823:. The combustion of a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and oxidizer (e.g. two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen) in a steel container at 25 Β°C (77 Β°F) is initiated by an ignition device and the reactions allowed to complete. When hydrogen and oxygen react during combustion, water vapor is produced. The vessel and its contents are then cooled to the original 25 Β°C and the higher heating value is determined as the heat released between identical initial and final temperatures.
675:) indicates the upper limit of the available thermal energy produced by a complete combustion of fuel. It is measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. The HHV is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, including condensing any vapor produced. Such measurements often use a standard temperature of 25 Β°C (77 Β°F; 298 K). This is the same as the thermodynamic heat of combustion since the
3379:
3393:
721:) is another measure of available thermal energy produced by a combustion of fuel, measured as a unit of energy per unit mass or volume of substance. In contrast to the HHV, the LHV considers energy losses such as the energy used to vaporize water - although its exact definition is not uniformly agreed upon. One definition is simply to subtract the
862:). For hydrogen, the difference is much more significant as it includes the sensible heat of water vapor between 150 Β°C and 100 Β°C, the latent heat of condensation at 100 Β°C, and the sensible heat of the condensed water between 100 Β°C and 25 Β°C. In all, the higher heating value of hydrogen is 18.2% above its lower heating value (142
1085:
Engine manufacturers typically rate their engines fuel consumption by the lower heating values since the exhaust is never condensed in the engine, and doing this allows them to publish more attractive numbers than are used in conventional power plant terms. The conventional power industry had used
1089:
The difference between HHV and LHV definitions causes endless confusion when quoters do not bother to state the convention being used. since there is typically a 10% difference between the two methods for a power plant burning natural gas. For simply benchmarking part of a reaction the LHV may be
224:
By convention, the (higher) heat of combustion is defined to be the heat released for the complete combustion of a compound in its standard state to form stable products in their standard states: hydrogen is converted to water (in its liquid state), carbon is converted to carbon dioxide gas, and
1015:
845:
The difference between the two heating values depends on the chemical composition of the fuel. In the case of pure carbon or carbon monoxide, the two heating values are almost identical, the difference being the sensible heat content of carbon dioxide between 150 Β°C and 25 Β°C
1086:
HHV (high heat value) exclusively for decades, even though virtually all of these plants did not condense exhaust either. American consumers should be aware that the corresponding fuel-consumption figure based on the higher heating value will be somewhat higher.
3712:
696:
used for space heat). In other words, HHV assumes all the water component is in liquid state at the end of combustion (in product of combustion) and that heat delivered at temperatures below 150 Β°C (302 Β°F) can be put to use.
791:
The definition in which the combustion products are all returned to the reference temperature is more easily calculated from the higher heating value than when using other definitions and will in fact give a slightly different answer.
679:
change for the reaction assumes a common temperature of the compounds before and after combustion, in which case the water produced by combustion is condensed to a liquid. The higher heating value takes into account the
751:
and other reaction products is not recovered. It is useful in comparing fuels where condensation of the combustion products is impractical, or heat at a temperature below 150 Β°C (302 Β°F) cannot be put to use.
887:
1102:
Both HHV and LHV can be expressed in terms of AR (all moisture counted), MF and MAF (only water from combustion of hydrogen). AR, MF, and MAF are commonly used for indicating the heating values of coal:
3573:
It gives 545 kJ/mole, whereas the value calculated from heats of formation is around 1561 kJ/mole. For glycerine trinitrate (nitroglycerine) it gives 0, though nitroglycerine does not actually combust.
1057:
Most applications that burn fuel produce water vapor, which is unused and thus wastes its heat content. In such applications, the lower heating value must be used to give a 'benchmark' for the process.
3713:"The difference between LCV and HCV (or Lower and Higher Heating Value, or Net and Gross) is clearly understood by all energy engineers. There is no 'right' or 'wrong' definition. - Claverton Group"
3165:
There is no difference between the lower and higher heating values for the combustion of carbon, carbon monoxide and sulfur since no water is formed during the combustion of those substances.
803:
accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, as does LHV, but gross heating value also includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion. This value is important for fuels like
837:
Note: Higher heating value (HHV) is calculated with the product of water being in liquid form while lower heating value (LHV) is calculated with the product of water being in vapor form.
