39:
3188:
698:, where the spinodal is crossed "from above", i.e., via sudden depressurization. However, direct correspondence between the superheat limit and the spinodal has not been proven experimentally. In practical BLEVEs, the way the pressure vessel fails may influence decisively the way the expansion takes place, for example causing pressure waves and non-uniformities. Additionally, there may be stratification in the liquid, due to local temperature variations. Because of this, it is possible for BLEVEs to occur at temperatures less than those predicted with Reid's formula.
276:
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224:
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162:. The burst damaged the plant. However, no fire developed, as the mixture was not flammable. In the wake of the accident, researchers James B. Smith, William S. Marsh, and Wilbur L. Walls, who were employed with FM, came up with the terms "boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion" and its acronym "BLEVE". The expressions did not become of common use until the early 1970s, when the
774:
impinging fire scenario, flammable vapors released in the BLEVE will ignite upon release, forming a fireball. The origin of the impinging fire may be from a release of flammable fluid from the vessel itself, or from an external source, including releases from nearby tanks and equipment. For example, rail
828:. The diameter of fireballs at San Juanico was estimated at 200–300 meters (660–980 ft), with a duration of around 20 seconds. Such massive fires can injure people at distances of hundreds of meters (e.g., 300 m (980 ft) at Feyzin and 400 m (1310 ft) at San Juanico).
768:
BLEVEs are often caused by an external fire near the storage vessel causing heating of the contents and pressure build-up. While tanks are often designed to withstand great pressure, constant heating can cause the metal to weaken and eventually fail. If the tank is being heated in an area where there
243:
For example, a tank of pressurized liquid water held at 350 °C (662 °F) might be pressurized to 10 MPa (1,500 psi) above atmospheric (or gauge) pressure. If the tank containing the water were to rupture, there would for a brief moment exist a volume of liquid water which would be
831:
An additional hazard from BLEVE-fireball events is the formation of secondary fires, by direct exposure to the fireball thermal radiation, as pool fires from fuel that does not get combusted in the fireball, or from the scattering of blazing tank fragments. Another secondary effect of importance is
751:
If a flammable substance, however, is subject to a BLEVE, it can ignite upon release, either due to friction, mechanical spark or other point sources, or from a pre-existing fire that had engulfed the pressure vessel and caused it to fail in the first place. In such a case, the burning vapors will
231:
If the pressurized vessel ruptures, the pressure which prevents the liquid from boiling is lost. If the rupture is catastrophic, i.e., the vessel becomes suddenly no longer capable of holding any pressure, then the liquid will find itself at a temperature far above its boiling point. This causes a
255:
At atmospheric pressure the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F). Liquid water at atmospheric pressure does not exist at temperatures higher than 100 °C (212 °F). At that moment, the water would boil and turn to vapor explosively, and the 350 °C (662 °F) liquid
773:
that vent off excess pressure, but the tank can still fail if the pressure is not released quickly enough. A pressure vessel is designed to withstand the set pressure of its relief valves, but only if its mechanical integrity is not weakened as it can be in the case of an impinging fire. In an
118:
at atmospheric pressure. Because the boiling point of a liquid rises with pressure, the contents of the pressurized vessel can remain a liquid as long as the vessel is intact. If the vessel's integrity is compromised, the loss of pressure drops the boiling point, which can cause the liquid to
2738:
304:
upon loss of containment. For example, at a pressure of approximately 1 MPa (150 psi), water boils at 177 °C (351 °F). Superheated water released from a closed container at these conditions will not generate a BLEVE, as homogeneous
296:. A liquid expanding along AA' does not cross the superheat-limit locus and will not BLEVE. Conversely, for sufficiently high temperatures, as in the BB' expansion, the superheat-limit locus is crossed and a BLEVE will occur.
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further expand, adding to the force of the explosion. Furthermore, a very significant amount of the escaped fluid will burn in a matter of seconds in a raising fireball, which will generate extremely high levels of
2537:
Railroad
Accident Report: Derailment of Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company's Train No. 584 and Subsequent Rupture of Tank Car Containing Liquefied Petroleum Gas – Waverly, Tennessee – February 22,
1737:
738:
from the expanding vapors is also possible, if the vapor cloud is not rapidly dispersed, as can be the case inside a building, or in a trough in the case of heavier-than-air gasses. The vapors can also be
287:
as a function of temperature. The minimum temperature above which a BLEVE can occur is the abscissa of the intersection between the atmospheric pressure horizontal line (blue) and a curve here called the
726:. Such materials can go through purely physical BLEVEs, not entailing flames or other chemical reactions. In the case of unignited BLEVEs of liquefied gases, rapid cooling due to the absorption of the
359:
1392:
1415:
2164:
256:
water turned to gas would take up significantly more volume (≈ 1,600-fold) than it did as liquid, causing a vapor explosion. Such explosions can happen when the superheated water of a
817:
travelled 1,200 meters (0.75 mi) in the air before landing, possibly the farthest ever for a BLEVE missile. Fragments can impact on other tanks or equipment, which may result in a
2051:
2259:
813:, three of the propelled fragments weighed in excess of 100 tons and were thrown 150–350 meters (490–1150 ft) from the source of the explosion. One bullet tank at
809:
Horizontal cylindrical ("bullet") tanks tend to rupture longitudinally. This causes the failed tank and its fragments to get propelled like rockets and travel long distances. At
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2318:
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1012:
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220:
is heated beyond 100 °C (212 °F). That container, because the boiling water pressurizes it, must be capable of holding liquid water at very high temperatures.
