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volumes and masses. Often such systems were closely tied to one field of use, so that volume measures used, for example, for dry grains were unrelated to those for liquids, with neither bearing any particular relationship to units of length used for measuring cloth or land. With development of manufacturing technologies, and the growing importance of trade between communities and ultimately across the Earth, standardized weights and measures became critical. Starting in the 18th century, modernized, simplified and uniform systems of weights and measures were developed, with the fundamental units defined by ever more precise methods in the science of
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1111:. In this form of representational theory, numbers are assigned based on correspondences or similarities between the structure of number systems and the structure of qualitative systems. A property is quantitative if such structural similarities can be established. In weaker forms of representational theory, such as that implicit within the work of
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that there is a correlation between measurements of height and empirical relations, it is not a measurement according to additive conjoint measurement theory. Likewise, computing and assigning arbitrary values, like the "book value" of an asset in accounting, is not a measurement because it does not satisfy the necessary criteria.
825:, an instrument that can be used to measure but cannot be used to draw straight lines. As can be seen in the photographs on this page, a two-metre carpenter's rule can be folded down to a length of only 20 centimetres, to easily fit in a pocket, and a five-metre-long tape measure easily retracts to fit within a small housing.
967:, i.e. the departure from the true value of the measurement and the value provided using the measurement instrument. In substantive survey research, measurement error can lead to biased conclusions and wrongly estimated effects. In order to get accurate results, when measurement errors appear, the results need to be
911:. A spring scale measures force but not mass, a balance compares weight, both require a gravitational field to operate. Some of the most accurate instruments for measuring weight or mass are based on load cells with a digital read-out, but require a gravitational field to function and would not work in free fall.
753:
The SI allows easy multiplication when switching among units having the same base but different prefixes. To convert from metres to centimetres it is only necessary to multiply the number of metres by 100, since there are 100 centimetres in a metre. Inversely, to switch from centimetres to metres one
1118:
The concept of measurement is often misunderstood as merely the assignment of a value, but it is possible to assign a value in a way that is not a measurement in terms of the requirements of additive conjoint measurement. One may assign a value to a person's height, but unless it can be established
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originate in the 3rd or 4th millennium BC. Even the very earliest civilizations needed measurement for purposes of agriculture, construction and trade. Early standard units might only have applied to a single community or small region, with every area developing its own standards for lengths, areas,
115:
existed for the varied fields of human existence to facilitate comparisons in these fields. Often these were achieved by local agreements between trading partners or collaborators. Since the 18th century, developments progressed towards unifying, widely accepted standards that resulted in the modern
1225:
In biology, there is generally no well established theory of measurement. However, the importance of the theoretical context is emphasized. Moreover, the theoretical context stemming from the theory of evolution leads to articulate the theory of measurement and historicity as a fundamental notion.
480:
systems after the
Imperial units for length, weight and time even though the tons, hundredweights, gallons, and nautical miles, for example, are different for the U.S. units. Many Imperial units remain in use in Britain, which has officially switched to the SI system—with a few exceptions such as
1200:, a measurement is an action that determines a particular property (position, momentum, energy, etc.) of a quantum system. Quantum measurements are always statistical samples from a probability distribution; the distribution for many quantum phenomena is discrete. Quantum measurements alter
485:
and pounds, to give just a few examples. Imperial units are used in many other places, for example, in many
Commonwealth countries that are considered metricated, land area is measured in acres and floor space in square feet, particularly for commercial transactions (rather than government
1169:
All data are inexact and statistical in nature. Thus the definition of measurement is: "A set of observations that reduce uncertainty where the result is expressed as a quantity." This definition is implied in what scientists actually do when they measure something and report both the
1769:. It is one of quantum theory's most puzzling features ..." "he way in which quantum mechanics is used in practice is to take the state indeed to jump in this curious way whenever a measurement is deemed to take place." p 528 Later Chapter 29 is entitled the Measurement paradox.
506:, though these do not affect its day-to-day use. Since the 1960s, the International System of Units (SI) is the internationally recognised metric system. Metric units of mass, length, and electricity are widely used around the world for both everyday and scientific purposes.
208:
of measurement is a taxonomy for the methodological character of a comparison. For example, two states of a property may be compared by ratio, difference, or ordinal preference. The type is commonly not explicitly expressed, but implicit in the definition of a measurement
343:. Over the course of human history, however, first for convenience and then for necessity, standards of measurement evolved so that communities would have certain common benchmarks. Laws regulating measurement were originally developed to prevent fraud in commerce.