780:
of all combustion products minus the enthalpy of the fuel at the reference temperature (API research project 44 used 25 Β°C. GPSA currently uses 60 Β°F), minus the enthalpy of the
3676:
Hosokai, Sou; Matsuoka, Koichi; Kuramoto, Koji; Suzuki, Yoshizo (1 November 2016). "Modification of Dulong's formula to estimate heating value of gas, liquid and solid fuels".
104:
There are two kinds of enthalpy of combustion, called high(er) and low(er) heat(ing) value, depending on how much the products are allowed to cool and whether compounds like
747:
Another definition of the LHV is the amount of heat released when the products are cooled to 150 Β°C (302 Β°F). This means that the latent heat of vaporization of
137:
of the products and reactants (though this approach is somewhat artificial since most heats of formation are typically calculated from measured heats of combustion)..
434:
Zwolinski and
Wilhoit defined, in 1972, "gross" and "net" values for heats of combustion. In the gross definition the products are the most stable compounds, e.g.
3557:
Dlugogorski, B. Z.; Mawhinney, J. R.; Duc, V. H. (1994). "The
Measurement of Heat Release Rates by Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry in Fires Under Suppression".
1120:
indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured after the fuel has been dried of all inherent moisture but still retaining its ash-forming minerals.
3631:
2294:
591:
The heating value of a fuel can be calculated with the results of ultimate analysis of fuel. From analysis, percentages of the combustibles in the fuel (
3756:
776:
Another definition, used by Gas
Processors Suppliers Association (GPSA) and originally used by API (data collected for API research project 44), is the
1130:(dry and ash-free) indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured in the absence of inherent moisture- and ash-forming minerals.
3846:
732:
LHV calculations assume that the water component of a combustion process is in vapor state at the end of combustion, as opposed to the
1010:{\displaystyle \mathrm {HHV} =\mathrm {LHV} +H_{\mathrm {v} }\left({\frac {n_{\mathrm {H_{2}O,out} }}{n_{\mathrm {fuel,in} }}}\right)}
1060:
However, for true energy calculations in some specific cases, the higher heating value is correct. This is particularly relevant for
830:(LHV) is determined, cooling is stopped at 150 Β°C and the reaction heat is only partially recovered. The limit of 150 Β°C is based on
3348:
The lower heating value of natural gas is normally about 90% of its higher heating value. This table is in
Standard cubic metres (1
603:) are known. Since the heat of combustion of these elements is known, the heating value can be calculated using Dulong's Formula:
3824:
3646:
878:
the higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by about 10% and 7%, respectively, and for natural gas about 11%.
121:. Low heat values are calculated from high heat value test data. They may also be calculated as the difference between the
1110:(as received) indicates that the fuel heating value has been measured with all moisture- and ash-forming minerals present.
3870:
644:
are the contents of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur on any (wet, dry or ash free) basis, respectively.
3885:
71:
492:(l). In the net definition the products are the gases produced when the compound is burned in an open flame, e.g.
393:
Chlorine and sulfur are not quite standardized; they are usually assumed to convert to hydrogen chloride gas and
3652:
788:) at the reference temperature, minus the heat of vaporization of the vapor content of the combustion products.
744:) which assumes that all of the water in a combustion process is in a liquid state after a combustion process.
122:
3791:
729:
O formed as a vapor that is released as a waste. The energy required to vaporize the water is therefore lost.
3412:
1094:
calculations if only to avoid confusion, and in any case, the value or convention should be clearly stated.
3427:
756:
421:, respectively, when the combustion is conducted in a bomb calorimeter containing some quantity of water.
3407:
3178:
1091:
180:
usually to a good approximation (Β±3%), though it gives poor results for some compounds such as (gaseous)
3422:
3352:
1076:
that condense the water vapor produced by combustion, recovering heat which would otherwise be wasted.
3702:
Air
Quality Engineering, CE 218A, W. Nazaroff and R. Harley, University of California Berkeley, 2007
3617:"Theoretical Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery from an Internal Combustion Engine in a Hybrid Vehicle"
3895:
3890:
722:
681:
3503:
2627:
2050:
3773:
3472:
3417:
1073:
3530:
3437:
820:
870:
MJ/kg). For hydrocarbons, the difference depends on the hydrogen content of the fuel. For
8:
3875:
3442:
2031:
3534:
688:
in the combustion products, and is useful in calculating heating values for fuels where
3477:
2093:
2012:
859:
32:
3820:
3642:
3181:
reports the following typical higher heating values per
Standard cubic metre of gas:
2131:
1065:
3738:
3737:. NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69. NIST Office of Data and Informatics.
