Solar energy - Knowledge

1643:, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the "right to dry" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m (9,300 sq ft) collector in 905: 10557: 2904: 2357: 1996: 84: 866: 2331: 2552: 2195: 10485: 2721: 1442: 7602: 1564:

during the winter. Since bare, leafless trees shade 1/3 to 1/2 of incident solar radiation, there is a balance between the benefits of summer shading and the corresponding loss of winter heating. In climates with significant heating loads, deciduous trees should not be planted on the Equator-facing side of a building because they will interfere with winter solar availability. They can, however, be used on the east and west sides to provide a degree of summer shading without appreciably affecting winter

10509: 112: 2580: 1375:, a US inventor, engineer and solar energy pioneer built a small demonstration solar engine that worked by reflecting solar energy onto square boxes filled with ether, which has a lower boiling point than water and were fitted internally with black pipes which in turn powered a steam engine. In 1908 Shuman formed the Sun Power Company with the intent of building larger solar power plants. He, along with his technical advisor A.S.E. Ackermann and British physicist Sir 1364: 7608: 1678: 10459: 9360: 8404: 7466: 703: 1629:(STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, US where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through 1583: 10545: 2992: 717: 1816:. In this way, the Cerro Dominador plant is capable of generating around 110 MW of power. The plant has an advanced storage system enabling it to generate electricity for up to 17.5 hours without direct solar radiation, which allows it to provide a stable electricity supply without interruptions if required. The Project secured up to 950 GW·h per year sale. Another project is the María Elena plant is a 400 MW thermo-solar complex in the northern 1531: 7490: 3020: 7614: 10521: 3006: 880: 10497: 1546:

during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting, and shading conditions. When duly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.

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container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C (599 °F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.

1515:(HVAC) systems account for 30% (4.65 EJ/yr) of the energy used in commercial buildings and nearly 50% (10.1 EJ/yr) of the energy used in residential buildings. Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies can be used to offset a portion of this energy. Use of solar for heating can roughly be divided into 1379:, developed an improved system using mirrors to reflect solar energy upon collector boxes, increasing heating capacity to the extent that water could now be used instead of ether. Shuman then constructed a full-scale steam engine powered by low-pressure water, enabling him to patent the entire solar engine system by 1912. 1118:, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful output. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered 2065:

than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and to plant trees in the area. Using these methods, a hypothetical "cool communities" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by

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The development of affordable, inexhaustible, and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible, and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower

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attracted renewed attention as a result of the oil crises in the 1970s, but interest subsided in the 1980s due to falling petroleum prices. Development in the solar water heating sector progressed steadily throughout the 1990s, and annual growth rates have averaged 20% since 1999. Although generally

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caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world. It brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies. Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts included the

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designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple

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Solar technologies are categorized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on the distance from the Equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to

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The salt melts at 131 °C (268 °F). It is kept liquid at 288 °C (550 °F) in an insulated "cold" storage tank. The liquid salt is pumped through panels in a solar collector where the focused irradiance heats it to 566 °C (1,051 °F). It is then sent to a hot storage tank.

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trees and plants have been promoted as a means of controlling solar heating and cooling. When planted on the southern side of a building in the northern hemisphere or the northern side in the southern hemisphere, their leaves provide shade during the summer, while the bare limbs allow light to pass

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were built between 2007 and 2013. Installed power grew from 3 GW in 2020, to 13 GW in 2022, surpassing a prediction of 10 GW by 2025. The World Bank estimated there are 6,600 large bodies of water suitable for floating solar, with a technical capacity of over 4,000 GW if 10% of their surfaces were

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farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of

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Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In middle geographical latitudes (between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south), 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use, with water temperatures up to 60 °C (140 °F), can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common

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programs give household systems credit for any electricity they deliver to the grid. This is handled by 'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes. If the net electricity use is below zero, the utility then rolls over the kilowatt-hour credit to the next

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Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the

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technologies have been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high

