: 5899: 5813: 5718: 5583: 5378: 4389: 4040: 4028: 3994: 3967: 3958: 3935: 3930: 3905: 3613: 2515: 2328: 2294: 1761: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1667: 1600: 1564: 1560: 1548: 1524: 1426: 1406: 1372: 1359: 1299: 1236: 1193: 1005: 995: 843: 818: 344: 224: 183: 156: 5843: 4790: 2745:, the civil and commercial use of explosives is covered under the 1203:. The rapidity with which an explosive reaches its peak pressure ( 5708: 5620: 4956: This article incorporates text published under the British 4665: 4432:(2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. pp. 479–480. 4002: 3939: 3926: 3910: 3901: 3848: 3823: 3342: 3008:

New York: Health and safety regulations restrict the quantity of

2980:

Hawaii Administrative Rules Title 12 Subtitle 8 Part 1 Chapter 58

2912:

Many states restrict the possession, sale, and use of explosives.

2324: 2313: 1834: 1634: 1528: 1375:, which may react with surrounding materials such as atmospheric 1244: 1240: 1239:. However, if density is increased to the extent that individual 1223: 1200: 945: 792: 681: 629: 613: 210: 207: 4309:

Lurps: A Ranger's Diary of Tet, Khe Sanh, A Shau, and Quang Tri,

2207:

usually initiated by a smaller quantity of a primary explosive.

4036: 4011: 3922: 3819: 3815: 3301: 2771:"a) any explosive article or explosive substance which would — 2246: 1756:

is an explosive that is extremely sensitive to stimuli such as

1604: 1583: 1580: 1532: 1376: 502: 320: 143:

if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of

4869:

Cooper, Paul W. (1996). "Chapter 4: Use forms of explosives".

3004:

Mississippi Code Title 45 Chapter 13 Article 3 Section 101–109

6663: 6617: 4114: 4032: 3977: 3659: 3505: 3192: 2994:

Michigan Penal Code Chapter XXXIII Section 750.200 – 750.212a

2935:

Arizona State Code Title 13 Chapter 31 Articles 01 through 19

2602:

hazard without mass detonation hazard, extremely insensitive.

2344: 1544: 1355: 1275: 953: 765: 152: 144: 5222:

Safety and Performance Tests for Qualification of Explosives

1068:

A standard amount of explosive is loaded into a long hollow

925:

The following factors affect the stability of an explosive:

6612: 6573:

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

5624: 3831: 3318: 2438: 2434: 2257: 1765: 1678: 1568: 1492: 1422: 1232: 851: 822: 655: 539:

A video describing how to safely handle explosives in mines

506: 367: 148: 5464:

List of accidents involving natural gas and oil production

5210:

TM 9–1300–214; U.S. Department of the Army; 355 pp.; 1984.

2908:"Commerce in Explosives" (27 C.F.R. Chapter II, Part 555). 2260:

can be a tertiary explosive if its reaction rate is slow.

327:

The first useful explosive stronger than black powder was

135:) is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of 5277:

The Use of Explosives for Agricultural and Other Purposes

4610:

Hougen, Olaf A.; Watson, Kenneth; Ragatz, Roland (1954).

4220:"China and Europe, 1500–2000 and Beyond: What is Modern?" 3305: 2555:

Listed below are the Divisions for Class 1 (Explosives):

2552:

markings the primary hazard associated with a substance.

2426: 2422: 2414: 2215: 2211: 1511: 1498: 1486: 1470: 690: 651: 336: 5324:

The Rise and Progress of the British Explosives Industry

4894:

Table 12-4. – United Nations Organization Hazard Classes

4587: 2323:. Included in this group are petroleum products such as 4534:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1970. 4322:"Emulsion Explosives - Ideal Industrial Explosives Ltd" 2960:

Connecticut Statutes Volume 9 Title 29 Chapters 343–355

5656:

Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

5609:

UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods

5444:

Accidents involving transport or storage of ammunition

4509:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 106. 4197:"China's explosive history of gunpowder and fireworks" 1780:. A relatively small amount of energy is required for 1269: 1004:

rays of sunlight, many explosive compounds containing

231:) are said to be "high explosives" and materials that 5521:

HAZMAT Class 5 Oxidizing agents and organic peroxides

5396:

YouTube video demonstrating blast wave in slow motion

5202:

FM 5–250; U.S. Department of the Army; 274 pp.; 1992.

4370: 775:

Laser- and arc-heating are used in laser detonators,

5247: 5243:

Hazardous Materials Transportation Plaecards; USDOT.

4640:

Meyer, Rudolf; Köhler, Josef; Homburg, Axel (2007).

2277:. The decomposition is propagated by a flame front ( 1527:

is a mixture of highly sensitive nitroglycerin with

1008:

groups rapidly decompose, affecting their stability.

918:

is the ability of an explosive to be stored without

501:

The largest commercial application of explosives is

5280:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 190 pp.; 1917. 2965:

Delaware Code Title 16 Part VI Chapters 70 & 71

2923:

Alaska State Code Chapter 11.61.240 & 11.61.250

1173:= the bubble expansion period for an experimental ( 1037: 5288:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 80 pp.; 1917. 5272:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 92 pp.; 1917. 5264:; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 37 pp.; 1927. 4639: 4609: 2947:Arkansas State Code Title 5 Chapter 73 Article 108 2871: 1344: 243:and materials that are relatively insensitive are 6368:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) 4769:. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 331. 2882:) transferred many explosives regulations to the 2529:United Nations (UN) GHS Hazard Class and Division 2501: 1090:are collected and the size distribution analyzed. 6755: 5739:Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System 5729:Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) 2256:Most tertiaries include a fuel and an oxidizer. 5579:Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 4373:"High-velocity micro-projectile impact testing" 5526:HAZMAT Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances 2778:Recommendations as falling within Class 1; or 2609: 5859: 5646:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 5630:standards to safely package dangerous goods. 5416: 5349:Blaster Exchange – Explosives Industry Portal 5262:History of the Explosives Industry in America 5218:; U.S. Department of Interior; 128 pp.; 1982. 4764: 4268:Takacs, Sarolta Anna; Cline, Eric H. (2008). 5255:Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives 4285:Australian History Series: The ancient world 2521:Examples of national markings would include 1776:. Some primary explosives are also known as 1382: 867: 497:A video on safety precautions at blast sites 5753:Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC) 5234:Elements of Armament Engineering – Part One 5171:Special provisions relating to black powder 4427: 4267: 4117:; largest supplier of commercial explosives 2899:Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations 1820:explosive that is usually safer to handle. 357:List of explosives used during World War II 6176:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention 5866: 5852: 5423: 5409: 5236:; Army Research Office. Washington, D.C.: 4583: 4581: 4556:"Green explosive is a friend of the Earth" 4194: 2523:United States Department of Transportation 2506:Shipping labels and tags may include both 2308:A low explosive is usually a mixture of a 1811:. Primary explosives are commonly used in 1319:Perchlorates when used in large quantities 6561:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 5215:Explosives and Blasting Procedures Manual 4388: 4149:. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 1. 4105:Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions 2970:Florida Statutes Title XXXIII Chapter 552 2918:Alabama Code Title 8 Chapter 17 Article 9 2593:mass detonation hazard, very insensitive. 2210:Examples of secondary explosives include 1823:Examples of primary high explosives are: 885: 473:Learn how and when to remove this message 95:Learn how and when to remove this message 5894:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion 5623:, HD Asean company specializes in using 5384:Why high nitrogen density in explosives? 4624: 4614:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 66–67. 4217: 4046: 2952:California Penal Code Title 2 Division 5 2532: 2319:Low explosives are normally employed as 1729: 1517:plasticized to be adhesive and malleable 1455:: A highly unstable and sensitive liquid 1262:is the readiness with which a substance 760:, and abruptly heating a substance to a 596: 526: 516:and engineering, explosives are used in 484: 295: 199:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion 108: 6540:Listing and approval use and compliance 5430: 5285:The Use of Explosives in making Ditches 4578: 4503:Krehl, Peter O.K. (24 September 2008). 4430:Inorganic Chemistry: A Unified Approach 4121:TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook 2893:Currently, regulations are governed by 2884:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms 1890:Cycloprop(-2-)enyl nitrate (CXP or CPN) 1412: 258:In contrast, some materials are merely 14: 6756: 5713:United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand 5574:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 5316:Historical Papers on Modern Explosives 5160:from the original on 20 December 2014. 5065:from the original on 17 November 2015. 4938:from the original on 25 December 2013. 4920:from the original on 25 December 2013. 4868: 4862: 4813: 4765:Matyáš, Robert; Pachman, Jiří (2013). 4301: 4232:from the original on 13 December 2016. 4195:Sigurðsson, Albert (17 January 2017). 4144: 2648:and ammunition with inert projectiles. 2237:, and instead require an intermediate 6585:Society of Fire Protection Engineers 5847: 5531:HAZMAT Class 7 Radioactive substances 5404: 5142:from the original on 8 December 2014. 5115:from the original on 15 December 2014 5029:from the original on 1 February 2016. 4947: 4945: 4566:from the original on 12 November 2014 4529: 4502: 4287:. Ready-Ed Publications. p. 55. 4207:from the original on 1 December 2017. 4169: 3653:Tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide 3016:Wisconsin Chapter 941 Subchapter 4-31 2890:. The bill became effective in 1971. 2621:: Primary explosive substance (1.1A). 2374:speed. High explosives detonate with 1799:Primary explosives are often used in 1309:Examples of harmful by-products are: 1114:Massive-diameter detonation velocity. 6736: 6579:National Fire Protection Association 5449:Accidents involving ammonium nitrate 4903:. Tpub.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-11. 4715: 4282: 4242: 2989:Illinois Explosives Act 225 ILCS 210 2753:(Weapons and Munition Act) (Dutch). 