291:
or other invariable phenomena in nature, in contrast to standard artifacts which are subject to deterioration or destruction. Instead, the measurement unit can only ever change through increased accuracy in determining the value of the constant it is tied to.
1082:
is the determination or estimation of ratios of quantities. Quantity and measurement are mutually defined: quantitative attributes are those possible to measure, at least in principle. The classical concept of quantity can be traced back to
481:
road signs, which are still in miles. Draught beer and cider must be sold by the imperial pint, and milk in returnable bottles can be sold by the imperial pint. Many people measure their height in feet and inches and their weight in
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of the measurements. In practical terms, one begins with an initial guess as to the expected value of a quantity, and then, using various methods and instruments, reduces the uncertainty in the value. In this view, unlike the
999:
Since accurate measurement is essential in many fields, and since all measurements are necessarily approximations, a great deal of effort must be taken to make measurements as accurate as possible. For example, consider the
1204:
and yet repeated measurements on a quantum state are reproducible. The measurement appears to act as a filter, changing the quantum state into one with the single measured quantum value. The unambiguous meaning of the
740:
In the SI, base units are the simple measurements for time, length, mass, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and light intensity. Derived units are constructed from the base units, for example, the
1183:
representational theory, all measurements are uncertain, so instead of assigning one value, a range of values is assigned to a measurement. This also implies that there is not a clear or neat distinction between
1008:). Using physics, it can be shown that, in the gravitational field of the Earth, it should take any object about 0.45 second to fall one metre. However, the following are just some of the sources of
983:
All non-0 digits and any 0s appearing between them are significant for the exactness of any number. For example, the number 12000 has two significant digits, and has implied limits of 11500 and 12500.
357:, overseeing the International System of Units (SI). For example, the metre was redefined in 1983 by the CGPM in terms of the speed of light, the kilogram was redefined in 2019 in terms of the
287:. All of these units are defined without reference to a particular physical object which serves as a standard. Artifact-free definitions fix measurements at an exact value related to a
1149:
The real world is the Domain of mapping, and the mathematical world is the range. when we map the attribute to mathematical system, we have many choice for mapping and the range.
863:. It is an apparently irreversible series of occurrences within this non spatial continuum. It is also used to denote an interval between two relative points on this continuum.
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745:, i.e. the unit for power, is defined from the base units as m·kg·s. Other physical properties may be measured in compound units, such as material density, measured in kg/m.
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are generally defined on a scientific basis, overseen by governmental or independent agencies, and established in international treaties, pre-eminent of which is the
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assigns a mathematical weighting factor to the magnitude that is derived as a ratio to the property of an artifact used as standard or a natural physical quantity.
238:
of the measurement procedure; it indicates a confidence level in the measurement. Errors are evaluated by methodically repeating measurements and considering the
1107:
is defined as "the correlation of numbers with entities that are not numbers". The most technically elaborated form of representational theory is also known as
990:
to denote a greater exactness, increasing the number of decimals. For example, 1 has implied limits of 0.5 and 1.5 whereas 1.0 has implied limits 0.95 and 1.05.
52:
of an object or event, which can be used to compare with other objects or events. In other words, measurement is a process of determining how large or small a
120:(SI). This system reduces all physical measurements to a mathematical combination of seven base units. The science of measurement is pursued in the field of
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Schlaudt, Oliver 2020: "measurement". In: Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.): Online
Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature. Heidelberg: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg,
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is as compared to a basic reference quantity of the same kind. The scope and application of measurement are dependent on the context and discipline. In
2019:
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1572:"By measurement error we mean a departure from the value of the measurement as applied to a sample unit and the value provided. " pp. 51–52 .
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377:
1946:
Tal, Era 2020: "Measurement in
Science". In: Zalta, Edward N. (ed.): The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), URL = <
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and the international yard was defined in 1960 by the governments of the United States, United
Kingdom, Australia and South Africa as being
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Scientific experiments must be carried out with great care to eliminate as much error as possible, and to keep error estimates realistic.
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Magurran, A.E. & McGill, B.J. (Hg.) 2011: Biological
Diversity: Frontiers in Measurement and Assessment Oxford University Press.
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Michell, J. (1999). Measurement in psychology: a critical history of a methodological concept. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
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measures. These measures differ from one another by the variables they measure and by the variables excluded from measurements.