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production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 – the splitting of

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Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or

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Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement, and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy

2599:. The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce. However, development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and utility of coal and 2092:

seek to optimize the capture of solar energy to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful

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The potential solar energy that could be used by humans differs from the amount of solar energy present near the surface of the planet because factors such as geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans limit the amount of solar energy that we can acquire. In 2021,

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in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C (194–302 °F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated

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project from 1995 to 1999. The system is predicted to have an annual efficiency of 99%, a reference to the energy retained by storing heat before turning it into electricity, versus converting heat directly into electricity. The molten salt mixtures vary. The most extended mixture contains

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month. Other approaches involve the use of two meters, to measure electricity consumed vs. electricity produced. This is less common due to the increased installation cost of the second meter. Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions, making a second meter unnecessary.

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of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods. Thermochemical cycles characterized by the decomposition and regeneration of reactants present another avenue for hydrogen production. The Solzinc process under development at the

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the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.

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published an estimate of the potential solar energy that could be used by humans each year. This took into account factors such as insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans. It was stated that solar energy has a global potential of 1,600 to 49,800 exajoules

5854: 2130:. The first modern greenhouses were built in Europe in the 16th century to keep exotic plants brought back from explorations abroad. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today. Plastic transparent materials have also been used to similar effect in 2705:

of new build unsubsidized utility scale solar electricity at less than 37 dollars per MWh and existing coal-fired power above that amount. The 2021 report also said that new solar was also cheaper than new gas-fired power, but not generally existing gas power.

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in the 1930s discouraged the advancement of solar energy, Shuman's vision, and basic design were resurrected in the 1970s with a new wave of interest in solar thermal energy. In 1916 Shuman was quoted in the media advocating solar energy's utilization, saying:

Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures result from increased absorption of solar energy by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower

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stores energy in the form of water pumped when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one. The energy is recovered when demand is high by releasing the water, with the pump becoming a hydroelectric power generator.

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Shilton A.N.; Powell N.; Mara D.D.; Craggs R. (2008). "Solar-powered aeration and disinfection, anaerobic co-digestion, biological CO(2) scrubbing and biofuel production: the energy and carbon management opportunities of waste stabilization ponds".

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convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Primitive greenhouses were first used during Roman times to produce

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seawater providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. In addition, chemical energy storage is another solution to solar energy storage.

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mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual

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for a turbine/generator as used in any conventional coal, oil, or nuclear power plant. A 100-megawatt turbine would need a tank about 9.1 metres (30 ft) tall and 24 metres (79 ft) in diameter to drive it for four hours by this design.

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are the per capita leaders in the use of solar hot water systems with over 90% of homes using them. In the United States, Canada, and Australia, heating swimming pools is the dominant application of solar hot water with an installed capacity of

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which could pivot to follow the Sun. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. More recently the technology has been embraced by

1633:. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from seawater is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. 1926:

for new installations in most countries. As of 2023, 33 countries generated more than a tenth of their electricity from solar, with China making up more than half of solar growth. Almost half the solar power installed in 2022 was

1977:, or another extreme weather event that can damage the fine glass surfaces of solar power plants. Metal grills would allow a high percentage of sunlight to enter the mirrors and solar panels while also preventing most damage. 5858: 2634:

Commercial solar water heaters began appearing in the United States in the 1890s. These systems saw increasing use until the 1920s but were gradually replaced by cheaper and more reliable heating fuels. As with photovoltaics,

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types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.

