4638:
2766:"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk with a half-life greater than 9 . No growth of Cf was detected, and a lower limit for the ÎČ half-life can be set at about 10 . No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 ."
4626:
4650:
2113:) becoming much more stable. The physical basis for this phenomenon also comes from the pairing effect in nuclear binding energy, but this time from both protonâproton and neutronâneutron pairing. The relatively short half-life of such odd-odd heavy isotopes means that they are not available in quantity and are highly radioactive.
1193:
An alternative definition defines fissile nuclides as those nuclides that can be made to undergo nuclear fission (i.e., are fissionable) and also produce neutrons from such fission that can sustain a nuclear chain reaction in the correct setting. Under this definition, the only nuclides that
2430:
The fissile rule thus formulated indicates 33 isotopes as likely fissile: Th-225, 227, 229; Pa-228, 230, 232; U-231, 233, 235; Np-234, 236, 238; Pu-237, 239, 241; Am-240, 242, 244; Cm-243, 245, 247; Bk-246, 248, 250; Cf-249, 251, 253; Es-252, 254, 256; Fm-255, 257, 259. Only fourteen (including a
1189:
required for fission; therefore uranium-235 is fissile. By contrast, the binding energy released by uranium-238 absorbing a thermal neutron is less than the critical energy, so the neutron must possess additional energy for fission to be possible. Consequently, uranium-238 is fissionable but not
2056:
in nuclear physics of atomic number vs. atomic mass number are more stable than others; hence, they are less likely to undergo fission. They are more likely to "ignore" the neutron and let it go on its way, or else to
2352:
Fissile nuclides do not have a 100% chance of undergoing fission on absorption of a neutron. The chance is dependent on the nuclide as well as neutron energy. For low and medium-energy neutrons, the neutron capture
2048:
which favors even numbers of both neutrons and protons. This energy is enough to supply the needed extra energy for fission by slower neutrons, which is important for making fissionable isotopes also fissile.
3401:
2438:) have half-lives of at least a year: Th-229, U-233, U-235, Np-236, Pu-239, Pu-241, Am-242m, Cm-243, Cm-245, Cm-247, Bk-248, Cf-249, Cf-251 and Es-252. Of these, only U-235 is
3987:
1194:
are fissionable but not fissile are those nuclides that can be made to undergo nuclear fission but produce insufficient neutrons, in either energy or number, to sustain a
4181:
2044:. This implies an odd number of neutrons. Isotopes with an odd number of neutrons gain an extra 1 to 2 MeV of energy from absorbing an extra neutron, from the
2148:
Release more than one neutron on average per neutron capture. (Enough of them on each fission, to compensate for non-fissions and absorptions in non-fuel material)
1418:
3589:
2649:
3116:
3411:
2700:
Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after
4292:
4437:
1210:
is often used to describe materials that can be used in the fission primary of a nuclear weapon. These are materials that sustain an explosive
3096:
3418:
2849:
1411:
61:
in a system may be typified by either slow neutrons (i.e., a thermal system) or fast neutrons. Fissile material can be used to fuel
3184:
2739:
Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248".
601:
3687:
2806:
2792:" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of Th; e.g., while Cd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of Cd is eight
3926:
2439:
1988:
2085:. On the other hand, other than the lightest nuclides, nuclides with an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons (odd
4137:
3977:
3916:
4057:
3882:
1404:
3111:
3933:
4654:
3850:
3396:
3361:
4548:
4132:
2045:
54:
3212:
3091:
2685:
2631:
2606:
4442:
4307:
2842:
2793:
4385:
4219:
3821:
3699:
3356:
3217:
4691:
4375:
4224:
3682:
2646:
1203:
2557:
4149:
3982:
3406:
3334:
4492:
4229:
3938:
3692:
3189:
2052:
More generally, nuclides with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons, and located near a
1622:
1583:
1550:
1523:
2475:
1198:. As such, while all fissile isotopes are fissionable, not all fissionable isotopes are fissile. In the
4642:
4555:
4527:
4484:
4449:
4287:
4114:
4052:
3877:
3781:
3667:
3135:
2835:
2446:
U-233 and Pu-239 from more common naturally occurring isotopes (Th-232 and U-238 respectively) by single
2061:
but without gaining enough energy from the process to deform the nucleus enough for it to fission. These
1170:) for which fission can be induced only by high-energy neutrons. As a result, fissile materials (such as
4676:
4476:
4335:
4014:
3532:
3489:
3341:
2704:(84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is
2062:
1914:
1883:
1860:
1838:
1807:
2575:
4630:
4312:
3921:
3704:
2053:
1336:
in the secondary stage of a thermonuclear weapon, due to the production of high-energy neutrons from
2666:
Semkow, Thomas; Parekh, Pravin; Haines, Douglas (2006). "Modeling the
Effects of the Trinity Test".
