45:
1505:
239:
2174:
2186:
188:(CJ) theory, developed around the turn of the 20th century. This theory, described by a relatively simple set of algebraic equations, models the detonation as a propagating shock wave accompanied by exothermic heat release. Such a theory describes the chemistry and diffusive transport processes as occurring abruptly as the shock passes.
226:
below them. The influence of increasing the concentration of diluent on expanding individual detonation cells has been elegantly demonstrated. Similarly, their size grows as the initial pressure falls. Since cell widths must be matched with minimum dimension of containment, any wave overdriven by the initiator will be quenched.
207:, admits finite-rate chemical reactions and thus describes a detonation as an infinitesimally thin shock wave, followed by a zone of exothermic chemical reaction. With a reference frame of a stationary shock, the following flow is subsonic, so that an acoustic reaction zone follows immediately behind the lead front, the
225:
Experimental studies have revealed some of the conditions needed for the propagation of such fronts. In confinement, the range of composition of mixes of fuel and oxidant and self-decomposing substances with inerts are slightly below the flammability limits and, for spherically expanding fronts, well
221:
Both theories describe one-dimensional and steady wavefronts. However, in the 1960s, experiments revealed that gas-phase detonations were most often characterized by unsteady, three-dimensional structures, which can only, in an averaged sense, be predicted by one-dimensional steady theories. Indeed,
98:
of fuel-air mixture. Compared to deflagration, detonation doesn't need to have an external oxidizer. Oxidizers and fuel mix when deflagration occurs. Detonation is more destructive than deflagrations. In detonation, the flame front travels through the air-fuel faster than sound; while in
121:. Gaseous detonations are often associated with a mixture of fuel and oxidant in a composition somewhat below conventional flammability ratios. They happen most often in confined systems, but they sometimes occur in large vapor clouds. Other materials, such as
262:
where the exothermic wave is subsonic and maximum pressures for non-metal specks of dust are approximately 7–10 times atmospheric pressure. Therefore, detonation is a feature for destructive purposes while deflagration is favored for the acceleration of
532:
Mallard, Ernest-François; and Le
Chatelier, Henry Louis; « Sur les vitesses de propagation de l’inflammation dans les mélanges gazeux explosifs » , Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, vol. 93, pp. 145–148,
522:
Berthelot, Marcellin; and
Vieille, Paul Marie Eugène; « Sur la vitesse de propagation des phénomènes explosifs dans les gaz » , Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, vol. 93, pp. 18–22,
299:
or pinging, and it causes a loss of power. It can also cause excessive heating, and harsh mechanical shock that can result in eventual engine failure. In firearms, it may cause catastrophic and potentially lethal failure.
229:
Mathematical modeling has steadily advanced to predicting the complex flow fields behind shocks inducing reactions. To date, none has adequately described how the structure is formed and sustained behind unconfined waves.
870:
Edwards, D. H.; Thomas, G. O.; Nettleton, M. A. (1981). A. K. Oppenheim; N. Manson; R. I. Soloukhin; J. R. Bowen (eds.). "Diffraction of a Planar
Detonation in Various Fuel-Oxygen Mixtures at an Area Change".
267:' projectiles. However, detonation waves may also be used for less destructive purposes, including deposition of coatings to a surface or cleaning of equipment (e.g. slag removal) and even
102:
Detonations occur in both conventional solid and liquid explosives, as well as in reactive gases. TNT, dynamite, and C4 are examples of high power explosives that detonate. The
133:, are detonable in the absence of an oxidant (or reductant). In these cases the energy released results from the rearrangement of the molecular constituents of the material.
2021:
792:
Reed, Evan J.; Riad Manaa, M.; Fried, Laurence E.; Glaesemann, Kurt R.; Joannopoulos, J. D. (2007). "A transient semimetallic layer in detonating nitromethane".
1816:
1134:
Nikolaev, Yu. A.; Vasil'ev, A. A. & Ul'yanitskii, B. Yu. (2003). "Gas
Detonation and its Application in Engineering and Technologies (Review)".