1553:(or thermal chimney, in this context) is a passive solar ventilation system composed of a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building. As the chimney warms, the air inside is heated, causing an 1415:

We have proved the commercial profit of sun power in the tropics and have more particularly proved that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the

5884: 5906: 2891:) in combination with the heat pump. The use of a hybrid panel is preferable because it allows covering a part of the electricity demand of the heat pump and reduces the power consumption and consequently the 2833:(NREL), this increase is primarily due to the need for anchoring systems to secure the panels on water, which contributes to making floating solar installations about 25% more expensive than those on land. 1812:. The molten salts then transfer their heat in a heat exchanger to water, generating superheated steam, which feeds a turbine that transforms the kinetic energy of the steam into electric energy using the 2864:. In this system the solar thermal panel performs the function of the low temperature heat source and the heat produced is used to feed the heat pump's evaporator. The goal of this system is to get high 2222:. In 1987, when it was founded, the winner's average speed was 67 kilometres per hour (42 mph) and by 2007 the winner's average speed had improved to 90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph). The 2499:

are another thermal storage medium. These materials are inexpensive, readily available, and can deliver domestically useful temperatures (approximately 64 °C or 147 °F). The "Dover House" (in

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parabolic trough, the solar tower collectors, the concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, and the Stirling dish. Various techniques are used to track the Sun and focus light. In all of these systems, a

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Günter Rochelt was the designer and builder of Solair I, a 16 m wingspan solar airplane ... 21st of August 1983 he flew in Solair I, mostly on solar energy and also thermals, during 5 hours 41 minutes.

6306: 1777:. It is non-flammable and non-toxic, and has already been used in the chemical and metals industries as a heat-transport fluid. Hence, experience with such systems exists in non-solar applications. 1717:(PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the 993:(EJ) per year. In 2002 (2019), this was more energy in one hour (one hour and 25 minutes) than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. 2856:

opposite to the direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. A solar-assisted heat pump represents the integration of a heat pump and

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Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the

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approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$ 1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$ 530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.

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found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water, and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world's energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting

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mounted on a structure that floats on a body of water, typically a reservoir or a lake such as drinking water reservoirs, quarry lakes, irrigation canals or remediation and tailing ponds.

2508:. Salts are an effective storage medium because they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity, and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems. The 950:

Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing

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have been flown since the 1970s, with one report in 1957. The first man-carrying electrically powered flights were made in 1973. Between 2015 and 2016, a manned, solar-powered plane,

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said in 2022 that more effort was needed for grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation and financing challenges. Nevertheless solar may greatly cut the cost of energy.

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This article is about radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of technologies. For more detail about the generation of electricity using solar energy, see

2796:(PV) on land. Water surfaces may be less expensive than the cost of land, and there are fewer rules and regulations for structures built on bodies of water not used for recreation. 5780: 6202: 4545: 4404:

Tadesse I.; Isoaho S.A.; Green F.B.; Puhakka J.A. (2003). "Removal of organics and nutrients from tannery effluent by advanced integrated Wastewater Pond Systems technology".

3963: 5193: 2620: 2295:, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. From March 2015 to July 2016, 2236:

In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996,

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Floating arrays can achieve higher efficiencies than PV panels on land because water cools the panels. The panels can have a special coating to prevent rust or corrosion.

2322:. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high. 5954: 5880: 2014:

Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the

6332: 2424:(ZnO) at temperatures above 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). This initial reaction produces pure zinc, which can subsequently be reacted with water to produce hydrogen. 5910: 3658: 5928: 4063: 3849:"American Inventor Uses Egypt's Sun for Power – Appliance Concentrates the Heat Rays and Produces Steam, Which Can Be Used to Drive Irrigation Pumps in Hot Climates" 6476: 1895:

rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since then, as the cost of solar panels has fallen, grid-connected

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as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.

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in the U.S. has six hours of storage by molten salt. In Chile, The Cerro Dominador power plant has a 110 MW solar-thermal tower, the heat is transferred to

1598:. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers, and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by 5377: 2214:

is a biannual solar-powered car race, where teams from universities and enterprises compete over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) across central Australia from

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potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the

5658: 6310: 958:. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the 830:

said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries'

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underestimated, solar water heating and cooling is by far the most widely deployed solar technology with an estimated capacity of 154 GW as of 2007.

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catamaran made the first solar-powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006–2007. There were plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.