2494:"Nuclear Science and Engineering -- ANS / Publications / Journals / Nuclear Science and Engineering"
4686:
4681:
4560:
4402:
4302:
4214:
3423:
3309:
3269:
3081:
2411:
4465:
4432:
4407:
4021:
3798:
3604:
3527:
3484:
3467:
3428:
3351:
62:
17:
4390:
1154:(even with a low probability) after capturing a neutron of high or low energy is referred to as
4297:
3584:
3128:
1312:
1217:
1195:
1182:
1211:
4591:
4327:
4282:
3744:
3672:
3599:
3594:
3559:
3346:
3314:
3101:
3028:
2354:
1459:
2712:). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
4502:
4277:
4262:
3579:
3537:
3373:
3279:
3207:
2748:
2531:
1385:
1341:
1264:
1186:
66:
2810:
2667:
8:
4601:
4412:
4197:
3791:
3659:
3637:
3462:
3319:
3086:
3048:
2881:
2066:
58:
38:
31:
2752:
2621:
2535:
4581:
4317:
4154:
4081:
3892:
3542:
3512:
3496:
3479:
3123:
3013:
2961:
2911:
2858:
2789:
2776:
2385:, which breeds plutonium-239 by neutron capture with intermediate decays steps omitted.
2070:
2016:
3649:
3442:
3329:
3304:
3242:
3199:
3043:
3038:
3033:
2876:
2760:
2681:
2627:
2602:
2451:
2379:, which breeds uranium-233 by neutron capture with intermediate decays steps omitted.
70:
4497:
3552:
3517:
3274:
3264:
3152:
3140:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2951:
2756:
2673:
2539:
2401:
2334:
2102:
1474:
2543:
2342:, bred from uranium-238 by neutron capture with intermediate decays steps omitted.
4395:
4355:
3809:
3623:
3547:
3522:
3368:
3161:
3063:
3053:
3018:
2896:
2886:
2775:
This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "
2726:
2722:
2653:
2447:
2443:
2406:
2330:
2143:
2058:
1975:
1492:
1451:
1345:
1214:
1159:
1151:
46:
3887:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4090:
3997:
3966:
3948:
3472:
3378:
3324:
3289:
3222:
3169:
3023:
2916:
2901:
2891:
2677:
2435:
2132:
2012:
1995:
1483:
1466:
1337:
1260:
921:
110:
4370:
2511:
2493:
4670:
4535:
3826:
3232:
3073:
2388:
2345:
2339:
2094:
2038:
1132:
Only nuclides with a half-life of at least one year are shown on this table.
933:
90:
2127:
To be a useful fuel for nuclear fission chain reactions, the material must:
4101:
3237:
3179:
3106:
3058:
2928:
2122:
1366:
tampers has also been evident in pure fission weapons. The fast fission of
1199:
2672:. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. ACS Symposium Series. pp. 142â159.
4512:
4159:
3749:
3256:
3227:
2596:
2382:
2376:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2082:
2074:
1455:
1435:
1171:
1167:
3865:
2432:
2098:
2078:
1158:. A fissionable nuclide that can be induced to fission with low-energy
4507:
3870:
3860:
2988:
2941:
2906:
2827:
2705:
2362:
2152:
1440:
261:
4365:
2105:
with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons (even
4596:
4239:
4234:
4174:
3843:
3771:
3754:
3739:
3714:
3457:
2946:
2701:
2135:
curve where a fission chain reaction is possible (i.e., above
2034:
2008:
1431:
1241:) is fissionable, but not fissile. Neutrons produced by fission of
2450:. The others are typically produced in smaller quantities through
1384:
also makes a significant contribution to the power output of some
1181:
Uranium-235 fissions with low-energy thermal neutrons because the
4565:
4517:
4380:
4360:
3759:
3734:
3174:
3005:
2993:
2971:
2936:
2622:
John R. Lamarsh and
Anthony John Baratta (Third Edition) (2001).
