1141:
576:
898:), and especially when produced or purified in a laboratory or an industrial process. In other words, the chemical substances of which fruits and vegetables, for example, are naturally composed even when growing wild are not called "chemicals" in general usage. In countries that require a list of ingredients in products, the "chemicals" listed are industrially produced "chemical substances". The word "chemical" is also often used to refer to addictive, narcotic, or mind-altering drugs.
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27:
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chemicals. The required purity and analysis depends on the application, but higher tolerance of impurities is usually expected in the production of bulk chemicals. Thus, the user of the chemical in the US might choose between the bulk or "technical grade" with higher amounts of impurities or a much purer "pharmaceutical grade" (labeled "USP",
247:. Broader definitions of chemicals or chemical substances can be found, for example: "the term 'chemical substance' means any organic or inorganic substance of a particular molecular identity, including – (i) any combination of such substances occurring in whole or in part as a result of a chemical reaction or occurring in nature".
925:
of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to identify and quantify the percentages of impurities for the buyer of the
678:
keeps the substance together without a covalent or ionic bond. Coordination complexes are distinct substances with distinct properties different from a simple mixture. Typically these have a metal, such as a copper ion, in the center and a nonmetals atom, such as the nitrogen in an ammonia molecule
1227:
where the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, leading to the insight that the relations among quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. This means that if the amounts of the separate reactants are known, then the amount of the
920:
The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex
1002:
by professional chemists around the world. An enormous number of chemical compounds are possible through the chemical combination of the known chemical elements. As of Feb 2021, about "177 million organic and inorganic substances" (including 68 million defined-sequence biopolymers) are in the
303:
defines "monoconstituent substances", "multiconstituent substances" and "substances of unknown or variable composition". The latter two consist of multiple chemical substances; however, their identity can be established either by direct chemical analysis or reference to a single manufacturing
1281:. Stoichiometry measures these quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the amount of products and reactants that are produced or needed in a given reaction. Describing the quantitative relationships among substances as they participate in chemical reactions is known as
832:
are both chemical elements, and they can be mixed together in any ratio to form a yellow-grey mixture. No chemical process occurs, and the material can be identified as a mixture by the fact that the sulfur and the iron can be separated by a mechanical process, such as using a
1003:
scientific literature and registered in public databases. The names of many of these compounds are often nontrivial and hence not very easy to remember or cite accurately. Also, it is difficult to keep track of them in the literature. Several international organizations like
749:
are an exception: the isomerization occurs spontaneously in ordinary conditions, such that a pure substance cannot be isolated into its tautomers, even if these can be identified spectroscopically or even isolated in special conditions. A common example is
308:
is an extremely complex, partially polymeric mixture that can be defined by its manufacturing process. Therefore, although the exact chemical identity is unknown, identification can be made with a sufficient accuracy. The CAS index also includes mixtures.
389:, the concept was defined as is found in most chemistry textbooks. However, there are some controversies regarding this definition mainly because the large number of chemical substances reported in chemistry literature need to be indexed.
411:– that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example,
1456:
915:
Research chemicals are produced individually for research, such as when searching for synthetic routes or screening substances for pharmaceutical activity. In effect, their price per gram is very high, although they are not
207:
In addition to the generic definition offered above, there are several niche fields where the term "chemical substance" may take alternate usages that are widely accepted, some of which are outlined in the sections below.
930:). "Chemicals" in the commercial and legal sense may also include mixtures of highly variable composition, as they are products made to a technical specification instead of particular chemical substances. For example,
320:
almost always appear as mixtures of molecules of multiple molar masses, each of which could be considered a separate chemical substance. However, the polymer may be defined by a known precursor or reaction(s) and the
467:
is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmuted into another element through a
1397:
796:
All matter consists of various elements and chemical compounds, but these are often intimately mixed together. Mixtures contain more than one chemical substance, and they do not have a fixed composition.
1228:
product can be calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of the products can be empirically determined, then the amount of the other reactants can also be calculated.
