2121:
1543:
1264:
1746:
1959:' still sometimes sees use. The field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to make as it was forced to move within the field; they are however an imaginary concept with no physical existence, and the field permeates all the intervening space between the lines. Field lines emanating from stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that they may never cross nor close in on themselves.
2851:
38:
1912:
1166:
2148:
2210:
2018:
69:
1908:, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However, there is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker.
2948:
7669:
2610:
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2991:. While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station. A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of resistive electric heating in new buildings. Electricity is however still a highly practical energy source for heating and
2140:, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart. The interaction is mediated by the magnetic field each current produces and forms the basis for the international
2351:: one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit a
2382:, a contemporary of Faraday. One henry is the inductance that will induce a potential difference of one volt if the current through it changes at a rate of one ampere per second. The inductor's behaviour is in some regards converse to that of the capacitor: it will freely allow an unchanging current, but opposes a rapidly changing one.
1860:. Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time. The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse. Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under
2056:, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated. The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term
1618:
first: the charge acts to force the two balls apart. Two balls that are charged with a rubbed amber rod also repel each other. However, if one ball is charged by the glass rod, and the other by an amber rod, the two balls are found to attract each other. These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by
1677:, that is, the net charge within an electrically isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system. Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire. The informal term
3268:
why electricity was valuable. Faraday answered, "One day sir, you may tax it." However, according to Snopes.com "the anecdote should be considered apocryphal because it isn't mentioned in any accounts by
Faraday or his contemporaries (letters, newspapers, or biographies) and only popped up well after
1617:
on each other, an effect that was known, though not understood, in antiquity. A lightweight ball suspended by a fine thread can be charged by touching it with a glass rod that has itself been charged by rubbing with a cloth. If a similar ball is charged by the same glass rod, it is found to repel the
3104:
A voltage applied to a human body causes an electric current through the tissues, and although the relationship is non-linear, the greater the voltage, the greater the current. The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0.1 mA to
2861:
Demand for electricity grows with great rapidity as a nation modernises and its economy develops. The United States showed a 12% increase in demand during each year of the first three decades of the twentieth century, a rate of growth that is now being experienced by emerging economies such as those
1855:
devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative. If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction. Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes the form
2834:
in 1884 is still used to convert the thermal energy of steam into a rotary motion that can be used by electro-mechanical generators. Such generators bear no resemblance to
Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a
2132:
existed around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current indicated that there was a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism. Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known. The force on the compass
2979:
becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power. Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories. Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the
999:
The study of electrical phenomena dates back to antiquity, with theoretical understanding progressing slowly until the 17th and 18th centuries. The development of the theory of electromagnetism in the 19th century marked significant progress, leading to electricity's industrial and residential
1981:
causes flashover between the charged parts. Air, for example, tends to arc across small gaps at electric field strengths which exceed 30 kV per centimetre. Over larger gaps, its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre. The most visible natural occurrence of this is
2133:
needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it. Ărsted's words were that "the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner." The force also depended on the direction of the current, for if the flow was reversed, then the force did too.
1904:. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two
2313:, stating that the current passing through a resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. The resistance of most materials is relatively constant over a range of temperatures and currents; materials under these conditions are known as 'ohmic'. The
1986:, caused when charge becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand. The voltage of a large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have discharge energies as great as 250 kWh.
2709:
Faraday's and Ampère's work showed that a time-varying magnetic field created an electric field, and a time-varying electric field created a magnetic field. Thus, when either field is changing in time, a field of the other is always induced. These variations are an
2718:
in 1864. Maxwell developed a set of equations that could unambiguously describe the interrelationship between electric field, magnetic field, electric charge, and electric current. He could moreover prove that in a vacuum such a wave would travel at the
1725:
By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part. Current defined in this manner is called
2171:. A current was allowed through a wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury. The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained.
1629:
The force acts on the charged particles themselves, hence charge has a tendency to spread itself as evenly as possible over a conducting surface. The magnitude of the electromagnetic force, whether attractive or repulsive, is given by
1919:
An electric field generally varies in space, and its strength at any one point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point. The conceptual charge, termed a
2923:(wind and solar energy) in the grid, it has become more challenging to match supply and demand. Storage plays an increasing role in bridging that gap. There are four types of energy storage technologies, each in varying states of
2304:
the current through it, dissipating its energy as heat. The resistance is a consequence of the motion of charge through a conductor: in metals, for example, resistance is primarily due to collisions between electrons and ions.
2029:
The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires
2136:Ărsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed the effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current. The phenomenon was further investigated by
1146:, which needed no rubbing. Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the
3003:
representing a growing sector for electricity demand for heating and cooling, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate. Electrification is expected to play a major role in the
1214:
word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the
English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in
3117:. The lack of any visible sign that a conductor is electrified makes electricity a particular hazard. The pain caused by an electric shock can be intense, leading electricity at times to be employed as a method of
2532:
2194:
was inefficient and of no use as a practical generator, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, a possibility that would be taken up by those that followed on from his work.
3280:
of the time accordingly often depicted it as a mysterious, quasi-magical force that can slay the living, revive the dead or otherwise bend the laws of nature. This attitude began with the 1771 experiments of
2105:
of the electric potential. Usually expressed in volts per metre, the vector direction of the field is the line of greatest slope of potential, and where the equipotentials lie closest together.
1761:, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and the material through which they are travelling. Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a
1584:. No object can have a charge smaller than the elementary charge, and any amount of charge an object may carry is a multiple of the elementary charge. An electron has an equal negative charge, i.e.
2086:: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field. As relief maps show
1989:
The field strength is greatly affected by nearby conducting objects, and it is particularly intense when it is forced to curve around sharply pointed objects. This principle is exploited in the
2328:
is a development of the Leyden jar and is a device that can store charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin
2063:
For practical purposes, it is useful to define a common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared. While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the
2174:
Experimentation by
Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends. Further analysis of this process, known as
2101:
The electric field was formally defined as the force exerted per unit charge, but the concept of potential allows for a more useful and equivalent definition: the electric field is the local
1796:
Current causes several observable effects, which historically were the means of recognising its presence. That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by
3341:
With electricity ceasing to be a novelty and becoming a necessity of everyday life in the later half of the 20th century, it required particular attention by popular culture only when it
1248:
conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and
1714:. Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current. Electric current can flow through some things,
2980:
burgeoning market for electrical lighting. In the late 20th century and in modern times, the trend has started to flow in the direction of deregulation in the electrical power sector.
4477:
The repulsive force between two small spheres charged with the same type of electricity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of the two spheres.
2672:, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working
2246:
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task.
3711:
Thales, too, to judge from what is recorded about him, seems to have held soul to be a motive force, since he said that the magnet has a soul in it because it moves the iron.
2034:. The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point. It is usually measured in
4887:
2362:
is a conductor, usually a coil of wire, that stores energy in a magnetic field in response to the current through it. When the current changes, the magnetic field does too,
1955:. The field may be visualised by a set of imaginary lines whose direction at any point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced by Faraday, whose term '
6001:
3299:(1819), although she does not name the method of revitalization of the monster. The revitalization of monsters with electricity later became a stock theme in horror films.
3664:
3289:. "Revitalization" or resuscitation of apparently dead or drowned persons was reported in the medical literature shortly after Galvani's work. These results were known to
6305:
2151:
The electric motor exploits an important effect of electromagnetism: a current through a magnetic field experiences a force at right angles to both the field and current.
1681:
refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other.
2734:
oscillating currents and, via suitably shaped conductors, electricity permits the transmission and reception of these signals via radio waves over very long distances.
5309:
3306:
grew, its wielders were more often cast in a positive light, such as the workers who "finger death at their gloves' end as they piece and repiece the living wires" in
4368:
1962:
A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface. The field is therefore 0 at all places inside the body. This is the operating principal of the
5811:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2098:'s surface, since otherwise there would be a force along the surface of the conductor that would move the charge carriers to even the potential across the surface.
4401:
3252:. An electric shock stimulates this system, and causes muscles to contract. Action potentials are also responsible for coordinating activities in certain plants.
1566:
had defined a positive charge as being the charge acquired by a glass rod when it is rubbed with a silk cloth. A proton by definition carries a charge of exactly
1463:
is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged
2321:, and is symbolised by the Greek letter Ί. 1 Ί is the resistance that will produce a potential difference of one volt in response to a current of one amp.
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5591:
626:
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Almost all electric fields vary in space. An exception is the electric field surrounding a planar conductor of infinite extent, the field of which is uniform.
4957:
4703:
5477:
2094:) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object. The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles. They must also lie parallel to a
599:
2075:. Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically unchargedâand unchargeable.
6749:
5683:
2865:
2971:
Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses. The invention of a practical
6744:
2915:
Normally, demand of electricity must match the supply, as storage of electricity is difficult. A certain amount of generation must always be held in
611:
5631:
4276:
3035:. Electrically powered vehicles are used in public transportation, such as electric buses and trains, and an increasing number of battery-powered
7731:
3955:
5337:
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1924:', must be vanishingly small to prevent its own electric field disturbing the main field and must also be stationary to prevent the effect of
6704:
2481:
3081:, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry. A modern
1824:
in 1820, when, while preparing a lecture, he witnessed the current in a wire disturbing the needle of a magnetic compass. He had discovered
5393:
5770:
1306:, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the
3074:
have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process.
1742:
in either direction, or even in both directions at once. The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation.
1008:, with electricity's versatility driving transformations in both industry and society. Electricity is integral to applications spanning
2050:, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points. An electric field has the special property that it is
862:
631:
1993:, the sharp spike of which acts to encourage the lightning strike to develop there, rather than to the building it serves to protect.
4953:
3513:
1345:
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in
1260:
as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges.
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5737:
2795:
experimented with amber rods: these were the first studies into the production of electricity. While this method, now known as the
641:
4859:
3677:
Aristotle and
Hippias affirm that, arguing from the magnet and from amber, he attributed a soul or life even to inanimate objects.
2046:
from infinity. This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of
6782:
5993:
3698:
2803:
in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available. The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the
1424:
as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the
6299:
2583:(3.6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure power using
2155:
This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to
Michael Faraday's invention of the
7402:
1451:" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a
466:
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A Correction to the Record of Early
Electrophysiology Research on the 250th Anniversary of a Historic Expedition to Ăle de RĂŠ
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3556:
3272:
In the 19th and early 20th century, electricity was not part of the everyday life of many people, even in the industrialised
1084:
481:
476:
103:
5435:
5293:
3031:, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a
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491:
1973:
equipment. There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that may be withstood by any medium. Beyond this point,
1334:
mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by
7588:
1184:
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the
English scientist
2335:
layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the
1471:. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline
6568:
4389:
1738:
direction to that of the electrons. However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of
5803:
3209:. The effect is reciprocal: when a piezoelectric material is subjected to an electric field it changes size slightly.
2683:
components to perform electron control. The underlying principles that explain how semiconductors work are studied in
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meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current. Efficient
2293:: while they may temporarily store energy, they contain no sources of it, and exhibit linear responses to stimuli.