2369:), and the percentage of non-fissions are in the table at right.
2309:
1982:
1147:
122:
100:
96:
86:
50:
4169:
4164:
4144:
4124:
4109:
3992:
3729:
3709:
3677:
2578:. UNENE University Network of Excellence in Nuclear Engineering
2136:
1185:
resulting from the absorption of a neutron is greater than the
1175:
130:
27:
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
4586:
4543:
4206:
4062:
3855:
3719:
1998:(thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)
2361:), the cross section for neutron capture with emission of a
137:
Region of relative stability: radium-226 to einsteinium-252
57:
can only be achieved with fissile material. The predominant
4067:
3956:
3766:
3724:
1445:
1272:
309:
2522:
Ronen, Y. (2010). "Some remarks on the fissile isotopes".
2323:
by neutron capture with intermediate decays steps omitted.
2160:
30:"Fissility" redirects here. For the topic in geology, see
4040:
3904:
2506:
Ronen Y., 2006. A rule for determining fissile isotopes.
2391:, which breeds plutonium-241 directly by neutron capture.
1268:
2097:
with a half-life of 154,000 years) because they readily
1275:), the fission threshold to cause subsequent fission of
2738:
2348:, bred from plutonium-240 directly by neutron capture.
2081:
decay. Examples of these isotopes are uranium-238 and
2669:
Applied
Modeling and Computations in Nuclear Science
3590:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
2665:
2597:James J. Duderstadt and Louis J. Hamilton (1976).
2093:) are usually short-lived (a notable exception is
4668:
2809:. Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from
1263:than the original neutron (they behave as in an
1166:. Fissionable materials include those (such as
1960:
1955:
1948:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1899:
1779:
1774:
1760:
1844:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1811:
1799:
1794:
1789:
4293:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
2843:
1892:
1887:
1873:
1864:
1742:
1737:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1681:
1674:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1412:
2069:, and they also have relatively much longer
2015:are fissile. Most nuclear fuels have an odd
1400:Actinides and fission products by half-life
2372:Fertile nuclides in nuclear fuels include:
2162:Capture-fission ratios of fissile nuclides
1667:in the range of 100 aâ210 ka ...
1538:
1529:
1511:
2850:
2836:
2725:fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical
2656:, International Panel on Fissile Materials
2550:
1419:
1405:
1223:Under all definitions above, uranium-238 (
1162:with a high probability is referred to as
117:, with few exceptions, are fissile (where
2065:isotopes are also less likely to undergo
1271:(i.e., a speed of about 14,000
1202:context, particularly in proposals for a
76:
53:of low energy. A self-sustaining thermal
4205:
1989:naturally occurring radioactive material
1978:cross section in the range of 8â50 barns
2558:"NRC: Glossary -- Fissionable material"
14:
4669:
4220:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
2857:
2468:
2142:Have a high probability of fission on
4462:
4225:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
3634:
3621:
2831:
2647:Fissile Materials and Nuclear Weapons
2521:
1941:
1660:
1125:
1062:
907:
256:
207:
144:
4649:
3622:
2568:
2157:Be available in suitable quantities.
4230:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
2708:with a half life of less than four
2624:Introduction to Nuclear Engineering
2476:"NRC: Glossary -- Fissile material"
1391:
24:
4039:
3190:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
25:
4703:
3213:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
3112:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1348:of such weapons. Fast fission of
4648:
4637:
4636:
4624:
4313:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
3402:Historical stockpiles and tests
2807:"Interactive Chart of Nuclides"
2799:
2782:
2769:
2732:
2715:
2694:
2659:
2640:
2116:
2099:decay by beta-particle emission
4303:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
3185:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
2615:
2601:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2590:
2515:
2500:
2486:
2424:
1204:Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty
13:
1:
4631:Nuclear technology portal
2544:10.1016/j.anucene.2010.07.006
2461:
1340:, contributes greatly to the
45:is material that can undergo
4493:Field-reversed configuration
4103:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
2761:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4
1943:... nor beyond 15.7 Ma
7:
4450:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
3635:
3397:States with nuclear weapons
2576:"Slides-Part one: Kinetics"
2395:
1662:No fission products have a
1395:
85:, for a heavy element with
10:
4708:
4463:
4288:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
3412:Tests in the United States
2678:10.1021/bk-2007-0945.ch011
2452:further neutron absorption
2312:in nuclear fuels include:
2120:
1178:of fissionable materials.