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based on its units for length, the metre and for mass, the kilogram. It exists in several variations, with different choices of
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9.8 metres per second squared (32 ft/s). But this measurement is not exact, but only precise to two significant digits.
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Among the most developed fields of measurement in biology are the measurement of genetic diversity and species diversity.
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constants, units of measurement are derived from historical agreements. Nothing inherent in nature dictates that an
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888:, (no net gravitational forces) objects lack weight but retain their mass. The Imperial units of mass include the
1213:; the most common interpretation is that when a measurement is performed, the wavefunction of the quantum system "
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797:, engineering, and carpentry, to measure lengths or distances or to draw straight lines. Strictly speaking, the
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rather than theory. An empirical relationship requires only confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis.
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Measurement is defined as the process of comparison of an unknown quantity with a known or standard quantity.
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as a measurement instrument. As all other measurements, measurement in survey research is also vulnerable to
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Ernest Nagel: "Measurement", Erkenntnis, Volume 2, Number 1 / December 1931, pp. 313–335, published by
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In the field of survey research, measures are taken from individual attitudes, values, and behavior using
550:(CGS) system, which, in turn, had many variants. The SI units for the seven base physical quantities are:
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statistics). Similarly, gasoline is sold by the gallon in many countries that are considered metricated.
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884:, on the other hand, refers to the downward force produced when a mass is in a gravitational field. In
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C.S. Peirce (July 1879) "Note on the
Progress of Experiments for Comparing a Wave-length with a Metre"
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1965:
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The Earth's gravitational field varies slightly depending on height above sea level and other factors.
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1959:
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that required rounding off to some number of significant digits, in this case two significant digits.
1621:"Scan posture definition and hip girth measurement: the impact on clothing design and body scanning"
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determining of the exact time at which the object is released and the exact time it hits the ground,
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The first proposal to tie an SI base unit to an experimental standard independent of fiat was by
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refers to the intrinsic property of all material objects to resist changes in their momentum.
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International
Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)
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changes over a non-spatial continuum. It is denoted by numbers and/or named periods such as
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unit is known or standard quantity in terms of which other physical quantities are measured.
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The seven base units in the SI system. Arrows point from units to those that depend on them.
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was one factor motivating the development of standardized internationally applicable units.
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multiplies the number of centimetres by 0.01 or divides the number of centimetres by 100.
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is the numerical value of the characterization, usually obtained with a suitably chosen
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One device for measuring weight or mass is called a weighing scale or, often, simply a
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straight lines and the calibrated instrument used for determining length is called a
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Measurement station C of EMMA experiment situated at the depth of 75 meters in the
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measurement of the height and the measurement of the time both involve some error,
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The following rules generally apply for displaying the exactness of measurements:
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1980:
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In the classical definition, which is standard throughout the physical sciences,
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81:
57:
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Houle, David; PĂ©labon, Christophe; Wagner, GĂĽnter P.; Hansen, Thomas F. (2011).
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World in the
Balance: The Historical Quest for an Absolute System of Measurement
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1973:
1391:(3rd ed.). International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2008. p. 16.
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The measurement of a property may be categorized by the following criteria:
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countries. These various systems of measurement have at times been called
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In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (
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1997:
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1532:(9th ed.), International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Dec 2022,
33:
1743:
The road to reality : a complete guide to the laws of the universe
1180:
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821:, in the sense of a measuring instrument, only survives in the phrase
1355:(1st ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp.
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of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the
1845:
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it takes an object to fall a distance of one metre (about 39
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328:
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100:
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1928:
1757:"The jumping of the quantum state to one of the eigenstates of
1703:
Douglas Hubbard: "How to Measure Anything", Wiley (2007), p. 21
666:
642:
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319:; Michelson and Morley cite Peirce, and improve on his method.
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307:(1839–1914), who proposed to define the metre in terms of the
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856:
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were widely adopted around the world, the British systems of
264:
157:
149:
96:
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in the United States and is still in use there and in a few
200:. They enable unambiguous comparisons between measurements.
1314:
Timeline of temperature and pressure measurement technology
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Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach
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Pedhazur, Elazar J.; Schmelkin, Leora and Albert (1991).
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848:
255:(SI) as a comparison framework. The system defines seven
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and the United States. The system came to be known as
246:
1026:
The computation of 0.45 seconds involved extracting a
925:
The measures used in economics are physical measures,
1115:, numbers need only be assigned according to a rule.