2410:
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is no liquid (such as near its top), it may rupture faster because the boiling liquid does not afford cooling in that area. Pressure vessels are usually equipped with
200:
Typically, a BLEVE starts with a vessel containing liquid held above its atmospheric-pressure boiling temperature. Many substances normally stored as liquids, such as
2877:
2107:
2680:
690:
According to Reid, BLEVE will occur, more in general, if the expansion crosses a "superheat-limit locus". In Reid's model, this curve is essentially the fluid's
2362:
236:
with extremely rapid expansion. Depending on temperatures, pressures and the material involved, the expansion may be so rapid that it can be classified as an
2023:
1578:
Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, S.A. (27 September 2006). "The
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE): Mechanism, Consequence Assessment, Management".
1384:
1425:
1130:
756:. While the blast effects can be devastating, a flammable substance BLEVE typically causes more damage due to the fireball thermal radiation than the
3499:
887:
2960:
2296:
2154:
1919:
862:
1445:
2616:
Planas-Cuchi, Eulàlia; Gasulla, Núria; Ventosa, Albert; Casal, Joaquim (2004). "Explosion of a Road Tanker
Containing Liquified Natural Gas".
1780:
2037:
371:
293:
309:
of vapor bubbles is not possible. There is no consensus about the minimal temperature above which a BLEVE will occur. A formula proposed by
3692:
2776:
2236:
1706:
Casal, J.; Arnaldos, J.; Montiel, H.; Planas-Cuchi, E.; Vílchez, J.A. (2001). "Modeling and
Understanding BLEVEs". In Fingas, Merv (ed.).
2097:
1115:
2558:
3307:
2271:
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The vaporization of liquid resulting in a BLEVE typically occurs within 1 millisecond after a catastrophic loss of containment.
853:
2476:
1874:
1535:
1527:
2585:
Analysis of
Flammability Hazards Associated with the Use of Tear Gas at the Branch Davidian Complex – Waco, Texas – April 19, 1993
3671:
2187:
1980:
1052:
1735:
Heymes, Frederic; Eyssette, Roland; Lauret, Pierre; Hoorelbeke, Pol (September 2020). "An
Experimental Study of Water BLEVE".
1479:
Abbasi, Tasneem; Abbasi, S.A. (July 2008). "The
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE) Is Fifty... and Lives On!".
318:
2860:
2519:
2387:
1547:
743:, in which case harm and possibly death can occur at relatively low concentrations and, therefore, even far from the source.
2591:
1440:
3716:
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2544:
1450:
1270:
163:
43:
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824:
Fireballs can rise to significant heights above ground. They are spheroidal when developed and rise from the ground in a
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2444:
3587:
2834:
2351:
1719:
1368:
1145:
982:
90:
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1241:
1193:
3348:
3036:
1634:
707:
310:
131:
1017:
948:, New Jersey, U.S. – Seventy tanks of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), for a total of 2600 tons, exploded at
2159:
1580:
844:
are example of toxic gases that underwent BLEVE in past accidents and produced toxic clouds as a consequence.
3698:
3655:
3327:
2990:
2262:[The Largest Accident at the Duque de Caxias Refinery (RJ), Brazil: A Geographical-historical Study]
1259:
1171:
3816:
2325:(Report) (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Oficina Asesora para la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres de Cartagena.
3769:
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the dispersion of a toxic gas cloud, if the vapors involved are toxic and do not catch fire upon release.
3640:
3572:
3389:
3222:
2471:
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1420:
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154:(FM) facility underwent a powerful explosion as a consequence of a rapid depressurization. It contained
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3147:
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2928:
2916:
2706:
740:
47:
3722:
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3217:
2406:
1360:
1226:
1215:
142:, further damage can be caused by the ensuing fire. However, BLEVEs do not necessarily involve fire.
1788:
1081:, Texas, U.S. – Multiple storage tanks holding 1500 tons of LPG exploded, killing seven people.
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28 July 1948, Ludwigshafen, Germany – Another tank car in the same plant, this time containing
904:
BLEVE killed 19 in the first accident recognized as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion.
818:
735:
38:
22:
1107:, San Luis Potosí, Mexico – A rail tank car carrying chlorine exploded, causing 29 fatalities.
212:
have boiling temperatures below room temperature when at atmospheric pressure. In the case of
186:
A material in liquid form at a temperature sufficiently above its normal atmospheric pressure
3837:
3811:
3764:
3379:
3267:
3247:
2852:
2826:
2536:
2260:"O maior acidente da Refinaria Duque de Caxias (RJ) – Brasil: um estudo geográfico-histórico"
2017:
1204:
1063:
1070:
BLEVE and road accident involving hazardous materials, a vehicle laden with 25 tons of
694:
as represented in a pressure–temperature diagram, and the BLEVE onset is a manifestation of
3534:
3394:
3102:
2734:"Modeling the Physical Effects of the LPG Tanker Accident That Occurred in Diyarbakır Lice"
2627:
1648:
1189:
1126:
1111:
1085:
814:
2352:
The 100 Largest Losses 1978–2017: Large
Property Damage Losses in the Hydrocarbon Industry
1911:
1532:
Guidelines for Vapor Cloud
Explosion, Pressure Vessel Burst, BLEVE, and Flash Fire Hazards
1074:
suffered a mechanical failure next to a crowded camping site. The BLEVE killed 216 people.
8:
3895:
3577:
3484:
2786:
28th
International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (ICDERS)
2231:
1637:(23 March 1979). "Possible Mechanism for Pressurized-Liquid Tank Explosions or BLEVE's".
1122:
1037:
706:
The term BLEVE is often associated to explosive fires from pressure vessels containing a
378:). The minimum BLEVE temperatures of some fluids, based on this formula, are as follows:
139:
2631:
2466:
1652:
3364:
3292:
3257:
3252:
3107:
2757:
2643:
2511:
1997:
1754:
1688:
1664:
1597:
1498:
1296:
1237:
1167:
1048:
963:
refinery, 5100 tons of LPG stored in several tanks exploded, causing one fatality.