2518:, which is labeled as 1.4G or 1.4S. 1720:: Mixtures of organic materials and 1709:: Mixtures of organic materials and 411:adding citations to reliable sources 382: 44: 5873: 5614:US Committee on Hazardous Materials 5536:HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive substances 5292: 4689: 4599:. Academic Press. pp. 208–210. 2866:Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 2747:Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik 2448: 1909:1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole 1270:Hygroscopicity and water resistance 1107:Determination of critical diameter. 24: 6081:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 5319:; George MacDonald; 216 pp.; 1912. 5191: 5186: 5047:from the original on 4 March 2016. 5003:from the original on 21 April 2019 4942: 4744:"PowerLabs Lead Picrate Synthesis" 4741: 4593:Kompaneets, Alexander Solomonovich 2895:Title 18 of the United States Code 2876:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2537:GHS Explosives transport pictogram 1362:. Gaseous volumes computed by the 1330: 669:: low explosives burn rapidly (or 549:electrostatic particle accelerator 25: 6780: 6456:Fire alarm notification appliance 5339: 5311:; Arthur Marshall; 119 pp.; 1917. 5248:Institute of Makers of Explosives 5089:from the original on 6 March 2016 4963:"The Explosives Regulations 2014" 4958:Open Government Licence 4754:from the original on 22 May 2016. 3641:Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine 3012:a person may store and transport. 2756: 2370:passes through the material at a 1984:Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine 1807:larger charges of less sensitive 1742: 1737: 1440: 6735: 6724: 6723: 6054: 5830: 5829: 5794:High production volume chemicals 5511:HAZMAT Class 3 Flammable liquids 5482: 5477: 5472: 5379:The Explosives and Weapons Forum 5300:Farmers' Hand Book of Explosives 4951: 3397:Hexamethylenetetramine dinitrate 2852:After the United States entered 2836:(session 1, chapter 83, 40 2802: 2787:(bb) falling within Class 1; or 1867:3,5-Bis(trinitromethyl)tetrazole 1554: 1121:Pressure versus scaled distance. 1038:Power, performance, and strength 825:that is required. When the term 696: 387: 266:if they burn without exploding. 75:, and discuss this issue on the 60:may have confusing or ambiguous 49: 6217:Vehicle fire suppression system 5905:Combustibility and flammability 5594:Midwest hazardous work training 5564:Australian Dangerous Goods Code 5516:HAZMAT Class 4 Flammable solids 5164: 5146: 5128: 5101: 5069: 5051: 5033: 5015: 4985: 4924: 4906: 4887: 4807: 4773: 4758: 4735: 4709: 4683: 4658: 4633: 4618: 4603: 4548: 4523: 4496: 4466: 4436: 4421: 4364: 4339: 2293:. This can happen under higher 1345:Volume of products of explosion 1127:Impulse versus scaled distance. 777:exploding-bridgewire detonators 709: 398:needs additional citations for 373: 34:. For the song by Dr. Dre, see 5819:Substance of very high concern 5650:United Nations - International 5369:Journal of Energetic Materials 5344:Listed in alphabetical order: 5335:; M. Berthelot; 592 pp.; 1892. 4814:Bowden, F. P. (29 July 1958). 4716:Lowe, Derek (15 August 2019). 4314: 4276: 4261: 4236: 4211: 4188: 4163: 4138: 2790:(b) a desensitised explosive, 2736: 2502:Shipping label classifications 2403: 2263: 1929:4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole 1622:) and a strong oxidizer (e.g. 802: 13: 1: 6567:Institution of Fire Engineers 6524:Fire Safety Evaluation System 6196:Personal protective equipment 5666:National Transport Commission 5459:Accidents involving pipelines 5454:Accidents involving fireworks 5308:A Short Account of Explosives 4873:. Wiley-VCH. pp. 51–66. 4718:"Can't Stop the Nitro Groups" 4225:. Columbia University Press. 4174:. Prentice-Hall. p. 68. 4131: 3056: 3034: 2763:Explosive Substances Act 1883 2727: 2383:is in contrast with the term 1614:: Fine metal powder (usually 1254: 1137:Relative bubble energy (RBE). 786: 728: 378: 276:confinement or sudden release 6638:GHS precautionary statements 6476:Manual fire alarm activation 5604:Safe handling of carcinogens 5541:HAZMAT Class 9 Miscellaneous 5228:Weapons Systems Fundamentals 4993:"HSE Explosives – Licensing" 3645:Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 3612: 3433:Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 3417:Trimethylolethane trinitrate 3413:1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate 3401:Triethylene glycol dinitrate 3027: 2399: 2197: 2038:Nickel hydrazine perchlorate 2029:Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide 904: 764:state with a high-intensity 7: 6509:Fire protection engineering 6441:Explosive gas leak detector 6258:Electromagnetic door holder 6091:External water spray system 5154:"Document – Folio Infobase" 4644:(6th ed.). Wiley VCH. 4629:. McGraw-Hill. p. 206. 4612:Chemical Process Principles 4480:(in German). Archived from 4450:(in German). Archived from 4147:Weapons of Mass Destruction 4095:Improvised explosive device 4073: 3805: 3684: 3341: 2813:65th United States Congress 2664:liquid) (1.1E, 1.2E, 1.4E). 2610:Class 1 Compatibility Group 2221: 2144:Tetraamine copper complexes 1293: 1235:more resistant to internal 1187: 592: 565: 554: 30:For the American band, see 10: 6785: 6685:Harry C. Bigglestone Award 6076:Automatic fire suppression 6016:K-factor (fire protection) 5332:Explosives and their Power 5238:U.S. Army Materiel Command 5199:Explosives and Demolitions 4692:"Nitrogen Triiodide (NI3)" 4530:Krehl, Peter O.K. (2008). 4428:Porterfield, W.W. (1993). 4218:Pomeranz, Ken; Wong, Bin. 3795:Tetramine copper complexes 3607:1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole 3381:Diethyleneglycol dinitrate 3165:Polydinitropropyl acrylate 2760: 2540: 2452: 1747: 1390: 1334: 1218: 1191: 1146:The RBE may be defined as 1041: 908: 889: 806: 732: 713: 580: 569: 558: 285: 281: 40:Explosive (disambiguation) 29: 27:Substance that can explode 6719: 6693: 6672: 6600: 6591:Underwriters Laboratories 6553: 6489: 6426:Aspirating smoke detector 6416: 6225: 6086:Detonation flame arrester 6063: 6052: 5881: 5827: 5766: 5679: 5636: 5549: 5501:HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives 5491: 5470: 5436: 5077:"Federal Explosives Laws" 4272:. Routledge. p. 544. 