5695:
5657:
5583:
5885:
5618:
132:(cal). In nutritional contexts, the latter is often (especially in US) the "large" variant of the unit, also written "Calorie" (with symbol Cal, both with capital "C") or "kilocalorie" (kcal), and equivalent to 4184 J or 4.184 kJ. Thus, for example, fats and ethanol have the greatest amount of food energy per unit mass, 37 and 29 kJ/g (9 and 7 kcal/g), respectively. Proteins and most carbohydrates have about 17 kJ/g (4 kcal/g), though there are differences between different kinds. For example, the values for glucose, sucrose, and starch are 15.57, 16.48 and 17.48 kilojoules per gram (3.72, 3.94 and 4.18 kcal/g) respectively. The differing
5846:
492:
efficiency of 20%, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 18 kJ/h (4.3 kcal/h). For example, a manufacturer of rowing equipment shows calories released from "burning" food as four times the actual mechanical work, plus 1,300 kJ (300 kcal) per hour, which amounts to about 20% efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. It can take up to 20 hours of little physical output (e.g., walking) to "burn off" 17,000 kJ (4,000 kcal) more than a body would otherwise consume. For reference, each kilogram of body fat is roughly equivalent to 32,300 kilojoules of food energy (i.e., 3,500 kilocalories per pound or 7,700 kilocalories per kilogram).
5923:
5804:
4129:
5743:
5736:
3072:
5362:
5392:
5380:
5472:
5456:
5440:
5428:
5416:
3083:
1902:
5933:
5404:
5546:
3103:
5856:
557:
3113:
5608:
3093:
3062:
1891:
5895:
572:
the energy content of their products, to help consumers control their energy intake. To facilitate evaluation by consumers, food energy values (and other nutritional properties) in package labels or tables are often quoted for convenient amounts of the food, rather than per gram or kilogram; such as
527:, the average minimum energy requirement per person per day is about 7,500 kJ (1,800 kcal). Although the U.S. has changed over time with a growth in population and processed foods or food in general, Americans today have available roughly the same level of calories as the older generation.
5814:
194:
and other indigestible components, and does not allow for partial absorption and/or incomplete metabolism of certain substances. For this reason, today the energy content of food is instead obtained indirectly, by using chemical analysis to determine the amount of each digestible dietary component
500:
Many countries and health organizations have published recommendations for healthy levels of daily intake of food energy. For example, the United States government estimates 8,400 and 10,900 kJ (2,000 and 2,600 kcal) needed for women and men, respectively, between ages 26 and 45, whose
5724:
5647:
5573:
491:
from the respiration of food, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall
515:
to 3 mi) per day in addition to the activities of sedentary living. These estimates are for a "reference woman" who is 1.63 m (5 ft 4 in) tall and weighs 57 kg (126 lb) and a "reference man" who is 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 70 kg
5685:
5773:
2692:
195:(such as protein, carbohydrates, and fats), and adding the respective food energy contents, previously obtained by measurement of metabolic heat released by the body. In particular, the fibre content is excluded. This method is known as the
516:(154 lb). Because caloric requirements vary by height, activity, age, pregnancy status, and other factors, the USDA created the DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals in order to determine individual caloric needs.
540:
recommends different daily energy intakes for each age and gender group. Notwithstanding, nutrition labels on
Australian food products typically recommend the average daily energy intake of 8,800 kJ (2,100 kcal).
487:). In general, the efficiency of muscles is rather low: only 18 to 26% of the energy available from respiration is converted into mechanical energy. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating
5694:
5656:
5582:
1276:
5884:
136:
of foods (fat, alcohols, carbohydrates and proteins) lies mainly in their varying proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates that are not easily absorbed, such as fibre, or
2687:
939:
4484:
1433:
1413:
5617:
5978:
858:
190:
However, the direct calorimetric method generally overestimates the actual energy that the body can obtain from the food, because it also counts the energy contents of
5845:
3911:
1038:
5922:
5803:
2855:
1269:
299:
The approximate food energy contents of various human diet components, to be used in package labeling according to the EU regulations and UK regulations, are:
794:
Ross, K. A. (2000c) Energy and fuel, in
Littledyke M., Ross K. A. and Lakin E. (eds), Science Knowledge and the Environment. London: David Fulton Publishers.
1319:
3453:
2820:
2850:
2306:
207:
6317:
2810:
1299:
963:
936:
436:
5971:
1987:
1174:
211:
1119:
767:
6251:
3438:
2742:
1157:
3627:
2995:
2709:
537:
1081:
5510:
2933:
1728:
1070:
544:
The minimum food energy intake is also higher in cold environments. Increased mental activity has been linked with moderately increased
5964:
3155:
2771:
1232:
879:
442:
Other components of the human diet are either noncaloric, or are usually consumed in such small amounts that they can be neglected.
296:, constituents of some fats that cannot be synthesized by the human body, are used (and necessary) for other biochemical processes.
6286:
6281:
5376:
Single lines: pathways common to most lifeforms. Double lines: pathways not in humans (occurs in e.g. plants, fungi, prokaryotes).
2815:
2677:
1614:
1430:
432:(2) This entry exists in the EU regulations of 2008, but not in the UK regulations, according to which fibre shall not be counted.
6222:
4099:
2785:
1410:
742:
1452:
1484:
812:
479:
depends on the type of food and on the type of physical energy usage (e.g., which muscles are used, whether the muscle is used
1431:
Instrução
Normativa Nº 75 - Estabelece os requisitos técnicos para declaração da rotulagem nutricional nos alimentos embalados
855:
2776:
2724:
2629:
765:
How
Counting Calories Became a Science: Calorimeters defined the nutritional value of food and the output of steam generators
3491:
3116:
2979:
2790:
2719:
2644:
2463:
292:
plays an important role in the regulation of protein metabolism and suppresses an individual's appetite. Small amounts of
1034:
2967:
2845:
1021:
Garlick, P. J. The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. Journal of
Nutrition, 2005. 135(6): 1553S–6S.
6104:
6023:
1980:
1100:
1379:
3448:
3195:
2984:
2943:
2908:
2893:
2875:
2800:
2579:
520:
3458:
3244:
2989:
2825:
2756:
2751:
460:
The food energy actually obtained by respiration is used by the human body for a wide range of purposes, including
155:
The energy contents of a complex dish or meal can be approximated by adding the energy contents of its components.
6352:
5503:
4426:
3622:
2928:
2835:
2699:
2614:
2377:
1778:
1721:
1316:
1144:
Wishnofsky, M. Caloric
Equivalents of Gained or Lost Weight. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (1958).