934:
is not a single chemical compound or even a particular mixture: different gasolines can have very different chemical compositions, as "gasoline" is primarily defined through source, properties and
369:. He deduced that, "All samples of a compound have the same composition; that is, all samples have the same proportions, by mass, of the elements present in the compound." This is now known as the
1657:
300:
1749:
912:
Fine chemicals are produced at a high cost in small quantities for special low-volume applications such as biocides, pharmaceuticals and speciality chemicals for technical applications.
1482:
860:, and the two elements cannot be separated using normal mechanical processes; a magnet will be unable to recover the iron, since there is no metallic iron present in the compound.
691:
O. The metal is known as a "metal center" and the substance that coordinates to the center is called a "ligand". However, the center does not need to be a metal, as exemplified by
852:, with chemical formula FeS. The resulting compound has all the properties of a chemical substance and is not a mixture. Iron(II) sulfide has its own distinct properties such as
243:, which violate the requirement for constant composition. For these substances, it may be difficult to draw the line between a mixture and a compound, as in the case of
1007:
and CAS have initiated steps to make such tasks easier. CAS provides the abstracting services of the chemical literature, and provides a numerical identifier, known as
1285:. In the example above, reaction stoichiometry measures the relationship between the quantities of methane and oxygen that react to form carbon dioxide and water.
399:
have exactly the same composition, but differ in configuration (arrangement) of the atoms. For example, there was much speculation about the chemical identity of
1296:, the ratios that are arrived at by stoichiometry can be used to determine quantities by weight in a reaction described by a balanced equation. This is called
1619:
1514:
1024:
718:. Isomers usually have substantially different chemical properties, and often may be isolated without spontaneously interconverting. A common example is
1426:
707:, but non-metallic boron center takes the role of the "metal". If the ligand bonds to the metal center with multiple atoms, the complex is called a
998:
of the compound. There has been a phenomenal growth in the number of chemical compounds being synthesized (or isolated), and then reported in the
901:
Within the chemical industry, manufactured "chemicals" are chemical substances, which can be classified by production volume into bulk chemicals,
295:
In law, "chemical substances" may include both pure substances and mixtures with a defined composition or manufacturing process. For example, the
1859:
1023:
and is popularly known as the
Chemical substances index. Other computer-friendly systems that have been developed for substance information are:
739:
1753:
714:
In organic chemistry, there can be more than one chemical compound with the same composition and molecular weight. Generally, these are called
151:
near 100 °C (212 °F), an example of one of the characteristic properties that define it. Other notable chemical substances include
1960:
961:
Many compounds are also known by their more common, simpler names, many of which predate the systematic name. For example, the long-known
1965:
909:
Bulk chemicals are produced in very large quantities, usually with highly optimized continuous processes and to a relatively low price.
582:
is a compound of potassium, iron, carbon and nitrogen; although it contains cyanide anions, it does not release them and is nontoxic.
1775:
754:, which has open-chain and ring forms. One cannot manufacture pure open-chain glucose because glucose spontaneously cyclizes to the
1710:
1686:
1943:
840:
In contrast, if iron and sulfur are heated together in a certain ratio (1 atom of iron for each atom of sulfur, or by weight, 56
1534:
1305:
deals with reactions involving gases, where the gases are at a known temperature, pressure, and volume and can be assumed to be
203:) in different solvents, under visible and UV light, showing how the chemical interacts dynamically with its solvent environment
1987:
1356:
1732:
1999:
1938:
1831:
848:) of iron to 32 grams (1 mol) of sulfur), a chemical reaction takes place and a new substance is formed, the compound
1852:
66:. If a mixture is separated to isolate one chemical substance to a desired degree, the resulting substance is said to be
1776:"Coping with the Growth of Chemical Knowledge: Challenges for Chemistry Documentation, Education, and Working Chemists"
1492:
1407:
1063:
1028:
385:
used for isolation and purification of elements and compounds from chemicals that led to the establishment of modern
1616:
2804:
2683:
1845:
1511:
2836:
2126:
1880:
680:
361:
of a "chemical substance" became firmly established in the late eighteenth century after work by the chemist
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1366:
2403:
1890:
1361:
1224:
809:
are common examples of mixtures. Sometimes, mixtures can be separated into their component substances by
597:
370:
236:
487:
As of 2019, there are 118 known elements, about 80 of which are stable – that is, they do not change by
2826:
2780:
2329:
2300:
2280:
2233:
1581:"Rock | Definition, Characteristics, Formation, Cycle, Classification, Types, & Facts | Britannica"
955:
927:
692:
216:
404:
287:
is an alkali aluminum silicate, where the alkali metal is interchangeably either sodium or potassium.