945:
2904:
710:
liquid. However, a BLEVE can occur even with a non-flammable substance such as water,
193:
A containment vessel maintaining the pressure that keeps the substance in liquid form.
3790:
3785:
3780:
3676:
3567:
3549:
3439:
3277:
3187:
3172:
2932:
2856:
2830:
2651:
2515:
2201:
2005:
1762:
1715:
1680:
1672:
1639:
1613:
1605:
1543:
1539:
1506:
1454:
1364:
1324:
1078:
1030:
989:
experienced a fire in which several casks underwent BLEVEs. There were 19 fatalities.
803:
753:
695:
233:
124:
1692:
3774:
3112:
2969:
2747:
2635:
2548:
2507:
1989:
1879:
1746:
1656:
1589:
1490:
1309:
1026:
967:
799:
261:
107:
64:
29:
2878:"Analysis of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) Events at DOE Sites"
2584:
1660:
1593:
3469:
3404:
3343:
3312:
3287:
3237:
3232:
3046:
3006:
2358:
1314:
1153:
997:
810:
711:
217:
103:
33:
2702:
3635:
3612:
3597:
3459:
3399:
3369:
3338:
3282:
3242:
3177:
3167:
3062:
1993:
1750:
1008:
825:
641:
284:
209:
201:
2950:
2938:
2922:
2910:
2785:
2703:
Williams Geismar Olefins Plant: Reboiler Rupture and Fire – Geismar, Louisiana
2639:
2400:; Collision in The Lower Mississippi River on 30 August 1979 with Loss of Life
1494:
3900:
3889:
3842:
3832:
3630:
3602:
3519:
3137:
3127:
3097:
3041:
2844:
2761:
2655:
2647:
2534:
2205:
2009:
2001:
1766:
1758:
1676:
1668:
1609:
1601:
1510:
1502:
1458:
1222:
1157:
1088:, Louisiana, U.S. – A BLEVE developed after a ship collision between MV
1001:
938:
908:
715:
510:
187:
115:
2321:[Emergencies in Recent History in the Cartagena District 1965–2021]
3759:
3645:
3524:
3514:
3449:
3414:
3374:
3333:
3297:
3087:
3082:
3052:
2752:
2733:
2436:
1684:
1617:
1352:
1319:
1266:
1248:
927:
867:
770:
757:
301:
275:
3479:
3434:
3424:
3317:
3262:
3227:
3122:
2319:
Emergencias de la historia reciente en el distrito de Cartagena 1965–2021
2046:
1711:
1178:
897:
719:
135:
111:
1978:
Prugh, Richard W. (1991). "Quantitative Evaluation of 'BLEVE' Hazards".
1185:
was the BLEVE of an LPG tank caused by the intervention of the military.
3739:
3592:
3092:
3077:
3057:
2818:
1182:
1133:
ever occurred, more than 500 people died when a series of BLEVEs hit a
1067:
795:
783:
306:
2907:– Description of circumstances required to cause a propane tank BLEVE.
1152:: The disintegration of the spacecraft was caused by the BLEVE of the
16:
Explosion of a vessel containing liquid above and beyond boiling point
3661:
3489:
3454:
3444:
3429:
3409:
3384:
3157:
3152:
3117:
3072:
3020:
2553:
1278:
1251:, Turkey – An LPG tank truck explosion caused the death of 34 people.
1071:
960:
916:
731:
609:
237:
151:
99:
2500:
Assessment of Safety and Risk with a Microscopic Model of Detonation
1244:
killed two plant operators when a propane heat exchanger burst open.
3754:
3464:
3419:
3142:
3132:
3031:
2947:– BLEVEs of dozens of LPG canisters after a road accident in Moscow
2931:– Video of propane and isobutane BLEVEs from a train derailment at
2675:
2503:
1292:
956:
912:
901:
841:
833:
779:
775:
691:
657:
561:
526:
155:
2975:
2739:
Gazi University Journal of Science ‒ Part C: Design and Technology
292:. This is roughly a straight line with its upper limit at the gas
223:
2535:
United States. Interstate Commerce Commission (8 February 1979).
2078:
1255:
1211:
1200:
1059:
1041:
978:
854:
Liquefied petroleum gas § Fire/explosion risk and mitigation
837:
723:
673:
593:
577:
491:
453:
280:
240:, fully capable of inflicting severe damage on its surroundings.
205:
120:
1705:
923:(20%) mixture BLEVEd and caused a fireball. It killed 60 people.
2615:
2439:[Montaña Train Station, 40 Years On from the Tragedy].
1282:
1274:
1230:
1093:
993:
986:
920:
625:
542:
472:
434:
375:
257:
159:
1781:"Guide to Hot Water Heater Temperature Pressure Relief Valves"
1734:
300:
For a BLEVE to occur, the boiling liquid must be sufficiently
82:
3795:
3749:
2467:"PEMEX LPG Terminal, Mexico City, Mexico. 19th November 1984"
2134:
2122:
1207:(LNG) BLEVE, a tank truck exploded. Only the driver perished.
1134:
418:
213:
196:
A sudden loss of containment that rapidly drops the pressure.
2066:
3744:
3705:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
2200:(in French). Vol. 47e année, no. 273. p. 1.
2102:
1022:: 1000 tons of LPG exploded at a refinery, killing 28.
931:
76:
2966:
Training video for emergency response personnel (archived)
1218:
at the Sunrise Propane Industrial Gases killed two people.