3685:
3596:
3538:
3384:
855:
118:
3689:
3462:
3447:
3096:
2996:
2853:
2646:
2442:
1993:
185:
117:
are allowed to condense. The high heat values are conventionally measured with a
3543:
3518:
3880:
3504:"Effect of structural conduction and heat loss on combustion in micro-channels"
3432:
3316:
2915:
2877:
2234:
79:
3519:"Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O 2"
3172:
3864:
3398:
3326:
3015:
2337:
1400:
1069:
847:
781:
418:
3306:
3296:
2977:
2958:
2934:
2896:
2809:
2608:
2399:
2380:
2212:
2074:
1334:
1298:
689:
181:
225:
nitrogen is converted to nitrogen gas. That is, the heat of combustion, Ξ
3601:
3584:
3482:
3457:
3246:
3168:
BTU/lb values are calculated from MJ/kg (1 MJ/kg = 430 BTU/lb).
2749:
2112:
1710:
1522:
1352:
1174:
1061:
875:
851:
91:
75:
44:
3616:
1064:, whose high hydrogen content produces much water, when it is burned in
3336:
3196:
2831:
2790:
2730:
1974:
1561:
1374:
63:
3840:
3467:
3226:
2768:
2480:
2423:
2275:
2256:
2174:
1955:
1691:
1685:
1625:
1577:
1518:
1506:
1440:
1170:
1158:
3742:
811:, which will usually contain some amount of water prior to burning.
3266:
3077:
3058:
2692:
2586:
2564:
2542:
2461:
2356:
2313:
2193:
2155:
1931:
1912:
1641:
1529:
1316:
1184:
871:
831:
777:
676:
596:
3392:
3186:
3115:
3034:
2711:
2523:
2504:
1836:
1798:
1760:
1722:
1609:
1593:
1545:
1396:
1279:
1241:
1203:
3847:"Lower and Higher Heating Values of Gas, Liquid and Solid Fuels"
16:
Amount of heat released by combustion of a quantity of substance
3286:
3256:
3206:
3134:
2668:
1893:
1874:
1855:
1817:
1779:
1741:
1657:
1260:
1222:
693:
600:
592:
67:
59:
3675:
3276:
3216:
1706:
1695:
748:
725:
of the water from the higher heating value. This treats any H
685:
541:(g). In both definitions the products for C, F, Cl and N are
83:
692:
of the reaction products is practical (e.g., in a gas-fired
51:
released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.
3452:
3236:
3173:
Higher heating values of natural gases from various sources
1476:
1458:
1418:
1392:
1370:
858:
at constant temperature. Examples: heat of vaporization or
819:
The higher heating value is experimentally determined in a
808:
804:
86:
and release heat. It may be expressed with the quantities:
48:
40:
36:
1700:
1512:
1164:
417:
gas, respectively, or to dilute aqueous hydrochloric and
78:
or other organic molecule reacting with oxygen to form
755:
One definition of lower heating value, adopted by the
233:, is the heat of reaction of the following process:
890:
62:
released as heat when a substance undergoes complete
3757:"CDP Technical Note: Conversion of fuel data to MWh"
3374:
3359:Β°C), to convert to values per Normal cubic metre (1
759:(API), uses a reference temperature of 60 Β°F (
1009:
840:
3819:. Publication de l'Institut Français du Pétrole.
3637:. In Dwight E., Gray; Billings, Bruce H. (eds.).
3862:
3630:Zwolinski, Bruno J; Wilhoit, Randolf C. (1972).
3629:
1090:appropriate, but HHV should be used for overall
1675:Lower heating value for some organic compounds
850:exchange causes a change of temperature, while
3551:
3510:
1046:is the number of moles of water vaporized and
3632:"Heats of formation and Heats of Combustion"
3516:
1422:
1140:Higher (HHV) and lower (LHV) heating values
1134:
881:A common method of relating HHV to LHV is:
814:
3585:"Heats of combustion of organic compounds"
1097:
1053:is the number of moles of fuel combusted.
3600:
3542:
733:
3732:
3582:
827:
424:
3728:
3726:
3589:Bureau of Standards Journal of Research
3517:Schmidt-Rohr, Klaus (8 December 2015).
647:
74:. The chemical reaction is typically a
3863:
3814:
3639:American Institute of Physics Handbook
1027:is the heat of vaporization of water,
795:
700:
3367:Β°C), multiply above table by 1.0549.