1918:
593:
20:
1647:
The boundary between metalloids and non-metals is imprecise, as explained in the previous reference.
2673:
2589:
2228:
980:
is the more common name for the chemical compound (S)-6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
279:, such that a single rock is a uniform substance despite being a mixture in stoichiometric terms.
2611:
2522:
2485:
2369:
2295:
2116:
2099:
2042:
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322:
894:
is used in general usage to refer to both (pure) chemical substances and mixtures (often called
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1913:
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366:
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2413:
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2195:
2104:
2029:
1928:
999:
231:, referencing them in the chemical substances index allows CAS to offer specific guidance on
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2218:
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1905:
1885:
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969:
671:
382:
43:
30:
Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same pure chemical substance, water.
8:
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268:
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113:. Some chemical substances can be combined or converted into new substances by means of
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2086:
2069:
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2019:
1982:
1972:
1933:
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1043:
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642:
491:
into other elements. Some elements can occur as more than a single chemical substance (
374:
1638:, 4th ed., pp 45–46, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
1011:
to each chemical substance that has been reported in the chemical literature (such as
679:
or oxygen in water in a water molecule, forms a dative bond to the metal center, e.g.
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735:
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552:
488:
472:. This is because all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of
378:
244:
114:
59:
55:
47:
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602:
A chemical compound is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set of
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is an example of a chemical substance, with a constant composition of two hydrogen
125:
102:
98:
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51:
1580:
381:; the discovery of many more chemical elements and new techniques in the realm of
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1994:
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551:. Non-metals lack the metallic properties described above, they also have a high
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74:
67:
1399:
Necessary Beings: An Essay on
Ontology, Modality, and the Relations Between Them
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1977:
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sometimes resemble metals and sometimes resemble non-metals, and are known as
333:- repeating units, and is generally sold in several molar mass distributions,
2820:
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2628:
2584:
2309:
2143:
2138:
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2009:
1435:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
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1607:, 4th ed., p37, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005.
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of uncertain composition within their chemical substance index. While an
106:
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1800:
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of the reactants and products. In practice, because of the existence of
1313:, but the mass ratio of a single reaction has to be calculated from the
1119:(where a sample often contains numerous chemical substances) or after a
435:
Native sulfur crystals. Sulfur occurs naturally as elemental sulfur, in
2640:
1322:
1231:
This is illustrated in the image here, where the balanced equation is:
1145:
857:
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661:
492:
420:
1090:
618:. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds.
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2004:
1869:
1306:
868:
810:
564:
548:
532:
392:
386:
118:
26:
637:. Compounds based primarily on carbon and hydrogen atoms are called
2724:
1258:
1209:
1020:
977:
968:
is now systematically named 6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol.
931:
746:
727:
723:
645:. Compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal are called
626:
540:
527:. Metals typically conduct electricity and heat well, and they are
305:
280:
200:
144:
110:
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1318:
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259:, inorganic solid substances of uniform composition are known as
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1016:
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are also given simpler names, for example the mild pain-killer
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86:
39:
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Isolation, purification, characterization, and identification
1004:
962:
781:
610:. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a
508:
500:
224:
220:
82:
58:. If two or more chemical substances can be combined without
1634:
Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S.
1603:
Hill, J. W.; Petrucci, R. H.; McCreary, T. W.; Perry, S. S.
117:. Chemicals that do not possess this ability are said to be
73:
Chemical substances can exist in several different physical
2719:
1484:
The
Processes of Life: An Introduction to Molecular Biology
1200:
1179:
841:
806:
802:
785:
652:
Compounds in which components share electrons are known as
603:
524:
516:
365:
on the composition of some pure chemical compounds such as
342:
338:
334:
129:
1185:
97:) without changing their chemical composition. Substances
2729:
1309:. For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the
1191:
657:
607:
556:
495:). For instance, oxygen exists as both diatomic oxygen (O
90:
921:
molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The
863:
1277:. This particular chemical equation is an example of
656:
compounds. Compounds consisting of oppositely charged
395:
caused much consternation to early researchers, since
1176:
1167:
1164:
1123:(which often gives mixtures of chemical substances).