536:
require less energy; children and physically active people require more. Recognizing these factors, Australia's
6261:
6091:
6079:
6028:
3148:
2957:
2830:
2667:
2634:
152:) and organic acids contribute 10 kJ/g (2.4 kcal/g) and 13 kJ/g (3.1 kcal/g) respectively.
3699:
573:
in "calories per serving" or "kcal per 100 g", or "kJ per package". The units vary depending on country:
6100:
4025:
3249:
2733:
2123:
1973:
117:
6087:
5132:
4128:
3443:
3096:
2962:
1607:
4272:
4261:
1457:
1203:
4092:
3016:
2714:
2672:
2026:
257:
Other minor components of the human diet that contribute to its energy content are organic acids such as
1296:
972:
912:
778:
308:
5496:
5306:
5181:
4708:
3532:
3011:
1906:
1768:
1714:
1477:
230:
consists chiefly of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, ethanol, and indigestible components such as
218:, who derived a system whereby specific calorie conversion factors for different foods were proposed.
172:
and measuring the temperature change in the water surrounding the apparatus, a method known as direct
6188:
5211:
4892:
4454:
4441:
4164:
3896:
3818:
3573:
3315:
3229:
3141:
3041:
2761:
727:
6183:
6143:
6018:
4869:
4579:
4366:
3916:
3637:
3578:
3484:
3320:
2903:
2264:
2256:
2099:
1154:
1116:
764:
455:
1330:
242:). Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins typically comprise ninety percent of the dry weight of food.
6208:
6124:
6035:
5939:
5460:
5448:
5384:
5106:
4851:
4010:
3759:
3754:
3740:
3715:
2883:
2795:
2236:
2111:
1600:
1352:"Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 1.2.8 – Nutrition information requirements"
1135:
Guyton A. C., Hall J. E. Textbook of medical physiology, 11 ed., p. 887, Elsevier
Saunders, 2006.
737:
168:
The first determinations of the energy content of food were made by burning a dried sample in a
6347:
6167:
6083:
5742:
5735:
5334:
4551:
4349:
4085:
4045:
3979:
3865:
3860:
3565:
3374:
2951:
2871:
2766:
2589:
2468:
1564:
1078:
829:
488:
435:
More detailed tables for specific foods have been published by many organizations, such as the
109:, may still be necessary to health and survival for other reasons. Some organisms have instead
6116:
1351:
6061:
5432:
4962:
4736:
4598:
4050:
4015:
3971:
3735:
3594:
2973:
2923:
2918:
2662:
2410:
1470:
1067:
732:
293:
110:
6232:
6162:
6050:
5408:
4957:
4233:
4218:
3989:
3694:
3670:
3632:
3214:
3086:
2400:
2229:
2084:
1654:
702:
58:
8:
6312:
5251:
5011:
4985:
4701:
3934:
3553:
3477:
3046:
2805:
2503:
1818:
1229:
1035:"Council directive 90/496/EEC of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs"
810:
FAO Food and
Nutrition Paper 77: Food energy - methods of analysis and conversion factors
569:
533:
141:
46:
5956:
3102:
6342:
6203:
5464:
5374:. Click any text (name of pathway or metabolites) to link to the corresponding article.
4768:
4729:
4675:
4538:
4057:
3730:
3675:
3662:
2704:
2657:
2599:
2483:
2155:
1954:
1934:
1674:
1664:
1532:
484:
349:
5488:
472:
force to maintain posture and produce motion. About 20% is used for brain metabolism.
5991:
5522:
5519:
5367:
5315:
5283:
4564:
4179:
3929:
3725:
3569:
3527:
3522:
3300:
3031:
2840:
2526:
2160:
2145:
2127:
2041:
1860:
1793:
1737:
1517:
1384:
3469:
989:
809:
6154:
6008:
5476:
4826:
4775:
4722:
4694:
4192:
4151:
3952:
3353:
3274:
3206:
2682:
2594:
2574:
2422:
2392:
2008:
1798:
1559:
1527:
1512:
722:
480:
465:
461:
227:
196:
86:
1440:", dated 2020-10-08, published on Diário Oficial da União on 2020-10-09, page 113.
5320:
4585:
4525:
4409:
4334:
4138:
3906:
3788:
3337:
3327:
3305:
3295:
2898:
2604:
2566:
2536:
2382:
2315:
2180:
2165:
2089:
2056:
1803:
1748:
1581:
1549:
1539:
1437:
1417:
1334:
1323:
1303:
1280:
1236:
1161:
1123:
1104:
1085:
1074:
943:
862:
816:
782:
771:
712:
476:
94:
23:
3106:
528:
5901:
5420:
5396:
5188:
5118:
4782:
4666:
4653:
4289:
4248:
3983:
3901:
3891:
3840:
3828:
3801:
3171:
3021:
2185:
2150:
2046:
1944:
1939:
1875:
1870:
1855:
1623:
1544:
1007:
Jeffrey S. F. (2006). "Regulating Energy
Balance: The Substrate Strikes Back".
697:
660:
645:
524:
285:
200:
185:
133:
475:
The conversion efficiency of energy from respiration into muscular (physical)
6336:
5821:
4978:
4924:
4901:
4860:
4752:
4743:
4624:
4379:
3855:
3542:
3422:
3407:
3394:
3310:
3026:
2546:
2354:
2215:
2195:
2106:
2071:
1926:
1823:
1783:
1644:
1634:
1571:
948:
593:
451:
410:
392:
262:
191:
149:
106:
1097:
6227:
6213:
6135:
5716:
5565:
5292:
5260:
5167:
5162:
5146:
5018:
4842:
4796:
4649:
4304:
3835:
3805:
3610:
3582:
3417:
3332:
3076:
3036:
2551:
2372:
2364:
2334:
2205:
2190:
2036:
1843:
1639:
1576:
1554:
1507:
1493:
1283:, Intelligence, Volume 21, Number 3, November 1995 , pp. 267-278(12), 1995.
561:
375:
362:
113:, which extracts energy from food by reactions that do not require oxygen.
74:
50:
913:"How Do Food Manufacturers Calculate the Calorie Count of Packaged Foods?"