1828:, a fundamental interaction between electricity and magnetics. The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by
1820:
studied mathematically in 1840. One of the most important discoveries relating to current was made accidentally by
4695:
4422:
2936:
2799:, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient. It was not until the invention of the
1432:
in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The photoelectric effect is also employed in
1004:
by the century's end. This rapid expansion in electrical technology at the time was the driving force behind the
276:
6479:
A history of electricity: (The intellectual rise in electricity) from antiquity to the days of
Benjamin Franklin
1638:
relation to the distance between them. The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to the
1249:
7539:
5359:
4251:
2067:
itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere. This reference point naturally takes the name
855:
621:
98:
5483:
1622:, who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms. This discovery led to the well-known axiom:
1274:
In 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the
3063:
2179:
2047:
636:
341:
5691:
3869:. It is uncertain if Franklin personally carried out this experiment, but it is popularly attributed to him.
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such as electrical sparks. While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average
1185:
1075:
described them as the "protectors" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by
1005:
501:
241:
108:
21:
5920:"The Introduction of the Electric Telegraph in Britain, a Reappraisal of the Work of Cooke and Wheatstone"
3396:
957:
done to move an electric charge from one point to another within an electric field, typically measured in
231:
7628:
6887:
6775:
3775:
Chalmers, Gordon (1937), "The Lodestone and the Understanding of Matter in Seventeenth Century England",
2754:
1847:(AC). These terms refer to how the current varies in time. Direct current, as produced by example from a
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794:
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566:
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effect under certain conditions. If the current is sufficiently high, it will cause muscle contraction,
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4272:
3105:
1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an
2924:
1339:
294:
5509:
3066:, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe.
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in 1831, in which he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper disc to electrical energy.
2182:, that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of
2175:
1448:
848:
809:
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326:
266:
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28:
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to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses. With increasing levels of
2595:
form of energy and can be converted into motion or many other forms of energy with high efficiency.
7463:
6807:
5162:
3414:
3316:. Electrically powered vehicles of every sort featured large in adventure stories such as those of
3071:
3051:
3027:
is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an
2831:
2025:. The + sign indicates the polarity of the potential difference between the battery terminals.
1490:
1378:
1237:
1058:
346:
3224:, are able to generate voltages themselves to serve as a predatory or defensive weapon; these are
2285:
behaviour, requiring complex analysis. The simplest electric components are those that are termed
1821:
1688:, which although still in use for classroom demonstrations, has been superseded by the electronic
1315:
1111:, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as
779:
281:
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7623:
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7004:
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The Growth in Electricity Demand in U.S. Households, 1981â2001: Implications for Carbon Emissions
4397:
4363:
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3085:
may contain many billions of miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square.
2972:
2952:
2901:
2835:
changing magnetic field induces a potential difference across its ends. Electricity generated by
2692:
2576:
2329:
2286:
2137:
1937:
1478:
1444:
1319:
659:
186:
176:
171:
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5659:
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5011:
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2727:, which unify light, fields, and charge are one of the great milestones of theoretical physics.
784:
754:
7136:
7032:
6959:
6949:
6830:
6768:
6675:
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3190:, generate a potential difference across their faces when pressed. This phenomenon is known as
2748:
2724:
1685:
1547:
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1429:
1346:
903:
606:
376:
151:
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6500:
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3158:
Electricity is not a human invention, and may be observed in several forms in nature, notably
2249:
The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as
1256:
was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the
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6099:"The Promises and Perils of Technological Solutions to the Troubles with Capital Punishment"
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3023:, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power. A stationary motor such as a
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2711:
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marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as
2072:
2068:
1974:
1941:
1817:
1762:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1642:, but unlike that force it operates over all distances. In comparison with the much weaker
1421:
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books. The masters of electricity, whether fictional or realâincluding scientists such as
3236:, detect or stun their prey via high voltages generated from modified muscle cells called
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8:
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3240:. All animals transmit information along their cell membranes with voltage pulses called
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behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes digital
1990:
1844:
1643:
1401:, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life.
1398:
1335:
1291:
1119:
were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.
973:
789:
769:
764:
571:
556:
441:
411:
306:
236:
6508:
6477:
6343:
6186:
5746:
5525:
5211:
4875:
4860:"Using Gravitational Analogies To Introduce Elementary Electrical Field Theory Concepts"
4812:
Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age
4239:
2822:
combustion or the heat released from nuclear reactions, but also more directly from the
2366:
a voltage between the ends of the conductor. The induced voltage is proportional to the
1966:, a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects.
7583:
7561:
7551:
7387:
6530:
6373:
6173:
Lima-de-Faria, JosĂŠ; Buerger, Martin J. (1990), "Historical Atlas of Crystallography",
6126:
5966:
5947:
5872:
4226:
4064:
3972:
3883:
3831:
3792:
3525:
3408:
3388:
3129:
in some US states, though its use had become very rare by the end of the 20th century.
3126:
3082:
3055:
3043:
2909:
2688:
2661:
2645:
2621:
2464:
2270:
2052:
2002:
1873:
1678:
1674:
1654:
1639:
1390:
1382:
1135:
1021:
993:
950:
919:
911:
664:
404:
206:
166:
3690:
2807:, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electricity.
486:
7692:
7485:
7310:
7171:
7131:
7101:
7086:
7059:
6969:
6872:
6812:
6802:
6618:
6600:
6582:
6564:
6546:
6520:
6453:
6365:
6357:
6279:
6255:
6222:
6198:
6151:
6130:
6118:
6078:
6054:
6030:
5973:
5951:
5939:
5935:
5876:
5864:
5822:
5778:
5717:
5663:
5563:
5537:
5457:
5425:
5299:
5245:
5215:
5176:
5143:
5117:
5091:
5050:
5019:
4991:
4913:
4839:
4815:
4788:
4761:
4734:
4676:
4617:
4609:
The Nature of Science: An AâZ Guide to the Laws and Principles Governing Our Universe
4587:
4560:
4533:
4509:
4452:
4339:
4201:
4158:
4128:
4097:
3976:
3892:
3859:
3796:
3756:
3636:
3612:
3585:
3552:
3427:
3399:, connects the direction of an electric current and its associated magnetic currents.
3331:
3099:
3032:
3009:
2916:
2885:
2792:
2758:
2665:
2649:
2584:
2432:
2232:
2191:
2168:
2082:, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction. It may be viewed as analogous to
1911:
1839:
In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either
1670:
1581:
1563:
1245:
1229:
1169:
1131:
1123:
1096:
724:
6649:
6534:
4503:
4068:
3835:
3216:, are able to detect and respond to changes in electric fields, an ability known as
2730:
The work of many researchers enabled the use of electronics to convert signals into
2587:, which keep a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer. Unlike
1194:, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the
7644:
7618:
7613:
7593:
7578:
7419:
7409:
7189:
7116:
6852:
6734:
6512:
6377:
6347:
6194:
6190:
6110:
5931:
5854:
5814:
5533:
5529:
4879:
4243:
4056:
3964:
3912:
3823:
3784:
3517:
3487:
3241:
3217:
3191:
3106:
3028:
2996:
2988:
2928:
2873:
2840:
2625:
2401:
2274:
2214:
2204:
2164:
2079:
2012:
1933:
1825:
1801:
1778:
1739:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1631:
1460:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1311:
1299:
1173:
1104:
1088:
1063:
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from
977:
942:
934:
915:
899:
824:
739:
699:
689:
576:
531:
514:
431:
366:
136:
60:
5859:
5842:
5510:"Grid-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy integration: A survey"
3724:
1252:. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that
1172:
conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century, as documented by
7673:
7654:
7568:
7335:
7250:
7106:
7096:
7081:
7039:
6944:
6894:
6845:
6729:
6449:
5415:
5166:
5137:
5111:
4146:
3354:
3307:
3277:
3265:
3005:
2784:
2731:
2657:
2428:
2409:
2397:
2367:
2344:
2186:
through the loop. Exploitation of this discovery enabled him to invent the first
2160:
1901:
1897:
1809:
1523:
1417:
1323:
1267:
1263:
1155:
1092:
1072:
1009:
926:
891:
759:
684:
679:
546:
421:
386:
246:
146:
37:
4022:
1646:, the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 10 times that of the
1370:
799:
7649:
7598:
7573:
7377:
7342:
7275:
7265:
7181:
7161:
7156:
7141:
7111:
7091:
7049:
7027:
7009:
6909:
6899:
6835:
3879:
3312:
3195:
3020:
2869:
2823:
2720:
2391:
2310:
2242:. From the resistor, the current returns to the source, completing the circuit.
2218:
2156:
2129:
2115:
2031:
1952:
1925:
1891:
1885:
1872:. These properties however can become important when circuitry is subjected to
1840:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1635:
1413:
1405:
1327:
1151:
1100:
1017:
965:
954:
938:
930:
719:
714:
536:
426:
351:
301:
251:
224:
181:
156:
126:
119:
45:
5818:
2850:
2447:
is used colloquially to mean "electric power in watts." The electric power in
2300:
is perhaps the simplest of passive circuit elements: as its name suggests, it
7725:
7697:
7556:
7516:
7480:
7436:
7362:
7325:
7243:
7166:
6934:
6929:
6882:
6862:
6361:
6122:
6114:
5943:
5868:
5782:
5541:
5505:
4807:
4247:
4222:"Ueber den Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung"
4060:
3827:
3491:
3374:
3327:
3282:
3273:
3229:
3225:
3206:
3179:
3171:
3122:
3067:
3008:
of sectors that rely on direct fossil fuel burning, such as transport (using
2992:
2984:
2956:
2905:
2827:
2780:
2680:
2669:
2613:
2580:
2278:
2183:
2091:
1956:
1613:
The presence of charge gives rise to an electrostatic force: charges exert a
1472:
1468:
1358:
1287:
1216:
1211:
1159:
1076:
1068:
1064:
834:
819:
804:
744:
456:
371:
356:
271:
256:
161:
1734:, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the
7453:
7397:
7347:
7330:
7151:
6924:
6857:
6369:
3968:
3335:
3295:
3290:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3202:
3174:, are due to interactions between electric fields on the atomic scale. The
3148:
3110:
3036:
2912:, and then be despatched relatively long distances to where it was needed.
2800:
2588:
2379:
2375:
2352:
2306:
2087:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1945:
1861:
1829:
1805:
1766:
1750:
1689:
1684:
Charge can be measured by a number of means, an early instrument being the
1607:
1494:
1394:
1303:
1275:
1241:
1233:
1108:
1080:
814:
709:
674:
616:
551:
471:
436:
316:
191:
6097:
Linders, Annulla; Kansal, Shobha Pai; Shupe, Kyle; Oakley, Samuel (2021),
3453:
Accounts differ as to whether this was before, during, or after a lecture.
2209:
2141:
1757:
The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed
7458:
7424:
7298:
7288:
7231:
7214:
7146:
7044:
5924:
The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
4124:
Fields of Force: The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein
3317:
2897:
2836:
2819:
2629:
2604:
2413:
2336:
2266:
2262:
2147:
1921:
1869:
1852:
1647:
1437:
1386:
1130:, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers.
1025:
981:
969:
964:
Electricity plays a central role in many modern technologies, serving in
734:
586:
416:
3914:
Poor Richard's Leyden Jar: Electricity and economy in Franklinist France
3182:
of circulating currents in the planet's core. Certain crystals, such as
1198:
effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the
1165:
1162:, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.