1485:. New York & London: W. W. Norton. p. 203.
1427:
Kirch, Wilhelm, ed. (2008). "Level of measurement".
770:
List of length, distance, or range measuring devices
441:
1664:
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817:is used for an unmarked rule. The use of the word
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1346:
1135:is a relationship or correlation based solely on
37:Four measuring devices having metric calibrations
16:Process of assigning numbers to objects or events
2886:
1969:. Vol. XV (9th ed.). pp. 659–668.
1846:"Measurement in biology is methodized by theory"
1659:
509:
809:, however common usage calls both instruments
386:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
2013:
1986:'Metrology – in short' 3rd edition, July 2008
1619:Gill, Simeon; Parker, Christopher J. (2017).
1401:
448:Imperial and US customary measurement systems
74:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
1511:National Measurement Institute of Australia
1156:The representation condition of measurement
1068:
2027:
2020:
2006:
1711:
1709:
1618:
1402:Young, Hugh D; Freedman, Roger A. (2012).
1342:
1340:
1098:
351:General Conference on Weights and Measures
1843:
1720:. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons.
1420:
1209:is an unresolved fundamental problem in
974:
946:
789:or rule is a tool used in, for example,
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542:. The SI was developed in 1960 from the
412:
327:With the exception of a few fundamental
294:
143:
111:in many disciplines. Historically, many
32:
1740:
1715:
1706:
1692:On the theory of scales and measurement
1585:
1337:
1319:Timeline of time measurement technology
1073:
339:is a better measure of distance than a
335:has to be a certain length, nor that a
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1590:. Chichester Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
1551:
1480:
1468:
1451:
1406:(13 ed.). Pearson Education Inc.
1378:
1376:
1122:Three type of representational theory
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2001:
1431:. Vol. 2. Springer. p. 81.
1426:
1269:List of humorous units of measurement
530:. It is the world's most widely used
390:National Physical Laboratory of India
70:International vocabulary of metrology
1974:A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
1953:
1781:"Measurement and Meaning in Biology"
1588:Quantitative analysis in archaeology
1274:List of unusual units of measurement
1236:Outline of metrology and measurement
1191:
395:
374:United States Department of Commerce
247:Standardization of measurement units
1373:
986:Additional 0s may be added after a
839:Time is an abstract measurement of
353:(CGPM), established in 1875 by the
251:Measurements most commonly use the
171:. The discovery and application of
76:. However, in other fields such as
13:
2050:International System of Units (SI)
936:
14:
2916:
1897:
1526:The International System of Units
442:Imperial and US customary systems
162:The earliest recorded systems of
1927:
1279:Measurement in quantum mechanics
1260:, Measurement management systems
1103:In the representational theory,
969:corrected for measurement errors
904:and kilogram are units of mass.
526:) is the modern revision of the
489:
136:This section is an excerpt from
95:Measurement is a cornerstone of
20:For the scientific journal, see
1884:
1837:
1788:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1772:
1734:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1612:
1575:
1545:
1217:" to a single, definite value.
1038:Additionally, other sources of
994:
315:. This directly influenced the
64:, measurements do not apply to
1761:is the process referred to as
1517:
1499:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1061:posture of human participants.
1016:This computation used for the
546:(MKS) system, rather than the
524:Système International d'Unités
382:National Measurement Institute
179:
1:
2060:US customary units (USCS/USC)
1637:10.1080/00140139.2016.1251621
1429:Encyclopedia of Public Health
1330:
1109:additive conjoint measurement
1002:problem of measuring the time
516:International System of Units
510:International System of Units
253:International System of Units
118:International System of Units
1767:collapse of the wavefunction
914:
518:(abbreviated as SI from the
378:National Physical Laboratory
322:
242:of the measuring instrument.
7:
1745:. New York: Vintage Books.
1694:1946. Science. 103, 677–80.
1465:American Journal of Science
1229:
380:(NPL), in Australia by the
317:Michelson–Morley experiment
10:
2921:
1481:Crease, Robert P. (2011).
1233:
1220:
1091:, and was foreshadowed in
940:
918:
870:
832:
801:is the instrument used to
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728:of a 540 THz source,
464:were used in Britain, the
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236:random and systemic errors
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18:
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2113:English Engineering Units
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1918:Resources in your library
1862:10.1007/s10539-019-9687-x
1164:
757:
384:, in South Africa by the
1850:Biology & Philosophy
1716:Messiah, Albert (1966).