3780:Nitrotetrazolate-N-Oxides 3658: 3462: 3393:Ethylene glycol dinitrate 3385:Ethylenediamine dinitrate 2543:HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives 2470:Plastic or polymer bonded 1774:electromagnetic radiation 1510:(or Composition C-4): An 1096:Chapman–Jouguet condition 868:Sensitivity to initiation 781:exploding foil initiators 751: 673:), while high explosives 576: 272:dispersed airborne clouds 6535:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 6451:Fire alarm control panel 6431:Carbon monoxide detector 6408:Standpipe (firefighting) 6171:Gaseous fire suppression 5936:Enthalpy of vaporization 5799:Nickel hydrazine nitrate 5774:Consumption of Tide Pods 5303:; duPont; 113 pp.; 1920. 4245:A Short History of China 3800:Tetrasulfur tetranitride 3649:Tert-butyl hydroperoxide 3090: 2940:15 December 2014 at the 2928:13 December 2014 at the 2564:sympathetically detonate 2034:Nickel hydrazine nitrate 1463:: A very unstable white 1066:Cylinder expansion test. 1029:usually requires proper 809:Sensitivity (explosives) 608:for explosive substances 587: 6378:Pressurisation ductwork 6343:Firewall (construction) 6191:Passive fire protection 6141:Fire suppression system 5749:European hazard symbols 5719:NFPA 704 'Fire diamond' 5493:Dangerous cargo classes 5354:Class 1 Hazmat Placards 5269:Clearing Land of Stumps 4625:Anderson, H.V. (1955). 4377:Applied Physics Reviews 4351:www.idealexplosives.com 4326:www.idealexplosives.com 4172:Chemistry in Daily Life 3790:Peroxymonosulfuric acid 3621:Acetone peroxide (TATP) 3429:Erythritol tetranitrate 3365:Methyl ammonium nitrate 3209:Triaminotrinitrobenzene 3022: 2984:Hawaii Revised Statutes 2510:and national markings. 2455:Use forms of explosives 2354: 2287:Under normal conditions 2097:Peroxymonosulfuric acid 1682:: Ammonium nitrate and 1383:Oxygen balance (OB% or 1084:Cylinder fragmentation. 206:energy, such as in the 6554:Industry organizations 6519:Fire-resistance rating 6398:Smoke exhaust ductwork 6373:Penetration (firestop) 6363:Packing (firestopping) 6071:Active fire protection 6031:Spontaneous combustion 4967:www.legislation.gov.uk 4871:Explosives Engineering 4840:10.1098/rspa.1958.0123 4170:Singh, Kirpal (2010). 3667:Xenon oxytetrafluoride 3637:Diethyl ether peroxide 3205:Diaminotrinitrobenzene 3161:Dinitropentano nitrile 2888:Department of Treasury 2834:Explosives Act of 1917 2827:Explosives Act of 1917 2800: 2795: 2538: 2268: 2179:Xenon oxytetrafluoride 1924:Diethyl ether peroxide 1316:Nitric oxides from TNT 886:Velocity of detonation 703:chemical decomposition 609: 572:Explosives engineering 540: 498: 301: 292:Timeline of explosives 124: 38:. For other uses, see 6706:Template:Firefighting 6680:Arthur B. Guise Medal 6633:GHS hazard statements 6136:Fire sprinkler system 6116:Fire-retardant fabric 4627:Chemical Calculations 4243:Kerr, Gordon (2013). 4145:Sastri, M.N. (2004). 4126:Total body disruption 4047:Elements and isotopes 3775:Nitronium perchlorate 3691:Alkali metal Ozonides 3073:Mercury(II) fulminate 2822:Espionage Act of 1917 2796: 2769: 2761:Further information: 2751:Wet Wapens en Munitie 2639:composite propellants 2536: 2285:of a high explosive. 2067:Nitronium perchlorate 2041:Nitrogen trihalides: 2019:Mercury(II) fulminate 1840:Ammonium permanganate 1730:Availability and cost 1563:is a pure substance ( 1094:Detonation pressure ( 988:thermal decomposition 931:Chemical constitution 600: 538: 496: 305:Early thermal weapons 299: 121: 6490:Professions, trades, 6403:Smokeproof enclosure 6263:Electromagnetic lock 5971:Flammability diagram 5882:Fundamental concepts 5552:laws and regulations 5506:HAZMAT Class 2 Gases 4690:UCL (23 June 2020). 4666:"Nitrogen triiodide" 4597:Theory of Detonation 4283:Back, Fiona (2011). 4100:Insensitive munition 3750:Hexafluoroantimonate 3746:(several substances) 3734:Fluorine perchlorate 3706:Ammonium permaganate 3701:Ammonium perchlorate 3625:Cumene hydroperoxide 3563:Tellurium tetraazide 3476:Nitrogen trichloride 3457:Mannitol hexanitrate 3445:Xylitol pentanitrate 3437:Tetranitratoxycarbon 3389:Ethylene dinitramine 3249:Trinitroethyl formal 3137:Dinitroethylene urea 3129:Diazo dinitro phenol 2675:detonating explosive 2514:would be a consumer 2140:-Butyl hydroperoxide 2132:Tellurium tetraazide 2072:Nitrosyl perchlorate 2045:Nitrogen trichloride 1949:Fluorine perchlorate 1886:Cumene hydroperoxide 1809:secondary explosives 1722:dinitrogen tetroxide 1642:and aluminium powder 1421:, or a mixture of a 1413:Chemical composition 1298:Many explosives are 1274:The introduction of 1048:Strength (explosive) 1031:electrical grounding 1013:Electrical discharge 1000:When exposed to the 407:improve this article 319:in the 9th century, 288:History of gunpowder 139:that can produce an 73:improve this article 6446:Fire alarm call box 6353:Heat and smoke vent 5637:Regulatory agencies 5589:Hong Kong ship laws 5550:Hazardous materials 5431:Hazardous materials 5389:26 May 2013 at the 5374:Military Explosives 5207:Military Explosives 5176:5 June 2010 at the 4973:on 12 February 2019 4899:5 June 2010 at the 4832:1958RSPSA.246..216B 4399:2021ApPRv...8a1319V 4307:Ankony, Robert C., 3828:Armstrong's mixture 3765:Manganese heptoxide 3571:Titanium tetraazide 3555:Selenium tetraazide 3484:Nitrogen trisulfide 3472:Nitrogen tribromide 3081:Potassium fulminate 3043:Copper(I) acetylide 2404:secondary explosive 2391:) at a lower rate. 2363:, meaning that the 2243:secondary explosive 2227:Tertiary explosives 2204:secondary explosive 2163:Titanium tetraazide 2153:Tetrazene explosive 2102:Selenium tetraazide 2050:Nitrogen tribromide 2014:Manganese heptoxide 1876:Copper(I) acetylide 1663:Sprengel explosives 1647:Armstrong's mixture 1535:, or most commonly 976:is relatively easy. 892:Detonation velocity 335:, trinitrotoluene ( 249:tertiary explosives 6769:Chinese inventions 6418:Fire alarm systems 6233:Annulus (firestop) 6161:Flashback arrestor 6126:Fire-safe polymers 6121:Fire retardant gel 5976:Flammability limit 5809:Nuclear fuel cycle 5680:Hazardous material 5359:Explosives Academy 4767:Primary Explosives 4484:on 6 February 2017 4454:on 6 February 2017 4444:"2.1 Deflagration" 4058:Explosive antimony 3812:Aluminum Orphorite 3755:Hexafluoroarsenate 3744:Fulminating silver 3633:Dibenzoyl peroxide 3559:Silicon tetraazide 3500:Disulfur dinitride 3480:Nitrogen triiodide 3077:Platinum fulminate 2539: 2525:(U.S. DOT) codes. 