1333:
1197:
1194:
1170:
886:
is a precise technical term that is synonymous with
50:. Chemical substances may take the form of a single
1188:
1182:
1111:Often a pure substance needs to be isolated from a
776:Cranberry glass, while appearing homogeneous, is a
1628:
275:. Many minerals, however, mutually dissolve into
263:. When two or more minerals are combined to form
2818:
1531:"What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory?"
1325:are used instead in calculating the mass ratio.
1035:Identification of a typical chemical substance
403:, until the correct structure was described by
19:"Chemical" redirects here. For other uses, see
507:). The majority of elements are classified as
1853:
1597:
1208:) is the relationship between the weights of
761:
143:of hydrogen to oxygen is always 2:1 in every
1773:
872:Chemicals in graduated cylinders and beaker
373:. Later with the advancement of methods for
1752:. Nicnas.gov.au. 2005-06-01. Archived from
1701:
1699:
1512:Appendix IV: Chemical Substance Index Names
511:. These are elements with a characteristic
1860:
1846:
1288:Because of the well known relationship of
837:to attract the iron away from the sulfur.
1867:
1556:"Mineral | Types & Uses | Britannica"
946:Every chemical substance has one or more
633:in which atoms, molecules or ions form a
1696:
1139:
867:
771:
734:. Their interconversion requires either
621:A chemical compound can be either atoms
574:
430:
194:
25:
1658:"1.16: Methods for Separating Mixtures"
954:. An alternative system is used by the
329:is a mixture of very long chains of -CH
2819:
1533:. US Environmental Protection Agency.
1480:
1357:Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
941:
905:and chemicals found in research only:
792:nm in diameter, giving it a red color.
415:has three distinct isomers, a pair of
211:
1841:
1778:. Rz.uni-karlsruhe.de. Archived from
1725:
1723:
1019:). This information is compiled as a
570:
2775:
1801:"Chemical Abstracts substance count"
1395:
864:Chemicals versus chemical substances
535:. Around 14 to 21 elements, such as
426:
312:
2799:
1457:"2.1: Pure Substances and Mixtures"
227:could be more closely defined as a
13:
1730:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
1720:
1481:Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13).
1432:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1089:
419:with one diastereomer forming two
147:of water. Pure water will tend to
14:
2848:
1819:
1029:International Chemical Identifier
950:, usually named according to the
2798:
2786:
2774:
2763:
2762:
1825:
1501:from the original on 2018-01-13.
1416:from the original on 2018-01-13.
1336:
1223:Stoichiometry is founded on the
1160:
1144:A stoichiometric diagram of the
1132:This section is an excerpt from
217:Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
1793:
1767:
1742:
1675:
1650:
1641:
1610:
1537:from the original on 2009-06-05
476:, though they may be different
135:to a single oxygen atom (i.e. H
1573:
1548:
1523:
1505:
1474:
1449:
1420:
1389:
1216:before, during, and following
1126:
239:are another special case from
190:
1:
2127:Interface and colloid science
1881:Glossary of chemical formulae
1717:in Oxford Online Dictionaries
1693:in Oxford Online Dictionaries
1382:
1269:gas to yield one molecule of
1265:reacts with two molecules of
681:tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
377:particularly in the realm of
199:Colors of a single chemical (
1367:Dedicated bio-based chemical
641:, and all others are called
480:, with differing numbers of
237:Non-stoichiometric compounds
7:
2404:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1891:List of inorganic compounds
1617:Law of Definite Proportions
1362:Prices of chemical elements
1329:
1225:law of conservation of mass
1100:1/C2H6O/c1-2-3/h3H,2H2,1H3
828:Grey iron metal and yellow
598:List of inorganic compounds
559:. Certain elements such as
371:law of constant composition
62:, they may form a chemical
10:
2853:
2330:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2301:Enantioselective synthesis
2281:Physical organic chemistry
2234:Organolanthanide chemistry
1622:November 18, 2007, at the
1131:
956:Chemical Abstracts Service
928:United States Pharmacopeia
875:
765:
762:Substances versus mixtures
693:boron trifluoride etherate
591:
585:
456:
450:
352:
250:
105:in response to changes in
18:
2758:
2661:
2422:
2338:
2259:
2209:
2085:
2028:
1919:Electroanalytical methods
1904:
1876:
1298:composition stoichiometry
594:List of organic compounds
21:Chemical (disambiguation)
2674:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2590:Supramolecular chemistry
2229:Organometallic chemistry
1396:Hale, Bob (2013-09-19).