164:, the (higher) heat of combustion is
3792:"Key World Energy Statistics (2016)"
3784:
3723:
202:, such as for glycerine dinitrate,
13:
3856:. U.S. Department of Energy. 2011.
3808:
995:
992:
986:
983:
980:
977:
965:
962:
959:
953:
944:
925:
912:
909:
906:
898:
895:
892:
188:, and can be significantly off if
14:
3907:
3834:
3641:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 316β342.
1080:
3583:Kharasch, M.S. (February 1929).
3391:
3377:
429:
3766:
3749:
3705:
841:Relation between heating values
652:The higher heating value (HHV;
3696:
3669:
3623:
3609:
3576:
3567:
3506:. Taylor & Francis Online.
3496:
1142:of some common fuels at 25 Β°C
705:The lower heating value (LHV;
1:
3523:Journal of Chemical Education
3490:
3413:Cost of electricity by source
1673:
1494:
1138:
3690:10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.06.040
3428:Energy conversion efficiency
1126:(moisture- and ash-free) or
757:American Petroleum Institute
7:
3544:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00333
3408:Adiabatic flame temperature
3370:
3179:International Energy Agency
854:is added or subtracted for
682:latent heat of vaporization
140:For a fuel of composition C
10:
3912:
3871:Engineering thermodynamics
3678:Fuel Processing Technology
1656:
1640:
1624:
1608:
1592:
1576:
1560:
1544:
1528:
1498:of some less common fuels
1475:
1457:
1439:
1417:
1391:
1369:
1351:
1333:
1315:
1297:
1278:
1259:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1183:
3052:
2952:
2871:
2686:
2498:
2417:
2374:
2331:
2149:
2068:
1949:
1716:
1149:
1146:
1135:Heat of combustion tables
100:energy/volume of the fuel
3886:Thermodynamic properties
3854:Biomass Energy Data Book
3733:Linstrom, Peter (2021).
3717:www.claverton-energy.com
815:Measuring heating values
1098:Accounting for moisture
3841:NIST Chemistry WebBook
3815:Guibet, J.-C. (1997).
3735:NIST Chemistry WebBook
3423:Energy content of fuel
2953:Aldehydes and ketones
2628:1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
2051:2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
1011:
669:higher calorific value
3817:Carburants et moteurs
3473:Mechanical efficiency
3418:Electrical efficiency
1496:Higher heating value
1074:flue-gas condensation
1012:
738:gross calorific value
715:lower calorific value
662:gross calorific value
425:Ways of determination
3602:10.6028/jres.002.007
3438:Energy value of coal
888:
734:higher heating value
723:heat of vaporization
648:Higher heating value
47:), is the amount of
3559:Fire Safety Science
3535:2015JChEd..92.2094S
3443:Exothermic reaction
2032:2,3-Dimethylpentane
1678:
1499:
1143:
1116:(moisture-free) or
828:lower heating value
801:Gross heating value
796:Gross heating value
707:net calorific value
701:Lower heating value
658:upper heating value
581:(g), respectively.
97:energy/mass of fuel
72:standard conditions
3478:Thermal efficiency
2295:2-Methyl-1-pentene
2094:Methylcyclopentane
2013:2,3-Dimethylbutane
1674:
1495:
1139:
1066:condensing boilers
1007:
3826:978-2-7108-0704-9
3648:978-0-07-001485-5
3529:(12): 2094β2099.