1304:Quantification (science)
1069:Definitions and theories
921:Measurement in economics
88:, measurements can have
2152:Quantum chromodynamical
1966:Encyclopædia Britannica
1844:Montévil, Maël (2019).
1741:Penrose, Roger (2007).
1552:Groves, Robert (2004).
1284:Measurement uncertainty
1248:Electrical measurements
1099:Representational theory
1018:acceleration of gravity
866:
828:
583:hyperfine splitting in
421:that measures in three
2900:Accuracy and precision
2265:centimetre–gram–second
2029:Systems of measurement
1948:Measurement in Science
1763:state-vector reduction
1586:VanPool, Todd (2011).
1253:History of measurement
1133:empirical relationship
1032:mathematical operation
956:
782:
778:A 2-metre carpenter's
548:centimetre–gram–second
438:
305:Charles Sanders Peirce
300:
240:accuracy and precision
160:
138:History of measurement
38:
2787:Biblical and Talmudic
2253:metre–kilogram–second
1560:. New Jersey: Wiley.
1264:Levels of measurement
1113:Stanley Smith Stevens
975:Exactness designation
950:
813:and the special name
777:
544:metre–kilogram–second
500:system of measurement
416:
406:System of measurement
372:), a division of the
298:
147:
109:quantitative research
36:
1955:Ball, Robert Stawell
1936:at Wikimedia Commons
1324:Weights and measures
1309:Standard (metrology)
1074:Classical definition
900:. The metric units
470:U.S. customary units
347:Units of measurement
218:measuring instrument
164:weights and measures
86:behavioural sciences
1960:"Measurement"
1467:, as referenced by
1299:Orders of magnitude
1294:Observable quantity
1243:Conversion of units
1207:quantum measurement
1146:The rule of mapping
929:value measures and
749:Converting prefixes
686:amount of substance
534:, both in everyday
423:measurement systems
402:Unit of measurement
113:measurement systems
2259:metre–tonne–second
2055:UK imperial system
1979:2018-10-06 at the
1556:Survey Methodology
1513:. 3 December 2020.
1404:University Physics
1289:NCSL International
1128:Empirical relation
1040:experimental error
957:
943:Survey methodology
783:
764:Length measurement
713:luminous intensity
675:Boltzmann constant
565:Defining constant
439:
301:
161:
66:nominal properties
39:
2882:
2881:
2770:
2769:
2234:
2233:
2225:Foot–pound–second
2165:
2164:
2142:Heaviside–Lorentz
1993:978-87-988154-5-7
1932:Media related to
1904:Library resources
1752:978-0-679-77631-4
1718:Quantum Mechanics
1681:, the Netherlands
1597:978-1-4443-9017-9
1539:978-92-822-2272-0
1492:978-0-393-34354-0
1438:978-0-321-02106-9
1413:978-0-321-69686-1
1366:978-0-8058-1063-9
1211:quantum mechanics
1198:quantum mechanics
1192:Quantum mechanics
1188:and measurement.
1093:Euclid's Elements
988:decimal separator
965:measurement error
795:technical drawing
738:
737:
726:luminous efficacy
699:Avogadro constant
651:elementary charge
478:foot-pound-second
396:Units and systems
388:and in India the
289:physical constant
257:fundamental units
72:published by the
54:physical quantity
2912:
2349:Mesures usuelles
2243:
2242:
2174:
2173:
2040:
2039:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1970:
1962:
1931:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1826:. Archived from
1785:
1776:
1770:
1756:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1631:(8): 1123–1136.
1616:
1610:
1609:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1454:, pp. 182–4
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1399:
1393:
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1390:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1354:
1344:
638:electric current
553:
552:
355:Metre Convention
58:natural sciences
28:
2920:
2919:
2915:
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2913:
2911:
2910:
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2710:
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2118:
2076:
2031:
2026:
1981:Wayback Machine
1924:
1923:
1922:
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1842:
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1783:
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1707:
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1698:
1689:
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1598:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1550:
1546:
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1522:
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1505:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1479:
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1462:
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1396:
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1328:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1194:
1167:
1131:In science, an
1101:
1076:
1071:
997:
977:
945:
939:
937:Survey research
923:
917:
875:
869:
837:
831:
772:
766:
760:
751:
734:
707:
627:Planck constant
532:system of units
520:French language
512:
492:
450:
444:
408:
400:Main articles:
398:
365:0.9144 metres.