647:organometallic compounds
407:. Likewise, the idea of
2612:Combinatorial chemistry
2523:Food physical chemistry
2486:Environmental chemistry
2370:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2296:Retrosynthetic analysis
2117:Chemical thermodynamics
2100:Spectroelectrochemistry
2043:Computational chemistry
1445:10.1351/goldbook.C01039
890:for chemists, the word
555:and a tendency to form
405:Friedrich August Kekulé
323:molar mass distribution
271:), they are defined as
235:of alloy compositions.
155:(a form of the element
2684:of element discoveries
2530:Agricultural chemistry
2518:Carbohydrate chemistry
2409:Bioinorganic chemistry
2274:Alkane stereochemistry
2219:Coordination chemistry
2048:Mathematical chemistry
1914:Instrumental chemistry
1283:reaction stoichiometry
1152:
1094:
952:IUPAC rules for naming
873:
793:
674:are compounds where a
672:Coordination complexes
583:
580:Potassium ferricyanide
448:
367:basic copper carbonate
304:process. For example,
290:
283:are a common example:
204:
31:
2679:Timeline of chemistry
2576:Post-mortem chemistry
2561:Clandestine chemistry
2491:Atmospheric chemistry
2414:Biophysical chemistry
2246:Solid-state chemistry
2196:Equilibrium chemistry
2105:Photoelectrochemistry
1273:and two molecules of
1143:
1115:, for example from a
1093:
1000:scientific literature
871:
788:particles of about 40
775:
578:
434:
198:
29:
2837:Artificial materials
2669:History of chemistry
2624:Chemical engineering
2399:Bioorganic chemistry
2149:Structural chemistry
1886:List of biomolecules
1834:at Wikimedia Commons
1750:"What is a chemical"
1662:Chemistry LibreTexts
1461:Chemistry LibreTexts
986:frequently refer to
547:, are classified as
383:analytical chemistry
44:chemical composition
38:is a unique form of
2832:Chemical substances
2692:The central science
2646:Ceramic engineering
2571:Forensic toxicology
2544:Chemistry education
2442:Radiation chemistry
2424:Interdisciplinarity
2377:Medicinal chemistry
2315:Fullerene chemistry
2191:Microwave chemistry
2060:Molecular mechanics
2055:Molecular modelling
1832:Chemical substances
1279:complete combustion
1059:CAS registry number
1036:
1009:CAS registry number
996:molecular structure
942:Naming and indexing
813:processes, such as
740:acid-base catalysis
726:. The former is an
703:, where the highly
643:inorganic compounds
635:crystalline lattice
241:inorganic chemistry
212:Inorganic chemistry
46:and characteristic
2735:Chemical substance
2597:Chemical synthesis
2566:Forensic chemistry
2447:Actinide chemistry
2389:Clinical chemistry
2070:Molecular geometry
2065:Molecular dynamics
2020:Elemental analysis
1973:Separation process
1774:Joachim Schummer.