2475:Plastic explosives 2387:, which explodes ( 2376:explosive velocity 2107:Silicon tetraazide 2087:hexafluoroarsenate 2055:Nitrogen triiodide 1944:Explosive antimony 1934:Disulfur dinitride 1914:Diazodinitrophenol 1790:nitrogen triiodide 1778:contact explosives 1770:static electricity 1652:Potassium chlorate 1624:potassium chlorate 1537:diatomaceous earth 911:Chemical stability 758:nuclear explosives 610: 541: 499: 302: 241:primary explosives 133:explosive material 125: 67:Please review the 18:Explosive material 6751: 6750: 6659:Safety data sheet 6654:List of S-phrases 6649:List of R-phrases 6545:Sprinkler fitting 6436:Circuit integrity 6308:Fire extinguisher 6146:Firefighting foam 6041:Thermal radiation 5841: 5840: 5682:labelling systems 5639:and organizations 5437:List of accidents 4880:978-0-471-18636-6 4826:(1245): 216–219. 4800:978-0-309-06126-1 4651:978-3-527-31656-4 4589:Zel'dovich, Yakov 4562:. 27 March 2006. 4541:978-3-540-30421-0 4516:978-3-540-30421-0 4407:10.1063/5.0040772 4294:978-1-86397-826-2 4270:The Ancient World 4254:978-1-84243-968-5 4247:. No Exit Press. 4181:978-81-203-4617-8 4156:978-81-7648-742-9 3760:Hypofluorous acid 3711:Azidotetrazolates 3696:Ammonium chlorate 3629:Diacetyl peroxide 3567:Tetraazidomethane 3511:Cyanuric triazide 3157:Dinitroresorcinol 3047:Dichloroacetylene 2494:Slurries and gels 2400:primary explosive 2312:substance and an 2239:explosive booster 2235:primary explosive 2170:Oxides of xenon: 2148:Tetraazidomethane 2076:Nitrotetrazolate- 1994:Hypofluorous acid 1904:Diacetyl peroxide 1899:Cyanuric triazide 1850:Azidotetrazolates 1845:Ammonium chlorate 1754:primary explosive 1597:Potassium nitrate 1515:plastic explosive 1479:Cellulose nitrate 1177:) or a standard ( 938:chemical kinetics 880:mercury fulminate 583:Explosives safety 536: 522:explosion welding 514:materials science 494: 483: 482: 475: 457: 119: 105: 104: 97: 16:(Redirected from 6776: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6726: 6643:Life Safety Code 6248:Compartmentation 6058: 5981:Flammable liquid 5868: 5861: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5833: 5832: 5599:NA/UN exceptions 5486: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5402: 5401: 5293:Other historical 5180: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4969:. Archived from 4955: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4910: 4904: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4687: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4474:"2.2 Detonation" 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4392: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4224: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4142: 3739:Fulminating gold 3587:Azidoazide azide 3523:Copper(II) azide 3488:Selenium nitride 3469:Tertiary Amines: 3353:Ammonium nitrate 3328:Heptanitrocubane 3289:Ammonium picrate 3173:Dipicryl sulfone 3149:Dinitrophenolate 3085:Silver fulminate 3069:Fulminating Gold 3051:Silver acetylide 2877: 2873: 2858:President Truman 2819:, including the 2643:solid propellant 2477:, a.k.a. putties 2449:By physical form 2337:smokeless powder 2122:Silver fulminate 2117:Silver acetylide 1958:Halogen azides: 1881:Copper(II) azide 1858:Benzoyl peroxide 1829:Acetone peroxide 1640:Ammonium nitrate 1465:organic peroxide 1460:Acetone peroxide 1288:ammonium nitrate 1033:of the operator. 687:ammonium nitrate 561:Explosive weapon 537: 495: 478: 471: 467: 464: 458: 456: 415: 391: 383: 341:smokeless powder 161:explosive charge 137:potential energy 120: 100: 93: 89: 86: 80: 53: 52: 45: 21: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6715: 6689: 6668: 6596: 6549: 6491: 6485: 6412: 6338:Firestop pillow 6273:Emergency light 6226:Building design 6221: 6212:Tank blanketing 6181:Inerting system 6156:Flame retardant 6106:Fire protection 6101:Fire prevention 6059: 6050: 5915:Dangerous goods 5877: 5875:Fire protection 5872: 5842: 5837: 5823: 5784:Dangerous goods 5767:Hazardous goods 5762: 5681: 5675: 5638: 5632: 5551: 5545: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5432: 5429: 5391:Wayback Machine 5364:Explosives info 5342: 5295: 5250: 5194: 5192:U.S. Government 5189: 5187:Further reading 5184: 5183: 5178:Wayback Machine 5169: 5165: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5125:ATF Regulations 5118: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5004: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4961: 4950: 4943: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4901:Wayback Machine 4892: 4888: 4881: 4867: 4863: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4759: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4696:Safety Services 4688: 4684: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4638: 4634: 4623: 4619: 4608: 4604: 4586: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4426: 4422: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4281: 4277: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4193: 4189: 4182: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4076: 4049: 4021:Tannerit simply 3919:Detonating cord 3808: 3770:Mercury nitride 3724:Chlorine oxides 3687: 3679:Xenon tetroxide 3663: 3617: 3535:Hydrazoic azide 3465: 3361:Calcium nitrate 3346: 3336:Octanitrocubane 3225:Trinitroanisole 3221:Trinitroaniline 3093: 3061: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3020: 2942:Wayback Machine 2930:Wayback Machine 2875: 2805: 2765: 2759: 2739: 2730: 2612: 2545: 2531: 