859:
Maintenance of pressure tanks to avoid damage or corrosion
182:
There are three key elements in the formation of a BLEVE:
2405:(Report). Report no. USCG 16732/01281. Washington, D.C.:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1852:
1850:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1808:
1806:
2851:(4th ed.). Kidlington, England and Waltham, Mass.:
354:{\displaystyle T_{\text{min,BLEVE}}=0.895\ T_{\text{C}}}
2157:[Several Projects Compromised Next to Suncor].
2038:"13 décembre 1926, 11 h 55 : L'explosion mortelle"
1129:: In the worst ever BLEVE accident, as well as one the
123:
to gas expanding rapidly. BLEVEs are manifestations of
2671:"10-year Anniversary of the Sunrise Propane Explosion"
2543:(Report). Report no. NTSB-RAR-79-1. Washington, D.C.:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1862:
1847:
1830:
1818:
1803:
1181:, Texas, U.S. – A contributor to the aftermath of the
1033:: An LPG-laden tank car BLEVEd, causing 13 fatalities.
2705:(Report). Report no. 2013-03-I-LA. Washington, D.C.:
1708:
The Handbook of Hazardous Materials Spills Technology
321:
91:
2619:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1482:
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1262:, an LPG tank truck blast caused by a road accident.
794:
The main damaging effects of a BLEVE are three: the
79:
73:
70:
2707:
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
1899:
67:
2227:"Cheapside Street fire, Glasgow – 28th March 1960"
1534:(2nd ed.). New York, N.Y. and Hoboken, N.J.:
1273:: Following a fire, a process vessel containing a
1229:: An LPG tank truck road accident in the state of
353:
174:magazines started publishing articles using them.
3500:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2022:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
888:List of boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions
3887:
2731:
2849:Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
1920:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
260:escapes through a crack in a boiler, causing a
1357:Critical Aspects of Safety and Loss Prevention
930:, Germany – A chlorine tank car exploded at a
2991:
1385:"What Firefighters Need to Know About BLEVEs"
2437:"Estación Montaña, a 40 años de la tragedia"
2190:[Fire and Explosions at a Refinery]
2155:"Plusieurs projets compromis près de Suncor"
1577:
1478:
763:
21:"Bleve" redirects here. For other uses, see
1738:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1416:"BLEVE: Facts, Risk Factors, and Fallacies"
1040:, Colombia – A process reactor burst in an
3308:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
2998:
2984:
2732:Durmuş, Ahmet; Çetinyokuş, Saliha (2022).
2289:"Memorial Monday – Kingman Explosion (AZ)"
2268:observatoriogeograficoamericalatina.org.mx
1233:caused 20 fatalities among the bystanders.
974:: An LPG rail tank car disaster killed 23.
3693:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
2885:Energy Facility Contractors Group (EFCOG)
2823:Loss Prevention in the Process Industries
2751:
2552:
1299:, an LPG tank truck BLEVE that killed 41.
270:
251:Temperature of 350 °C (662 °F).
150:On 24 April 1957, a process reactor at a
3026:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
1536:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
1413:
985:: A warehouse storing 3900 tons of
821:propagation of the accidental sequence.
274:
222:
55:boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
37:
3672:Listing and approval use and compliance
2875:
2293:National Fallen Firefighters Foundation
2188:"Feu et explosions dans une raffinerie"
2185:
1347:
1345:
1055:: An LPG tank car exploded, killing 16.
1000:: 1000 tons of LPG exploded at an
3888:
2843:
2774:
2668:
2582:
2497:
2479:from the original on 24 September 2023
2434:
1981:Journal of Fire Protection Engineering
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1856:
1841:
1824:
1812:
1116:Romeoville petroleum refinery disaster
782:from the open relief valve of another
44:Philadelphia Energy Solutions refinery
3717:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
2979:
2167:from the original on 19 November 2015
2152:
1977:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1438:
1351:
1258:, Italy – Two people perished in the
1203:, Spain – In the first ever reported
806:from the fireball, where one occurs.
3868:
3711:National Fire Protection Association
2817:
2775:Cocchi, Giovanni (19–24 June 2022).
2545:National Transportation Safety Board
2447:from the original on 9 February 2024
2368:from the original on 21 January 2022
2239:from the original on 24 October 2020
2140:
2128:
2110:from the original on 7 February 2024
2084:
2072:
2054:from the original on 7 February 2024
1633:
1629:
1627:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1451:National Fire Protection Association
1342:
1271:2019 Philadelphia refinery explosion
881:
802:, from the pressure vessel; and the
800:projection of fragments, or missiles
164:National Fire Protection Association
3005:
2683:from the original on 11 August 2018
2583:Havens, Jerry (12 September 2000).
2435:Valero, Francisco (3 August 2021).
1414:Peterson, David F. (1 April 2002).
13:
3213:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
2870:
2713:from the original on 31 March 2021
2669:Lawlor, Maureen (10 August 2018).
2512:10.1016/B978-0-444-51332-8.X5000-9
2299:from the original on 21 March 2023
1942:
1930:from the original on 22 April 2019
1407:
847:
778:have BLEVEd under the effect of a
701:
283:, the orange curve represents its
14:
3922:
3588:Fire alarm notification appliance
2898:
2825:(2nd ed.). Oxford, England:
2597:from the original on 23 June 2019
2564:from the original on 31 July 2023
2416:from the original on 2 March 2022
2332:from the original on 15 June 2023
2257:
2186:Selwood, Brian (8 January 1957).
2153:Dubuc, André (18 November 2015).
1887:from the original on 17 July 2020
1875:"BLEVE – Response and Prevention"
1699:
1624:
1556:
1517:
1395:from the original on 26 July 2020
983:Cheapside Street whisky bond fire
981:, Scotland, United Kingdom – The
892:Notable BLEVE accidents include:
746:
3867:
3856:
3855:
3186:
1004:refinery, causing 18 fatalities.