2033:. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment, they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. 6377: 5830: 2364:(PNNL) will be testing a new concentrated solar power system – one that can help natural gas power plants reduce their fuel usage by up to 20 percent. 2257:

made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man-carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 ft (12 m). In 1980, the

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or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of

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is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands, causing an upward

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Data reflects assumptions of annual clear sky irradiance, annual average sky clearance, and available land area. All figures given in Exajoules.

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technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternative resources and are generally considered demand-side technologies.

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that pulls air through the building. Performance can be improved by using glazing and thermal mass materials in a way that mimics greenhouses.

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in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the

2037:' Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together 8489: 6358: 5080: 3748: 2233:

Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption.

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architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and

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Faustino Ferreira, Rafael; Marques Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; P Correia V Bernardo, Catarina; N Torres, João Paulo; Santos, Marcelino (2024).

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Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electricity generation.

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is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage. Designs need to account for the risk of a

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We have proved ... that after our stores of oil and coal are exhausted the human race can receive unlimited power from the rays of the Sun.

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package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans, and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

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Hammarstrom L. and Hammes-Schiffer S. Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels. Accounts of Chemical Research 2009; 42 (12): 1859–60.

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Wasielewski MR Photoinduced electron transfer in supramolecular systems for artificial photosynthesis. Chem. Rev. 1992; 92: 435–61.

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is a device that provides heat energy from a source of heat to a destination called a "heat sink". Heat pumps are designed to move

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in a single integrated system. Typically these two technologies are used separately (or only placing them in parallel) to produce

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are comparable competitions that reflect an international interest in the engineering and development of solar powered vehicles.

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has said that solar energy can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:

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temperatures (2,300–2,600 °C or 4,200–4,700 °F). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the

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emitters. "The strength of solar is the incredible variety and flexibility of applications, from small scale to big scale".

2504:) was the first to use a Glauber's salt heating system, in 1948. Solar energy can also be stored at high temperatures using 1402:) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the 989:

The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 122 PW·year = 3,850,000

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Photovoltaics (PV) were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the

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successfully demonstrated a solar steam engine but could not continue development because of cheap coal and other factors.

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Jones, B.G.; Roy, R.P.; Bohl, R.W. (1977) – Smithsonian/NASA ADS Physics Abstract Service. Abstract accessed December 2007

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The costs for a floating system are about 10-20% higher than for ground-mounted systems. According to a researcher at the

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resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the

927:. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest, 122 PW, is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The 904: 8890: 7385: 5755: 4752: 4694: 6281: 3293: 1999: 5425: 1809: 10312: 9184: 8870: 8743: 8658: 8615: 8208: 7999: 7869: 6455: 5569: 5381: 5350: 5170: 3603: 2823: 2757:, or "thermovoltaic" devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current. 2098: 1903:. Three-quarters of new generation capacity is solar, with both millions of rooftop installations and gigawatt-scale 570: 390: 111: 4479: 4342: 1348:

Solar thermal technologies can be used for water heating, space heating, space cooling and process heat generation.

9936: 8774: 8550: 8004: 7879: 7326: 5855:"Kyocera, partners announce construction of the world's largest floating solar PV Plant in Hyogo prefecture, Japan" 5662: 3064: 2307:

and capable of taking off under its own power. The design allows the aircraft to remain airborne for several days.

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It is possible to use any type of solar thermal panel (sheet and tubes, roll-bond, heat pipe, thermal plates) or

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which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The

1672: 1538: 434: 6533: 6416: 6071: 3624: 974:. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By 8703: 7939: 7560: 7336: 3044: 2668:. The energy from the Sun could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in 2223: 1995: 1757: 5538: 5138: 4777: 4726: 4666: 2259: 9453: 9340: 8420: 8213: 8087: 7639: 4029:"Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial Building HVAC Systems Volume III: Energy Savings Potential" 2570: 2417: 2345: 2227: 1986: 1923: 1516: 263: 6388: 5802: 3227: 2356: 10005: 9840: 9345: 7506: 6866: 3131: 2869: 1055: 6103:

Trapani, Kim; Redón Santafé, Miguel (2015). "A review of floating photovoltaic installations: 2007-2013".