106:
in solid and liquid explosives is much higher than that in gaseous ones, which allows the wave system to be observed with greater detail (higher
564:
306:
are a form of pulsed jet engine that has been experimented with on several occasions as this offers the potential for good fuel efficiency.
2009:
275:
use the detonation wave for aerospace propulsion. The first flight of an aircraft powered by a pulse detonation engine took place at the
1624:
1123:(5 ed.). Society of Fire Protection Engineers. 2016. Table 70.1 Explosivity Data for representative powders and dusts, page 2770.
44:
1314:
1103:
827:
Edwards, D. H.; Thomas, G. O. & Nettleton, M. A. (1979). "The
Diffraction of a Planar Detonation Wave at an Abrupt Area Change".
598:
117:), droplet fogs, or dust suspensions. In addition to dioxygen, oxidants can include halogen compounds, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and
222:
such waves are quenched as their structure is destroyed. The Wood-Kirkwood detonation theory can correct some of these limitations.
1342:
472:
394:
1988:
1283:
652:
892:
507:
480:
449:
2033:
2027:
1169:
Huque, Z.; Ali, M. R. & Kommalapati, R. (2009). "Application of pulse detonation technology for boiler slag removal".
1255:
648:
1529:
1904:
254:
When used in explosive devices, the main cause of damage from a detonation is the supersonic blast front (a powerful
173:
2189:
2212:
1665:
1353:
676:
Döring, Werner (1943). ""Über den
Detonationsvorgang in Gasen"" ["On the detonation process in gases"].
947:
Nettleton, M. A. (1980). "Detonation and flammability limits of gases in confined and unconfined situations".
2015:
1972:
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1307:
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145:
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335:
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1983:
1899:
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1619:
1384:
1300:
149:
17:
580:
1826:
1791:
1639:
1589:
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153:
1967:
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1519:
1479:
340:
192:
169:
2154:
2128:
2081:
1696:
1584:
1564:
1233:"Pulse Power: Pulse Detonation Engine-powered Flight Demonstration Marks Milestone in Mojave"
746:
1851:
1711:
1419:
1205:
1079:
1022:
979:
836:
801:
685:
497:
1064:
970:
Munday, G.; Ubbelohde, A. R. & Wood, I. F. (1968). "Fluctuating
Detonation in Gases".
614:
8:
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1894:
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238:
137:
103:
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1083:
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330:
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130:
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1143:
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1030:
987:
921:
880:
844:
809:
758:
693:
196:
161:
107:
1013:
Barthel, H. O. (1974). "Predicted
Spacings in Hydrogen-Oxygen-Argon Detonations".
200:
165:
157:
86:
propagating directly in front of it. Detonations propagate supersonically through
69:
1786:
1721:
1660:
1629:
1604:
1554:
1549:
1363:
1323:
1287:
1232:
1196:
Kailasanath, K. (2000). "Review of
Propulsion Applications of Detonation Waves".
1182:
466:
360:
345:
296:
184:
The simplest theory to predict the behaviour of detonations in gases is known as
160:
in 1905, 1906 and 1917. The next advance in understanding detonation was made by
31:
1952:
1929:
1914:
1776:
1716:
1686:
1655:
1599:
1559:
1494:
1484:
1379:
544:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
118:
63:
1275:
1147:
1091:
1065:"Nonlinear cellular dynamics of the idealized detonation model: Regular cells"
925:
848:
762:
99:
deflagration, the flame front travels through the air-fuel slower than sound.
2206:
2159:
2149:
1947:
1919:
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1454:
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1414:
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956:
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365:
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91:
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1751:
1741:
1634:
1579:
1544:
1439:
651:(Report). OSRD Report No. 549. Ascension number ADB967734. Archived from
83:
542:
Chapman, David Leonard (1899). "VI. On the rate of explosion in gases",
191:
A more complex theory was advanced during World War II independently by
152:. The mathematical predictions of propagation were carried out first by
82:
exothermic front accelerating through a medium that eventually drives a
2056:
1909:
1409:
1394:
723:
292:
255:
204:
87:
79:
75:
53:
38:
1034:
429:(5 ed.). Society of Fire Protection Engineers. 2016. p. 390.