63:
3349:Vehicle fire suppression system
3037:Combustibility and flammability
2768:
2725:
2695:
2662:
2609:
2576:
2528:
2491:
2459:
2428:
2380:
2344:
2311:
2281:
2270:(in Portuguese). Archived from
2251:
2219:
2179:
2146:
2090:
2050:(in French). 13 December 2015.
2044:am: The Deadly Explosion].
2030:
1773:
1728:
1172:Memphis LPG tank truck disaster
2502:. Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
1996:(inactive 18 September 2024).
1581:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1472:
1432:
1377:
1131:deadliest industrial disasters
1:
3699:Institution of Fire Engineers
3656:Fire Safety Evaluation System
3328:Personal protective equipment
2590:(Report). Fayetteville, Ark.
2087:, pp. appendix 1/10, 27.
1661:10.1126/science.203.4386.1263
1594:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.056
1439:Walls, W.L. (November 1978).
1335:
1227:Chala LPG tank truck disaster
114:sufficiently higher than its
3770:GHS precautionary statements
3608:Manual fire alarm activation
2876:Roberts, Michael W. (2000).
2040:[13 December 1926, 11:55
177:
134:, as is the case with e.g.,
7:
3641:Fire protection engineering
3573:Explosive gas leak detector
3390:Electromagnetic door holder
3223:External water spray system
2788:. Paper 197. Archived from
2472:Health and Safety Executive
1303:
1269:, Pennsylvania, U.S. – The
1100:. There were 12 fatalities.
952:. There were no fatalities.
730:is a hazard that can cause
374:of the fluid (expressed in
216:, a BLEVE could occur if a
102:caused by the rupture of a
10:
3927:
3817:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
3208:Automatic fire suppression
3148:K-factor (fire protection)
2961:Toronto propane depot fire
2811:
2498:Leiber, Carl-Otto (2003).
2361:. March 2018. p. 15.
2357:(Report) (25th ed.).
1994:10.1177/104239159100300102
1912:"BLEVE Safety Precautions"
1751:10.1016/j.psep.2020.04.029
1242:Williams Olefins explosion
1053:Waverly tank car explosion
885:
863:Emergency depressurization
851:
789:
27:
20:
3851:
3825:
3804:
3732:
3723:Underwriters Laboratories
3685:
3621:
3558:Aspirating smoke detector
3548:
3357:
3218:Detonation flame arrester
3195:
3184:
3013:
2940:Moscow Ring Road Accident
2640:10.1016/j.jlp.2004.05.005
1495:10.1016/j.jlp.2008.02.002
1288:suffered a massive BLEVE.
1216:Toronto propane explosion
900:, France – A 25 ton
764:Effect of impinging fires
388:
383:
232:portion of the liquid to
110:that is or has reached a
3667:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
3583:Fire alarm control panel
3563:Carbon monoxide detector
3540:Standpipe (firefighting)
3303:Gaseous fire suppression
3068:Enthalpy of vaporization
2388:Marine Casualty Report:
2143:, p. appendix 1/32.
2131:, p. appendix 1/30.
1260:Borgo Panigale explosion
1240:, Louisiana, U.S. – The
1214:, Ontario, Canada – The
1192:, Wisconsin, U.S. – The
1170:, Tennessee, U.S. – The
1051:, Tennessee, U.S. – The
972:Meldrim Trestle Disaster
959:, Quebec, Canada – At a
798:from the explosion; the
728:enthalpy of vaporization
234:instantaneously vaporize
42:A BLEVE–fireball at the
3510:Pressurisation ductwork
3475:Firewall (construction)
3323:Passive fire protection
3273:Fire suppression system
2919:– Controlled BLEVE demo
2905:Exploding Propane Tanks
2098:"The Explosion of 1948"
2075:, p. appendix 1/9.
1714:. pp. 22.6–22.10.
1441:"Just What Is a BLEVE?"
1140:28 January 1986, above
1114:, Illinois, U.S. – The
941:, exploded killing 209.
873:Passive fire protection
145:
3686:Industry organizations
3651:Fire-resistance rating
3530:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3505:Penetration (firestop)
3495:Packing (firestopping)
3203:Active fire protection
3163:Spontaneous combustion
2753:10.29109/gujsc.1147339
2390:MV Inca Tupac Yupanqui
1330:Rapid phase transition
1144:, Florida, U.S. – The
1029:, Arizona, U.S. – The
970:, Georgia, U.S. – The
868:Pressure relief valves
355:
297:
271:Superheat limit theory
228:
50:
23:Bleve (disambiguation)
3838:Template:Firefighting
3812:Arthur B. Guise Medal
3765:GHS hazard statements
3268:Fire sprinkler system
3248:Fire-retardant fabric
2853:Butterworth-Heinemann
2827:Butterworth-Heinemann
2778:The Bologna LPG BLEVE
1540:John Wiley & Sons
1361:Butterworth–Heinemann
1295:, South Africa – The
1205:liquefied natural gas
1137:LPG storage terminal.
1096:-laden barge TB
1064:Los Alfaques disaster
1044:BLEVE that killed 30.
356:
290:superheat-limit locus
278:
226:
46:, as rendered by the
41:
3622:Professions, trades,
3535:Smokeproof enclosure
3395:Electromagnetic lock
3103:Flammability diagram
3014:Fundamental concepts
2475:. 19 November 1984.
1883:. 26 November 2018.
1428:on 24 February 2012.
1194:Weyauwega derailment
1127:San Juanico disaster
1066:: In the worst ever
1013:1972 Reduc explosion
372:critical temperature
319:
279:In this diagram for
248:Atmospheric pressure
3578:Fire alarm call box
3485:Heat and smoke vent
2894:on 20 October 2012.