7492:
7414:
7352:
7320:
7260:
6954:
6724:
3529:
3504:
Moller, Peter; Kramer, Bernd (December 1991), "Review: Electric Fish",
3478:
Jones, D.A. (1991), "Electrical engineering: the backbone of society",
3350:
3285:
in which the legs of dead frogs were shown to twitch on application of
3078:
3058:, was one of its earliest applications. With the construction of first
3013:
2877:
2854:
2768:
2633:
2527:{\displaystyle P={\text{work done per unit time}}={\frac {QV}{t}}=IV\,}
2371:
2332:
2282:
1969:
The principles of electrostatics are important when designing items of
1865:
1745:
1603:
1482:
1459:
signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the
1257:
1190:
985:
451:
6682:
6665:
5968:
Media Management in the Age of Giants: Business Dynamics of Journalism
4883:
3244:, whose functions include communication by the nervous system between
2609:
7502:
7429:
7303:
7283:
7255:
7194:
6516:
5681:
5421:
4952:
3322:
3286:
3159:
3000:
2987:
effect employed in filament light bulbs also sees more direct use in
2325:
2318:
2254:
1983:
1951:
The study of electric fields created by stationary charges is called
1857:
1502:
1486:
1452:
1433:
1409:
1331:
1253:
1199:
1195:
1143:
907:
895:
774:
749:
561:
83:
41:
6352:
6327:
5365:
4221:
3521:
2947:
2575:
Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the
2017:
1915:
Field lines emanating from a positive charge above a plane conductor
1610:
bearing an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding particle.
1138:
around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber
7238:
7219:
7204:
6904:
5802:
Pathak, M.; Slade, R.; Shukla, P.R.; Skea, J.; et al. (2023),
4987:
Physics in 50 Milestone Moments: A Timeline of Scientific Landmarks
3788:
3382:
3302:
As the public familiarity with electricity as the lifeblood of the
3167:
2976:
2932:
2881:
2772:
2359:
2297:
2250:
2236:
2120:
2102:
1658:
1634:, which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an
1555:
1529:
1464:
1228:
Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by
1139:
1116:
526:
521:
141:
1836:, which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment.
1270:'s discoveries formed the foundation of electric motor technology.
7372:
6914:
5357:
3814:
Guarnieri, M. (2014), "Electricity in the age of Enlightenment",
3368:
3118:
3019:
The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the
2904:
meant in turn that electricity could be generated at centralised
2776:
2763:
2723:, and thus light itself was a form of electromagnetic radiation.
2592:
2545:
2468:
2057:
2043:
2022:
2008:
1425:
1147:
879:
496:
5562:, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2022, pp. xiâxvi,
5420:, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series (Third ed.),
4731:
Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology, 3rd edition
4147:
Nigel Mason; N.J. Mason; Peter Hughes; Randall McMullan (2001),
3345:
flowing, an event that usually signals disaster. The people who
3143:
6919:
6840:
6791:
6656:"One-Hundred Years of Electricity", May 1931, Popular Mechanics
3357:" (1968), are still often cast as heroic, wizard-like figures.
3249:
3245:
3183:
3162:. Many interactions familiar at the macroscopic level, such as
2673:
2653:
2641:
2560:
2421:
2290:
2258:
2083:
1711:
1662:
1624:
like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract
1599:
1559:
1542:
1533:
1295:
1040:
887:
883:
581:
88:
6301:
Theoretical physics â like sex, but with no need to experiment
5841:
Watson, S.D.; Crawley, J.; Lomas, K.J.; Buswell, R.A. (2023),
4990:, Quad Books, 1831: Michael Faraday creates the Faraday disc,
4047:
Guarnieri, M. (2014), "The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog",
3657:"Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 1 Chapter 1 [24]"
2370:
of the current. The constant of proportionality is termed the
6676:
Understanding Electricity and Electronics in about 10 Minutes
5198:
Dell, Ronald; Rand, David (2001), "Understanding Batteries",
3213:
3187:
3163:
3024:
2815:
2637:
2417:
2340:
2064:
2039:
1929:
1614:
1456:
1127:
989:
968:
where electric current is used to energise equipment, and in
946:
4636:
Al-Khalili, Jim, "Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity",
2810:
Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical
1420:
published a paper that explained experimental data from the
7293:
7226:
7209:
6877:
4449:
The New Cosmic Onion: Quarks and the Nature of the Universe
3430:, an analogy between the flow of water and electric current
3338:âwere popularly conceived of as having wizard-like powers.
3201:(ĎΚÎΜξΚν), meaning to press, and was discovered in 1880 by
3114:
2648:, and associated passive interconnection technologies. The
2569:
2448:
2436:
2035:
1905:
1793:, enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires.
1774:
1112:
1013:
958:
5295:
A Question of Power: Electricity and the Wealth of Nations
1314:, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to
6760:
6615:
Transforming Electricity: The Coming Generation of Change
5840:
5688:
Denmark's Second National Communication on Climate Change
5454:
Transforming Electricity: The Coming Generation of Change
4527:
4031:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
2868:, in specific the contribution of fossil fuel burning to
2314:
1770:
1537:
1467:, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called
1294:, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which
1036:
1028:, making it the foundation of modern industrial society.
906:. Common phenomena are related to electricity, including
6096:
5161:
1753:
provides an energetic demonstration of electric current.
1180:, with whom Franklin carried on extended correspondence.
5584:"Growing Use of Electricity Raises Questions on Supply"
3577:
Life's Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe
3480:
IEE Proceedings A - Science, Measurement and Technology
2714:. Electromagnetic waves were analysed theoretically by
2405:
1730:. The motion of negatively charged electrons around an
1665:. Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the
996:, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
5614:
The Consumer Society: A History of American Capitalism
5333:
History of the U.S. Electric Power Industry, 1882â1991
6243:
5801:
5771:"Demand for air conditioning is set to surge by 2050"
5655:
The Global Environment: Securing a Sustainable Future
5475:
5413:
5329:
5139:
Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits
2484:
1562:
is positive. Before these particles were discovered,
6172:
3364:
3088:
2931:(electrochemical storage), chemical storage such as
2896:
The invention in the late nineteenth century of the
2872:, have led to an increased focus on generation from
48:
are some of the most dramatic effects of electricity
5843:"Predicting future GB heat pump electricity demand"
5447:
5445:
4930:
4928:
4755:
3753:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
2955:, an early application of electricity, operates by
2178:, enabled him to state the principle, now known as
1789:that drives them itself propagates at close to the
6168:
6166:
5965:
5414:Kutscher, C.F.; Milford, J.B.; Kreith, F. (2019),
4557:Introduction to Engineering Electromagnetic Fields
3691:"De Animus (On the Soul) Book 1 Part 2 (B4 verso)"
3542:
3540:
3538:
2866:Environmental concerns with electricity generation
2526:
2042:of work must be expended to bring a charge of one
6239:
6237:
4751:
4749:
4359:"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"
3436: â Electric current produced in living cells
3260:It is said that in the 1850s, British politician
3132:
2843:is converted directly into electricity using the
2317:, the unit of resistance, was named in honour of
7723:
6291:
5442:
4925:
4042:
4040:
3809:
3807:
3805:
1710:, the intensity of which is usually measured in
1043:, the earliest known researcher into electricity
6163:
5113:Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids
5044:
4934:
4334:Jaeger, Richard C.; Blalock, Travis N. (2003),
3956:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
3535:
2737:
1928:. As the electric field is defined in terms of
1785:only fractions of a millimetre per second, the
1706:The movement of electric charge is known as an
1673:of nature. Experiment has shown charge to be a
27:"Electric" redirects here. For other uses, see
6244:Kandel, E.; Schwartz, J.; Jessell, T. (2000),
6234:
6072:
4948:
4946:
4746:
2857:is of increasing importance in many countries.
2742:
2038:, and one volt is the potential for which one
1657:, the most familiar carriers of which are the
925:The presence of either a positive or negative
6776:
6698:
6594:
6576:
6446:Science in popular culture: a reference guide
6439:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
5611:
5503:
5136:Agarwal, Anant; Lang, Jeffrey (1 July 2005),
4857:
4806:
4782:
4550:
4548:
4532:, National Academies Press, pp. 215â16,
4390:"1948: Conception of the Junction Transistor"
4333:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4037:
3802:
3654:
3633:Electrical Stimulation and the Relief of Pain
3405:, the potential energy of a system of charges
1550:causes the leaves to visibly repel each other
856:
6540:
5269:U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
5193:
5191:
5090:(3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
5085:
5045:Alexander, Charles; Sadiku, Matthew (2006),
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
4702:, Arc Suppression Technologies, April 2011,
4338:, McGraw-Hill Professional, pp. 46â47,
3994:
3503:
2791:In the 6th century BC the Greek philosopher
2656:possible, and electronics is widely used in
1554:By modern convention, the charge carried by
1485:technology. The first working transistor, a
1206:("of amber" or "like amber", from ៤ΝξκĎĎον,
6559:Nahvi, Mahmood; Joseph, Edminister (1965),
6558:
6328:"Faraday on the fiscal benefits of science"
6210:
6077:, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, p. 95,
5682:Danish Ministry of Environment and Energy,
5135:
4943:
4698:EMI Reduction â Unsuppressed vs. Suppressed
4421:International Electrotechnical Commission,
4011:
2891:
2884:have become cost effective, speeding up an
1278:; that same year the surgeon and anatomist
1126:knew that certain objects, such as rods of
882:phenomena associated with the presence and
6783:
6769:
6705:
6691:
6420:
6273:
5735:
4577:
4575:
4554:
4545:
4323:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1â3
4170:
4116:
4114:
4112:
3944:
3635:, Elsevier Health Sciences, pp. 6â7,
1808:. Their work was greatly expanded upon by
1412:illuminated with ultraviolet light create
863:
849:
67:
6612:
6443:
6408:
6351:
6325:
6217:Ivancevic, Vladimir & Tijana (2005),
6216:
6073:Lipschultz, J.H.; Hilt, M.L.J.H. (2002),
6027:Power System Modelling and Fault Analysis
5858:
5451:
5188:
5109:
5081:
5079:
5031:
4954:Institution of Engineering and Technology
4800:
4778:
4776:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4473:Histoire de l'Academie Royal des Sciences
4318:
4213:
4046:
3813:
3602:
3600:
3514:American Institute of Biological Sciences
3349:it flowing, such as the nameless hero of
3232:, of which the best known example is the
2687:, whereas the design and construction of
2523:
1944:, it follows that an electric field is a
1178:History and Present Status of Electricity
6475:
6142:
6020:
6018:
5417:Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems
5197:
4937:Principles of Electricity, Fifth edition
4907:
4758:Principles of Electricity, Fifth edition
4081:
4079:
4077:
3774:
3569:
3567:
3142:
3093:
2946:
2849:
2762:
2691:to solve practical problems are part of
2608:
2208:
2146:
2119:
2016:
1910:
1744:
1653:Charge originates from certain types of
1541:
1481:came into its own with the emergence of
1262:
1250:flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky
1164:
1035:
36:
6712:
6486:
6297:
6048:
5963:
5651:
5628:"The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation"
5358:Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum,
5233:
5116:, Oxford University Press, p. 49,
5086:Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (2015),
5010:Urone, Paul Peter; et al. (2023),
4724:
4722:
4720:
4664:
4581:
4572:
4470:
4120:
4109:
4092:, Courier Dover Publications, pp.