3157:
3156:
3140:
3059:Carbon (graphite)
2132:Methylcyclohexane
1677:(at 25 Β°C )
1672:
1671:
1493:
1492:
1092:energy efficiency
1001:
856:phase transitions
123:heat of formation
3903:
3857:
3851:
3830:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3778:webbook.nist.gov
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3651:. Archived from
3636:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3401:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3385:Chemistry portal
3382:
3381:
3380:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3192:
3138:
2375:Nitrous derived
1679:
1500:
1144:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:
970:
969:
968:
952:
951:
936:
930:
929:
928:
915:
901:
869:
865:
821:bomb calorimeter
772:
771:
767:
764:
586:Dulong's Formula
580:
579:
578:
568:
567:
566:
556:
552:
551:
550:
540:
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528:
527:
526:
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443:
416:
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404:
403:
402:
388:
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359:
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322:
321:
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310:
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298:
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293:
282:
281:
280:
270:
269:
259:
258:
248:
247:
220:
201:
179:
136:
135:
119:bomb calorimeter
116:
114:
113:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3896:Thermochemistry
3891:Nuclear physics
3861:
3860:
3849:
3845:
3837:
3827:
3811:
3809:Further reading
3806:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:10.18434/T4D303
3731:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3463:Internal energy
3448:Figure of merit
3397:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3330:
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3310:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3190:
3175:
3097:Carbon monoxide
2997:Propionaldehyde
2854:Isoamyl alcohol
2443:Methylacetylene
1994:2-Methylpentane
1676:
1497:
1141:
1137:
1100:
1083:
1052:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1026:
976:
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186:carbon monoxide
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130:
129:
112:
109:
108:
107:
105:
56:calorific value
29:calorific value
17:
12:
11:
5:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3859:
3858:
3843:
3836:
3835:External links
3833:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3783:
3765:
3748:
3722:
3704:
3695:
3668:
3647:
3622:
3608:
3575:
3566:
3550:
3509:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:: heat density
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3433:Energy density
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3388:
3372:
3369:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3317:United Kingdom
3314:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3224:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3183:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3053:Other species
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2916:Propoxypropane
2912:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:Methoxymethane
2874:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2650:-Propylbenzene
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1099:
1096:
1082:
1081:Usage of terms
1079:
1078:
1077:
1058:
1050:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1005:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
974:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
950:
946:
940:
934:
927:
922:
918:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
897:
894:
860:heat of fusion
842:
839:
816:
813:
797:
794:
785:
782:stoichiometric
736:(HHV) (a.k.a.
726:
702:
699:
649:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
619:
615:
611:
607:
585:
575:
563:
547:
535:
523:
511:
498:
486:
477:
465:
453:
440:
431:
428:
426:
423:
419:sulfuric acids
411:
399:
391:
390:
383:
355:
332:
317:
275:
264:
253:
242:
230:
217:
213:
209:
205:
166:419 kJ/mol Γ (
159:
153:
147:
141:
132:
110:
102:
101:
98:
95:
80:carbon dioxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3908:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3793:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3714:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3658:on 2021-08-06
3654:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:Energy portal
3394:
3389:
3386:
3375:
3368:
3354:
3338:
3335:
3328:
3327:United States
3325:
3318:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Butyraldehyde
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:1,3-Butadiene
2336:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:Isoparaffins
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1030:
1023:
1003:
989:
972:
956:
948:
938:
932:
920:
916:
902:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
873:
866:MJ/kg vs. 120
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:sensible heat
838:
835:
833:
829:
824:
822:
812:
810:
806:
802:
793:
789:
783:
779:
774:
758:
753:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
645:
622:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
588:
582:
430:Gross and net
422:
420:
371:
365:
343:
326:
304:
292:
286:
278:
267:
256:
245:
236:
235:
234:
228:
222:
200:
196:
192:
187:
183:
177:
173:
169:
162:
156:
150:
144:
138:
128:
124:
120:
99:
96:
93:
89:
88:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:is the total
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:heating value
3853:
3816:
3798:
3786:
3777:
3768:
3751:
3734:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3660:. Retrieved
3653:the original
3638:
3625:
3611:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3569:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3498:
3347:
3307:Turkmenistan
3297:Saudi Arabia
3176:
2978:Acetaldehyde
2959:Formaldehyde
2935:Butoxybutane
2897:Ethoxyethane
2832:
2810:
2769:
2647:
2609:Ethylbenzene
2587:
2565:
2543:
2400:Nitropropane
2381:Nitromethane
2235:
2213:
2150:Monoolefins
2075:Cyclopentane
1335:Jet kerosene
1299:Paraffin wax
1127:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1088:
1084:
1070:power plants
1047:
1028:
1021:
1019:
880:
844:
836:
825:
818:
800:
799:
790:
775:
754:
746:
741:
737:
731:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
690:condensation
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
654:gross energy
653:
651:
623:
606:HHV = 33.87m
605:
590:
584:
583:
433:
392:
369:
363:
341:
324:
302:
290:
284:
276:
265:
254:
243:
226:
223:
198:
194:
190:
182:formaldehyde
175:
171:
167:
160:
154:
148:
142:
139:
126:
103:
55:
53:
35:, usually a
28:
25:energy value
24:
20:
18:
3684:: 399β405.
3483:Wobbe index
3458:Food energy
3247:Netherlands
2750:Isopropanol
2418:Acetylenes
2113:Cyclohexane
2069:Naphthenes
1062:natural gas
852:latent heat
834:dew-point.
773: Β°C).
618:Γ· 8) + 9.4m
76:hydrocarbon
45:food energy
3876:Combustion
3865:Categories
3774:"Methanal"
3662:2021-08-06
3595:(2): 359.