2632:2004JLPPI..17..315P
2232:Fire Brigades Union
1653:1979Sci...203.1263R
1647:(4386): 1263–1265.
1359:. London, England:
1174:killed nine people.
1123:San Juan Ixhuatepec
1090:Inca Tupac Yupanqui
911:, Romania – A rail
877:Water spray cooling
294:critical conditions
3550:Fire alarm systems
3365:Annulus (firestop)
3293:Flashback arrestor
3258:Fire-safe polymers
3253:Fire retardant gel
3108:Flammability limit
2935:(3 September 1983)
2795:on 6 February 2024
1710:. New York, N.Y.:
1453:. pp. 46–47.
1363:. pp. 43–45.
1297:Boksburg explosion
1291:24 December 2022,
1166:23 December 1988,
1121:19 November 1984,
1047:23 February 1978,
934:plant, killing 57.
907:24 December 1939,
896:13 December 1926,
758:blast overpressure
351:
313:to predict it is:
298:
229:
108:pressurized liquid
51:
3883:
3882:
3791:Safety data sheet
3786:List of S-phrases
3781:List of R-phrases
3677:Sprinkler fitting
3568:Circuit integrity
3440:Fire extinguisher
3278:Firefighting foam
3173:Thermal radiation
2959:– BLEVE from the
2933:Murdock, Illinois
2862:978-0-12-397189-0
2521:978-0-444-51332-8
1549:978-0-470-25147-8
1325:Explosive boiling
1118:killed 15 people.
1036:8 December 1977,
1031:Kingman explosion
882:Notable accidents
804:thermal radiation
754:thermal radiation
696:explosive boiling
688:
687:
348:
340:
329:
125:explosive boiling
3918:
3871:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3775:Life Safety Code
3380:Compartmentation
3190:
3113:Flammable liquid
3000:
2993:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2970:Transport Canada
2953:
2941:
2925:
2913:
2895:
2893:
2887:. Archived from
2882:
2866:
2840:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2709:. October 2016.
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2556:
2554:10.21949/1510178
2542:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2504:Elsevier Science
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2407:U.S. Coast Guard
2404:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2295:. 26 July 2021.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2013:
1975:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1916:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1880:Transport Canada
1871:
1860:
1854:
1845:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1791:on 1 August 2012
1787:. Archived from
1777:
1771:
1770:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1575:
1554:
1553:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1424:. Archived from
1421:Fire Engineering
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1391:. 23 July 2020.
1381:
1375:
1374:
1349:
1310:Boiler explosion
1221:27 August 2012,
1210:10 August 2008,
1196:, no fatalities.
1084:30 August 1972,
1021:
992:4 January 1966,
955:8 January 1957,
381:
380:
360:
358:
357:
352:
350:
349:
346:
338:
331:
330:
327:
262:boiler explosion
210:industrial gases
94:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
30:Boiler explosion
3926:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3847:
3821:
3800:
3728:
3681:
3623:
3617:
3544:
3470:Firestop pillow
3405:Emergency light
3358:Building design
3353:
3344:Tank blanketing
3313:Inerting system
3288:Flame retardant
3238:Fire protection
3233:Fire prevention
3191:
3182:
3047:Dangerous goods
3009:
3007:Fire protection
3004:
2951:
2939:
2924:Huge Explosions
2923:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2880:
2873:
2871:Further reading
2863:
2837:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2667:
2663:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2506:. p. 305.
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:. 10 May 1983.
2402:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2263:
2258:Costa, Pierre.
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2015:
2014:
1976:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1859:, p. 1542.
1855:
1848:
1844:, p. 1541.
1840:
1831:
1827:, p. 1539.
1823:
1819:
1815:, p. 1538.
1811:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1704:
1700:
1635:Reid, Robert C.
1632:
1625:
1576:
1557:
1550:
1525:
1518:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1437:
1433:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1315:Steam explosion
1306:
1254:6 August 2018,
1177:19 April 1993,
1154:liquid hydrogen
1125:, Mexico – The
1103:1 August 1981,
1015:
1007:30 March 1972,
998:Feyzin disaster
996:, France – The
977:28 March 1960,
890:
884:
856:
850:
848:Safety measures
792:
766:
749:
712:liquid nitrogen
704:
702:Physical BLEVEs
642:Carbon dioxide
395:
369:
345:
341:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
273:
227:BLEVE mechanism
218:pressure vessel
180:
148:
92:
66:
62:
36:
34:Steam explosion
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3924:
3914:
3913:
3911:Process safety
3908:
3903:
3898:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Fire insurance
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:Smoke detector
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Flame detector
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Fire sprinkler
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Emergency exit
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3370:Area of refuge
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3339:Spark arrestor
3336:
3331:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Flame arrester
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Fire retardant
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3178:Water pressure
3175:
3170:
3168:Structure fire
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Dust explosion
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2948:
2936:
2920:
2908:
2900:
2899:External links
2897:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2841:
2835:
2819:Lees, Frank P.
2813:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2767:
2746:(4): 748‒764.
2742:(in Turkish).
2724:
2694:
2661:
2626:(4): 315–321.
2608:
2575:
2527:
2520:
2490:
2458:
2443:(in Spanish).
2427:
2379:
2343:
2310:
2280:
2277:on 4 May 2016.
2250:
2218:
2178:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2029:
1941:
1898:
1861:
1846:
1829:
1817:
1802:
1772:
1727:
1720:
1698:
1623:
1588:(3): 489–519.
1555:
1548:
1516:
1489:(4): 485–487.