4000:
3851:Franklin: The Essential Founding Father
3750:
3630:
3606:
3580:, Cambridge University Press, pp.
3546:
3050:, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by
2698:
2668:. Interconnection technologies such as
2124:Magnetic field circles around a current
933:. The motion of electric charges is an
898:, both being part of the phenomenon of
612:Electromagnetism and special relativity
7732:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
7724:
7403:Integrated gasification combined cycle
6595:Nilsson, James; Riedel, Susan (2007),
5917:
5652:ReVelle, Charles and Penelope (1992),
5479:History of the Electric Power Industry
5385:
5237:Elementary Electric Power and Machines
5076:
4833:
4773:
4652:Introduction to Electrical Engineering
4635:
4605:
4505:Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd edition
4501:
4482:
4371:from the original on 30 September 2021
4017:
3910:
3847:
3689:Aristotle, Daniel C. Stevenson (ed.),
3597:
3573:
3255:
1282:described the structure of the fish's
7447:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
7122:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy
6764:
6686:
6645:Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC
6409:Mikkelson, David (25 November 2000),
6389:
6250:, McGraw-Hill Professional, pp.
6051:Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basic
6024:
6015:
5711:
5288:
5068:
5009:
4890:from the original on 16 February 2008
4471:Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de (1785),
4446:
4219:
4195:
4150:Introduction to Environmental Physics
4085:
4074:
3947:"Experiments and observations on the
3733:from the original on 3 September 2017
3722:
3701:from the original on 26 February 2017
3688:
3655:Diogenes Laertius, R.D. Hicks (ed.),
3564:
3477:
2579:. Electricity is usually sold by the
1996:
1428:revolution. Einstein was awarded the
1154:, based on the 1936 discovery of the
632:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7680:
6326:Polymenis, Michael (December 2010),
6004:from the original on 11 October 2008
5992:Das, Saswato R. (15 December 2007),
5900:from the original on 4 December 2010
5581:
5340:from the original on 6 December 2010
5312:from the original on 7 November 2021
5049:(3, revised ed.), McGraw-Hill,
4983:
4728:
4717:
4649:
4559:, World Scientific, pp. 77â79,
4435:Physics for Scientists and Engineers
4279:from the original on 17 October 2008
4196:Sears, Francis; et al. (1982),
4049:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
3878:
3816:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
3121:. Death caused by an electric shockâ
2779:, in the power generating hall of a
2568:is electric potential or voltage in
2396:Electric power is the rate at which
2198:
1816:causes localised heating, an effect
1580:. This value is also defined as the
1558:is defined as negative, and that by
1310:previously used. The recognition of
1099:, attested to the numbing effect of
16:Phenomena related to electric charge
7704:
7589:World energy supply and consumption
6278:, Academic Press, pp. 204â05,
6053:, Academic Press, pp. 301â09,
5991:
5594:from the original on 8 January 2008
5206:, Royal Society of Chemistry: 2â4,
4671:, Oxford University Press, p.
3609:Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory
3077:Electronic devices make use of the
2679:Today, most electronic devices use
1777:) flow through liquids, or through
1695:
1091:. Several ancient writers, such as
13:
6577:Naidu, M.S.; Kamataru, V. (1982),
5110:Singleton, John (30 August 2001),
4910:Michael Faraday: His Life and Work
4858:Saeli, Sue; MacIsaac, Dan (2007),
4783:Naidu, M.S.; Kamataru, V. (1982),
4668:Lectures on electromagnetic theory
4612:, Houghton Mifflin Books, p.
4528:National Research Council (1998),
4001:Edwards, Paul (10 November 2021),
2128:Ărsted's discovery in 1821 that a
1650:attraction pulling them together.
1598:. Charge is possessed not just by
1517:
1142:, in contrast to minerals such as
14:
7748:
6631:
6308:from the original on 4 April 2014
6298:Jackson, Mark (4 November 2013),
6221:, World Scientific, p. 602,
5634:from the original on 7 April 2017
5396:from the original on 17 June 2019
5200:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N
5047:Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
4706:from the original on 5 March 2016
4404:from the original on 30 July 2020
4273:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"
4254:from the original on 11 June 2020
4198:University Physics, Sixth Edition
3983:from the original on 30 July 2022
3755:, Greenwood Press, pp. 7â8,
3723:Frood, Arran (27 February 2003),
3667:from the original on 30 July 2022
3089:Electricity and the natural world
2935:, thermal or mechanical (such as
2385:
2339:. The unit of capacitance is the
2109:
1879:
1375:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
1134:made a series of observations on
1053:History of electrical engineering
1049:History of electromagnetic theory
7703:
7691:
7679:
7668:
7667:
6489:"Electromagnetism for Engineers"
6402:
6383:
6175:Zeitschrift fĂźr Kristallographie
5936:10.1179/175812110X12714133353911
5658:, Jones & Bartlett, p.
5514:Energy Conversion and Management
5438:from the original on 6 June 2020
4912:, Elibron Classics, p. 79,
3927:from the original on 12 May 2014
3611:, World Scientific, p. 50,
3424:and its current different usages
3381:
3367:
2451:produced by an electric current
2439:, and represented by the letter
2374:. The unit of inductance is the
2355:current, but instead blocks it.
1876:, such as when first energised.
1804:in 1800, a process now known as
6541:Morely, A.; Hughes, E. (1994),
6482:, New York: J. Wiley & Sons
6319:
6276:Physics in Biology and Medicine
6267:
6136:
6090:
6075:Crime and Local Television News
6066:
6042:
5985:
5957:
5911:
5882:
5834:
5795:
5763:
5729:
5705:
5675:
5645:
5620:
5605:
5582:Wald, Matthew (21 March 1990),
5575:
5547:
5497:
5469:
5407:
5389:China Electricity â consumption
5379:
5351:
5323:
5282:
5257:
5227:
5155:
5129:
5103:
5062:
5003:
4977:
4901:
4851:
4838:, Thomson Brooks, p. 500,
4827:
4688:
4658:
4643:
4629:
4599:
4521:
4464:
4440:
4427:
4415:
4382:
4351:
4327:
4319:Blakemore, John Sydney (1985),
4312:
4290:
4265:
4140:
3938:
3904:
3872:
3854:, Regnery Publishing, pp.
3841:
3768:
3744:
3726:Riddle of 'Baghdad's batteries'
3456:
3447:
3411:, the sale of electrical energy
3228:in different orders. The order
2942:
2839:rely on a different mechanism:
2231:around the circuit, delivering
1718:, but will not flow through an
1298:passed signals to the muscles.
6444:Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002),
6392:"One Day, Sir, You May Tax It"
6195:10.1524/zkri.1994.209.12.1008a
5534:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.063
5298:, PublicAffairs, p. 352,
5265:"How electricity is generated"
4908:Thompson, Silvanus P. (2004),
4336:Microelectronic circuit design
3716:
3682:
3648:
3624:
3497:
3471:
3133:Electrical phenomena in nature
2826:of wind or flowing water. The
2598:
949:acting on an electric charge.
1:
6639:Basic Concepts of Electricity
6613:Patterson, Walter C. (1999),
6469:
6411:"Michael Faraday 'Tax' Quote"
6390:Heuer, Rolf (February 2011),
6029:, Elsevier, pp. 552â54,
5994:"The tiny, mighty transistor"
5860:10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.112917
5456:, Earthscan, pp. 44â48,
5452:Patterson, Walter C. (1999),
3695:The Internet Classics Archive
3547:Bullock, Theodore H. (2005),
2060:sees greater everyday usage.
2048:electric potential difference
1244:. Later in the 18th century,
637:Relativistic electromagnetism
6247:Principles of Neural Science
5630:, EnPowered, 28 March 2016,
5616:, Penguin Books, p. 211
5556:The Future of Energy Storage
4756:Morely & Hughes (1970),
4586:, Bantam Press, p. 77,
3697:, translated by J.A. Smith,
3434:Developmental bioelectricity
3304:Second Industrial Revolution
2738:Production, storage and uses
2626:active electrical components
1896:The concept of the electric
1834:electromagnetic interference
1122:Ancient cultures around the
1006:Second Industrial Revolution
894:. Electricity is related to
22:Electricity (disambiguation)
7:
5964:Herrick, Dennis F. (2003),
5476:Edison Electric Institute,
5330:Edison Electric Institute,
4834:Serway, Raymond A. (2006),
4654:, Prentice-Hall, p. 18
4555:Umashankar, Korada (1989),
4433:Lawrence S. Lerner (1997).
3360:
3042:Electricity is used within
2755:Electric power transmission
2743:Generation and transmission
2463:seconds passing through an
1812:in 1833. Current through a
1620:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
1512:
1507:bipolar junction transistor
1290:published his discovery of
10:
7753:
6790:
6666:Electricity Misconceptions
5918:Liffen, John (July 2010),
5736:Hojjati, B.; Battles, S.,
5712:Brown, Charles E. (2002),
5361:An Energy Summary of India
5240:, Ellis Horwood, pp.
5234:McLaren, Peter G. (1984),
5173:Cambridge University Press
4959:Michael Faraday: Biography
4086:Kirby, Richard S. (1990),
3551:, Springer, pp. 5â7,
3136:
3097:
2908:, where it benefited from
2752:
2746:
2702:
2602:
2455:consisting of a charge of
2389:
2202:
2180:Faraday's law of induction
2113:
2006:
2000:
1889:
1883:
1832:is high enough to produce
1699:
1527:
1521:
1340:On Physical Lines of Force
1150:may have had knowledge of
1056:
1046:
1031:
362:LiĂŠnardâWiechert potential
18:
7663:
7637:
7513:
7393:Fossil fuel power station
7361:
7274:
7180:
7055:Electric potential energy
7020:
7000:Thermodynamic temperature
6980:Thermodynamic free energy
6975:Thermodynamic equilibrium
6821:
6798:
6720:
6671:Electricity and Magnetism
6661:Socket and plug standards
6545:(5th ed.), Longman,
6543:Principles of Electricity
6274:Davidovits, Paul (2007),
6150:, Springer, p. 217,
5819:10.1017/9781009157926.002
5684:"F.2 The Heat Supply Act"
5018:, OpenStax, p. 612,
4582:Hawking, Stephen (1988),
4530:Physics Through the 1990s
4451:, CRC Press, p. 51,
4121:Berkson, William (1974),
4007:, HAL open-access archive
3945:Williamson, Hugh (1775),
3574:Morris, Simon C. (2003),
3420:, the origin of the word
3403:Electric potential energy
2921:variable renewable energy
2814:. These can be driven by
2176:electromagnetic induction
1505:in 1947, followed by the
1349:. Through such people as
627:Mathematical descriptions
337:Electromagnetic radiation
327:Electromagnetic induction
267:Magnetic vector potential
262:Magnetic scalar potential
29:Electric (disambiguation)
7464:Concentrated solar power
6579:High Voltage Engineering
6115:10.1177/0160597620932892
6049:Grimnes, Sverre (2000),
5972:, Blackwell Publishing,
5163:Charles LeGeyt Fortescue
4836:Serway's College Physics
4785:High Voltage Engineering
4248:10.1002/andp.18872670827
4220:Hertz, Heinrich (1887),
4061:10.1109/MIE.2014.2361237
3911:Riskin, Jessica (1998),
3828:10.1109/MIE.2014.2335431
3607:Stewart, Joseph (2001),
3492:10.1049/ip-a-3.1991.0001
3440:
3212:Some organisms, such as
3153:Electrophorus electricus
2892:Transmission and storage
2888:away from fossil fuels.