1131:
29:
4618:
4574:
4526:
4483:
4473:
4425:
4413:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
4326:
4308:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
4273:
4256:
4196:
4123:
4115:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
4089:
4080:
4032:
4012:
3965:
3947:
3903:
3808:
3790:
3658:
3645:
3630:
3617:
3572:
3505:
3450:
3441:
3389:
3297:
3288:
3255:
3198:
3160:
3151:
3072:
3004:
2927:
2869:
2865:
2171:
2166:
1970:
1450:
1439:
1430:
1398:
911:
260:
4318:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3934:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
3270:Electron-beam processing
2599:Nuclear Reactor Analysis
2524:Annals of Nuclear Energy
2510:, 152:3, pages 334-335.
2417:
2412:Special nuclear material
2131:Be in the region of the
1267:), usually below 1
63:thermal-neutron reactors
4433:Organic nuclear reactor
3605:Nuclear power phase-out
3528:Nuclear decommissioning
3468:Reactor-grade plutonium
3218:Targeted alpha-particle
3097:Accidents and incidents
2151:Have a reasonably long
81:According to the Ronen
2033:= the total number of
1313:nuclear chain reaction
1196:nuclear chain reaction
1150:capable of undergoing
77:Fissile vs fissionable
4692:Nuclear weapon design
3595:Anti-nuclear movement
2011:isotopes with an odd
1987:â, primarily a
1974:âĄ, has thermal
1386:fast-neutron reactors
67:fast-neutron reactors
4503:Reversed field pinch
4298:Traveling-wave (TWR)
3782:Supercritical (SCWR)
3280:Gemstone irradiation
2442:. It is possible to
2172:Epithermal neutrons
1265:inelastic scattering
269: 1
3668:Aqueous homogeneous
3463:Reprocessed uranium
3136:Safety and security
2753:1965NucPh..71..299M
2536:2010AnNuE..37.1783R
2440:naturally occurring
2163:
2067:spontaneous fission
1311:does not sustain a
138:
39:nuclear engineering
32:Fissility (geology)
4582:Dense plasma focus
3497:Actinide chemistry
2962:Isotope separation
2859:Nuclear technology
2790:classically stable
2777:sea of instability
2721:Specifically from
2652:2012-02-06 at the
2329:, which occurs in
2161:
2071:partial half-lives
2059:absorb the neutron
2017:atomic mass number
1551:> 9 a
136:
71:nuclear explosives
4677:Fissile materials
4664:
4663:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4561:Magnetized-target
4458:
4457:
4421:
4420:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4192:
4191:
4076:
4075:
4008:
4007:
3613:
3612:
3568:
3567:
3437:
3436:
3424:Weapon-free zones
3251:
3250:
3243:Radiopharmacology
2788:Excluding those "
2626:. Prentice Hall.
2530:(12): 1783â1784.