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Ratio of potential vs. projected consumption by 2100 (880–1,900 EJ): 0.8–1.8 (minimum) to 26–57 (maximum)

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Ratio of potential vs. projected consumption by 2050 (590–1,050 EJ): 1.5–2.7 (minimum) to 47–84 (maximum)

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to store excess electricity. With grid-tied systems, excess electricity can be sent to the transmission

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so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. It was demonstrated in the

9877: 9321: 7781: 7331: 7189: 6851: 6796: 6776: 6771: 5610: 4444: 2388: 2377: 2103: 1942: 1805: 1718: 1076: 978:, green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the 943:. Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150–300 watts/m, or 3.5–7.0 843: 707: 283: 88: 6024: 3362: 2966:

Currently, flying manned electric aircraft are mostly experimental demonstrators, though many small

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systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at domestically useful temperatures for daily or

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through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible, and mostly import-independent resource, enhance

10549: 10037: 9926: 9016: 8837: 8713: 8668: 8648: 8595: 8575: 8479: 8025: 7984: 7954: 7949: 7806: 7570: 7565: 7482: 7420: 7405: 6801: 6781: 2997: 2967: 2884: 2857: 2724: 2263:

made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the

2030: 1900: 1115: 951: 721: 599: 589: 293: 228: 83: 63: 4976: 4526: 1784:

When electricity is needed, the hot salt is pumped to a conventional steam-generator to produce

10440: 10283: 10155: 9315: 9158: 9051: 8764: 8738: 8718: 8688: 8678: 8663: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8570: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8463: 8384: 8064: 7994: 7969: 7959: 7934: 7929: 7884: 7874: 7849: 7844: 7834: 7829: 7821: 7689: 7644: 6933: 6829: 6756: 6746: 6627: 6565: 4152: 3940: 2914: 2748: 2728: 2624: 2524: 2509: 2496: 2458: 2081:

like these in the Westland municipality of the Netherlands grow vegetables, fruits and flowers.

2046: 1745: 1506: 1296:

Total global annual solar energy potential amounts to 1,575 EJ (minimum) to 49,837 EJ (maximum)

909: 685: 494: 479: 427: 288: 208: 24: 4946: 4864: 3309: 2971: 1314:

Ratio of potential vs. current consumption (402 EJ) as of year: 3.9 (minimum) to 124 (maximum)

10577: 10237: 10232: 10027: 9968: 9211: 9031: 8863: 8811: 8769: 8759: 8733: 8708: 8683: 8673: 8653: 8590: 8560: 8504: 8408: 8270: 8239: 8059: 7989: 7924: 7914: 7899: 7889: 7859: 7854: 7526: 6873: 6664: 5535:"Solar Energy Project at the Weizmann Institute Promises to Advance the use of Hydrogen Fuel" 3687: 3545: 3074: 2797: 2592: 2441: 2211: 2183: 2151: 1616: 924: 529: 474: 464: 303: 218: 5403: 3574: 2822:

technology has grown rapidly since 2016. The first 20 plants with capacities of a few dozen

2516:(400,000 kWh) in its 68 m storage tank with an annual storage efficiency of about 99%. 1736:

in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.

10431: 10403: 10368: 10295: 10095: 10032: 9850: 9671: 9295: 9265: 9148: 9083: 8900: 8816: 8723: 8693: 8605: 8565: 8555: 8545: 8009: 7979: 7909: 7904: 7894: 7864: 7796: 7631: 7321: 7294: 7272: 7179: 7112: 6861: 6791: 6736: 5036: 4990: 4164: 4002:. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Archived from 3725: 3469: 3409: 2888: 2732: 2715: 2669: 2501: 1781:

This is so well insulated that the thermal energy can be usefully stored for up to a week.