359:Planck constant
325:
249:
234:represents the
182:
177:
176:
141:
133:
90:multiple levels
80:as well as the
29:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2918:
2908:
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2897:
2880:
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2864:Absolute scale
2860:
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2607:
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2256:
2249:
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2240:
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2231:
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2222:
2217:
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2201:
2196:
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2186:
2180:
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1898:External links
1896:
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1833:on 2019-05-29.
1800:10.1086/658408
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961:questionnaires
953:Pyhäsalmi Mine
941:Main article:
938:
935:
919:Main article:
916:
913:
873:Weighing scale
871:Main article:
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833:Main article:
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762:Main article:
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634:
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621:
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603:speed of light
600:
597:
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587:
581:
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560:
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556:Base quantity
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462:imperial units
446:Main article:
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2399:
2398:Luxembourgian
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2300:
2298:
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2288:
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2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2271:gravitational
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
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2250:
2248:
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2237:
2226:
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2016:
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1567:9780471483489
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1494:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1471:, p. 203
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1022:
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966:
962:
954:
949:
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934:
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928:
927:nominal price
922:
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905:
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569:
568:
564:
561:
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549:
545:
541:
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528:metric system
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
501:
498:is a decimal
497:
496:metric system
490:Metric system
487:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:English units
455:
449:
436:
432:
431:imperial (UK)
428:
424:
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411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
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379:
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371:
366:
364:
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348:
344:
342:
338:
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313:spectral line
310:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
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35:
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24:
2812:Mesopotamian
2706:Puerto Rican
2103:Astronomical
1964:
1908:
1886:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1828:the original
1791:
1787:
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1758:
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1428:
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1403:
1397:
1384:
1350:
1224:
1195:
1168:
1132:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1102:
1089:Isaac Newton
1079:
1077:
1064:
1037:
1012:that arise:
998:
995:Difficulties
978:
958:
924:
908:
906:
881:
877:
876:
838:
823:tape measure
822:
818:
815:straightedge
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
784:
752:
739:
729:
702:
678:
654:
630:
606:
523:
513:
493:
477:
466:Commonwealth
451:
435:US customary
409:
367:
362:
345:
326:
302:
250:
231:
224:
213:
205:
183:
154:Museo Egizio
148:Detail of a
126:
94:
69:
41:
40:
30:
22:
2895:Measurement
2676:Costa Rican
2640:Seychellois
2549:Singaporean
2344:Traditional
2199:Metrication
2137:Geometrised
2093:Avoirdupois
1941:measurement
1934:Measurement
1909:Measurement
1794:(1): 3–34.
1469:Crease 2011
1452:Crease 2011
1137:observation
1105:measurement
1085:John Wallis
1080:measurement
1028:square root
662:temperature
585:caesium-133
419:baby bottle
232:uncertainty
198:uncertainty
180:Methodology
173:electricity
152:rod in the
62:engineering
42:Measurement
23:Measurement
2889:Categories
2762:Venezuelan
2747:Paraguayan
2701:Nicaraguan
2579:Vietnamese
2554:Sri Lankan
2539:Philippine
2499:Indonesian
2423:Portuguese
2317:Winchester
2220:Comparison
2170:Background
2108:Electrical
1727:0486409244
1625:Ergonomics
1507:"About Us"
1331:References
1186:estimation
1181:positivist
1176:statistics
931:real price
768:See also:
559:Base unit
504:base units
460:and later
309:wavelength
209:procedure.
105:technology
78:statistics
50:attributes
2905:Metrology
2757:Uruguayan
2742:Colombian
2732:Brazilian
2722:Argentine
2660:Tanzanian
2630:Mauritian
2600:Ethiopian
2564:Taiwanese
2534:Pakistani
2514:Mongolian
2489:Cambodian
2408:Norwegian
2378:Icelandic
2373:Hungarian
2366:Byzantine
2322:Exchequer
2070:Hong Kong
1870:0169-3867
1808:0033-5770
1606:811317577
1258:ISO 10012
1215:collapses
1042:include:
915:Economics
886:free fall
841:elemental
474:Caribbean
341:kilometre
323:Standards
214:magnitude
190:magnitude
169:metrology
122:metrology
25:(journal)
2843:Obsolete
2838:Humorous
2792:Egyptian
2752:Peruvian
2727:Bolivian
2691:Honduran
2655:Tunisian
2635:Moroccan
2625:Malagasy
2610:Eritrean
2605:Egyptian
2595:Algerian
2524:Nepalese
2504:Japanese
2438:Scottish
2428:Romanian
2329:Estonian
2239:Historic
2215:Overview
2184:Overview
2081:Specific
1977:Archived
1957:(1883).