1978:
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122:
95:
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1459:
1449:
1348:
1217:
250:, 2006; detonating the bomb causes fire and smoke to propel upward.
114:
1292:
778:
258:) in the surrounding area. This is a significant distinction from
714:
Zel'dovich, Yakov B.; Kompaneets, Aleksandr Solomonovich (1960).
264:
94:
which have subsonic flame speeds about 1 m/sec. Detonation is an
601:["On the propagation of chemical reactions in gases"]
567:["On the propagation of chemical reactions in gases"]
2112:
2066:
791:
126:
136:
Detonation was discovered in 1881 by four French scientists
2061:
2022:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
709:
707:
247:
599:"Sur la propagation des réactions chimiques dans les gaz"
565:"Sur la propagation des réactions chimiques dans les gaz"
49:
1281:
GALCIT Explosion Dynamics Laboratory Detonation Database
713:
704:
869:
826:
389:
214:
There is also some evidence that the reaction zone is
113:
A very wide variety of fuels may occur as gases (e.g.
910:"Improved Wood–Kirkwood detonation chemical kinetics"
1276:
Youtube video demonstrating physics of a blast wave
1168:
969:
271:together metals that would otherwise fail to fuse.
499:Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards
1817:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2204:
908:Glaesemann, Kurt R.; Fried, Laurence E. (2007).
90:with speeds about 1 km/sec and differ from
907:
649:Progress report on "Theory of Detonation Waves"
495:
1256:"Don't Waste Your Time Listening for Knock..."
30:For detonation in spark-ignition engines, see
1308:
642:
640:
558:
556:
607:Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées
573:Journal de mathématiques pures et appliquées
439:
291:is desired is a problem in some devices. In
74: 'to thunder down/forth') is a type of
1195:
1062:
646:
440:Fickett, Wildon; Davis, William C. (1979).
1625:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1315:
1301:
873:Progress in Astronautics & Aeronautics
637:
553:
282:
2010:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1047:
946:
671:
669:
496:Urben, Peter; Bretherick, Leslie (2006).
401:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
1343:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
473:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
237:
43:
1989:Listing and approval use and compliance
1121:Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
1012:
745:Chapman, David Leonard (January 1899).
744:
630:Jouguet, Jacques Charles Émile (1917).
597:Jouguet, Jacques Charles Émile (1906).
596:
563:Jouguet, Jacques Charles Émile (1905).
562:
426:Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
14:
2205:
1230:
1136:Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves
1050:Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flows
949:Fire Prevention Science and Technology
675:
666:
502:(7th ed.). London: Butterworths.
2034:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1296:
464:
2185:
2028:National Fire Protection Association
1237:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1063:Sharpe, G. J.; Quirk, J. J. (2008).
632:L'Ĺ’uvre scientifique de Pierre Duhem
1322:
747:"On the rate of explosion in gases"
295:, or gasoline engines it is called
24:
1530:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
972:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
471:. Monograph Series. Vol. 10.
468:Fundamentals of fire and explosion
444:. University of California Press.
25:
2229:
1905:Fire alarm notification appliance
1269:
1253:
885:10.2514/5.9781600865497.0341.0357
326:Detonation of an explosive charge
174:Aleksandr Solomonovich Kompaneets
2184:
2173:
2172:
1503:
1109:from the original on 2017-07-05.
27:Explosion at supersonic velocity
1666:Vehicle fire suppression system
1354:Combustibility and flammability
1247:
1224:
1189:
1162:
1127:
1113:
1072:Combustion Theory and Modelling
1056:
1041:
1006:
963:
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901:
863:
820:
785:
738:
624:
233:
914:Theoretical Chemistry Accounts
536:
526:
516:
489:
465:Stull, Daniel Richard (1977).
458:
433:
417:
383:
287:Unintentional detonation when
13:
1:
2016:Institution of Fire Engineers
1973:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1645:Personal protective equipment
376:
371:Relative effectiveness factor
2087:GHS precautionary statements
1925:Manual fire alarm activation
1183:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.01.004
718:. New York: Academic Press.