2306:
2305:
2007:In general, most
2005:
2004:
1966:0.7â14.1 Ga
1962:
1957:
1950:
1929:
1922:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1875:
1866:
1846:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1781:
1776:
1762:
1744:
1739:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1683:
1676:
1652:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1540:
1531:
1513:
1142:is distinct from
1136:
1135:
940:
939:
316:
315:
49:when struck by a
16:(Redirected from
4699:
4652:
4651:
4640:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4539:
4498:Levitated dipole
4468:
4460:
4459:
4408:Helium gas (GFR)
4271:
4270:
4266:
4203:
4202:
4087:
4086:
4037:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3640:
3632:
3631:
3624:Nuclear reactors
3619:
3618:
3518:High-level (HLW)
3448:
3447:
3295:
3294:
3275:Food irradiation
3265:Atomic gardening
3158:
3157:
3141:Nuclear meltdown
2967:Nuclear material
2957:Fissile material
2952:Fertile material
2867:
2866:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2736:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2663:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2519:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2455:
2428:
2402:Fertile material
2335:enriched uranium
2167:Thermal neutrons
2164:
2054:well-known curve
2032:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1928:
1921:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1884:1.61â6.5 Ma
1874:
1865:
1845:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1761:
1750:8.3â8.5 ka
1743:
1738:
1731:4.7â7.4 ka
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:1.3â1.6 ka
1701:
1696:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1651:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1539:
1530:
1512:
1452:Fission products
1421:
1414:
1407:
1396:
1392:Fissile nuclides
1383:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1318:Fast fission of
1310:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1293:, so fission of
1292:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1282:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1160:thermal neutrons
909:
908:
603:
258:
257:
139:
135:
116:
43:fissile material
21:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4687:Nuclear fission
4682:Nuclear physics
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4625:
4623:
4606:
4570:
4537:
4522:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4454:
4417:
4322:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4244:
4188:
4119:
4094:
4072:
4044:
4026:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4004:
3970:
3961:
3943:
3908:
3899:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3786:
3700:Natural fission
3654:
3653:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3609:
3585:Nuclear weapons
3564:
3523:Low-level (LLW)
3501:
3433:
3385:
3284:
3247:
3194:
3147:
3068:
3000:
2923:
2861:
2856:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2741:Nuclear Physics
2737:
2733:
2727:nuclear reactor
2723:thermal neutron
2720:
2716:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2664:
2660:
2654:Wayback Machine
2645:
2641:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2520:
2516:
2508:Nucl. Sci. Eng.
2505:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2448:neutron capture
2429:
2425:
2420:
2407:Fission product
2398:
2368:
2360:
2331:natural uranium
2206:
2199:
2187:
2180:
2144:neutron capture
2125:
2119:
2037:), and an even
2020:
2001:
1976:neutron capture
1839:327â375 ka
1808:150â250 ka
1687:430â900 a
1666:
1663:
1658:141â351 a
1443:
1426:
1425:
1394:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1215:nuclear fission
1187:critical energy
1152:nuclear fission
1018: 138
988: 138
981: 139
953: 139
946: 140
880: 140
873: 141
839: 141
832: 142
795: 142
788: 143
753: 143
746: 144
710: 144
703: 145
669: 145
662: 146
626: 146
619: 147
604:
579: 147
572: 148
536: 148
529: 149
495: 149
488: 150
458: 150
451: 151
421: 151
414: 152
385: 152
378: 153
349: 153
342: 154
302: 1G
291: 1M
280: 1k
272: 10
251: 154
104:
79:
47:nuclear fission
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4634:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Muon-catalyzed
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Integral (IFR)
4280:
4274:
4268:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4034:
4027:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3600:Uranium mining
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:Minor actinide
3470:
3465:
3454:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Autoradiograph
3166:
3164:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Atomic nucleus
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2798:
2781:
2768:
2731:
2714:
2693:
2686:
2658:
2639:
2632:
2614:
2607:
2589:
2567:
2549:
2514:
2499:
2485:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2436:nuclear isomer
2422:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2358:
2357:for fission (Ï
2355:cross sections
2350:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2133:binding energy
2121:Main article:
2118:
2115:
2046:pairing effect
2013:neutron number
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1996:neutron poison
1992:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1785:32â76 ka
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1449:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1379:
1371:
1361:
1353:
1338:nuclear fusion
1331:
1323:
1306:
1298:
1288:
1280:
1254:
1246:
1236:
1228:
1218:chain reaction
1183:binding energy
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
990:
984:
983:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
961:
959:
957:
955:
949:
948:
943:
941:
938:
937:
930:
926:
925:
918:
914:
913:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
876:
875:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
835:
834:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
799:
797:
791:
790:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
768:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
749:
748:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
728:
725:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
706:
705:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
665:
664:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
622:
621:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
605:
600:
598:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
575:
574:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
532:
531:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
491:
490:
485:
483:
481:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
454:
453:
448:
446:
444:
441:
438:
435:
433:
431:
429:
427:
425:
423:
417:
416:
411:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
387:
381:
380:
375:
373:
370:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
345:
344:
339:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
314:
313:
306:
303:
299:
298:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
281:
277:
276:
273:
270:
266:
265:
255:
253:
247:
246:
243:
241:
239:
237:
235:
233:
231:
229:
227:
225:
223:
221:
219:
217:
215:
211:
210:
208:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
142:
78:
75:
59:neutron energy
55:chain reaction
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4704:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4657:
4656:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4549:electrostatic
4547:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4328:Generation IV
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Breeder (FBR)
4276:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4255:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Nuclear power
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3560:Transmutation
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:high-altitude
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Proliferation
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Brachytherapy
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3029:Cross section
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2813:on 2017-01-24
2812:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2687:9780841239821
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2633:0-201-82498-1
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2608:0-471-22363-8
2604:
2600:
2593:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2390:
2389:Plutonium-240
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2346:Plutonium-241
2344:
2341:
2340:Plutonium-239
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:neptunium-236
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:atomic number
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1916:
1915:15â24 Ma
1913:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1766:24.1 ka
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1709:
1705:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1642:
1624:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1585:
1582:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1316:
1314:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
951:
950:
947:
944:
942:
935:
931:
928:
927:
923:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
903:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
881:
878:
877:
874:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
769:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
729:
726:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
708:
707:
704:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
606:
599:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
577:
576:
573:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
559:
556:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:
486:
484:
482:
480:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
445:
442:
439:
436:
434:
432:
430:
428:
426:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
412:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
374:
371:
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
311:
307:
304:
301:
300:
296:
293:
290:
289:
285:
282:
279:
278:
274:
271:
268:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
249:
248:
244:
242:
240:
238:
236:
234:
232:
230:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
143:
141:
140:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
98:
95: â€
94:
93:
89: â€
88:
84:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4653:
4641:
4622:
4602:Pyroelectric
4556:Laser-driven
4336:Sodium (SFR)
4263:fast-neutron
4102:
3648:
3538:Reprocessing
3419:WMD treaties
3238:Radiosurgery
3208:Fast-neutron
3180:Scintigraphy
2956:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2801:
2784:
2771:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2717:
2709:
2696:
2668:
2661:
2642:
2623:
2617:
2598:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2552:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2426:
2371:
2351:
2319:, bred from
2307:
2126:
2123:Nuclear fuel
2117:Nuclear fuel
2110:
2106:
2090:
2086:
2051:
2041:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2006:
1942:
1861:1.33 Ma
1661:
1623:29â97 a
1584:10â29 a
1494:
1485:
1476:
1468:
1317:
1222:
1212:fast neutron
1207:
1200:arms control
1192:
1180:
1163:
1155:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1017:
987:
980:
952:
945:
879:
872:
838:
831:
794:
787:
752:
745:
709:
702:
668:
661:
625:
618:
578:
571:
535:
528:
494:
487:
457:
450:
420:
413:
384:
377:
348:
341:
250:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
129:= number of
126:
121:= number of
118:
111:
106:
91:
83:Fissile rule
82:
80:
42:
36:
4513:Stellarator
4477:confinement
4371:Superphénix
4198:Molten-salt
4150:VHTR (HTGR)
3927:HW BLWR 250
3893:R4 Marviken
3822:Pressurized
3792:Heavy water
3776:many others
3705:Pressurized
3660:Light water
3362:underground
3320:Disarmament
3228:Tomotherapy
3223:Proton-beam
3087:Power plant
3049:Temperature
2882:Engineering
2794:quadrillion
2562:www.nrc.gov
2480:www.nrc.gov
2431:long-lived
2383:Uranium-238
2377:Thorium-232
2327:Uranium-235
2321:thorium-232
2317:Uranium-233
2083:thorium-232
2063:"even-even"
1939:80 Ma
1507:<0.001%
1504:0.04â1.25%
1436:decay chain
1259:have lower
1206:, the term
1172:uranium-235
1168:uranium-238
1156:fissionable
1144:fissionable
912:Table Axes
4671:Categories
4538:(acoustic)
4155:PBR (PBMR)
3543:Spent fuel
3533:Repository
3513:Fuel cycle
3480:Activation
3257:Processing
3124:Propulsion
3082:by country
3014:Activation
2817:2013-08-12
2747:(2): 299.