1520: 1383: 1343: 1130: 788: 663: 558: 402: 308: 168: 4804:"Through the roof: 49.5% of world's PV additions were rooftop in 2022 – SolarPower Europe" 4317: 3821: 3522: 1457:

As of 2015, the total installed capacity of solar hot water systems was approximately 436

966:

of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind,

8: 10426: 10334: 10322: 10212: 10165: 9973: 9896: 9622: 9413: 9115: 8364: 8138: 8054: 7801: 7705: 7699: 7659: 7400: 7343: 7265: 7238: 6923: 6786: 6761: 3069: 2636: 2445: 2407: 2248: 1928: 1919: 1865: 1099:

the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all types of renewable energy, other than

865: 808: 792: 484: 350: 333: 278: 133: 121: 4994: 4168: 3473: 3454: 3413: 3286:

Solar Assessment Guidance: A Guide for Solar Trainee, Trainer & Assessor Examination

2551: 10537: 10513: 10436: 10421: 10351: 10307: 10197: 9783: 9688: 9443: 9201: 8933: 8192: 7786: 7694: 7380: 7358: 7348: 7184: 6130: 6052: 6025:"The greenest solar power? Life cycle assessment of foam-based flexible floatovoltaics" 6005: 4311:"Household Water Treatment Options in Developing Countries: Solar Disinfection (SODIS)" 3856: 3492: 3435: 3262: 2628: 2611: 2391:. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as 2330: 2270: 1821: 1668: 1599: 1407: 1079:

estimated the land area needed to generate all our energy from solar alone was 450,000

796: 365: 193: 103: 5636: 3190:

Marques Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; N Torres, João Paulo; de Melo Cunha, João P. (2022).

2348:

that has a solar roof and can be plugged into a normal 120 volt outlet to be charged.

1647:

used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m (14,000 sq ft) collector in

10408: 9872: 9778: 9751: 9598: 9548: 9484: 9438: 9335: 9250: 9153: 8354: 8312: 8218: 8118: 7749: 7489: 7282: 7107: 6968: 6928: 6898: 6883: 6856: 6766: 6669: 6609: 6599: 6539: 6451: 6079: 6056: 6044: 6009: 5997: 5831:"Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen" 5498: 5166: 4702: 4511: 4421: 4386: 3825: 3781: 3497: 3427: 3289: 3172: 3114: 3054: 3025: 2932: 2665: 2300: 2210:

Development of a solar-powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. The

1990: 1910:

In 2023, solar power generated 5.5% (1,631 TWh) of global electricity and over 1% of

1797: 1785: 1770: 1749: 1436: 1406:

to adjacent cotton fields. Although the outbreak of World War I and the discovery of