2504: 2491:Blasting agents 2457: 2451: 2357: 2271: 2266: 2231:blasting agents 2224: 2200: 2195: 2184:Xenon tetroxide 2167:Triazidomethane 2024:Mercury nitride 1871:Chlorine oxides 1817:percussion caps 1794:alpha radiation 1750: 1745: 1740: 1732: 1557: 1443: 1415: 1395: 1389: 1369:carbon monoxide 1347: 1339: 1337:Explosive train 1333: 1331:Explosive train 1296: 1272: 1257: 1221: 1196: 1190: 1166: 1154: 1131:TNT equivalents 1050: 1044:Power (physics) 1042:Main articles: 1040: 975: 971: 967: 959: 951: 943: 913: 907: 899:detonating cord 894: 888: 870: 811: 805: 789: 754: 737: 731: 718: 712: 699: 640: 633: 626: 595: 590: 585: 579: 574: 568: 563: 557: 527: 485: 479: 468: 462: 459: 416: 414: 404: 392: 381: 376: 294: 284: 171:chemical energy 109: 101: 90: 84: 81: 69:Manual of Style 66: 54: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6782: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6733: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Fire insurance 6501: 6495: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6481:Smoke detector 6478: 6473: 6468: 6466:Flame detector 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6328:Fire sprinkler 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6268:Emergency exit 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6238:Area of refuge 6235: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6207:Spark arrestor 6204: 6199: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6151:Flame arrester 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6111:Fire retardant 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6046:Water pressure 6043: 6038: 6036:Structure fire 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Dust explosion 5928: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5779:Crotonaldehyde 5776: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5757:European Union 5746: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5340:External links 5338: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5312: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5289: 5281: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5163: 5145: 5127: 5100: 5068: 5050: 5032: 5014: 4997:www.hse.gov.uk 4984: 4941: 4923: 4905: 4886: 4879: 4861: 4806: 4799: 4772: 4757: 4734: 4708: 4682: 4657: 4650: 4632: 4617: 4602: 4577: 4547: 4540: 4522: 4515: 4495: 4465: 4435: 4420: 4363: 4338: 4313: 4300: 4293: 4275: 4260: 4253: 4235: 4210: 4187: 4180: 4162: 4155: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110:Nuclear weapon 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4018: 4005: 3984: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3942: 3933: 3908: 3898:Composition H6 3859: 3842: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3675:Xenon trioxide 3662: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3597: 3589: 3573: 3551:Rubidium azide 3539:Lead(II) azide 3531:Fluorine azide 3519:Chlorine azide 3515:Cyanogen azide 3502: 3494: 3492:Silver nitride 3464: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3453:Nitrocellulose 3447: 3442:Pentanitrates: 3439: 3426:Tetranitrates: 3423: 3407: 3375: 3369:Sodium nitrate 3357:Barium nitrate 3345: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3321: 3308: 3295: 3213:Lead styphnate 3195: 3169:Dinitro cerine 3133:Dinitrobenzene 3122: 3100:Nitroguanidine 3092: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2804: 2801: 2776:United Nations 2758: 2757:United Kingdom 2755: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2665: 2655: 2649: 2628: 2622: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2530: 2527: 2508:United Nations 2503: 2500: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2453:Main article: 2450: 2447: 2381:high explosive 2356: 2353: 2297:(such as when 2275:speed of sound 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2229:, also called 2223: 2220: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2189:Xenon trioxide 2186: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2134: 2129: 2127:Silver nitride 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2004:Lead styphnate 2001: 1996: 1991: 1989:Hydrazoic acid 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1967:Chlorine azide 1964: 1962:Fluorine azide 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894:Cyanogen azide 1891: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1743:By sensitivity 1741: 1739: 1738:Classification 1736: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1713: 1702: 1686: 1672:nitroaromatics 1659: 1656:red phosphorus 1643: 1631: 1607: 1556: 1553: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1483: 1475: 1467: 1456: 1442: 1441:Pure compounds 1439: 1414: 1411: 1398:Oxygen balance 1393:Oxygen balance 1391:Main article: 1388: 1381: 1352:carbon dioxide 1346: 1343: 1335:Main article: 1332: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1295: 1292: 1280:Hygroscopicity 1271: 1268: 1256: 1253: 1231:by making the 1220: 1217: 1192:Main article: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1150: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1124: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1091: 1081: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1009: 991: 977: 973: 969: 965: 957: 949: 941: 909:Main article: 906: 903: 890:Main article: 887: 884: 875:Sellier-Bellot 869: 866: 857: 856: 848: 840: 807:Main article: 804: 801: 788: 785: 753: 750: 733:Main article: 730: 727: 714:Main article: 711: 708: 698: 695: 660:nitrocellulose 638: 631: 624: 619:chemical bonds 594: 591: 589: 586: 581:Main article: 578: 575: 567: 564: 559:Main article: 556: 553: 481: 480: 395: 393: 386: 380: 377: 375: 372: 333:nitrocellulose 283: 280: 229:speed of sound 221: 220: 201: 181: 103: 102: 57: 55: 48: 32:The Explosives 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6781: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6744: 6743: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6712: 6711:Template:HVAC 