2462:References
2433:metastable
1524:4â6 a
305: 10G
294: 10M
283: 10k
275:100
4508:Spheromak
4207:Fluorides
3871:IPHWR-700
3866:IPHWR-540
3861:IPHWR-220
3650:Moderator
3330:Explosion
3305:Arms race
3092:Economics
3044:Reflector
3039:Radiation
3034:Generator
2989:Plutonium
2942:Deuterium
2907:Radiation
2877:Chemistry
2706:radon-222
2582:3 January
2363:gamma ray
2153:half-life
2101:to their
1994:ĂŸ,
1981:Æ,
1664:half-life
1441:Half-life
1432:Actinides
1190:fissile.
1138:The term
917:Neutrons
262:Half-life
4643:Category
4597:Polywell
4528:Inertial
4485:Magnetic
4240:TMSR-LF1
4235:TMSR-500
4215:Fuji MSR
4175:THTR-300
4015:Graphite
3878:PHWR KWU
3844:ACR-1000
3772:IPWR-900
3755:ACPR1000
3750:HPR-1000
3740:CPR-1000
3715:APR-1400
3506:Disposal
3458:Actinide
3451:Products
3310:Delivery
3153:Medicine
2982:depleted
2977:enriched
2947:Helium-3
2912:ionizing
2702:polonium
2650:Archived
2396:See also
2310:nuclides
2308:Fissile
2035:nucleons
2009:actinide
1261:energies
1174:) are a
929:Protons
897:U
853:U
810:U
767:U
724:U
640:U
123:neutrons
115:= 43 ± 2
101:isotopes
4655:Commons
4566:Z-pinch
4536:Bubble
4518:Tokamak
4381:FBR-600
4361:CFR-600
4356:BN-1200
4022:coolant
3949:Organic
3834:CANDU 9
3831:CANDU 6
3799:coolant
3760:ACP1000
3735:CAP1400
3673:Boiling
3638:Fission
3485:Fission
3429:Weapons
3369:Warfare
3352:Testing
3342:History
3335:effects
3290:Weapons
3200:Therapy
3175:RadBall
3162:Imaging
3054:Thermal
3019:Capture
3006:Neutron
2994:Thorium
2972:Uranium
2937:Tritium
2917:braking
2897:Fission
2887:Physics
2870:Science
2749:Bibcode
2532:Bibcode
2109:, even
2103:isobars
1983:fissile
1501:4.5â7%
1444:range (
1346:fallout
1344:and to
1208:fissile
1164:fissile
1148:nuclide
1140:fissile
1055:
1024:
245:
214:
131:protons
51:neutron
18:Fissile
4466:Fusion
4426:Others
4366:Phénix
4351:BN-800
4346:BN-600
4341:BN-350
4170:HTR-PM
4165:HTR-10
4145:UHTREX
4110:Magnox
4105:(UNGG)
3998:Lucens
3993:KS 150
3730:ATMEA1
3710:AP1000
3693:Kerena
3573:Debate
3325:Ethics
3315:Design
3298:Topics
3129:rocket
3107:Fusion
3102:Policy
3064:Fusion
3024:Poison
2902:Fusion
2796:years.