203:. This theory, now known as
7:
1958:Fire protection engineering
1890:Explosive gas leak detector
1707:Electromagnetic door holder
1540:External water spray system
399:British & World English
309:
277:Mojave Air & Space Port
179:
10:
2234:
2134:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1525:Automatic fire suppression
1465:K-factor (fire protection)
1171:Fuel Processing Technology
829:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
647:von Neumann, John (1942).
391:Oxford Living Dictionaries
36:
29:
2168:
2142:
2121:
2049:
2040:Underwriters Laboratories
2002:
1938:
1875:Aspirating smoke detector
1865:
1674:
1535:Detonation flame arrester
1512:
1501:
1330:
1092:10.1080/13647830701335749
926:10.1007/s00214-007-0303-9
849:10.1017/S002211207900135X
763:10.1080/14786449908621243
579:: 347–425. Archived from
356:Chapman–Jouguet condition
336:Detonation flame arrester
209:Chapman–Jouguet condition
142:Paul Marie Eugène Vieille
1984:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1900:Fire alarm control panel
1880:Carbon monoxide detector
1857:Standpipe (firefighting)
1620:Gaseous fire suppression
1385:Enthalpy of vaporization
1259:High Performance Academy
698:10.1002/andp.19434350605
304:Pulse detonation engines
273:Pulse detonation engines
150:Henry Louis Le Chatelier
37:Not to be confused with
1827:Pressurisation ductwork
1792:Firewall (construction)
1640:Passive fire protection
1590:Fire suppression system
1148:10.1023/A:1024726619703
757:(284). London: 90–104.
283:In engines and firearms
168:in the early 1940s and
146:Ernest-François Mallard
2213:Explosives engineering
2003:Industry organizations
1968:Fire-resistance rating
1847:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1822:Penetration (firestop)
1812:Packing (firestopping)
1520:Active fire protection
1480:Spontaneous combustion
1052:. Elsevier Publishers.
992:10.1098/rspa.1968.0143
751:Philosophical Magazine
613:: 5–85. Archived from
341:Sympathetic detonation
251:
104:velocity of detonation
68:
56:
2155:Template:Firefighting
2129:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2082:GHS hazard statements
1585:Fire sprinkler system
1565:Fire-retardant fabric
279:on January 31, 2008.
241:
47:
1939:Professions, trades,
1852:Smokeproof enclosure
1712:Electromagnetic lock
1420:Flammability diagram
1331:Fundamental concepts
1048:Oran; Boris (1987).
716:Theory of Detonation
405:on February 22, 2019
218:in some explosives.
1895:Fire alarm call box
1802:Heat and smoke vent
1231:Norris, G. (2008).
1210:2000AIAAJ..38.1698K
1084:2008CTM....12....1S
1027:1974PhFl...17.1547B
984:1968RSPSA.306..171M
841:1979JFM....95...79E
806:2008NatPh...4...72R
690:1943AnP...435..421D
269:explosively welding
170:Yakov B. Zel'dovich
138:Marcellin Berthelot
1867:Fire alarm systems
1682:Annulus (firestop)
1610:Flashback arrestor
1575:Fire-safe polymers
1570:Fire retardant gel
1425:Flammability limit
1286:2014-03-11 at the
678:Annalen der Physik
331:Detonation diamond
252:
119:oxides of nitrogen
57:
2200:
2199:
2108:Safety data sheet
2103:List of S-phrases
2098:List of R-phrases
1994:Sprinkler fitting
1885:Circuit integrity
1757:Fire extinguisher
1595:Firefighting foam
1490:Thermal radiation
1035:10.1063/1.1694932
1015:Physics of Fluids
978:(1485): 171–178.
894:978-0-915928-46-0
509:978-0-123725-63-9
482:978-0-816903-91-7
451:978-0-486-41456-0
316:Carbon detonation
131:hydrogen peroxide
16:(Redirected from
2225:
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2092:Life Safety Code
1697:Compartmentation
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1430:Flammable liquid
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1204:(9): 1698–1708.
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1021:(8): 1547–1553.
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1722:Emergency light
1675:Building design
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1661:Tank blanketing
1630:Inerting system
1605:Flame retardant
1555:Fire protection
1550:Fire prevention
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1324:Fire protection
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346:Nuclear testing
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156:in 1899 and by
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32:Engine knocking
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1600:Flame arrester
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1177:(4): 558–569.