1471:
1431:
1406:
1376:
1369:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1265:21 June 2019,
1263:
1252:
1247:21 July 2014,
1245:
1236:13 June 2013,
1234:
1225:, India – The
1219:
1208:
1199:22 June 2002,
1197:
1188:4 March 1994,
1186:
1175:
1164:
1146:Space Shuttle
1142:Merritt Island
1138:
1119:
1110:23 July 1984,
1108:
1101:
1082:
1075:
1062:, Spain – The
1058:11 July 1978,
1056:
1045:
1034:
1023:
1009:Rio de Janeiro
1005:
990:
975:
966:28 June 1959,
964:
953:
942:
935:
926:29 July 1943,
924:
905:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
870:
865:
860:
849:
846:
826:mushroom shape
791:
788:
765:
762:
748:
747:BLEVE–fireball
745:
703:
700:
692:spinodal curve
686:
685:
682:
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
631:
628:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
606:
605:
602:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
567:
564:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
516:
513:
507:
506:
503:
500:
497:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
450:
449:
446:
443:
440:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
415:
414:
409:
404:
398:
397:
393:
387:
367:
344:
337:
334:
325:
285:vapor pressure
272:
269:
253:
252:
249:
202:carbon dioxide
198:
197:
194:
191:
179:
176:
152:Factory Mutual
147:
144:
130:If the gas is
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3923:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Types of fire
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3876:
3875:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3843:Template:HVAC
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Template:Fire
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
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3697:
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3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:Duct cleaning
3629:
3628:
3626:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Heat detector
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
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3579:
3576:
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3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Smoke control
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
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3408:
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3329:
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3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
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3279:
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3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
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3234:
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3216:
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3209:
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3198:
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3189:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Heat transfer
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Friction loss
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Fire triangle
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Conflagration
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2952:Propane BLEVE
2949:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2836:0-7506-1547-8
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2759:
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2657:
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2625:
2621:
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2612:
2593:
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2579:
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2555:
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2446:
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2238:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2182:
2166:
2163:(in French).
2162:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2086:
2081:
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2069:
2053:
2049:
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2033:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
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1983:
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1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
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1952:
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1946:
1926:
1922:
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1913:
1907:
1905:
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1886:
1882:
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1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:Mannan (2012)
1853:
1851:
1843:
1842:Mannan (2012)
1838:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:Mannan (2012)
1821:
1814:
1813:Mannan (2012)
1809:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1785:InspectAPedia
1782:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1721:0-07-135171-X
1717:
1713:
1709:
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1694:
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1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1370:0-408-04429-2
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:Kletz, Trevor
1348:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
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1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1163:compartments.
1162:
1161:external tank
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:30 May 1978,
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:5 July 1973,
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
969:
965:
962:
958:
954:
951:
947:
944:7 July 1951,
943:
940:
939:diethyl ether
936:
933:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:containing a
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
894:
893:
889:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
857:
855:
845:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
822:
820:
819:domino effect
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
772:
771:relief valves
761:
759:
755:
744:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:liquid helium
713:
709:
699:
697:
693:
683:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
664:
661:
659:
656:
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651:
648:
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629:
627:
624:
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619:
616:
613:
611:
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603:
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591:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
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568:
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563:
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555:
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541:
540:
536:
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530:
528:
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514:
512:
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508:
504:
501:
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235:
225:
221:
219:
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211:
207:
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195:
192:
189:
188:boiling point
185:
184:
183:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
143:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
117:
116:boiling point
113:
109:
106:containing a
105:
101:
97:
96:
87:
60:
56:
49:
45:
40:
35:
31:
24:
19:
3873:
3861:
3760:Flame spread
3646:Fireproofing
3624:and services
3525:Smoke damper
3515:Safety glass
3450:Fire hydrant
3415:Fire curtain
3375:Booster pump
3334:Relief valve
3298:Fusible link
3088:Fire loading
3083:Fire control
3053:Deflagration
3025:
2889:the original
2884:
2874:
2848:
2822:
2797:. Retrieved
2790:the original
2777:
2770:
2743:
2737:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2674:
2664:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2530:
2499:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2441:Plurinominal
2440:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2398:Capt. Norman
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2272:the original
2267:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2195:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2158:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2045:
2032:
2018:cite journal
1985:
1979:
1932:. Retrieved
1918:
1889:. Retrieved
1878:
1820:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1784:
1775:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1707:
1701:
1644:
1638:
1585:
1579:
1531:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1446:Fire Journal
1444:
1434:
1426:the original
1419:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1379:
1356:
1320:Deflagration
1283:
1267:Philadelphia
1147:
1097:
1089:
928:Ludwigshafen
891:
830:
823:
808:
793:
767:
750:
736:Asphyxiation
720:refrigerants
705:
689:
543:
492:
473:
454:
435:
411:
406:
401:
390:
389:
384:
364:
362:
315:
299:
289:
266:
254:
242:
230:
208:, and other
199:
181:
172:Fire Journal
171:
168:Fire Command
167:
149:
136:hydrocarbons
129:
58:
54:
52:
18:
3480:Grease duct
3435:Fire escape
3425:Fire damper
3318:Intumescent
3263:Fire safety
3228:Fire bucket
3123:Flash point
2845:Mannan, Sam
2717:22 February
2601:10 February
2394:Panama City
2141:Lees (1996)
2129:Lees (1996)
2085:Lees (1996)
2073:Lees (1996)
2047:La Provence
1988:(1): 9–24.
