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278:. The confusion in terminology arises from the fact that in other areas of physics not dominated by entropy, all potential energy is available to do useful work and drives the system to spontaneously undergo changes of configuration, and thus there is no distinction between "free" and "non-free" potential energy (hence the one word "potential"). However, in systems of large entropy such as
39:
and transform into other substances. Some examples of storage media of chemical energy include batteries, food, and gasoline (as well as oxygen gas, which is of high chemical energy due to its relatively weak double bond and indispensable for chemical-energy release in gasoline combustion). Breaking
209:. However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. (The heat change at constant pressure is equal to the
51:
Energy that can be released or absorbed because of a reaction between chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants, if the initial and final temperature is the same. This change in energy can be estimated from the
205:, the internal energy of formation of the product molecules. The internal energy change of a chemical process is equal to the heat exchanged if it is measured under conditions of constant volume and equal initial and final temperature, as in a closed container such as a
48:, which may be either absorbed by or evolved from a chemical system. If reactants with relatively weak electron-pair bonds convert to more strongly bonded products, energy is released. Therefore, relatively weakly bonded and unstable molecules store chemical energy.
232:. Food is similar to hydrocarbon and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is analogous to the heat of combustion (though assessed differently than for a hydrocarbon fuel—see
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203:
266:
is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration, be it in the form of a chemical reaction, spatial transport, particle exchange with a reservoir, etc. It is
239:
Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules. This arrangement may be the result of
279:
444:
Merckel, R. D.; Labuschagne, F. J. W. J.; Heydenrych, M. D. (2019). "Oxygen consumption as the definitive factor in predicting heat of combustion",
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243:
within a molecule or interactions between them. Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a
247:. For example, when a fuel is burned, the chemical energy of molecular oxygen and the fuel is converted to heat. Green plants transform
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is derived)—which (appears to) drive the system forward spontaneously as the global entropy increases (in accordance with the
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Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2018). "How
Batteries Store and Release Energy: Explaining Basic Electrochemistry",
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Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2015). "Why
Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O
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286:) of which this chemical potential energy is a part, is separated from the amount of that energy—
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255:, and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy and vice versa through
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282:, the total amount of energy present (and conserved according to the
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619:
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491:
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123:{\displaystyle \Delta {U_{f}^{\circ }}_{\mathrm {reactants} }}
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to chemical energy (mostly of oxygen) through the process of
198:{\displaystyle \Delta {U_{f}^{\circ }}_{\mathrm {products} }}
993:
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909:
577:
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431:Moore, J. W; Stanitski, C. L., Jurs, P. C. (2005).
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217:, if initial and final temperatures are equal).
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35:that is released when the substances undergo a
453:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.111
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421:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00333
326:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.8b00479
60:and products. It can also be calculated from
330:
228:reaction and often applied in the study of
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469:
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16:Energy released from chemical substances
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274:itself, but is more closely related to
1424:
1103:Integrated gasification combined cycle
1147:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
822:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
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385:from the original on October 18, 2020
352:
343:, 3rd edition. Prentice Hall. p. 302.
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435:, 2nd edition. Brooks Cole. p. 242.
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1:
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134:of formation of the reactant
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284:first law of thermodynamics
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700:Thermodynamic temperature
680:Thermodynamic free energy
675:Thermodynamic equilibrium
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288:thermodynamic free energy
213:change, in this case the
1164:Concentrated solar power
19:Not to be confused with
705:Volume (thermodynamics)
685:Thermodynamic potential
588:Mass–energy equivalence
660:Quantum thermodynamics
650:Laws of thermodynamics
531:Conservation of energy
220:A related term is the
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124:
777:Interatomic potential
568:Energy transformation
355:"Appreciating Oxygen"
353:Weiss, H. M. (2008).
200:
125:
1225:Efficient energy use
1198:Airborne wind energy
1176:Solar thermal energy
1083:Electricity delivery
695:Thermodynamic system
640:Irreversible process
215:enthalpy of reaction
142:
64:
1247:Energy conservation
1169:Photovoltaic system
1142:Nuclear power plant
827:Quantum fluctuation
690:Thermodynamic state
665:Thermal equilibrium
371:2008JChEd..85.1218W
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86:
33:chemical substances
1284:Sustainable energy
1262:Energy development
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1088:Energy engineering
379:10.1021/ed085p1218
292:chemical potential
264:chemical potential
222:heat of combustion
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21:chemical potential
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1186:Solar power tower
832:Quantum potential
670:Thermal reservoir
573:Energy transition
262:The similar term
245:chemical reaction
37:chemical reaction
31:is the energy of
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451:: 1041-1047.
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414:J. Chem. Educ.
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365:(9): 1218–19.
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319:J. Chem. Educ.
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241:chemical bonds
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419:: 2094-2099.
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1154:Oil refinery
1098:Cogeneration
1031:Nuclear fuel
837:Quintessence
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625:Free entropy
558:Energy level
522:Fundamental
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446:Appl. Energy
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387:. Retrieved
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290:(from which
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249:solar energy
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1410:WikiProject
1230:Agriculture
1159:Solar power
1125:Tidal power
999:Natural gas
989:Fossil fuel
932:Latent heat
900:Electricity
276:free energy
259:reactions.
234:food energy
1193:Wind power
1115:Hydropower
1066:components
1021:Hydropower
1011:Geothermal
961:Sound wave
872:Zero-point
802:Mechanical
787:Ionization
760:Electrical
655:Negentropy
536:Energetics
305:References
270:a form of
226:combustion
1304:Australia
1240:Transport
1235:Computing
1203:Wind farm
1130:Wave farm
1004:Petroleum
984:Bioenergy
956:Radiation
895:Capacitor
817:Potential
389:March 13,
341:Chemistry
161:∘
146:Δ
136:molecules
83:∘
68:Δ
58:reactants
44:involves
1426:Category
1374:Category
939:Hydrogen
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807:Negative
797:Magnetic
782:Internal
740:Chemical
605:Enthalpy
524:concepts
383:Archived
211:enthalpy
1386:Commons
1214:Use and
1073:Biomass
1043:Radiant
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862:Thermal
857:Surface
842:Radiant
812:Phantom
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770:Binding
750:Elastic
733:Nuclear
728:Binding
615:Entropy
513:Outline
503:History
367:Bibcode
56:of the
1398:Portal
1319:Mexico
1314:Europe
1309:Canada
1294:Africa
1217:supply
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297:second
138:, and
130:, the
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230:fuels
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