1735:2017-11-07 at the
1713:2017-11-07 at the
1689:2017-11-07 at the
1585:www.britannica.com
1560:www.britannica.com
1517:2007-12-03 at the
1437:Chemical Substance
1218:chemical reactions
1153:
1095:
1054:Chemical structure
1034:
1013:chemistry journals
988:chemical compounds
884:chemical substance
874:
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730:, the latter is a
584:
571:Chemical compounds
449:
375:chemical synthesis
205:
115:chemical reactions
56:chemical compounds
36:chemical substance
32:
2827:General chemistry
2814:
2813:
2750:Quantum mechanics
2715:Chemical compound
2698:Chemical reaction
2636:Materials science
2554:General chemistry
2549:Amateur chemistry
2477:Photogeochemistry
2462:Stellar chemistry
2432:Nuclear chemistry
2353:Molecular biology
2320:Polymer chemistry
2291:Organic synthesis
2286:Organic reactions
2251:Ceramic chemistry
2241:Cluster chemistry
2171:Chemical kinetics
2159:Molecular physics
2038:Quantum chemistry
1951:Mass spectrometry
1830:Media related to
1636:General Chemistry
1605:General Chemistry
1377:Research chemical
1303:Gas stoichiometry
1121:chemical reaction
1104:
1103:
992:chemical formulae
639:organic compounds
616:chemical compound
612:chemical reaction
588:Chemical compound
553:electronegativity
489:radioactive decay
427:Chemical elements
379:organic chemistry
313:Polymer chemistry
245:palladium hydride
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2710:Chemical element
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2095:Electrochemistry
2000:Characterization
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948:systematic names
850:iron(II) sulfide
791:
470:nuclear reaction
459:List of elements
453:Chemical element
445:hydrogen sulfide
443:minerals and in
255:In the field of
185:organic compound
103:phases of matter
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1995:Crystallography
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784:and colloidal
780:consisting of
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2467:Geochemistry
2382:Pharmacology
2358:Cell biology
2348:Biochemistry
2176:Spectroscopy
2075:VSEPR theory
1924:Spectroscopy
1868:Branches of
1805:. Retrieved
1795:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:the original
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1744:
1706:
1682:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1664:. 2019-09-19
1661:
1652:
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1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1564:. Retrieved
1562:. 2023-12-22
1559:
1550:
1539:. Retrieved
1525:
1507:
1483:
1476:
1465:. Retrieved
1463:. 2017-03-15
1460:
1451:
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1422:
1398:
1391:
1372:Fire diamond
1323:molar masses
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705:Lewis acidic
670:
651:
625:together in
620:
601:
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327:polyethylene
316:
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285:anorthoclase
254:
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141:atomic ratio
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2805:WikiProject
2030:Theoretical
2015:Calorimetry
1307:ideal gases
1127:Measurement
1070:Alcohol, or
1040:Common name
823:evaporation
676:dative bond
421:enantiomers
299:regulation
191:Definitions
107:temperature
2821:Categories
2641:Metallurgy
2340:Biological
1906:Analytical
1786:2013-06-06
1760:2013-06-06
1668:2024-01-07
1590:2024-01-20
1566:2024-01-20
1541:2009-10-19
1467:2024-01-07
1383:References
1257:Here, one
1146:combustion
1031:or InChI.
923:production
858:solubility
811:mechanical
756:hemiacetal
592:See also:
565:metalloids
549:non-metals
493:allotropes
457:See also:
269:aggregates
163:(NaCl; an
161:table salt
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2703:Catalysis
2211:Inorganic
2005:Titration
1870:chemistry
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747:tautomers
745:However,
736:enzymatic
627:molecules
529:malleable
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387:chemistry
281:Feldspars
2769:Category
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1259:molecule
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1075:Ethanol
1027:and the
1021:database
984:Chemists
978:Naproxen
932:gasoline
892:chemical
888:chemical
728:aldehyde
724:fructose
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541:nitrogen
515:such as
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478:isotopes
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306:charcoal
265:mixtures
261:minerals
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2781:Commons
2745:Alchemy
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1263:methane
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958:(CAS).
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768:Mixture
752:glucose
720:glucose
716:isomers
709:chelate
614:form a
561:silicon
533:ductile
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465:element
441:sulfate
437:sulfide
401:benzene
397:isomers
359:concept
353:History
257:geology
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1939:UV-Vis
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157:carbon
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81:(e.g.
79:phases
75:states
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1966:MALDI
1934:Raman
1427:IUPAC
1290:moles
1275:water
1248:+ 2 H
1244:→ CO
1240:+ 2 O
1064:InChI
1005:IUPAC
963:sugar
916:sold.
842:grams
821:, or
782:glass
666:salts
662:ionic
604:atoms
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301:REACH
273:rocks
225:alloy
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119:inert
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