1712:McGraw-Hill
1389:FireRescue1
1098:Panama City
1016: [
1011:, Brazil –
950:Port Newark
898:Saint-Auban
815:San Juanico
311:Robert Reid
302:superheated
158:mixed with
112:temperature
3896:Explosions
3890:Categories
3777:(NFPA 101)
3740:CE marking
3593:Fire drill
3196:Technology
3093:Fire point
3078:Fire class
3058:Detonation
2912:BLEVE Demo
2799:6 February
2687:8 February
2568:8 February
2483:8 February
2451:9 February
2420:9 February
2372:9 February
2336:9 February
2303:8 February
2243:8 February
2211:9 February
2197:La Tribune
2171:9 February
2114:7 February
2058:7 February
1891:8 February
1464:9 February
1399:8 February
1336:References
1183:Waco siege
1148:Challenger
1112:Romeoville
1079:Texas City
1068:tank truck
919:(80%) and
852:See also:
796:blast wave
786:tank car.
724:cryogenics
511:Ethyl eter
307:nucleation
166:'s (NFPA)
28:See also:
3733:Standards
3662:Fire test
3490:Occupancy
3455:Fire pump
3445:Fire hose
3430:Fire door
3410:Exit sign
3385:Crash bar
3158:Pyrolysis
3153:Pool fire
3118:Flashover
3073:Explosive
3021:Backdraft
2762:2147-9526
2656:0950-4230
2648:1873-3352
2206:0832-3194
2160:La Presse
2010:1042-3915
2002:1532-172X
1767:0957-5820
1759:1744-3598
1745:: 49–60.
1677:0036-8075
1669:1095-9203
1610:0304-3894
1602:1873-3336
1511:0950-4230
1503:1873-3352
1459:0015-2617
1279:isobutane
1190:Weyauwega
1086:Good Hope
1072:propylene
1038:Cartagena
917:butadiene
776:tank cars
732:frostbite
718:or other
708:flammable
610:Propylene
394:min,BLEVE
385:Substance
328:min,BLEVE
238:explosion
178:Mechanism
132:flammable
100:explosion
3862:Category
3826:See also
3755:EN 16034
3465:Firestop
3420:Fire cut
3143:Jet fire
3133:Gas leak
3049:(HAZMAT)
3032:Boilover
2847:(2012).
2821:(1996).
2711:Archived
2681:Archived
2676:CityNews
2592:Archived
2559:Archived
2477:Archived
2445:Archived
2411:Archived
2363:Archived
2327:Archived
2297:Archived
2237:Archived
2165:Archived
2108:Archived
2052:Archived
1925:Archived
1923:. 2016.
1885:Archived
1693:26468355
1685:17841142
1618:17113225
1530:(2010).
1393:Archived
1355:(1990).
1304:See also
1293:Boksburg
1150:disaster
1105:Cerritos
957:Montreal
913:tank car
909:Zărnești
902:chlorine
842:phosgene
834:Chlorine
784:derailed
780:jet fire
658:Ethylene
562:Chlorine
527:Phosgene
495:-Pentane
457:-Heptane
156:formalin
140:alcohols
98:) is an
3874:Commons
3707:(NCEES)
3028:(BLEVE)
2957:YouTube
2945:YouTube
2929:YouTube
2917:YouTube
2812:Sources
2628:Bibcode
1934:16 July
1795:12 July
1649:Bibcode
1640:Science
1286:-butane
1256:Bologna
1238:Geismar
1212:Toronto
1201:Tivissa
1168:Memphis
1060:Alcanar
1049:Waverly
1042:ammonia
1027:Kingman
979:Glasgow
968:Meldrim
838:ammonia
790:Hazards
674:Methane
594:Propane
578:Ammonia
546:-Butane
476:-Hexane
438:-Octane
370:is the
281:propane
206:propane
121:convert
3805:Awards
3719:(SFPE)
3713:(NFPA)
3695:(FEMA)
3658:(FSES)
2859:
2833:
2760:
2654:
2646:
2518:
2396:, Tug
2204:
2042:
2008:
2000:
1765:
1757:
1718:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1546:
1509:
1501:
1457:
1367:
1275:butene
1231:Kerala
1158:oxygen
1094:butane
994:Feyzin
987:whisky
946:Newark
921:butene
811:Feyzin
626:Ethane
376:kelvin
363:where
339:
258:boiler
160:phenol
104:vessel
3796:UL 94
3750:EN 54
3701:(IFE)
3330:(PPE)
2892:(PDF)
2881:(PDF)
2793:(PDF)
2782:(PDF)
2758:eISSN
2644:eISSN
2595:(PDF)
2588:(PDF)
2562:(PDF)
2541:(PDF)
2414:(PDF)
2403:(PDF)
2392:, TB
2366:(PDF)
2359:Marsh
2355:(PDF)
2330:(PDF)
2323:(PDF)
2275:(PDF)
2264:(PDF)
2192:(PDF)
1998:eISSN
1928:(PDF)
1915:(PDF)
1755:eISSN
1689:S2CID
1665:eISSN
1598:eISSN
1499:eISSN
1223:Chala
1135:Pemex
1020:]
961:Shell
741:toxic
684:–152
681:–102
419:Water
336:0.895
214:water
59:BLEVE
3901:Fire
3745:EN 3
3725:(UL)
2857:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2801:2024
2719:2024
2689:2024
2652:ISSN
2603:2024
2570:2024
2538:1978
2516:ISBN
2485:2024
2453:2024
2422:2024
2374:2024
2338:2024
2305:2024
2245:2024
2213:2024
2202:ISSN
2173:2024
2116:2024
2103:BASF
2060:2024
2024:link
2006:ISSN
1936:2020
1893:2020
1797:2011
1763:ISSN
1716:ISBN
1681:PMID
1673:ISSN
1614:PMID
1606:ISSN
1544:ISBN
1538:and
1528:CCPS
1507:ISSN
1466:2024
1455:ISSN
1401:2024
1365:ISBN
1281:and
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