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6701:Template:Fire 6699: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6499:Duct cleaning 6497: 6496: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6471:Heat detector 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6388:Smoke control 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6006:Heat transfer 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5996:Friction loss 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966:Fire triangle 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:Conflagration 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5849: 5846: 5836: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5804:Nuclear flask 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5703:International 5702: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5693:International 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5635: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5625:đóng thùng gỗ 5622: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5296: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5242: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5085: 5078: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4791:10.17226/5966 4788: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4748:powerlabs.org 4745: 4742:Barros, Sam. 4738: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4672:, 8 June 2024 4671: 4667: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4621: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4565: 4561: 4560:New Scientist 4557: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4383:(1): 011319. 4382: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4264: 4256: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4085:Detection dog 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4063:Plutonium-239 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4053:Alkali metals 4051: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3963:Hydromite 600 3960: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894:Composition 5 3891: 3890:Composition 4 3887: 3886:Composition 3 3883: 3882:Composition 2 3879: 3878:Composition 1 3875: 3874:Composition C 3871: 3870:Composition B 3867: 3866:Composition A 3863: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715:Azoclathrates 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671:Xenon dioxide 3668: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3608: 3604: 3603:Octaazacubane 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3450:Hexanitrates: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3421:Nitroglycerin 3418: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3405:Triazomethane 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3350:Mononitrates: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:Styphnic acid 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:Dipicrylamine 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3145:Dinitrophenol 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065:Fulminic Acid 3063: 3062: 3059: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3037: 3030: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2886:(ATF) of the 2885: 2881: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803:United States 2799: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670:containing a 2669: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646:rocket motors 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2535: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2385:low explosive 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2339:), and light 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2174:Xenon dioxide 2172: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2062:Nitroglycerin 2060: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1972:Bromine azide 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1954:Fulminic acid 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854:Azoclathrates 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833:Alkali metal 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1813:blasting caps 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1735: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1711:liquid oxygen 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555:Oxidized fuel 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452:Nitroglycerin 1449: 1448: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:nitroglycerin 1410: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1364:ideal gas law 1361: 1357: 1353: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1326: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1252: 1250: 1249:dead-pressing 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1216: 1214: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1074:Gurney energy 1071: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1045: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1018:Electrostatic 1016: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 997: 992: 989: 984: 982: 978: 963: 955: 947: 939: 934: 932: 928: 927: 926: 923: 921: 920:deterioration 917: 912: 902: 900: 893: 883: 881: 876: 865: 861: 854: 853: 849: 846: 845: 841: 838: 837: 833: 832: 831: 828: 824: 820: 816: 810: 800: 797: 794: 784: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 749: 746: 742: 736: 726: 724: 723:low explosive 717: 707: 704: 697:Decomposition 694: 692: 691:nitric oxides 688: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644:nitroglycerin 641: 634: 627: 620: 615: 607: 604: 603:international 599: 584: 573: 562: 552: 550: 545: 525: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 477: 474: 466: 455: 452: 448: 445: 441: 438: 434: 431: 427: 424: – 423: 419: 418:Find sources: 412: 408: 402: 401: 396:This section 394: 390: 385: 384: 371: 369: 365: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 329:nitroglycerin 325: 322: 318: 315:. During the 314: 310: 