3491:References
3337:Uzbekistan
3197:Bangladesh
2791:Isobutanol
2731:1-Propanol
2499:Aromatics
2332:Diolefins
1975:Isopentane
1562:1-Propanol
1375:anthracite
283:(std.) + (
64:combustion
3468:ISO 15971
3227:Indonesia
2867:2,769.3?
2835:-Pentanol
2687:Alcohols
2481:1-Pentyne
2424:Acetylene
2276:1-Pentene
2257:Isobutene
2238:-2-Butene
2216:-2-Butene
2175:Propylene
2107:3,756.6?
1956:Isobutane
1626:Hydrazine
1578:Acetylene
1441:Wood fuel
826:When the
784:oxygen (O
610:+ 122.3(m
33:substance
3619:. Jstor.
3371:See also
3267:Pakistan
3082:120.971
3078:Hydrogen
2972:570.78
2948:4,922.4
2929:3,568.0
2910:2,510.2
2891:1,322.3
2864:13,509?
2858:31.416?
2848:3,061.2
2826:2,415.3
2813:-Butanol
2804:2,442.9
2785:2,501.6
2772:-Butanol
2763:1,829.9
2744:1,843.9
2725:1,230.1
2693:Methanol
2462:1-Butyne
2357:Isoprene
2314:1-Hexene
2194:1-Butene
2156:Ethylene
2145:4,259.5
2126:3,656.8
2104:19,193?
2098:44.636?
2088:3,129.0
2064:5,061.5
2045:4,458.5
2026:3,848.7
2007:3,850.7
1988:3,264.1
1969:2,651.0
1945:7,519.6
1932:Dodecane
1926:6,908.0
1913:Undecane
1907:6,294.5
1888:5,683.3
1869:5,074.9
1850:4,465.8
1831:3,856.7
1812:3,272.6
1793:2,659.3
1774:2,044.2
1755:1,437.2
1717:Alkanes
1652:4,200.0
1642:Hexamine
1530:Methanol
1317:Kerosene
1185:Hydrogen
872:gasoline
832:acid gas
778:enthalpy
742:gross CV
677:enthalpy
597:hydrogen
569:(g) and
529:(g) and
471:(s) and
3799:iea.org
3531:Bibcode
3339:: 37.89
3329:: 38.42
3319:: 39.71
3309:: 37.89
3299:: 38.00
3289:: 38.23
3279:: 41.40
3269:: 34.90
3259:: 39.24
3249:: 33.32
3239:: 39.36
3229:: 40.60
3219:: 38.93
3209:: 39.00
3199:: 36.00
3189:: 39.57
3187:Algeria
3153:293.82
3129:317.56
3120:18.646
3116:Ammonia
3110:283.24
3101:10.112
3088:52,017
3063:32.808
3039:28.548
3035:Acetone
3020:31.610
3001:28.889
2982:24.156
2963:17.259
2945:16,253
2939:37.798
2926:15,633
2920:36.355
2907:14,563
2901:33.867
2888:12,342
2882:28.703
2872:Ethers
2861:35.64?
2845:14,933
2839:34.727
2823:14,012
2817:32.587
2801:14,172
2795:32.959
2782:14,222
2776:33.075
2760:13,092
2754:30.447
2741:13,192
2735:30.680
2722:12,412
2712:Ethanol
2697:19.930
2673:41.217
2654:41.193
2632:40.984
2613:40.938
2594:40.798
2590:-Xylene
2572:40.961
2568:-Xylene
2550:40.961
2546:-Xylene
2528:40.589
2524:Toluene
2509:40.170
2505:Benzene
2485:45.217
2466:45.590
2447:46.194
2428:48.241
2404:20.693
2385:10.513
2361:44.078
2342:44.613
2318:44.426
2299:44.799
2280:45.031
2261:45.055
2242:45.124
2220:45.194
2198:45.334
2179:45.799
2160:47.195
2142:18,653
2136:43.380
2123:18,684
2117:43.450
2101:33.43?