501:
total physical activity is equivalent to walking around 2.5 to 5 km (
5371:
5237:
5174:
5125:
4819:
4803:
4789:
4687:
4682:
4611:
4499:
4469:
4394:
3961:
3823:
3369:
3066:
2652:
2609:
2541:
2521:
2498:
2473:
2277:
2272:
2250:
2243:
2200:
2170:
2140:
1996:
1949:
1895:
1833:
1788:
1773:
629:
258:
173:
169:
102:
1274:
hypothesis for correlations between cortical metabolism and intelligence
545:
116:
The energy contents of a given mass of food is usually expressed in the
6071:
5987:
5862:
5756:
5538:
5343:
5274:
5225:
5204:
5195:
5139:
5094:
5058:
4971:
4910:
4835:
4810:
4759:
4640:
4319:
4205:
4108:
4062:
3784:
3705:
3686:
3618:
3561:
3504:
3500:
3402:
3259:
2867:
2619:
2584:
2513:
2300:
2175:
2135:
2004:
1965:
1763:
717:
426:
396:
35:
5932:
5894:
6013:
5813:
5677:
5244:
5229:
5220:
5098:
5088:
5076:
5063:
5049:
5038:
5034:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4950:
4512:
3957:
3764:
3508:
3279:
3269:
3264:
3224:
2913:
2624:
2556:
2531:
2493:
2458:
2450:
2432:
2417:
2405:
2349:
2326:
2294:
2289:
2079:
1850:
1659:
1522:
625:
246:
can extract food energy from the respiration of cellulose because of
239:
125:
5723:
5646:
5572:
1706:
6045:
5639:
5545:
5267:
5071:
4945:
4938:
4715:
3133:
2888:
2478:
2427:
2283:
2223:
2051:
2021:
1865:
1828:
1249:
278:
274:
266:
247:
243:
556:
5855:
5779:
5684:
5444:
5327:
5155:
5113:
5084:
4931:
4885:
4077:
4020:
4005:
3254:
3219:
3179:
2344:
2061:
2031:
1813:
1758:
1684:
1679:
1592:
707:
336:
289:
270:
137:
129:
98:
82:
5607:
5361:
5994:
5772:
5600:
4917:
4878:
4659:
3412:
3239:
3234:
2488:
2446:
2016:
1838:
1753:
1649:
1462:
675:
609:
469:
388:
145:
78:
62:
39:
6296:
6291:
2442:
2094:
1808:
1689:
1669:
288:, in addition to providing energy for the body. For example,
251:
121:
90:
70:
27:
3061:
1890:
775:
85:(drinking alcohol) may contribute to the energy input. Some
6276:
6271:
6266:
6256:
6246:
6039:
5027:
961:
235:
231:
215:
203:
who pioneered these measurements in the late 19th century.
31:
1228:
United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2014): "
808:
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (2003): "
429:, are not digested and should be excluded from the count.
89:
components that provide little or no food energy, such as
5986:
5299:
2339:
1380:"What's the difference between a calorie and a kilojoule"
971:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
888:
323:
66:
54:
785:
website, dated 29 December 2020. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
464:
of various organs and tissues, maintaining the internal
5518:
3702:(amino acid→pyruvate, acetyl CoA, or TCA intermediate)
1327:
1297:
Code of Federal Regulations - Part 101 - Food labeling
3499:
158:
128:(kJ); or in the traditional unit of heat energy, the
4119:
869:
online, dated Dec/2011. Accessed on 21 February 2022
3454:
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
2821:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
163:
254:that decompose it into digestible carbohydrates.
445:
284:Some nutrients have regulatory roles affected by
73:. Other smaller components of the diet, such as
6334:
6318:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
437:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
6223:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
560:The nutritional information label on a pack of
1337:, dated 5 August 2019. Accessed on 2022-01-20.
1306:", from Federal Register 14308, 15 March 1977.
1175:"Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020 - 2025"
965:Energy Values of Food ... basis and derivation
45:Most animals derive most of their energy from
5972:
5504:
4093:
3485:
3439:International Association for Food Protection
3149:
1981:
1722:
1608:
1478:
1204:"DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals"
1098:Efficiency, Economy and Endurance Performance
1006:
2996:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
2811:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
2710:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
1315:U. S. Food and Drug Administration (2019): "
1029:
1027:
538:National Health and Medical Research Council
221:
2934:United Kingdom food information regulations
1458:DRI Calculator for Healthcare Professionals
1374:
1372:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
759:
757:
495:
5979:
5965:
5511:
5497:
4100:
4086:
3492:
3478:
3156:
3142:
1988:
1974:
1729:
1715:
1615:
1601:
1485:
1471:
1345:
1343:
1295:United States Federal Government (1977), "
1153:US National Institutes of Health (2015): "
2772:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
1405:
1403:
1291:
1289:
1024:
804:
802:
800:
2816:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
2678:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1995:
1423:
1369:
1263:
1138:
1129:
1117:Concept II Rowing Ergometer, user manual
1110:
1053:
1015:
1000:
754:
555:
16:Chemical energy animals derive from food
2786:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1340:
1317:Calories on the Menu - Information for
1309:
1222:
1147:
930:
872:
848:
788:
743:List of countries by food energy intake
6335:
5341:
5332:
5325:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5281:
5272:
5265:
5258:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5218:
5209:
5202:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5111:
5104:
5082:
5069:
5056:
5032:
5025:
5016:
5009:
4983:
4976:
4955:
4936:
4922:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4833:
4824:
4817:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4773:
4766:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4575:
4560:
4547:
4534:
4521:
4508:
4495:
4480:
4450:
4437:
4422:
4405:
4390:
4375:
4362:
4345:
4330:
4315:
4269:
4258:
4245:
4230:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4176:
4161:
4148:
4135:
2801:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
2378:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
1400:
1286:
1090:
962:Annabel Merrill; Bernice Watt (1973).
797:
5960:
5492:
5313:
5160:
5153:
5047:
4996:
4969:
4943:
4867:
4787:
4780:
4680:
4673:
4664:
4647:
4638:
4620:
4607:
4594:
4465:
4300:
4285:
4081:
3473:
3137:
1969:
1736:
1710:
1596:
1466:
1429:Ministério da Saúde, Brazil (2020): "
880:"Nutrient Value of Some Common Foods"
179:
3602:Electron acceptors other than oxygen
3163:
3092:
2980:Institute for Food Safety and Health
2720:Australian meat substitution scandal
2688:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
2464:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
990:"Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nutrition"
905:
836:. The National Archives. 1 July 1996
439:also has published a similar table.
3112:
2968:Food Information and Control Agency
1409:European Union Parliament (2011): "
1068:The Food Labelling Regulations 1996
1041:from the original on 3 October 2011
570:require food manufacturers to label
551:
13:
6209:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
6105:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
4107:
1622:
1349:
159:History and methods of measurement
14:
6364:
3449:Food and Agriculture Organization
3196:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2985:International Food Safety Network
2909:International Food Safety Network
2630:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2580:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
2307:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1446:
830:"Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling"
822:
521:Food and Agriculture Organization
206:The system was later improved by
5931:
5921:
5893:
5883:
5854:
5844:
5812:
5802:
5771:
5741:
5734:
5722:
5693:
5683:
5655:
5645:
5616:
5606:
5581:
5571:
5544:
5470:
5454:
5438:
5426:
5414:
5402:
5390:
5378:
5360:
4127:
3459:National Food and Drug Authority
3245:Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
3111:
3101:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3060:
2990:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
2826:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
2757:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2752:ICA meat repackaging controversy
1901:
1900:
1889:
1492:
1239:". Accessed on 27 September 2014
1210:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
164:Direct calorimetry of combustion
6233:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
3623:Substrate-level phosphorylation
2929:Quality Assurance International
2836:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
2806:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
2700:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
2615:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
1242:
1196:
1167:
1079:Schedule 7: Nutrition labelling
982:
819:". Accessed on 21 January 2022.