2281:, and typically exhibit
2142:definition of the ampere
2078:Electric potential is a
1864:direct current, such as
1491:point-contact transistor
1436:such as can be found in
1379:Charles Algernon Parsons
1338:, in particular in his "
1059:Etymology of electricity
941:. In most applications,
7005:Volume (thermodynamics)
6985:Thermodynamic potential
6888:Massâenergy equivalence
6487:Hammond, Percy (1981),
6476:Benjamin, Park (1898),
5894:Alternative Energy News
5890:"Public Transportation"
5012:"19.2: Series Circuits"
4760:, Longman, p. 73,
4584:A Brief History of Time
4398:Computer History Museum
4364:Computer History Museum
3751:Baigrie, Brian (2007),
3661:Perseus Digital Library
3631:Simpson, Brian (2003),
3262:William Ewart Gladstone
3220:, while others, termed
3072:satellite communication
2973:incandescent light bulb
2953:incandescent light bulb
2902:electrical transmission
2876:. In the power sector,
2783:station (photograph by
2693:electronics engineering
2620:Electronics deals with
2591:, electricity is a low
2577:electric power industry
2559:is electric current in
2493:work done per unit time
2431:, is the rate of doing
2347:, and given the symbol
1479:Solid-state electronics
177:Electrostatic induction
172:Electrostatic discharge
6960:Quantum thermodynamics
6950:Laws of thermodynamics
6831:Conservation of energy
6103:Humanity & Society
6025:Tleis, Nasser (2008),
5612:d'Alroy Jones, Peter,
5088:The Art of Electronics
4606:Trefil, James (2003),
4089:Engineering in History
3969:10.1098/rstl.1775.0011
3891:, Dover Publications,
3848:Srodes, James (2002),
3397:Ampère's circuital law
3176:Earth's magnetic field
3155:
3039:in private ownership.
2968:
2858:
2788:
2749:Electricity generation
2658:information processing
2617:
2544:is electric charge in
2528:
2243:
2152:
2125:
2026:
1916:
1754:
1686:gold-leaf electroscope
1551:
1548:gold-leaf electroscope
1499:Walter Houser Brattain
1449:cat's-whisker detector
1430:Nobel Prize in Physics
1416:more easily. In 1905,
1347:electrical engineering
1308:electrostatic machines
1271:
1181:
1044:
607:Electromagnetic tensor
49:
7077:Interatomic potential
6868:Energy transformation
5071:Environmental Physics
5069:Smith, Clare (2001),
4935:Morely & Hughes,
4650:Ward, Robert (1960),
4502:Duffin, W.J. (1980),
4447:Close, Frank (2007),
3777:Philosophy of Science
3146:
3094:Physiological effects
3012:) and heating (using
2950:
2853:
2766:
2616:electronic components
2612:
2529:
2427:Electric power, like
2400:is transferred by an
2224:on the left drives a
2212:
2167:sitting in a pool of
2150:
2123:
2020:
1914:
1851:and required by most
1822:Hans Christian Ărsted
1759:electrical conduction
1748:
1716:electrical conductors
1667:electromagnetic force
1545:
1455:crystal) to detect a
1351:Alexander Graham Bell
1316:Hans Christian Ărsted
1266:
1222:Pseudodoxia Epidemica
1168:
1039:
600:Covariant formulation
392:Synchrotron radiation
332:Electromagnetic pulse
322:Electromagnetic field
40:
7525:Efficient energy use
7498:Airborne wind energy
7476:Solar thermal energy
7383:Electricity delivery
6995:Thermodynamic system
6940:Irreversible process
6740:antiferroelectricity
6581:, Tata McGraw-Hill,
6304:, The Conversation,
6181:(12), Springer: 67,
5847:Energy and Buildings
4984:Lees, James (2017),
4787:, Tata McGraw-Hill,
4665:Solymar, L. (1984),
4275:, Nobel Foundation,
4155:Taylor & Francis
3663:, Tufts University,
3264:asked the scientist
3139:Electrical phenomena
3048:electrical telegraph
2975:in the 1870s led to
2925:technology readiness
2797:triboelectric effect
2712:electromagnetic wave
2705:Electromagnetic wave
2699:Electromagnetic wave
2482:
2188:electrical generator
1975:electrical breakdown
1818:James Prescott Joule
1728:conventional current
1720:electrical insulator
1422:photoelectric effect
1342:" in 1861 and 1862.
1158:, which resembles a
1002:electrical engineers
642:Stressâenergy tensor
567:Reluctance (complex)
312:Displacement current
20:For other uses, see
7547:Energy conservation
7469:Photovoltaic system
7442:Nuclear power plant
7127:Quantum fluctuation
6990:Thermodynamic state
6965:Thermal equilibrium
6714:Polarization states
6509:1951Natur.168....4G
6344:2010Natur.468..634P
6219:Natural Biodynamics
6187:1994ZK....209.1008P
5804:"Technical Summary"
5752:on 16 February 2008
5526:2014ECM....87..885C
5486:on 13 November 2007
5212:1985STIN...8619754M
5168:Wireless Telegraphy
4876:2007PhTea..45..104S
4864:The Physics Teacher
4729:Bird, John (2007),
4321:Solid state physics
4302:The Free Dictionary
4240:1887AnP...267..983H
4025:Gymnotus electricus
4023:"An account of the
3949:Gymnotus electricus
3885:All About Lightning
3256:Cultural perception
3125:âis still used for
2862:of India or China.
2845:photovoltaic effect
2832:Sir Charles Parsons
2767:Early 20th-century
2725:Maxwell's equations
2716:James Clerk Maxwell
2689:electronic circuits
2685:solid state physics
2646:integrated circuits
2622:electrical circuits
2368:time rate of change
2271:Electronic circuits
2159:in 1821. Faraday's
1991:lightning conductor
1845:alternating current
1765:such as metal, and
1655:subatomic particles
1644:gravitational force
1399:George Westinghouse
1336:James Clerk Maxwell
1292:bioelectromagnetics
994:integrated circuits
974:electrical circuits
920:electric discharges
904:Maxwell's equations
557:Magnetomotive force
442:Electromotive force
412:Alternating current
347:Jefimenko equations
307:Cyclotron radiation
7584:Sustainable energy
7562:Energy development
7552:Energy consumption
7388:Energy engineering
6499:(4262), Pergamon:
5368:on 5 December 2007
4810:(9 October 2002),
4437:, Volume 2, p. 636
4394:The Silicon Engine
4234:(8): S. 983â1000,
4227:Annalen der Physik
4200:, Addison Wesley,
3951:, or electric eel"
3409:Electricity market
3389:Electronics portal
3293:when she authored
3287:animal electricity
3269:Faraday's death."
3156:
3127:judicial execution
3113:of the heart, and
3083:integrated circuit
3044:telecommunications
2969:
2910:economies of scale
2859:
2805:electrical battery
2789:
2662:telecommunications
2618:
2585:electricity meters
2553:is time in seconds
2524:
2465:electric potential
2309:is a basic law of
2244:
2153:
2126:
2027:
2003:Electric potential
1997:Electric potential
1917:
1900:was introduced by
1755:
1679:static electricity
1675:conserved quantity
1671:fundamental forces
1669:, one of the four
1640:strong interaction
1552:
1493:, was invented by
1445:solid-state device
1391:Reginald Fessenden
1383:Werner von Siemens
1320:AndrÊ-Marie Ampère
1272:
1182:
1136:static electricity
1085:Arabic naturalists
1071:texts dating from
1045:
951:Electric potential
912:static electricity
902:, as described by
405:Electrical network
242:Gauss magnetic law
207:Static electricity
167:Electric potential
50:
7719:
7718:
7486:Solar power tower
7132:Quantum potential
6970:Thermal reservoir
6873:Energy transition
6758:
6757:
6606:978-0-13-198925-2
6599:, Prentice Hall,
6597:Electric Circuits
6561:Electric Circuits
6285:978-0-12-369411-9
6144:Encrenaz, ThÊrèse
6036:978-0-7506-8074-5
5998:Los Angeles Times
5896:, 10 March 2010,
5694:on 8 January 2008
5569:978-0-578-29263-2
5506:Gayme, Dennice F.
5431:978-0-429-93916-7
5305:978-1-61039-749-0
5271:, 9 November 2022
5149:978-0-08-050681-4
5123:978-0-19-105746-5
5097:978-0-521-80926-9
5056:978-0-07-330115-0
5025:978-1-951693-21-3
4997:978-0-85762-762-9
4884:10.1119/1.2432088
4821:978-0-8018-6909-9
4740:978-1-4175-0543-2
4458:978-1-58488-798-0
4423:IEV ref 113-02-13
4164:978-0-7484-0765-1
3762:978-0-313-33358-3
3558:978-0-387-23192-1
3428:Hydraulic analogy
3332:Charles Steinmetz
3242:action potentials
3100:Electrical injury
3046:, and indeed the
3010:electric vehicles
2959:: the passage of
2937:pumped hydropower
2886:energy transition
2874:renewable sources
2793:Thales of Miletus
2759:Mains electricity
2666:signal processing
2512:
2494:
2275:active components
2233:electrical energy
2199:Electric circuits
1932:, and force is a
1740:charged particles
1582:elementary charge
1564:Benjamin Franklin
1246:Benjamin Franklin
1230:Otto von Guericke
1170:Benjamin Franklin
1132:Thales of Miletus
1097:Scribonius Largus
978:active components
922:and many others.
873:
872:
572:Reluctance (real)
542:Gyratorâcapacitor
487:Resonant cavities
377:Maxwell equations
7744:
7707:
7706:
7695:
7683:
7682:
7671:
7670:
7645:Carbon footprint
7579:Renewable energy
7420:Hydroelectricity
7410:Geothermal power
6853:Energy condition
6785:
6778:
6771:
6762:
6761:
6750:ferrielectricity
6735:ferroelectricity
6707:
6700:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6627:
6609:
6591:
6573:
6555:
6537:
6517:10.1038/168004b0
6483:
6463:
6462:
6441:
6418:
6417:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6355:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6148:The Solar System
6140:
6134:
6133:
6094:
6088:
6087:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6009:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5971:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5862:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5808:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5751:
5745:, archived from
5744:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5690:, archived from
5679:
5673:
5672:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5561:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5504:Castillo, Anya;
5501:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5482:, archived from
5473:
5467:
5466:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5364:, archived from
5355:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5195:
5186:
5185:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5083:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5042:
5029:
5028:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4962:, archived from
4950:
4941:
4940:
4939:, pp. 92â93
4932:
4923:
4922:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4780:
4771:
4770:
4753:
4744:
4743:
4726:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4499:
4480:
4479:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4444:
4438:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4304:, archived from
4294:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4193:
4168:
4167:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4118:
4107:
4106:
4083:
4072:
4071:
4055:(4): 59â61, 69,
4044:
4035:
4034:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3890:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3811:
3800:
3799:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3672:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3549:Electroreception
3544:
3533:
3532:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3218:electroreception
3192:piezoelectricity
3172:chemical bonding
3107:electrovibration
3060:transcontinental
3029:electric vehicle
2997:air conditioning
2989:electric heating
2967:generating heat.