306: 298: 293: 289: 279: 277: 273: 267: 265: 261: 256: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 219: 218:plutonium-239 215: 212: 209: 205: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 185: 182: 180: 176: 175:nitroglycerin 172: 169: 168: 167: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 107: 99: 96: 88: 85:November 2023 78: 74: 70: 64: 63: 62:abbreviations 58:This article 56: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6741: 6729: 6628:Flame spread 6514:Fireproofing 6492:and services 6393:Smoke damper 6383:Safety glass 6318:Fire hydrant 6283:Fire curtain 6243:Booster pump 6202:Relief valve 6166:Fusible link 5956:Fire loading 5951:Fire control 5940: 5921:Deflagration 5788: 5618: 5343: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5284: 5276: 5268: 5261: 5254: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5198: 5166: 5148: 5130: 5117:. Retrieved 5103: 5091:. Retrieved 5071: 5053: 5035: 5017: 5005:. Retrieved 4996: 4987: 4975:. Retrieved 4971:the original 4966: 4960: v3.0: 4926: 4908: 4889: 4870: 4864: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4781: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4747: 4737: 4725:. Retrieved 4721: 4711: 4699:. Retrieved 4695: 4685: 4674:, retrieved 4669: 4660: 4641: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4611: 4605: 4596: 4568:. Retrieved 4559: 4550: 4531: 4525: 4505: 4498: 4486:. Retrieved 4482:the original 4478:chem-page.de 4477: 4468: 4456:. Retrieved 4452:the original 4448:chem-page.de 4447: 4438: 4429: 4423: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4354:. Retrieved 4350: 4341: 4329:. Retrieved 4325: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4284: 4278: 4269: 4263: 4244: 4238: 4213: 4200: 4190: 4171: 4165: 4146: 4140: 4080:Blast injury 4008:Schneiderite 3945:Flash powder 3857:Butyl tetryl 3785:Peroxy acids 3599: 3591: 3575: 3547:Sodium azide 3543:Silver azide 3504: 3496: 3468: 3449: 3441: 3425: 3410:Trinitrates: 3409: 3377: 3373:Urea Nitrate 3349: 3332: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3217:Lead picrate 3197: 3124: 3112:Nitropropane 3108:Nitromethane 3096: 3010:black powder 2911: 2892: 2864: 2862: 2854:World War II 2851: 2845: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2806: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2731: 2720: 2714: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2667: 2657: 2651: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2605: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2559: 2554: 2546: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2458: 2408: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2358: 2341:pyrotechnics 2318: 2307: 2279:deflagration 2272: 2255: 2253:operations. 2251:construction 2230: 2226: 2225: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2137: 2112:Silver azide 2092:Peroxy acids 2077: 2009:Lead picrate 1977:Iodine azide 1919:Diazomethane 1822: 1798: 1753: 1751: 1733: 1717:Panclastites 1715: 1704: 1699:perchlorates 1688: 1677: 1661: 1645: 1633: 1611:Flash powder 1609: 1592:Black powder 1590: 1558: 1522: 1505: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1469: 1458: 1450: 1444: 1431:black powder 1416: 1396: 1384: 1348: 1340: 1322: 1308: 1297: 1285: 1273: 1258: 1248: 1222: 1209: 1197: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1147: 1136: 1126: 1120: 1113: 1106: 1093: 1083: 1077: 1065: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1027:pyrotechnics 1011: 994:Exposure to 993: 979: 929: 924: 915: 914: 895: 871: 862: 858: 850: 842: 834: 812: 790: 774: 770:electric arc 755: 738: 719: 716:Deflagration 710:Deflagration 700: 679: 664: 611: 546: 542: 511: 500: 469: 460: 450: 443: 436: 429: 417: 405:Please help 400:verification 397: 374:Applications 361: 353:Alfred Nobel 347:in 1867 and 326: 317:Tang dynasty 303: 268: 257: 253: 222: 191:gas cylinder 189:, such as a 165: 160: 132: 128: 126: 106: 91: 82: 59: 6348:Grease duct 6303:Fire escape 6293:Fire damper 6186:Intumescent 6131:Fire safety 6096:Fire bucket 5991:Flash point 5559:AIR Shipper 5136:"ACASLogin" 5119:13 December 5059:"1970–1979" 5041:"1940–1949" 5023:"1913–1919" 5007:16 February 4977:16 February 4722:Science.org 4701:2 September 4676:2 September 4570:12 November 4090:Flame speed 4068:Uranium-235 3987:Panclastite 3595:Pentazenium 3592:Pentamines: 3576:Tetramines: 3527:Ethyl azide 3378:Dinitrates: 3116:Nitrostarch 3104:Nitroethane 2846:time of war 2809:World War I 2743:Netherlands 2737:Netherlands 2635:propellants 2396:sensitivity 2389:deflagrates 2368:shock front 2335:(including 2321:propellants 2310:combustible 2303:temperature 2264:By velocity 2084:Pentazenium 1939:Ethyl azide 1628:perchlorate 1531:, powdered 1304:carcinogens 1229:sensitivity 1058:performance 1002:ultraviolet 983:of storage. 981:Temperature 827:sensitivity 803:Sensitivity 422:"Explosive" 339:) in 1863, 260:combustible 237:sensitivity 214:uranium-235 195:aerosol can 184:pressurized 6764:Explosives 6758:Categories 6645:(NFPA 101) 6608:CE marking 6461:Fire drill 6064:Technology 5961:Fire point 5946:Fire class 5926:Detonation 5093:1 February 4642:Explosives 4488:5 February 4458:5 February 4390:2012.08402 4132:References 3853:Ballistite 3719:Benzvalene 3600:Octamines: 3333:OctaNitro: 3324:HeptaNitro 3298:TetraNitro 3097:MonoNitro: 3058:Fulminates 3036:Acetylides 2728:Regulation 2709:pyrophoric 2662:hypergolic 2600:detonation 2541:See also: 2483:Extrudable 2480:Rubberized 2372:supersonic 2343:, such as 2291:detonation 2283:shock wave 2158:Tetrazoles 1999:Lead azide 1863:Benzvalene 1801:detonators 1782:initiation 1706:Oxyliquits 1575:, such as 1435:grain dust 1429:, such as 1325:lead azide 1260:Volatility 1255:Volatility 1101:Detonation 962:lead azide 916:Stability 796:properties 787:Properties 745:shock wave 741:propagated 735:Detonation 729:Detonation 725:material. 671:deflagrate 667:combustion 570:See also: 433:newspapers 379:Commercial 309:Greek fire 307:, such as 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