144:, contribute less food energy.
6080:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
3189:Artificial protein substitutes
2958:European Food Safety Authority
2831:Food safety incidents in China
2668:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2635:Water fluoridation controversy
1675:"Minerals" (Chemical elements)
1420:" Document 02011R1169-20180101
955:
680:caloria or quilocaloria (kcal)
446:Energy usage in the human body
142:lactose-intolerant individuals
1:
6101:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
4026:Reverse cholesterol transport
3250:Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone
748:
668:kilocalorie (kcal), mandatory
6204:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
3678:(protein→peptide→amino acid)
3444:Food and Drug Administration
2963:Food and Drug Administration
2645:Food contamination incidents
1411:Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011
637:kilocalorie (kcal), optional
532:Older people and those with
418:
415:
404:
401:
382:
379:
369:
366:
356:
353:
343:
340:
330:
327:
7:
3017:Food and drink prohibitions
2791:Bihar school meal poisoning
2715:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
2673:1900 English beer poisoning
2027:Antibiotic use in livestock
1907:Category: Food preservation
937:"Why food labels are wrong"
691:
10:
6371:
6024:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
4063:Phospagen system (ATP-PCr)
3533:Primary nutritional groups
3012:Curing (food preservation)
2085:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1326:". Online document at the
449:
183:
124:(J), and its multiple the
6305:
6196:
6189:oxidative phosphorylation
6180:
6152:
6133:
6114:
6069:
6060:
6001:
5767:
5740:
5733:
5560:
5534:
5529:
4116:
4038:
3998:
3970:
3951:
3925:
3897:Anoxygenic photosynthesis
3887:
3880:
3851:
3819:Pentose phosphate pathway
3814:
3797:
3780:
3773:
3753:
3714:
3685:
3661:
3652:
3609:
3593:
3574:Oxidative phosphorylation
3552:
3541:
3515:
3431:
3393:
3362:
3346:
3288:
3230:Aspartame-acesulfame salt
3204:
3188:
3169:
3131:
3055:
3042:Genetically modified food
3004:
2942:
2894:Food labeling regulations
2866:
2762:2008 Chinese milk scandal
2643:
2565:
2512:
2441:
2391:
2363:
2325:
2214:
2122:
2070:
2003:
1963:
1925:
1884:
1744:
1704:
1630:
1590:
1500:
952:, 18 July 2009, pp. 30-3.
867:Merck Manual Home Edition
854:Adrienne Youdim (2021): "
774:" Online article on the
617:kilojoule (kJ), optional
307:
304:
222:Dietary sources of energy
6184:electron transport chain
6144:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
6019:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
3917:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
3579:electron transport chain
3566:Pyruvate decarboxylation
3289:Natural food substitutes
2904:Food safety in Australia
2100:High-fructose corn syrup
640:AU: kilocalorie (kcal)
601:kilojoule (kJ), optional
546:brain energy consumption
496:Recommended daily intake
456:Energy balance (biology)
26:that animals (including
6125:Glutamate dehydrogenase
6036:Succinate dehydrogenase
6029:Succinyl CoA synthetase
5385:carbohydrate metabolism
4011:Sphingolipid metabolism
3912:DeLey-Doudoroff pathway
3760:carbohydrate catabolism
3755:Carbohydrate metabolism
3741:Purine nucleotide cycle
2884:Acceptable daily intake
2796:2013 horse meat scandal
2237:Clostridium perfringens
1453:Is a calorie a calorie?
763:Allison Marsh (2020): "
738:Table of food nutrients
582:Mandatory unit (symbol)
425:(1) Some polyols, like
49:, namely combining the
6353:Nutritional physiology
6168:Aspartate transaminase
3980:Fatty acid degradation
3700:Amino acid degradation
3375:List of food additives
2952:Centre for Food Safety
2767:2008 Irish pork crisis
2469:Benzene in soft drinks
1565:Discrimination testing
1356:www.legislation.gov.au
565:
265:, and polyols such as
5702:CoA + ATP (GTP)
5433:amino acid metabolism
4016:Eicosanoid metabolism
3972:Fatty acid metabolism
3736:Pyrimidine metabolism
3595:Anaerobic respiration
2974:Food Standards Agency
2924:Organic certification
2919:Nutrition facts label
2663:Esing Bakery incident
2451:environment pollution
1655:Essential fatty acids
1182:dietaryguidelines.gov
733:Nutrition facts label
564:in the United Kingdom
559:
294:essential fatty acids
111:anaerobic respiration
6163:Pyruvate carboxylase
6051:Malate dehydrogenase
5409:cellular respiration
3990:Fatty acid synthesis
3695:Amino acid synthesis
3215:Acesulfame potassium
2743:2006 North American
2401:Acesulfame potassium
2230:Campylobacter jejuni
2124:Intestinal parasites
1997:Consumer food safety
978:on 22 November 2016.