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2471:) difference of
2429:mechanical power
2402:electric circuit
2215:electric circuit
2205:Electric circuit
2165:permanent magnet
2013:Electric battery
1826:electromagnetism
1732:electric circuit
1708:electric current
1702:Electric current
1696:Electric current
1597:
1596:10 coulombs
1595:
1592:
1589:
1579:
1578:10 coulombs
1577:
1574:
1571:
1408:discovered that
1367:Oliver Heaviside
1363:Galileo Ferraris
1312:electromagnetism
1300:Alessandro Volta
1174:Joseph Priestley
1105:electric catfish
1069:Ancient Egyptian
935:electric current
916:electric heating
900:electromagnetism
865:
858:
851:
532:Electric machine
515:Magnetic circuit
477:Parallel circuit
467:Network analysis
432:Electric current
367:London equations
212:Triboelectricity
202:Potential energy
71:
61:Electromagnetism
52:
51:
32:
25:
7752:
7751:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7659:
7655:Waste-to-energy
7633:
7569:Energy security
7515:
7509:
7365:
7357:
7336:Natural uranium
7270:
7251:Mechanical wave
7182:Energy carriers
7176:
7016:
6945:Isolated system
6823:
6817:
6794:
6789:
6759:
6754:
6745:helielectricity
6730:paraelectricity
6716:
6711:
6634:
6625:
6607:
6589:
6571:
6563:, McGraw-Hill,
6553:
6527:
6472:
6467:
6466:
6460:
6450:Greenwood Press
6442:
6421:
6407:
6403:
6388:
6384:
6353:10.1038/468634d
6324:
6320:
6311:
6309:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6171:
6164:
6158:
6141:
6137:
6095:
6091:
6085:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6023:
6016:
6007:
6005:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5962:
5958:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5901:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5787:
5785:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5714:Power resources
5710:
5706:
5697:
5695:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5650:
5646:
5637:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5610:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5580:
5576:
5570:
5559:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5502:
5498:
5489:
5487:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5450:
5443:
5432:
5412:
5408:
5399:
5397:
5384:
5380:
5371:
5369:
5356:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5328:
5324:
5315:
5313:
5306:
5287:
5283:
5274:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5196:
5189:
5183:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5084:
5077:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5043:
5032:
5026:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4969:
4967:
4951:
4944:
4933:
4926:
4920:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4781:
4774:
4768:
4754:
4747:
4741:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4707:
4696:"Lab Note #105
4694:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4663:
4659:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4630:
4624:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4553:
4546:
4540:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4508:, McGraw-Hill,
4500:
4483:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4407:
4405:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4372:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4332:
4328:
4317:
4313:
4308:on 21 July 2018
4296:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4194:
4171:
4165:
4157:, p. 130,
4145:
4141:
4135:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4084:
4075:
4045:
4038:
4016:
4012:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3943:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:, p. 327,
3917:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3888:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3846:
3842:
3812:
3803:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3721:
3717:
3704:
3702:
3687:
3683:
3670:
3668:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3572:
3565:
3559:
3545:
3536:
3522:10.2307/1311732
3502:
3498:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3355:Wichita Lineman
3308:Rudyard Kipling
3278:popular culture
3266:Michael Faraday
3258:
3141:
3135:
3102:
3096:
3091:
3006:decarbonisation
2945:
2894:
2841:solar radiation
2785:Prokudin-Gorsky
2761:
2751:
2745:
2740:
2707:
2701:
2607:
2601:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2459:coulombs every
2398:electric energy
2394:
2388:
2345:Michael Faraday
2207:
2201:
2163:consisted of a
2161:homopolar motor
2118:
2112:
2080:scalar quantity
2015:
2005:
1999:
1926:magnetic fields
1902:Michael Faraday
1894:
1888:
1882:
1830:electric arcing
1810:Michael Faraday
1704:
1698:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1540:
1526:
1524:Electric charge
1520:
1518:Electric charge
1515:
1418:Albert Einstein
1414:electric sparks
1324:Michael Faraday
1302:'s battery, or
1284:electric organs
1268:Michael Faraday
1191:De Magnete
1186:William Gilbert
1156:Baghdad Battery
1101:electric shocks
1093:Pliny the Elder
1061:
1055:
1047:Main articles:
1034:
1000:application by
945:determines the
937:and produces a
927:electric charge
892:electric charge
869:
840:
839:
655:
647:
646:
602:
592:
591:
547:Induction motor
517:
507:
506:
422:Current density
407:
397:
396:
387:Poynting vector
297:
295:Electrodynamics
287:
286:
282:Right-hand rule
247:Magnetic dipole
237:BiotâSavart law
227:
217:
216:
152:Electric dipole
147:Electric charge
122:
44:(pictured) and
33:
26:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7750:
7740:
7739:
7734:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7701:
7689:
7677:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7650:Jevons paradox
7647:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7574:Energy storage
7571:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7521:
7519:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7456:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7434:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7412:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7378:Electric power
7375:
7369:
7367:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7276:Primary energy
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7247:
7246:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6910:Entropic force
6907:
6900:Thermodynamics
6897:
6892:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6687:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6633:
6632:External links
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6610:
6605:
6592:
6587:
6574:
6570:978-0071422413
6569:
6556:
6551:
6538:
6525:
6484:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6419:
6401:
6382:
6318:
6290:
6284:
6266:
6260:
6233:
6227:
6209:
6203:
6162:
6156:
6135:
6109:(3): 384â413,
6089:
6083:
6065:
6059:
6041:
6035:
6014:
5984:
5978:
5956:
5930:(2): 268â299,
5910:
5881:
5833:
5827:
5813:, p. 91,
5794:
5762:
5728:
5722:
5704:
5674:
5668:
5644:
5619:
5604:
5588:New York Times
5574:
5568:
5546:
5496:
5468:
5462:
5441:
5430:
5406:
5378:
5350:
5322:
5304:
5281:
5256:
5250:
5226:
5220:
5187:
5181:
5175:, p. 17,
5154:
5148:
5128:
5122:
5102:
5096:
5075:
5061:
5055:
5030:
5024:
5002:
4996:
4976:
4966:on 3 July 2007
4942:
4924:
4918:
4900:
4850:
4844:
4826:
4820:
4799:
4793:
4772:
4766:
4745:
4739:
4716:
4687:
4681:
4657:
4642:
4628:
4622:
4598:
4592:
4571:
4565:
4544:
4538:
4520:
4514:
4481:
4463:
4457:
4439:
4426:
4414:
4381:
4350:
4344:
4326:
4311:
4289:
4264:
4212:
4206:
4169:
4163:
4139:
4133:
4108:
4102:
4073:
4036:
4010:
3993:
3963:(65): 94â101,
3937:
3903:
3897:
3871:
3864:
3840:
3801:
3789:10.1086/286445
3767:
3761:
3743:
3715:
3681:
3647:
3641:
3623:
3617:
3596:
3590:
3563:
3557:
3534:
3496:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3378:
3362:
3359:
3313:Sons of Martha
3257:
3254:
3180:natural dynamo
3178:is due to the
3137:Main article:
3134:
3131:
3098:Main article:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3021:electric motor
2983:The resistive
2944:
2941:
2906:power stations
2893:
2890:
2870:climate change
2824:kinetic energy
2818:produced from
2747:Main article:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:high frequency
2721:speed of light
2703:Main article:
2700:
2697:
2670:circuit boards
2603:Main article:
2600:
2597:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2490:
2487:
2435:, measured in
2392:electric power
2390:Main article:
2387:
2386:Electric power
2384:
2378:, named after
2343:, named after
2311:circuit theory
2279:semiconductors
2219:voltage source
2203:Main article:
2200:
2197:
2192:Faraday's disc
2157:electric motor
2130:magnetic field
2116:Electromagnets
2114:Main article:
2111:
2110:Electromagnets
2108:
2092:equipotentials
2001:Main article:
1998:
1995:
1977:occurs and an
1957:lines of force
1953:electrostatics
1936:, having both
1892:Electrostatics
1886:Electric field
1884:Main article:
1881:
1880:Electric field
1878:
1841:direct current
1791:speed of light
1787:electric field
1783:drift velocity
1700:Main article:
1697:
1694:
1636:inverse-square
1602:, but also by
1522:Main article:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1406:Heinrich Hertz
1328:electric motor
1322:in 1819â1820.
1152:electroplating
1033:
1030:
1022:communications
966:electric power
939:magnetic field
931:electric field
890:possessing an
878:is the set of
871:
870:
868:
867:
860:
853:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:Four-potential
619:
614:
609:
603:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
537:Electric motor
534:
529:
524:
518:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
499:
494:
492:Series circuit
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Kirchhoff laws
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
427:Direct current
424:
419:
414:
408:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
384:
382:Maxwell tensor
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
352:Larmor formula
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
302:Bremsstrahlung
298:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
252:Magnetic field
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
225:Magnetostatics
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
157:Electric field
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
127:Charge density
123:
120:Electrostatics
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
55:Articles about
46:urban lighting
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7749:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7712:
7711:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7678:
7676:
7675:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7629:United States
7627:
7625:
7624:South America
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7557:Energy policy
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7481:Solar furnace
7479:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7438:
7437:Nuclear power
7435:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:Energy system
7360:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7316:Gravitational
7314:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7245:
7244:Hydrogen fuel
7242:
7241:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7228:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7066:
7065:Gravitational
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6935:Heat transfer
6933:
6931:
6930:Heat capacity
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:Negative mass
6881:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6863:Energy system
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6763:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6719:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6642:chapter from
6641:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6626:
6624:1-85383-341-X
6620:
6617:, Earthscan,
6616:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6598:
6593:
6590:
6588:0-07-451786-4
6584:
6580:
6575:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6554:
6552:0-582-22874-3
6548:
6544:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6526:0-08-022104-1
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6461:
6459:0-313-31822-0
6455:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6397:
6396:CERN Bulletin
6393:
6386:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6338:(7324): 634,
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6294:
6287:
6281:
6277:
6270:
6263:
6261:0-8385-7701-6
6257:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6240:
6238:
6230:
6228:981-256-534-5
6224:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6204:0-7923-0649-X
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6159:
6157:3-540-00241-3
6153:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6084:0-8058-3620-9
6080:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6060:0-12-303260-1
6056:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6021:
6019:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5979:0-8138-1699-8
5975:
5970:
5969:
5960:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5914:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5828:9781009157926
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5775:The Economist
5772:
5766:
5748:
5741:
5740:
5732:
5725:
5723:3-540-42634-5
5719:
5715:
5708:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5669:0-86720-321-8
5665:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5615:
5608:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5500:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5465:
5463:1-85383-341-X
5459:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5424:, p. 5,
5423:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5382:
5367:
5363:
5362:
5354:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5290:Bryce, Robert
5285:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5253:
5251:0-85312-269-5
5247:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5230:
5223:
5221:0-85404-605-4
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5192:
5184:
5182:9781107605909
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5080:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4919:1-4212-7387-X
4915:
4911:
4904:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4845:0-534-99724-4
4841:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4814:, JHU Press,
4813:
4809:
4808:Paul J. Nahin
4803:
4796:
4794:0-07-451786-4
4790:
4786:
4779:
4777:
4769:
4767:0-582-42629-4
4763:
4759:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4682:0-19-856169-5
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4623:0-618-31938-7
4619:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4593:0-553-17521-1
4589:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4568:
4566:9971-5-0921-0
4562:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4541:
4539:0-309-03576-7
4535:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4515:0-07-084111-X
4511:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4345:0-07-250503-6
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4298:"Solid state"
4293:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4207:0-201-07199-1
4203:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4136:
4134:0-7100-7626-6
4130:
4127:, Routledge,
4126:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4103:0-486-26412-2
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4041:
4033:(65): 395â407
4032:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3941:
3923:
3916:
3915:
3907:
3900:
3898:0-486-25237-X
3894:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3865:0-89526-163-4
3861:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3712:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3642:0-444-51258-6
3638:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3618:981-02-4471-1
3614:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3593:
3591:0-521-82704-3
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3470:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:Etymology of
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3375:Energy portal
3370:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3328:Thomas Edison
3325:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3310:'s 1907 poem
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:Luigi Galvani
3279:
3275:
3274:Western world
3270:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:Gymnotiformes
3227:
3226:electric fish
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3207:Jacques Curie
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:electrocution
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:Optical fibre
3065:
3064:transatlantic
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3037:electric cars
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:refrigeration
2990:
2986:
2985:Joule heating
2981:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2957:Joule heating
2954:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2828:steam turbine
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:, 1905â1915).