2085:19,193
2079:44.636
2061:19,053
2055:44.310
2042:19,133
2036:44.496
2023:19,203
2017:44.659
2004:19,213
1998:44.682
1985:19,454
1979:45.241
1966:19,614
1960:45.613
1942:18,983
1936:44.147
1923:19,003
1917:44.194
1904:19,023
1898:44.240
1885:19,054
1879:44.311
1866:19,104
1860:44.427
1847:19,163
1841:44.566
1837:Heptane
1828:19,504
1822:44.752
1809:21,706
1803:45.357
1799:Pentane
1790:19,673
1784:45.752
1771:19,934
1765:46.357
1761:Propane
1752:20,551
1746:47.794
1736:802.34
1733:21,504
1727:50.009
1723:Methane
1610:Ammonia
1594:Benzene
1546:Ethanol
1397:lignite
1280:Pentane
1242:Propane
1204:Methane
1198:119.96
1051:fuel,in
768:⁄
640:, and m
624:where m
373:⁄
345:⁄
306:⁄
294:⁄
94:of fuel
90:energy/
31:) of a
3823:
3645:
3564:: 877.
3365:
3363:atm, 0
3361:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3291:
3287:Russia
3281:
3271:
3261:
3257:Norway
3251:
3241:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3207:Canada
3201:
3191:
3150:3,940
3144:9.163
3135:Sulfur
3126:8,018
3107:4,348
3042:22.62
2942:28.88
2923:26.76
2904:24.16
2842:28.28
2820:25.45
2798:26.43
2779:26.79
2757:23.93
2738:24.65
2719:22.77
2716:26.70
2706:638.6
2703:8,570
2700:15.78
2669:Cumene
2139:33.40
2120:33.85
2082:33.52
2058:30.49
2039:30.92
2020:29.56
2001:29.18
1982:27.87
1939:33.11
1920:32.70
1901:33.29
1894:Decane
1882:31.82
1875:Nonane
1856:Octane
1844:30.48
1825:29.30
1818:Hexane
1806:28.39
1780:Butane
1742:Ethane
1668:393.5
1665:14,100
1658:Carbon
1649:12,900
1636:622.0
1620:382.6
1604:3,268
1601:18,000
1588:1,300
1585:21,500
1572:2,020
1569:14,500
1556:1,367
1553:12,800
1479:(damp)
1383:14,000
1360:19,300
1353:Diesel
1329:43.00
1324:19,862
1311:41.50
1306:19,900
1293:45.35
1287:21,876
1274:45.75
1268:20,900
1261:Butane
1255:46.35
1249:21,700
1236:47.62
1230:22,400
1223:Ethane
1217:50.00
1211:23,900
1192:61,000
1189:141.80
1179:MJ/kg
1020:where
876:diesel
868:
864:
694:boiler
601:sulfur
593:carbon
338:(g) +
323:(g) β
174:β 0.5
170:+ 0.3
70:under
68:oxygen
60:energy
3881:Fuels
3850:(PDF)
3795:(PDF)
3760:(PDF)
3656:(PDF)
3635:(PDF)
3343:MJ/Sm
3333:MJ/Sm
3323:MJ/Sm
3313:MJ/Sm
3303:MJ/Sm
3293:MJ/Sm
3283:MJ/Sm
3277:Qatar
3273:MJ/Sm
3263:MJ/Sm
3253:MJ/Sm
3243:MJ/Sm
3233:MJ/Sm
3223:MJ/Sm
3217:China
3213:MJ/Sm
3203:MJ/Sm
3193:MJ/Sm
3139:solid
2236:trans
1768:25.3
1682:Fuel
1633:8,370
1617:9,690
1537:9,800
1485:2,500
1467:6,500
1464:15.00
1461:(dry)
1453:17.0
1448:6,400
1431:8,700
1428:21.70
1409:6,500
1406:15.00
1380:32.50
1365:43.4
1357:44.80
1347:44.1
1339:46.42
1321:46.20
1303:46.00
1290:3,509
1284:48.60
1271:2,877
1265:49.50
1252:2,220
1246:50.35
1233:1,560
1227:51.90
1208:55.50
1147:Fuel
1072:with
749:water
713:, or
686:water
667:, or
557:(g),
553:(g),
517:(g),
505:(g),
459:(l),
447:(l),
197:>
84:water
66:with
43:(see
3821:ISBN
3643:ISBN
3562:1007
3453:Fire
3355:, 15
3237:Iran
3177:The
3160:Note
3091:244
3085:1.8
2811:tert
1730:6.9
1703:/lb
1688:/kg
1662:32.8
1646:30.0
1630:19.4
1614:22.5
1598:41.8
1582:49.9
1566:33.6
1550:29.7
1540:726
1534:22.7
1503:Fuel
1482:6.00
1477:Peat
1459:Peat
1445:16.0
1419:Wood
1393:Coal
1371:Coal
1167:/lb
1161:/kg
1153:LHV
1150:HHV
1068:and
1044:,out
874:and
809:coal
805:wood
366:) +
231:comb
184:and
92:mole
82:and
54:The
49:heat
41:food
37:fuel
23:(or
19:The
3739:doi
3686:doi
3682:152
3597:doi
3539:doi
3353:atm
2214:cis
1711:mol
1701:BTU
1523:mol
1515:/lb
1513:BTU
1509:/kg
1423:MAF
1401:USA
1214:890
1195:286
1175:mol
1165:BTU
1128:DAF
1124:MAF
1118:dry
807:or
740:or
719:LCV
711:NCV
684:of
673:HCV
665:GCV
636:, m
632:, m
628:, m
614:- m
405:or
389:(g)
39:or
27:or
3867::
3852:.