703:Basal metabolic rate
585:Second unit (symbol)
534:sedentary lifestyles
238:, and fibre (mostly
120:unit of energy, the
30:) derive from their
6313:Alternative oxidase
6117:α-ketoglutaric acid
4581:Transcription &
3554:Aerobic respiration
3047:Conspiracy theories
2600:Heterocyclic amines
2504:Shellfish poisoning
1819:Modified atmosphere
917:Scientific American
47:aerobic respiration
5368:metabolic pathways
4058:Ethanol metabolism
4006:Steroid metabolism
3731:Nucleotide salvage
3663:Protein metabolism
3301:Coffee substitutes
2705:Toxic oil syndrome
2658:Swill milk scandal
2484:Diethylstilbestrol
2156:Diphyllobothriasis
1436:2022-01-21 at the
1416:2022-01-11 at the
1388:. 21 February 2017
1333:2013-09-15 at the
1322:2022-01-20 at the
1302:2022-01-21 at the
1279:2012-10-23 at the
1235:2009-12-20 at the
1160:2016-03-01 at the
1155:Dietary guidelines
1122:2010-12-26 at the
1103:2007-12-21 at the
1084:2013-03-17 at the
1073:2013-09-21 at the
946:by Bijal Trivedi,
942:2011-11-13 at the
865:". Article in the
861:2013-08-04 at the
834:Legislation.gov.uk
815:2010-05-24 at the
781:2022-01-20 at the
770:2022-01-21 at the
728:Heat of combustion
566:
226:The typical human
180:The Atwater system
38:, including their
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6176:
6175:
5992:Citric acid cycle
5954:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5709:+ ADP (GDP)
5523:metabolic pathway
5520:Citric acid cycle
5486:
5485:
5356:
5355:
5316:Neurotransmitters
4695:Nucleotide sugars
4428:Direct / C4 / CAM
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4034:
4033:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3930:Xylose metabolism
3876:
3875:
3749:
3748:
3726:Purine metabolism
3671:Protein synthesis
3648:
3647:
3570:Citric acid cycle
3528:Metabolic network
3523:Metabolic pathway
3467:
3466:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3207:sugar substitutes
3125:
3124:
3032:Food preservation
2841:Foodborne illness
2393:Sugar substitutes
2146:Cryptosporidiosis
2128:parasitic disease
2042:HGH controversies
2009:food contaminants
1921:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1794:Hurdle technology
1754:Burying in ground
1738:Food preservation
1698:
1697:
1385:Queensland Health
689:
688:
568:Many governments
519:According to the
423:
422:
34:to sustain their
6360:
6194:
6193:
6155:oxaloacetic acid
6067:
6066:
6009:Citrate synthase
5981:
5974:
5967:
5958:
5957:
5935:
5925:
5897:
5887:
5877:
5858:
5848:
5836:
5816:
5806:
5797:
5775:
5745:
5738:
5726:
5697:
5687:
5659:
5649:
5620:
5610:
5585:
5575:
5558:
5548:
5532:
5531:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5490:
5489:
5480:
5477:lipid metabolism
5474:
5473:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5364:
5363:
5346:
5339:
5330:
5323:
5321:thyroid hormones
5311:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5216:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5158:
5151:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5109:
5102:
5080:
5067:
5054:
5045:
5030:
5023:
5014:
5007:
4994:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4953:
4941:
4934:
4920:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4865:
4856:
4847:
4838:
4831:
4822:
4815:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4748:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4678:
4671:
4662:
4645:
4633:
4629:
4618:
4614:
4605:
4601:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4573:
4569:
4558:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4506:
4502:
4493:
4489:
4478:
4474:
4463:
4459:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4420:
4416:
4403:
4399:
4388:
4384:
4373:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4343:
4339:
4328:
4324:
4313:
4309:
4298:
4294:
4280:
4277:
4267:
4264:
4256:
4253:
4243:
4240:
4228:
4225:
4213:
4210:
4200:
4197:
4187:
4184:
4174:
4171:
4159:
4156:
4146:
4143:
4131:
4120:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4079:
4078:
4046:Metal metabolism
3968:
3967:
3953:Lipid metabolism
3885:
3884:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3683:
3682:
3659:
3658:
3585:
3550:
3549:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3338:Salt substitutes
3328:Milk substitutes
3296:Cheese analogues
3275:Sodium cyclamate
3164:Artificial foods
3158:
3151:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3077:Drink portal
3075:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3064:
2976:(United Kingdom)
2725:Jack in the Box
2696:
2683:Minamata disease
2595:Food irradiation
2575:4-Hydroxynonenal
2423:Sodium cyclamate
2266:Escherichia coli
2258:Escherichia coli
1990:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1560:Sensory analysis
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1338:
1313:
1307:
1293:
1284:
1270:Evaluation of a
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1250:"Dietary Energy"
1246:
1240:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1184:. USDA & HHS
1179:
1171:
1165:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1114:
1108:
1096:Stephen Seiler,
1094:
1088:
1064:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
994:The Merck Manual
986:
980:
979:
977:
970:
959:
953:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
884:
876:
870:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
826:
820:
806:
795:
792:
786:
761:
723:Food composition
576:
575:
552:Nutrition labels
514:
513:
509:
506:
466:body temperature
462:basal metabolism
302:
301:
197:Modified Atwater
170:bomb calorimeter
69:or dissolved in
6370:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6322:
6301:
6243:
6217:
6187:
6182:
6172:
6148:
6129:
6110:
6056:
5997:
5985:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5936:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5825:
5817:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5784:
5783:
5776:
5751:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5612:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5525:
5517:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5469:
5455:
5453:
5439:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5372:metro-style map
5365:
5357:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:Polyunsaturated
5305:
5303:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5159:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5092:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5070:
5068:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5001:
4997:
4995:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4527:Steroidogenesis
4526:
4522:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4464:
4458:phosphorylation
4457:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4112:
4106:
4076:
4067:
4051:Iron metabolism
4030:
3994:
3955:
3939:
3921:
3907:Carbon fixation
3872:
3847:
3810:
3793:
3789:Gluconeogenesis
3762:
3757:
3745:
3717:
3710:
3681:
3654:
3644:
3605:
3589:
3577:
3544:
3537:
3511:
3498:
3468:
3463:
3427:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3358:
3342:
3306:Egg substitutes
3284:
3200:
3184:
3172:fat substitutes
3165:
3162:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3071:
3069:
3067:Food portal
3059:
3051:
3000:
2938:
2899:Food libel laws
2862:
2690:
2639:
2605:Modified starch
2567:Food processing
2561:
2508:
2437:
2387:
2383:Sodium benzoate
2359:
2321:
2316:Vibrio cholerae
2210:
2181:Gnathostomiasis
2166:Fasciolopsiasis
2118:
2066:
2057:Mercury in fish
1999:
1994:
1959:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1896:Food portal
1888:
1880:
1749:Biopreservation
1740:
1735:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1626:
1621:
1586:
1545:Processing aids
1496:
1491:
1449:
1444:
1438:Wayback Machine
1428:
1424:
1418:Wayback Machine
1408:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1348:
1341:
1335:Wayback Machine
1324:Wayback Machine
1314:
1310:
1304:Wayback Machine
1294:
1287:
1281:Wayback Machine
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1237:Wayback Machine
1227:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1162:Wayback Machine
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1124:Wayback Machine
1115:
1111:
1105:Wayback Machine
1095:
1091:
1086:Wayback Machine
1075:Wayback Machine
1066:United Kingdom
1065:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1001:
988:
987:
983:
975:
968:
960:
956:
944:Wayback Machine
935:
931:
921:
919:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
887:Health Canada,
882:
878:
877:
873:
863:Wayback Machine
853:
849:
839:
837:
828:
827:
823:
817:Wayback Machine
807:
798:
793:
789:
783:Wayback Machine
772:Wayback Machine
762:
755:
751:
713:Chemical energy
694:
653:kcal, mandatory
620:calorie (cal)
554:
511:
507:
504:
502:
498:
468:, and exerting
458:
450:Main articles:
448:
305:Food component
224:
208:Annabel Merrill
188:
182:
166:
161:
24:chemical energy
17:
12:
11:
5:
6368:
6367:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6191:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6159:
6157:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6099:(regulated by
6096:
6095:
6076:
6074:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6043:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5940:2-oxoglutarate
5937:
5930:
5929:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5902:Oxalosuccinate
5899:
5892:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5853:
5852:
5843:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5818:
5811:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5777:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5682:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5644:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5605:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5554:
5543:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5421:cell signaling
5397:photosynthesis
5395:Violet nodes:
5383:Orange nodes:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5040:
4986:Aromatic amino
4893:Branched-chain
4443:Light reaction
4134:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:Beta oxidation
3976:
3974:
3965:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Chemosynthesis
3899:
3894:
3892:Photosynthesis
3888:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3841:Leloir pathway
3833:
3832:
3831:
3829:Polyol pathway
3821:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3802:Glycogenolysis
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3775:
3768:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3363:Related topics
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3311:Meat analogues
3308:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3099:
3089:
3079:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Food marketing
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3005:Related topics
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2590:Food additives
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2216:Microorganisms
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Paragonimiasis
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Cyclosporiasis
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2072:Food additives
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Lead poisoning
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1876:Vacuum packing
1873:
1871:Tyndallization
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:Food chemistry
1620:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1447:External links
1445:
1443:
1442:
1422:
1399:
1368:
1339:
1308:
1285:
1262:
1241:
1221:
1195:
1166:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1109:
1089:
1052:
1023:
1014:
999:
981:
954:
929:
904:
871:
847:
821:
796:
787:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
698:Atwater system
693:
690:
687:
686:
683:
681:
678:
672:
671:
669:
666:
665:kilojoule (kJ)
663:
661:European Union
657:
656:
654:
651:
648:
646:United Kingdom
642:
641:
638:
635:
634:kilojoule (kJ)
632:
622:
621:
618:
615:
614:Calorie (Cal)
612:
606:
605:
604:calorie (cal)
602:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
553:
550:
525:United Nations
497:
494:
447:
444:
421:
420:
417:
414:
407:
406:
403:
400:
393:sugar alcohols
385:
384:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
326:
320:
319:
316:
312:
311:
309:Energy density
306:
286:cell signaling
223:
220:
201:Wilbur Atwater
199:system, after
186:Atwater system
184:Main article:
181:
178:
165:
162:
160:
157:
150:sugar alcohols
134:energy density
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6366:
6365:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Food analysis
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6181:Mitochondrial
6179:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6113:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5970:
5968:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5924:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5886:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5847:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5805:
5782:
5781:
5774:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5748:NADH + H + CO
5747:
5744:
5737:
5732:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5696:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5658:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5619:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5584:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5502:
5500:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5478:
5475:Green nodes:
5466:
5462:
5459:Brown nodes:
5450:
5446:
5434:
5422:
5410:
5398:
5386:
5373:
5369:
5345:
5338:
5329:
5322:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5294:
5293:Sphingolipids
5287:
5286:sphingolipids
5278:
5269:
5262:
5261:Glycerolipids
5255:
5254:phospholipids
5246:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5199:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5168:proteoglycans
5164:
5163:Glycoproteins
5157:
5150:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5078:
5073:
5065:
5060:
5053:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4993:
4989:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4919:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4830:
4821:
4814:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4754:
4747:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4557:
4556:
4555:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4430:carbon intake
4419:
4418:
4417:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4254:
4242:
4241:
4227:
4226:
4212:
4211:
4199:
4198:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4130:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4110:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3936:
3935:Radiotrophism
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3856:Glycosylation
3854:
3853:
3850:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3423:Overnutrition
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Food security
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:Food politics
3392:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3118:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Food politics
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:(South Korea)
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2856:United States
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2777:2011 Germany
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2734:1996 Odwalla
2732:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2365:Preservatives
2362:
2356:
2355:Methamidophos
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Toxoplasmosis
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:Vegetable oil
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:Fortification
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:Manufacturing
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1927:Food industry
1924:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Pascalization
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1784:Freeze-drying
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Fortification
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Carbohydrates
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:mental effort
1266:
1251:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1107:(1996, 2005).
1106:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1010:
1003:
995:
991:
985:
974:
967:
966:
958:
951:
950:
949:New Scientist
945:
941:
938:
933:
918:
914:
908:
892:
890:
881:
875:
868:
864:
860:
857:
851:
835:
831:
825:
818:
814:
811:
805:
803:
801:
791:
784:
780:
777:
776:IEEE Spectrum
773:
769:
766:
760:
758:
753:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
639:
636:
633:
631:
627:
624:
623:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
598:Calorie (Cal)
597:
595:
594:United States
592:
591:
588:Common usage
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
563:
558:
549:
547:
542:
539:
535:
530:
529:
526:
522:
517:
493:
490:
486:
485:anaerobically
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
457:
453:
452:Bioenergetics
443:
440:
438:
433:
430:
428:
412:
409:
408:
398:
394:
390:
387:
386:
377:
376:Organic acids
374:
373:
364:
363:Carbohydrates
361:
360:
351:
348:
347:
338:
335:
334:
325:
322:
321:
317:
314:
313:
310:
303:
300:
297:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
192:dietary fiber
187:
177:
175:
171:
156:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:organic acids
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:carbohydrates
48:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
6239:
6228:Cytochrome c
6136:succinyl-CoA
5938:
5900:
5861:
5819:
5778:
5717:Succinyl-CoA
5715:
5676:
5638:
5599:
5566:Oxaloacetate
5564:
5537:
5443:Grey nodes:
5431:Blue nodes:
5419:Pink nodes:
5337:cannabinoids
5175:Chlorophylls
5126:Antioxidants
4879:Serine group
4790:Photosystems
4776:P-glycerates
4723:P-glycerates
4688:sialic acids
4683:Amino sugars
4635:
4623:
4622:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4596:
4578:
4577:
4563:
4562:
4550:
4549:
4537:
4536:
4524:
4523:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4497:
4483:
4482:
4468:
4467:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4439:
4425:
4424:
4408:
4407:
4393:
4392:
4378:
4377:
4368:Fermentation
4365:
4364:
4348:
4347:
4333:
4332:
4318:
4317:
4303:
4302:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4271:
4260:
4247:
4232:
4217:
4204:
4191:
4178:
4163:
4150:
4137:
3836:Galactolysis
3806:Glycogenesis
3611:Fermentation
3583:ATP synthase
3432:Institutions
3418:Malnutrition
3333:Phyllodulcin
3037:Food quality
2944:Institutions
2778:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2610:Nitrosamines
2373:Benzoic acid
2335:Chlorpyrifos
2314:
2308:
2299:
2282:
2265:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2206:Trichuriasis
2191:Toxocariasis
2161:Enterobiasis
2037:Formaldehyde
1844:Potjevleesch
1779:Fermentation
1518:Microbiology
1494:Food science
1425:
1390:. Retrieved
1383:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1311:
1271:
1265:
1255:27 September
1253:. Retrieved
1244:
1224:
1212:. Retrieved
1207:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1181:
1169:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1112:
1092:
1043:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
1002:
993:
984:
973:the original
964:
957:
947:
932:
920:. Retrieved
916:
907:
895:. Retrieved
886:
874:
866:
850:
838:. Retrieved
833:
824:
790:
567:
562:Basmati rice
543:
531:
518:
499:
474:
459:
441:
434:
431:
424:
298:
283:
256:
225:
212:Bernice Watt
205:
189:
167:
154:
115:
44:
19:
18:
6245:synthesis:
6062:Anaplerotic
5467:metabolism.