2786:
2782:
2781:hydroelectric
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:semiconductor
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:that involve
2623:
2615:
2614:Surface-mount
2611:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:kilowatt hour
2578:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
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2430:
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2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
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2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
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2342:
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2320:
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2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
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2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:magnetic flux
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2122:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:contour lines
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1648:gravitational
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Coulomb's law
1627:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1583:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:semiconductor
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:Thomas Edison
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:in 1821, and
1329:
1326:invented the
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Luigi Galvani
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:Thomas Browne
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:galvanic cell
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Mediterranean
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:electric rays
1106:
1103:delivered by
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:ancient Greek
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:electric fish
1060:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:dealing with
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Coulomb's law
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
846:
844:
843:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
596:
595:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
516:
511:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Joule heating
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Lorentz force
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
291:
290:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
272:Magnetization
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Magnetic flux
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
226:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:Electric flux
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
121:
116:
115:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:Computational
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
74:
70:
66:
65:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
23:
7708:
7696:
7684:
7672:
7454:Oil refinery
7398:Cogeneration
7331:Nuclear fuel
7199:
7137:Quintessence
6925:Free entropy
6858:Energy level
6822:Fundamental
6713:
6680:
6644:
6638:
6614:
6596:
6578:
6560:
6542:
6496:
6492:
6478:
6448:, Westport:
6445:
6414:
6404:
6395:
6385:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6310:, retrieved
6300:
6293:
6275:
6269:
6246:
6218:
6212:
6178:
6174:
6147:
6138:
6106:
6102:
6092:
6074:
6068:
6050:
6044:
6026:
6006:, retrieved
5997:
5987:
5967:
5959:
5927:
5923:
5913:
5902:, retrieved
5893:
5884:
5850:
5846:
5836:
5810:
5797:
5786:, retrieved
5774:
5765:
5754:, retrieved
5747:the original
5738:
5731:
5716:, Springer,
5713:
5707:
5696:, retrieved
5692:the original
5687:
5677:
5654:
5647:
5636:, retrieved
5622:
5613:
5607:
5596:, retrieved
5587:
5577:
5555:
5549:
5517:
5513:
5499:
5488:, retrieved
5484:the original
5478:
5471:
5453:
5416:
5409:
5398:, retrieved
5388:
5386:IndexMundi,
5381:
5370:, retrieved
5366:the original
5360:
5353:
5342:, retrieved
5332:
5325:
5314:, retrieved
5294:
5284:
5273:, retrieved
5268:
5259:
5236:
5229:
5203:
5199:
5167:
5157:
5142:, Elsevier,
5138:
5131:
5112:
5105:
5087:
5070:
5064:
5046:
5015:
5005:
4986:
4979:
4968:, retrieved
4964:the original
4958:
4936:
4909:
4903:
4892:, retrieved
4867:
4863:
4853:
4835:
4829:
4811:
4802:
4784:
4757:
4730:
4708:, retrieved
4697:
4690:
4667:
4660:
4651:
4645:
4637:
4631:
4608:
4601:
4583:
4556:
4529:
4523:
4504:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4448:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4417:
4406:, retrieved
4393:
4384:
4373:, retrieved
4362:
4353:
4335:
4329:
4320:
4314:
4306:the original
4301:
4292:
4281:, retrieved
4267:
4256:, retrieved
4231:
4225:
4215:
4197:
4149:
4142:
4123:
4088:
4052:
4048:
4030:
4024:
4019:Hunter, John
4013:
4003:
3996:
3985:, retrieved
3960:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3929:, retrieved
3913:
3906:
3884:
3880:Uman, Martin
3874:
3850:
3843:
3822:(3): 60â63,
3819:
3815:
3783:(1): 75â95,
3780:
3776:
3770:
3752:
3746:
3735:, retrieved
3725:
3718:
3710:
3703:, retrieved
3694:
3684:
3676:
3669:, retrieved
3660:
3650:
3632:
3626:
3608:
3576:
3548:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3449:
3421:
3416:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3336:Nikola Tesla
3321:
3311:
3301:
3296:Frankenstein
3294:
3291:Mary Shelley
3271:
3259:
3238:electrocytes
3234:electric eel
3222:electrogenic
3211:
3198:
3157:
3152:
3149:electric eel
3115:tissue burns
3111:fibrillation
3103:
3076:
3041:
3018:
2982:
2970:
2943:Applications
2914:
2895:
2864:
2860:
2837:solar panels
2830:invented by
2809:
2801:voltaic pile
2790:
2729:
2708:
2678:
2630:vacuum tubes
2619:
2589:fossil fuels
2574:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2541:
2536:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2426:
2395:
2380:Joseph Henry
2357:
2353:steady state
2348:
2323:
2295:
2263:transformers
2248:
2245:
2239:
2228:
2221:
2173:
2154:
2135:
2127:
2100:
2077:
2062:
2053:conservative
2051:
2028:
1988:
1979:electric arc
1971:high-voltage
1968:
1964:Faraday cage
1961:
1950:
1946:vector field
1918:
1895:
1862:steady state
1838:
1806:electrolysis
1795:
1767:electrolysis
1756:
1751:electric arc
1735:
1724:
1705:
1690:electrometer
1683:
1652:
1628:
1623:
1612:
1608:antiparticle
1553:
1546:Charge on a
1495:John Bardeen
1477:
1442:
1438:solar panels
1403:
1395:Nikola Tesla
1371:Ănyos Jedlik
1344:
1304:voltaic pile
1276:electric eel
1273:
1242:C. F. du Fay
1238:Stephen Gray
1234:Robert Boyle
1227:
1220:
1207:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1121:
1062:
998:
982:vacuum tubes
963:
929:produces an
924:
875:
874:
617:Four-current
552:Linear motor
437:Electrolysis
317:Eddy current
277:Permeability
197:Polarization
192:Permittivity
78:
34:
7737:Electricity
7710:WikiProject
7530:Agriculture
7459:Solar power
7425:Tidal power
7299:Natural gas
7289:Fossil fuel
7232:Latent heat
7200:Electricity
6398:(7â08/2011)
5520:: 885â894,
5275:19 February
4638:BBC Horizon
3737:16 February
3516:: 794â96 ,
3486:(1): 1â10,
3422:electricity
3417:electricity
3318:Jules Verne
3194:, from the
3062:, and then
2898:transformer
2820:fossil fuel
2634:transistors
2605:electronics
2599:Electronics
2443:. The term
2337:capacitance
2267:electronics
1922:test charge
1870:capacitance
1387:Joseph Swan
1355:OttĂł BlĂĄthy
1286:. In 1791,
1280:John Hunter
1026:computation
986:transistors
970:electronics
876:Electricity
587:Transformer
417:Capacitance
342:Faraday law
137:Coulomb law
79:Electricity
7726:Categories
7493:Wind power
7415:Hydropower
7366:components
7321:Hydropower
7311:Geothermal
7261:Sound wave
7172:Zero-point
7102:Mechanical
7087:Ionization
7060:Electrical
6955:Negentropy
6836:Energetics
6725:dielectric
6470:References
6008:12 January
5904:2 December
5853:: 112917,
5756:9 December
5698:9 December
5598:9 December
5490:8 December
5400:8 December
5372:8 December
5344:8 December
5316:7 November
4970:9 December
4894:9 December
4870:(2): 104,
4733:, Newnes,
3705:5 February
3671:5 February
3506:BioScience
3351:Jimmy Webb
3186:, or even
3079:transistor
3056:Wheatstone
3033:pantograph
3014:heat pumps
3001:heat pumps
2965:resistance
2855:Wind power
2812:generators
2769:alternator
2753:See also:
2372:inductance
2333:dielectric
2330:insulating
2283:non-linear
2277:, usually
2255:capacitors
2021:A pair of
2007:See also:
1890:See also:
1874:transients
1866:inductance
1853:electronic
1814:resistance
1604:antimatter
1528:See also:
1483:transistor
1443:The first
1434:photocells
1410:electrodes
1258:Leyden jar
1204:electricus
1089:physicians
1057:See also:
976:involving
654:Scientists
502:Waveguides
482:Resistance
452:Inductance
232:Ampère law
7604:Australia
7540:Transport
7535:Computing
7503:Wind farm
7430:Wave farm
7304:Petroleum
7284:Bioenergy
7256:Radiation
7195:Capacitor
7117:Potential
6648:book and
6362:1476-4687
6131:225595301
6123:0160-5976
5952:110320981
5944:1758-1206
5877:257067540
5869:0378-7788
5783:0013-0613
5542:0196-8904
5422:CRC Press
4475:, Paris,
4408:8 October
4375:10 August
4258:25 August
3977:186211272
3797:121067746
3353:'s song "
3323:Tom Swift
3160:lightning
2929:batteries
2654:switching
2650:nonlinear
2326:capacitor
2319:Georg Ohm
2307:Ohm's law
2251:resistors
2235:into the
2096:conductor
1984:lightning
1942:direction
1938:magnitude
1858:sine wave
1798:Nicholson
1773:(charged
1763:conductor
1556:electrons
1509:in 1948.
1503:Bell Labs
1487:germanium
1465:electrons
1453:germanium
1447:was the "
1404:In 1887,
1332:Georg Ohm
1254:lightning
1225:of 1646.