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920:(1–3): 37–43.
900:
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794:Nature Physics
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665:
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623:
620:on 2015-10-16.
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242:A controlled
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2077:Flame spread
1963:Fireproofing
1941:and services
1842:Smoke damper
1832:Safety glass
1767:Fire hydrant
1732:Fire curtain
1692:Booster pump
1651:Relief valve
1615:Fusible link
1405:Fire loading
1400:Fire control
1374:
1370:Deflagration
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1198:AIAA Journal
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835:(1): 79–96.
832:
828:
822:
800:(1): 72–76.
797:
793:
787:
754:
753:. Series 5.
750:
740:
715:
681:
677:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
631:
626:
615:the original
610:
606:
588:. Retrieved
581:the original
576:
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547:
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498:
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467:
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441:
435:
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407:. Retrieved
403:the original
398:
385:
366:Deflagration
302:
289:deflagration
286:
253:
234:Applications
228:
224:
220:
213:
190:
183:
135:
112:
101:
78:involving a
67:
59:
58:
1797:Grease duct
1752:Fire escape
1742:Fire damper
1635:Intumescent
1580:Fire safety
1545:Fire bucket
1440:Flash point
1078:(1): 1–21.
879:: 341–357.
409:21 February
197:von Neumann
88:shock waves
84:shock front
2218:Combustion
2207:Categories
2094:(NFPA 101)
2057:CE marking
1910:Fire drill
1513:Technology
1410:Fire point
1395:Fire class
1375:Detonation
951:(23): 29.
779:sn86025845
724:B000WB4XGE
659:2017-12-22
590:2013-10-19
442:Detonation
395:"detonate"
377:References
293:Otto cycle
256:shock wave
205:ZND theory
193:Zel'dovich
108:resolution
80:supersonic
76:combustion
62:(from
60:Detonation
54:shock wave
39:Denotation
2050:Standards
1979:Fire test
1807:Occupancy
1772:Fire pump
1762:Fire hose
1747:Fire door
1727:Exit sign
1702:Crash bar
1475:Pyrolysis
1470:Pool fire
1435:Flashover
1390:Explosive
1338:Backdraft
957:0305-7844
857:123018814
771:1941-5982
321:Detonator
123:acetylene
96:explosion
2179:Category
2143:See also
2072:EN 16034
1782:Firestop
1737:Fire cut
1460:Jet fire
1450:Gas leak
1366:(HAZMAT)
1349:Boilover
1284:Archived
1243:(7): 60.
1156:93125699
1104:Archived
1100:73601951
1000:93720416
934:95326309
310:See also
265:firearms
180:Theories
115:hydrogen
70:detonare
18:Detonate
2191:Commons
2024:(NCEES)
1345:(BLEVE)
1206:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
1023:Bibcode
980:Bibcode
837:Bibcode
802:Bibcode
686:Bibcode
634:, Doin.
2122:Awards
2036:(SFPE)
2030:(NFPA)
2012:(FEMA)
1975:(FSES)
1154:
1098:
998:
955:
932:
891:
855:
777:
769:
732:974679
730:
722:
506:
479:
448:
201:Döring
199:, and
129:, and
52:, and
2113:UL 94
2067:EN 54
2018:(IFE)
1647:(PPE)
1152:S2CID
1107:(PDF)
1096:S2CID
1068:(PDF)
996:S2CID
930:S2CID
853:S2CID
618:(PDF)
609:. 6.
603:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
575:. 6.
569:(PDF)
127:ozone
66:
64:Latin
2062:EN 3
2042:(UL)
953:ISSN
889:ISBN
775:LCCN
767:ISSN
728:OCLC
720:ASIN
533:1881
523:1881
504:ISBN
477:ISBN
446:ISBN
411:2019
248:Iraq
172:and
164:and
148:and
144:and
140:and
1241:168
1214:doi
1179:doi
1144:doi
1088:doi
1031:doi
988:doi
976:306
922:doi
918:120
881:doi
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810:doi
759:doi
694:doi
246:in
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