2684:
2630:
2605:
2137:radium
2089:, odd
1991:(NORM)
1176:subset
99:, its
4587:Migma
4575:Other
4544:Fusor
4443:Piqua
4438:Arbus
4396:PRISM
4138:MHR-T
4133:GTMHR
4063:EGP-6
4058:AMB-X
4033:Water
3978:HWGCR
3917:HWLWR
3856:IPHWR
3827:CANDU
3688:ESBWR
3443:Waste
3407:Tests
3390:Lists
3374:Yield
3117:MMRTG
3074:Power
2444:breed
2418:Notes
2290:26.3%
2267:26.5%
2244:14.5%
2075:alpha
1460:yield
1342:yield
297:100M
286:100k
103:with
4403:Lead
4386:CEFR
4376:PFBR
4258:None
4068:RBMK
4053:AM-1
3983:EL-4
3957:WR-1
3939:AHWR
3883:MZFR
3851:CVTR
3840:AFCR
3767:VVER
3725:APWR
3720:APR+
3683:ABWR
3553:cask
3548:pool
3490:LLFP
3379:TNTe
3059:Fast
2929:Fuel
2710:days
2682:ISBN
2628:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2584:2013
2333:and
2302:22%
2284:1010
2279:40%
2256:34%
2233:16%
2221:8.0%
2079:beta
2073:for
1273:km/s
1146:. A
264:Key
125:and
105:2 Ă
69:and
4475:by
4391:PFR
4182:PMR
4160:AVR
4082:Gas
4020:by
3988:KKN
3922:ATR
3837:EC6
3797:by
3745:EPR
3678:BWR
2757:doi
2674:doi
2540:doi
2299:160
2296:570
2287:361
2276:200
2273:300
2264:271
2261:750
2253:140
2250:275
2238:585
2230:140
2227:760
2215:531
2207:(b)
2200:(b)
2188:(b)
2181:(b)
2077:or
1951:Th
1930:Pu
1911:Cm
1895:Pd
1890:Zr
1876:Np
1867:Cs
1847:Se
1833:Pu
1826:Cm
1819:Sn
1814:Tc
1792:Np
1782:Pa
1777:Th
1763:Pu
1745:Cm
1740:Cm
1728:Am
1723:Cm
1718:Th
1713:Pu
1703:Bk
1698:Ra
1684:Cf
1677:Am
1653:Am
1648:Cf
1639:Sn
1634:Sm
1629:Cs
1619:Cm
1614:Pu
1600:Cd
1595:Kr
1590:Sr
1580:Ac
1575:Cf
1570:Pu
1565:Cm
1541:Bk
1532:Eu
1514:Ra
1497:+ 3
1488:+ 2
1479:+ 1
1458:by
1454:of
1434:by
1269:MeV
1000:Th
997:Ac
994:Ra
963:Th
894:Pa
891:Th
886:Ra
816:Pu
813:Np
805:Th
770:Np
730:Pu
727:Np
687:Pu
648:Am
645:Pu
607:Cm
597:Pu
560:Cm
557:Am
554:Pu
517:Cm
478:Bk
475:Cm
470:Pu
443:Cf
440:Bk
437:Cm
406:Cf
401:Cm
372:Es
369:Cf
334:Cf
329:Cm
133:).
97:100
37:In
4673::
4125:He
4091:CO
3967:CO
3888:R3
2779:".
2755:.
2745:71
2743:.
2680:.
2560:.
2538:.
2528:37
2526:.
2478:.
2365:(Ï
2293:Pu
2270:Pu
2241:99
2218:46
2210:%
2028:+
2024:=
1963:U
1958:U
1923:I
1902:U
1802:U
1797:U
1607:U
1448:)
1388:.
1315:.
1220:.
1121:99
1116:98
1111:97
1106:96
1101:95
1096:94
1091:93
1086:92
1081:91
1076:90
1071:89
1066:88
936:)
924:)
312:)
203:99
198:98
193:97
188:96
183:95
178:94
173:93
168:92
163:91
158:90
153:89
148:88
109:â
87:90
73:.
65:,
41:,
4265:)
4261:(
4093:2
4045:O
4043:2
4041:H
3969:2
3909:O
3907:2
3905:H
3814:O
3812:2
3810:D
2851:e
2844:t
2837:v
2820:.
2763:.
2759::
2751::
2729:.
2690:.
2676::
2636:.
2611:.
2586:.
2564:.
2546:.
2542::
2534::
2496:.
2482:.
2454:.
2367:Îł
2359:F
2247:U
2224:U
2205:Îł
2203:Ï
2198:F
2196:Ï
2191:%
2186:Îł
2184:Ï
2179:F
2177:Ï
2139:)
2111:N
2107:Z
2091:N
2087:Z
2042:Z
2030:N
2026:Z
2022:A
2019:(
1495:n
1493:4
1486:n
1484:4
1477:n
1475:4
1469:n
1467:4
1456:U
1446:a
1420:e
1413:t
1406:v
1375:U
1357:U
1327:U
1302:U
1284:U
1250:U
1232:U
934:Z
932:(
922:N
920:(
602:â
310:a
308:(
127:Z
119:N
112:N
107:Z
92:Z
34:.
20:)
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