1200:Neo-Latin
1196:lodestone
1148:Parthians
1144:magnetite
1010:transport
908:lightning
896:magnetism
810:Steinmetz
740:Kirchhoff
725:Jefimenko
720:Hopkinson
705:Helmholtz
700:Heaviside
562:Permeance
447:Impedance
187:Insulator
182:Gauss law
132:Conductor
109:Phenomena
104:Textbooks
84:Magnetism
42:Lightning
7674:Category
7239:Hydrogen
7205:Enthalpy
7107:Negative
7097:Magnetic
7082:Internal
7040:Chemical
6905:Enthalpy
6824:concepts
6535:27576009
6370:21124439
6312:26 March
6306:archived
6146:(2004),
6002:archived
5898:archived
5788:13 March
5632:archived
5592:archived
5508:(2014),
5436:archived
5394:archived
5338:archived
5310:archived
5292:(2020),
5165:(1913),
4888:archived
4704:archived
4402:archived
4369:archived
4283:16 March
4277:archived
4252:archived
4069:39105914
4021:(1775),
3981:archived
3922:archived
3882:(1987),
3836:34246664
3731:archived
3699:archived
3665:archived
3361:See also
3320:and the
3168:friction
2977:lighting
2963:through
2933:hydrogen
2773:Budapest
2771:made in
2628:such as
2546:coulombs
2408:unit of
2364:inducing
2360:inductor
2298:resistor
2273:contain
2259:switches
2237:resistor
2213:A basic
2103:gradient
2023:AA cells
1843:(DC) or
1802:Carlisle
1769:, where
1736:opposite
1659:electron
1530:Electron
1513:Concepts
1208:elektron
1140:magnetic
1117:headache
1073:2750 BCE
1018:lighting
980:such as
880:physical
835:Wiechert
790:Poynting
680:Einstein
527:DC motor
522:AC motor
357:Lenz law
142:Electret
7686:Commons
7514:Use and
7373:Biomass
7343:Radiant
7190:Battery
7162:Thermal
7157:Surface
7142:Radiant
7112:Phantom
7092:Kinetic
7070:Binding
7050:Elastic
7033:Nuclear
7028:Binding
6915:Entropy
6813:Outline
6803:History
6505:Bibcode
6378:4420175
6340:Bibcode
6183:Bibcode
5522:Bibcode
5208:Bibcode
5016:Physics
4872:Bibcode
4710:7 March
4236:Bibcode
3987:16 July
3729:, BBC,
3530:1311732
3250:muscles
3246:neurons
3199:piezein
3119:torture
2995:, with
2961:current
2917:reserve
2777:Hungary
2642:sensors
2593:entropy
2561:amperes
2469:voltage
2445:wattage
2412:is the
2302:resists
2287:passive
2226:current
2169:mercury
2058:voltage
2044:coulomb
2009:Voltage
1849:battery
1779:plasmas
1712:amperes
1606:, each
1560:protons
1489:-based
1461:current
1426:quantum
1296:neurons
1176:(1767)
1032:History
1014:heating
953:is the
820:Thomson
795:Ritchie
785:Poisson
770:Neumann
765:Maxwell
760:Lorentz
755:LiĂŠnard
685:Faraday
670:Coulomb
497:Voltage
472:Ohm law
94:History
7698:Portal
7619:Mexico
7614:Europe
7609:Canada
7594:Africa
7517:supply
7326:Marine
7215:Fossil
7167:Vacuum
6920:Exergy
6841:Energy
6792:Energy
6650:series
6621:
6603:
6585:
6567:
6549:
6533:
6523:
6493:Nature
6456:
6415:Snopes
6376:
6368:
6360:
6332:Nature
6282:
6258:
6225:
6201:
6154:
6129:
6121:
6081:
6057:
6033:
5976:
5950:
5942:
5875:
5867:
5825:
5781:
5720:
5666:
5638:29 May
5566:
5540:
5460:
5428:
5302:
5248:
5242:182â83
5218:
5179:
5146:
5120:
5094:
5053:
5022:
4994:
4916:
4842:
4818:
4791:
4764:
4737:
4679:
4620:
4590:
4563:
4536:
4512:
4455:
4342:
4204:
4161:
4131:
4100:
4094:331â33
4067:
3975:
3931:11 May
3895:
3862:
3834:
3795:
3759:
3639:
3615:
3588:
3582:182â85
3555:
3528:
3512:(11),
3276:. The
3214:sharks
3203:Pierre
3184:quartz
2674:system
2664:, and
2638:diodes
2537:where
2422:second
2416:, one
2404:. The
2291:linear
2217:. The
2138:Ampère
2084:height
2073:ground
1934:vector
1906:masses
1663:proton
1600:matter
1586:â1.602
1536:, and
1534:Proton
1210:, the
1188:wrote
1041:Thales
1024:, and
990:diodes
888:matter
884:motion
805:Singer
800:Savart
780:Ărsted
745:Larmor
735:Kelvin
690:Fizeau
660:Ampère
582:Stator
89:Optics
7638:Misc.
7348:Solar
7152:Sound
7021:Types
6895:Power
6846:Units
6808:Index
6531:S2CID
6374:S2CID
6252:27â28
6127:S2CID
5948:S2CID
5873:S2CID
5807:(PDF)
5750:(PDF)
5743:(PDF)
5560:(PDF)
4065:S2CID
3973:S2CID
3925:(PDF)
3918:(PDF)
3889:(PDF)
3856:92â94
3832:S2CID
3793:S2CID
3526:JSTOR
3441:Notes
3343:stops
3196:Greek
3188:sugar
3164:touch
3052:Cooke
3025:winch
2882:solar
2816:steam
2570:volts
2449:watts
2437:watts
2418:joule
2410:power
2376:henry
2341:farad
2069:earth
2065:Earth
2040:joule
2036:volts
1930:force
1898:field
1856:of a
1775:atoms
1615:force
1568:1.602
1469:holes
1457:radio
1212:Greek
1202:word
1128:amber
1081:Roman
959:volts
947:force
830:Weber
825:Volta
815:Tesla
730:Joule
715:Hertz
710:Henry
695:Gauss
577:Rotor
7599:Asia
7353:Wind
7294:Coal
7266:Work
7227:Heat
7210:Fuel
7147:Rest
7045:Dark
7010:Work
6878:Mass
6619:ISBN
6601:ISBN
6583:ISBN
6565:ISBN
6547:ISBN
6521:ISBN
6454:ISBN
6366:PMID
6358:ISSN
6314:2014
6280:ISBN
6256:ISBN
6223:ISBN
6199:ISBN
6152:ISBN
6119:ISSN
6079:ISBN
6055:ISBN
6031:ISBN
6010:2008
5974:ISBN
5940:ISSN
5906:2010
5865:ISSN
5823:ISBN
5790:2023
5779:ISSN
5758:2007
5718:ISBN
5700:2007
5664:ISBN
5640:2017
5600:2007
5564:ISBN
5538:ISSN
5492:2007
5458:ISBN
5426:ISBN
5402:2007
5374:2007
5346:2007
5318:2021
5300:ISBN
5277:2023
5246:ISBN
5216:ISBN
5177:ISBN
5144:ISBN
5118:ISBN
5092:ISBN
5051:ISBN
5020:ISBN
4992:ISBN
4972:2007
4914:ISBN
4896:2007
4840:ISBN
4816:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4762:ISBN
4735:ISBN
4712:2012
4677:ISBN
4618:ISBN
4588:ISBN
4561:ISBN
4534:ISBN
4510:ISBN
4453:ISBN
4410:2019
4377:2019
4340:ISBN
4285:2013
4260:2019
4202:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4129:ISBN
4098:ISBN
3989:2022
3933:2014
3893:ISBN
3860:ISBN
3757:ISBN
3739:2008
3707:2017
3673:2017
3637:ISBN
3613:ISBN
3586:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3347:keep
3248:and
3205:and
3147:The
3070:and
3054:and
2951:The
2880:and
2878:wind
2757:and
2644:and
2433:work
2420:per
2414:watt
2358:The
2324:The
2296:The
2289:and
2265:and
2032:work
2011:and
1940:and
1868:and
1800:and
1771:ions
1661:and
1497:and
1397:and
1318:and
1240:and
1113:gout
1107:and
1095:and
1087:and
1083:and
1051:and
992:and
955:work
750:Lenz
675:Davy
665:Biot
7220:Oil
6513:doi
6501:4â5
6497:168
6348:doi
6336:468
6191:doi
6179:209
6111:doi
5932:doi
5855:doi
5851:286
5815:doi
5660:298
5530:doi
4880:doi
4673:140
4244:doi
4232:267
4057:doi
3965:doi
3824:doi
3785:doi
3518:doi
3488:doi
3484:138
3334:or
3170:or
3016:).
2939:).
2475:is
2315:ohm
2071:or
1749:An
1591:634
1588:176
1573:634
1570:176
1538:Ion
1501:at
1219:'s
1115:or
886:of
775:Ohm
7728::
6529:,
6519:,
6511:,
6503:,
6495:,
6491:,
6452:,
6422:^
6413:,
6394:,
6372:,
6364:,
6356:,
6346:,
6334:,
6330:,
6254:,
6236:^
6197:,
6189:,
6177:,
6165:^
6125:,
6117:,
6107:45
6105:,
6101:,
6017:^
6000:,
5996:,
5946:,
5938:,
5928:80
5926:,
5922:,
5892:,
5871:,
5863:,
5849:,
5845:,
5821:,
5809:,
5777:,
5773:,
5686:,
5662:,
5590:,
5586:,
5536:,
5528:,
5518:87
5516:,
5512:,
5444:^
5434:,
5392:,
5336:,
5308:,
5267:,
5244:,
5214:,
5204:86
5202:,
5190:^
5171:,
5078:^
5033:^
5014:,
4956:,
4945:^
4927:^
4886:,
4878:,
4868:45
4866:,
4862:,
4775:^
4748:^
4719:^
4675:,
4616:,
4614:74
4574:^
4547:^
4484:^
4400:,
4396:,
4392:,
4367:,
4361:,
4300:,
4250:,
4242:,
4230:,
4224:,
4172:^
4153:,
4111:^
4096:,
4076:^
4063:,
4051:,
4039:^
4029:,
3979:,
3971:,
3961:65
3959:,
3953:,
3858:,
3830:,
3818:,
3804:^
3791:,
3779:,
3709:,
3693:,
3675:,
3659:,
3599:^
3584:,
3566:^
3537:^
3524:,
3510:41
3508:,
3482:,
3330:,
3166:,
3151:,
2927::
2847:.
2775:,
2695:.
2676:.
2660:,
2640:,
2636:,
2632:,
2424:.
2406:SI
2269:.
2261:,
2257:,
2253:,
2144:.
1948:.
1722:.
1692:.
1626:.
1532:,
1475:.
1440:.
1393:,
1389:,
1385:,
1381:,
1377:,
1373:,
1369:,
1365:,
1361:,
1357:,
1353:,
1236:,
1232:,
1079:,
1067:.
1020:,
1016:,
1012:,
988:,
984:,
961:.
918:,
914:,
910:,
6784:e
6777:t
6770:v
6706:e
6699:t
6692:v
6652:.
6515::
6507::
6350::
6342::
6193::
6185::
6113::
5934::
5857::
5817::
5532::
5524::
5210::
4882::
4874::
4700:"
4246::
4238::
4059::
4053:8
4027:"
3967::
3826::
3820:8
3787::
3781:4
3520::
3490::
2999:/
2566:V
2557:I
2551:t
2542:Q
2521:V
2518:I
2515:=
2510:t
2506:V
2503:Q
2497:=
2489:=
2486:P
2473:V
2467:(
2461:t
2457:Q
2453:I
2441:P
2349:F
2240:R
2229:I
2222:V
1920:'
1594:Ă
1576:Ă
864:e
857:t
850:v
31:.
24:.
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