3797:.
3776:.
3725:^
3715:.
3680:.
3591:.
3587:.
3537:.
3527:92
3525:.
3521:.
3147:β
3141:)
3123:β
3104:β
3072:β
3069:β
3066:β
3048:β
3045:β
3029:β
3026:β
3023:β
3010:β
3007:β
3004:β
2991:β
2988:β
2985:β
2969:β
2966:β
2885:β
2682:β
2679:β
2676:β
2663:β
2660:β
2657:β
2641:β
2638:β
2635:β
2622:β
2619:β
2616:β
2603:β
2600:β
2597:β
2581:β
2578:β
2575:β
2559:β
2556:β
2553:β
2537:β
2534:β
2531:β
2518:β
2515:β
2512:β
2494:β
2491:β
2488:β
2475:β
2472:β
2469:β
2456:β
2453:β
2450:β
2437:β
2434:β
2431:β
2413:β
2410:β
2407:β
2394:β
2391:β
2388:β
2370:β
2367:β
2364:-
2351:β
2348:β
2345:β
2327:β
2324:β
2321:β
2308:β
2305:β
2302:β
2289:β
2286:β
2283:β
2270:β
2267:β
2264:β
2251:β
2248:β
2245:β
2229:β
2226:β
2223:β
2207:β
2204:β
2201:β
2188:β
2185:β
2182:β
2169:β
2166:β
2163:β
1963:β
1863:β
1787:β
1749:β
1707:kJ
1692:MJ
1686:MJ
1519:kJ
1507:MJ
1399:-
1171:kJ
1159:MJ
1114:MF
1108:AR
761:15
717:;
709:;
671:;
660:,
656:,
599:,
595:,
559:Cl
555:HF
543:CO
531:SO
507:Br
482:SO
449:Br
407:SO
395:SO
328:CO
311:)
299:-
287:+
221:.
193:+
3829:.
3801:.
3780:.
3762:.
3745:.
3741::
3719:.
3692:.
3688::
3665:.
3605:.
3599::
3593:2
3547:.
3541::
3533::
3137:(
2833:n
2770:n
2648:n
2588:p
2566:m
2544:o
1709:/
1696:L
1694:/
1521:/
1425:)
1421:(
1403:)
1395:(
1377:)
1373:(
1342:-
1173:/
1048:n
1042:O
1038:2
1033:H
1029:n
1025:v
1022:H
1004:)
996:n
993:i
990:,
987:l
984:e
981:u
978:f
973:n
966:t
963:u
960:o
957:,
954:O
949:2
945:H
939:n
933:(
926:v
921:H
917:+
913:V
910:H
907:L
903:=
899:V
896:H
893:H
846:(
786:2
770:9
766:5
763:+
727:2
642:S
638:N
634:O
630:H
626:C
620:S
616:O
612:H
608:C
576:2
571:N
564:2
548:2
536:2
524:2
519:I
512:2
503:O
499:2
494:H
487:4
478:2
473:H
466:2
461:I
454:2
445:O
441:2
436:H
412:3
400:2
384:2
379:N
375:2
370:n
364:l
362:(
360:O
356:2
351:H
347:2
342:h
333:2
325:c
318:2
313:O
308:2
303:o
296:4
291:h
285:c
277:o
271:O
266:n
260:N
255:h
249:H
244:c
238:C
229:Β°
227:H
218:2
216:N
214:7
212:O
210:6
208:H
206:3
204:C
199:c
195:n
191:o
178:)
176:o
172:h
168:c
161:n
158:N
155:o
152:O
149:h
146:H
143:c
133:f
127:H
125:Ξ
115:O
111:2
106:H
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