5451:metabolism.
5407:Red nodes:
5344:Eicosanoids
5309:fatty acids
5238:Cholesterol
5226:carotenoids
5205:Polyketides
5140:Nucleotides
5095:tocopherols
5059:Calciferols
4972:Amino acids
4965:amino acids
4895:amino acids
4870:Respiratory
4613:Proteolysis
4600:Translation
4587:replication
4553:MEP pathway
4540:MVA pathway
4501:Lipogenesis
4473:deamination
4263:Peroxisomal
4155:respiration
3962:lipogenesis
3824:Fructolysis
3638:Lactic acid
3370:Food safety
3205:Artificial
3170:Artificial
3117:WikiProject
2954:(Hong Kong)
2691: [
2653:Devon colic
2527:Breast milk
2499:Nonylphenol
2474:Bisphenol A
2411:controversy
2278:Hepatitis E
2273:Hepatitis A
2251:Enterovirus
2244:Cronobacter
2201:Trichinosis
2171:Fasciolosis
2141:Anisakiasis
2112:controversy
2005:Adulterants
1950:Foodservice
1799:Irradiation
1513:Engineering
1328:FDA Website
922:8 September
840:13 December
630:New Zealand
481:aerobically
174:calorimetry
148:(including
118:metric (SI)
103:cholesterol
20:Food energy
6337:Categories
6240:Coenzyme Q
6214:Coenzyme Q
6072:acetyl-CoA
5988:Metabolism
5874:NAD(P)H +
5863:Isocitrate
5539:Acetyl-CoA
5461:nucleotide
5245:Bile acids
5221:Terpenoids
5052:vitamin Bs
5035:Cobalamins
4963:glucogenic
4951:polyamines
4911:Homoserine
4783:Glyoxylate
4676:Inositol-P
4471:Amino acid
4411:feeders to
4239:elongation
4194:Glyoxylate
4183:acid cycle
4109:Metabolism
3785:Glycolysis
3718:metabolism
3716:Nucleotide
3706:Urea cycle
3687:Amino acid
3676:Catabolism
3619:Glycolysis
3562:Glycolysis
3545:metabolism
3505:catabolism
3501:Metabolism
3403:Food power
3260:NutraSweet
2868:Regulation
2851:death toll
2620:Shortening
2585:Acrylamide
2514:Food fraud
2494:Mycotoxins
2327:Pesticides
2301:Salmonella
2176:Giardiasis
2136:Amoebiasis
2080:Flavorings
1764:Cold chain
1582:Technology
1550:Psychology
1540:Processing
1011:: 861–864.
897:25 January
749:References
718:Food chain
427:erythritol
397:sweeteners
42:activity.
36:metabolism
6343:Nutrition
6014:Aconitase
5822:Aconitate
5678:Succinate
5230:vitamin A
5214:backbones
5212:Terpenoid
5107:Cofactors
5099:vitamin E
5089:vitamin K
5077:vitamin A
5072:Retinoids
5064:vitamin D
5039:vitamin B
5004:vitamin C
4999:Ascorbate
4992:histidine
4979:Shikimate
4958:Ketogenic
4925:Glutamate
4902:Aspartate
4854:glutarate
4769:Pentose-P
4753:Succinate
4744:Propionyl
4737:Tetrose-P
4730:Pentose-P
4626:Glycosyl-
4566:Shikimate
4514:Lipolysis
4456:Oxidative
4413:gluconeo-
4355:oxylation
4336:Gluconeo-
4293:genolysis
4276:oxidation
4252:oxidation
4224:synthesis
4168:phosphate
3958:lipolysis
3765:anabolism
3509:anabolism
3280:Sucralose
3270:Saccharin
3265:Nutrinova
3225:Aspartame
2914:ISO 22000
2876:watchdogs
2872:standards
2846:outbreaks
2747:outbreaks
2625:Trans fat
2537:Olive oil
2459:Aflatoxin
2433:Sucralose
2418:Saccharin
2406:Aspartame
2350:Malathion
2295:Rotavirus
2290:Norovirus
1945:Marketing
1940:Packaging
1851:Rillettes
1635:Additives
1523:Nutrition
626:Australia
250:in their
244:Ruminants
240:cellulose
126:kilojoule
6046:Fumarase
5640:Fumarate
5449:cofactor
5328:Steroids
5268:Acyl-CoA
5252:Glycero-
5156:Proteins
5119:minerals
5114:Vitamins
5085:Quinones
5021:pigments
4946:Creatine
4939:Arginine
4843:Succinyl
4797:Pyruvate
4716:Glycerol
4709:Triose-P
4702:Hexose-P
4654:multiple
4351:Pyruvate
4142:fixation
3881:Nonhuman
3866:O-linked
3861:N-linked
3653:Specific
3107:Cookbook
3087:Category
2889:E number
2781:outbreak
2738:outbreak
2729:outbreak
2479:Dieldrin
2428:Sorbitol
2284:Listeria
2224:Botulism
2052:Melamine
2022:Aldicarb
1866:Sugaring
1829:Pickling
1809:Jellying
1789:Freezing
1685:Vitamins
1680:Proteins
1645:Coloring
1572:Rheology
1533:clinical
1434:Archived
1414:Archived
1350:Health.