1878:96447209
1816:21495498
1679:Springer
1653:23758581
1645:27764997
1230:See also
791:geometry
619:kilogram
536:commerce
454:SI units
261:kilogram
2874:Modulor
2848:Unusual
2817:Persian
2775:Ancient
2737:Chilean
2696:Mexican
2686:Haitian
2615:Guinean
2519:Myanmar
2458:Swedish
2453:Spanish
2443:Serbian
2433:Russian
2413:Ottoman
2403:Maltese
2393:Latvian
2388:Italian
2334:Finnish
2312:English
2292:Cypriot
2287:Cornish
2194:History
2189:Outline
2124:Natural
2065:Chinese
2043:General
2036:Current
1582:Page 41
1221:Biology
819:measure
807:measure
718:candela
562:Symbol
540:science
538:and in
452:Before
363:exactly
329:quantum
269:candela
131:History
101:science
44:is the
2869:N-body
2807:Indian
2782:Arabic
2645:Somali
2620:Libyan
2588:Africa
2559:Syrian
2509:Korean
2494:Indian
2484:Afghan
2448:Slovak
2418:Polish
2356:German
2339:French
2302:Danish
2280:Europe
2246:Metric
2177:Metric
2157:Stoney
2147:Planck
2132:Atomic
1991:
1906:about
1876:
1868:
1824:570080
1822:
1814:
1806:
1749:
1724:
1651:
1643:
1604:
1594:
1564:
1536:
1489:
1435:
1410:
1363:
1165:Theory
896:, and
882:Weight
857:months
811:rulers
758:Length
667:kelvin
643:ampere
596:metre
592:length
576:second
433:, and
427:metric
283:, and
281:kelvin
277:ampere
273:second
196:, and
82:social
2857:Other
2822:Roman
2802:Hindu
2797:Greek
2681:Cuban
2569:Tatar
2529:Omani
2468:Welsh
2463:Swiss
2383:Irish
2361:Greek
2307:Dutch
2297:Czech
2267:(CGS)
2261:(MTS)
2255:(MKS)
2227:(FPS)
2208:UK/US
1950:>.
1874:S2CID
1856:(3).
1831:(PDF)
1820:S2CID
1784:(PDF)
1649:S2CID
1530:(PDF)
1389:(PDF)
1359:–29.
1010:error
909:scale
894:pound
890:ounce
861:years
853:weeks
845:hours
799:ruler
787:ruler
780:ruler
522:name
483:stone
311:of a
265:metre
206:level
158:Turin
150:cubit
97:trade
2574:Thai
2544:Pegu
2477:Asia
2115:(US)
2098:Troy
1989:ISBN
1866:ISSN
1812:PMID
1804:ISSN
1747:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1641:PMID
1602:OCLC
1592:ISBN
1584:in:
1562:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1174:and
1172:mean
1087:and
1030:, a
902:gram
878:Mass
867:Mass
859:and
849:days
835:Time
829:Time
803:rule
743:watt
695:mol
614:mass
571:time
514:The
494:The
404:and
370:NIST
337:mile
333:inch
285:mole
225:unit
212:The
204:The
194:unit
186:type
107:and
84:and
60:and
1858:doi
1796:doi
1765:or
1633:doi
1196:In
898:ton
722:cd
691:mol
623:kg
230:An
156:of
48:of
2891::
1963:.
1872:.
1864:.
1854:34
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1848:.
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1810:.
1802:.
1792:86
1790:.
1786:.
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1647:.
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1600:.
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1375:^
1357:15
1339:^
1095:.
1006:in
971:.
892:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
793:,
785:A
733:cd
701:,
677:,
671:K
653:,
647:A
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605:,
599:m
580:s
429:,
417:A
392:.
279:,
275:,
271:,
267:,
263:,
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99:,
2021:e
2014:t
2007:v
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1880:.
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730:K
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703:N
679:k
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