1331:Archived
1320:Archived
1300:Archived
1277:Archived
1233:Archived
1208:usda.gov
1158:Archived
1120:Archived
1101:Archived
1082:Archived
1077:–
1071:Archived
1045:18 March
1039:Archived
940:Archived
859:Archived
856:Calories
813:Archived
779:Archived
768:Archived
692:See also
685:caloria
470:muscular
350:Proteins
279:sorbitol
275:inositol
267:glycerol
263:tartaric
248:bacteria
99:vitamins
95:minerals
59:proteins
40:muscular
6218:(CoQ10)
6197:Primary
6053:and ETC
5995:enzymes
5876:
5780:Citrate
5590:NADH +H
5465:protein
5445:vitamin
5147:Nucleic
5050:Various
4932:proline
4886:Alanine
4852:α-Keto-
4829:acetate
4820:Citrate
4804:Lactate
4660:glycans
4568:pathway
4488:shuttle
4486:Citrate
4415:genesis
4398:genesis
4353:decarb-
4338:genesis
4308:genesis
4170:pathway
4166:Pentose
4021:Ketosis
3633:Ethanol
3516:General
3255:Neotame
3220:Alitame
3180:Olestra
3097:Commons
2970:(Spain)
2779:E. coli
2745:E. coli
2736:E. coli
2727:E. coli
2547:Seafood
2447:poisons
2345:Lindane
2309:E. coli
2268:O157:H7
2260:O104:H4
2062:Sudan I
2032:Cyanide
1861:Smoking
1856:Salting
1834:Potting
1814:Jugging
1804:Jamming
1759:Canning
1660:Flavors
1650:Enzymes
1577:Storage
1555:Quality
1508:Allergy
1501:General
1126:(1993).
1009:Science
708:Calorie
579:Country
523:of the
510:⁄
389:Polyols
337:Ethanol
318:kcal/g
290:leucine
271:xylitol
214:of the
146:Polyols
138:lactose
130:calorie
83:ethanol
79:polyols
6287:COQ10B
6282:COQ10A
5910:
5871:NAD(P)
5839:
5788:
5625:
5601:Malate
5366:Major
5319:&
5284:Glyco-
5224:&
5196:Acetyl
5166:&
5117:&
5093:&
4990:&
4949:&
4930:&
4918:lysine
4916:&
4863:bodies
4861:Ketone
4836:Malate
4827:Oxalo-
4811:Acetyl
4760:Acetyl
4686:&
4669:sugars
4667:Simple
4658:&
4656:sugars
4650:Double
4321:Glyco-
4306:Glyco-
4291:Glyco-
4181:Citric
4153:Photo-
4140:Carbon
3543:Energy
3413:Famine
3347:Brands
3240:Glucin
3235:Dulcin
2552:Shrimp
2489:Dioxin
2443:Toxins
2017:3-MCPD
1905:
1839:Confit
1774:Drying
1769:Curing
1670:Lipids
1392:29 May
1361:29 May
1230:Hunger
1214:17 May
1188:17 May
893:. 1997
676:Brazil
610:Canada
399:) (1)
277:, and
259:citric
252:rumens
105:, and
81:, and
63:oxygen
57:, and
28:humans
6306:Other
6297:PDSS2
6292:PDSS1
6002:Cycle
5335:Endo-
5300:Waxes
5277:acids
5275:Fatty
5149:acids
5028:Hemes
5012:δ-ALA
4988:acids
4960:&
4927:group
4913:group
4904:group
4872:chain
4643:acids
4641:Sugar
4628:ation
4396:Keto-
4383:lysis
4381:Keto-
4323:lysis
4235:Fatty
4220:Fatty
4209:cycle
4196:cycle
4039:Other
3999:Other
3774:Human
3655:paths
3316:bacon
2695:]
2542:Prawn
2522:Bread
2095:Sugar
1690:Water
1178:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
969:(PDF)
883:(PDF)
477:power
411:Fiber
315:kJ/g
236:seeds
232:bones
122:joule
107:fiber
91:water
71:water
65:from
61:with
6277:COQ9
6272:COQ7
6267:COQ6
6262:COQ5
6257:COQ4
6252:COQ3
6247:COQ2
6103:and
6040:SDHA
5820:cis-
5761:NAD
5664:FADH
5463:and
5447:and
5198:-CoA
5133:PRPP
5019:Bile
4845:-CoA
4813:-CoA
4762:-CoA
4746:-CoA
4274:beta
4250:Beta
4237:acid
4222:acid
4207:Urea
3763:and
3354:Tang
3321:list
2090:Salt
1528:Diet
1394:2020
1363:2020
1257:2014
1216:2022
1190:2022
1047:2010
924:2017
899:2015
891:p. 4
842:2019
628:and
454:and
413:(2)
405:2.4
261:and
228:diet
216:USDA
210:and
87:diet
55:fats
32:food
6153:to
6134:to
6115:to
6070:to
5757:CoA
5670:FAD
5593:NAD
5370:in
5189:MVA
5182:MEP
4111:map
3787:⇄
3628:ABE
2557:Tea
2532:Egg
2340:DDT
889:PDF
489:ATP
483:or
402:10
380:13
367:17
354:17
341:29
328:37
324:Fat
281:.
140:in
67:air
22:is
6339::
6242:10
6216:10
6092:E3
6090:,
6088:E2
6086:,
6084:E1
5990::
5913:CO
5551:+
5232:)
5101:)
5079:)
5066:)
5044:)
5041:12
5006:)
3960:,
3804:⇄
3621:→
3581:+
3572:→
3568:→
3564:→
3507:,
3503:,
2874:,
2870:,
2693:ar
2449:,
2445:,
2126:,
2007:,
1402:^
1382:.
1371:^
1354:.
1342:^
1288:^
1206:.
1180:.
1055:^
1037:.
1026:^
992:.
915:.
885:.
832:.
799:^
756:^
650:kJ
548:.
419:2
416:8
395:,
383:3
370:4
357:4
344:7
331:9
273:,
269:,
234:,
176:.
101:,
97:,
93:,
77:,
53:,
6186:/
6107:)
6094:)
6082:(
6042:)
6038:(
5980:e
5973:t
5966:v
5915:2
5878:H
5835:O
5833:2
5831:H
5796:O
5794:2
5792:H
5750:2
5707:i
5705:P
5666:2
5632:O
5630:2
5628:H
5557:O
5555:2
5553:H
5512:e
5505:t
5498:v
5479:.
5435:.
5423:.
5411:.
5399:.
5387:.
5228:(
5097:(
5091:)
5087:(
5075:(
5062:(
5037:(
5002:(
4652:/
4101:e
4094:t
4087:v
3986:)
3982:(
3964:)
3956:(
3767:)
3758:(
3586:)
3576:(
3493:e
3486:t
3479:v
3157:e
3150:t
3143:v
1989:e
1982:t
1975:v
1730:e
1723:t
1716:v
1616:e
1609:t
1602:v
1486:e
1479:t
1472:v
1396:.
1365:.
1259:.
1218:.
1192:.
1164:"
1049:.
996:.
926:.
901:.
844:.
512:2
508:1
505:+
503:1
391:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.