439: 355: 59: 9056: 6203:"BayWa r.e. adds to European floating solar momentum with double project completion" 6134: 4465: 3439: 10358: 10317: 10300: 10187: 10085: 9617: 9521: 9405: 9041: 8950: 8856: 8359: 7744: 7591: 7441: 7415: 7410: 7390: 7375: 7216: 7206: 6986: 6913: 6649: 6515: 6120: 6112: 6036: 5989: 5488: 4998: 4413: 4378: 3487: 3477: 3417: 3203: 3162: 2960: 2918: 2819: 2786: 2281: 2265: 1934: 1896: 1869: 1793: 1395: 1357: 1100: 1080: 940: 800: 765: 546: 541: 375: 360: 321: 273: 248: 188: 10484: 5978:"Distributed manufacturing of after market flexible floating photovoltaic modules" 5803:"'Renewables' power ahead to become the world's cheapest source of energy in 2020" 3688:"The Present and Future use of Solar Thermal Energy as a Primary Source of Energy" 2720: 2194: 10375: 10341: 10227: 10207: 10117: 9766: 9732: 9666: 9463: 9448: 9275: 9255: 9230: 9125: 9070: 9046: 8923: 7470: 7451: 7365: 7132: 7047: 6903: 6893: 6878: 6836: 6741: 6691: 6642: 5306: 4643:"Analysis: World will add enough renewables in five years to power US and Canada" 4608: 4533: 4199: 4028: 3810: 3775: 2976: 2952: 2909: 2801: 2754: 2607: 2449: 2412: 2319: 2275: 2019: 2003: 1938: 1774: 1441: 1432: 855: 831: 298: 253: 183: 47: 7601: 5259:"The sun21 completes the first transatlantic crossing with a solar powered boat" 5236: 4923: 10561: 10501: 10489: 10416: 10363: 10273: 10192: 10177: 10172: 10124: 10012: 9808: 9756: 9739: 9573: 9245: 9225: 9220: 9008: 8913: 8092: 7777: 7684: 7446: 7395: 7370: 7174: 7139: 7072: 7062: 6978: 6958: 6953: 6938: 6908: 6888: 6846: 6824: 6806: 6706: 6696: 6632: 5993: 3964:"Solar Water Heating (How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas)" 3059: 3049: 2936: 2853: 2782: 2767: 2673: 2661: 2433: 2396: 2369: 2303:, successfully circumnavigated the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by 2287: 2200: 2163: 2094: 2015: 1911: 1877: 1766: 1733: 1693: 1595: 975: 835: 668: 641: 614: 582: 565: 444: 233: 203: 5576: 5160: 5003: 4978: 4288:. EAWAG (The Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology) 4224: 2555:

Participants in a workshop on sustainable development inspect solar panels at

2476:. Thermal storage systems generally use readily available materials with high 1530: 10571: 10525: 10508: 10380: 10217: 10107: 10064: 9845: 9722: 9608: 9558: 9422: 9290: 9285: 9260: 9189: 9179: 9100: 9095: 9090: 8993: 8970: 8955: 8832: 8275: 8133: 8128: 8123: 7772: 7754: 7674: 7649: 7494: 7353: 7313: 7277: 7233: 7159: 7122: 7040: 6963: 6731: 6726: 6679: 6659: 6152:"Floating Solar Panels Turn Old Industrial Sites Into Green Energy Goldmines" 6083: 6048: 6001: 5502: 5354: 4979:"Agri-PV in Portugal: How to combine agriculture and photovoltaic production" 4706: 3176: 3079: 3011: 2956: 2926: 2892: 2861: 2793: 2520: 2477: 2384: 2311: 2296: 2237: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2107: 2062: 2042: 2026: 2022:, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. 2007: 1966: 1881: 1873: 1853: 1813: 1620: 1550: 1524: 1502: 1494: 1063: 944: 936: 932: 804: 680: 646: 553: 536: 417: 407: 258: 3905:"Solar Heat Worldwide (Markets and Contributions to the Energy Supply 2005)" 3482: 2485: 1728:

without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that

10182: 10140: 9916: 9867: 9803: 9659: 9363: 9270: 9235: 9196: 9026: 9021: 8998: 8980: 8960: 8333: 8296: 8172: 8164: 8102: 7664: 7250: 7194: 7127: 6948: 6721: 6654: 6023:

Hayibo, Koami Soulemane; Mayville, Pierce; Pearce, Joshua M. (2022-03-01).

5881:"Running Out of Precious Land? Floating Solar PV Systems May Be a Solution" 5756:"Solar Heat Worldwide – Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2006" 5465:

Gray H.B. Powering the planet with solar fuel. Nature Chemistry 2009; 1: 7.

4425: 4403: 4390: 3501: 3431: 2685: 2532: 2492: 2480:

capacities such as water, earth and stone. Well-designed systems can lower

2469: 2089: 2050: 1861: 1801: 1753: 1710: 1689: 1640: 1636: 1577: 1498: 1372: 983: 889:. The theoretical area of the small black dots is sufficient to supply the 816: 619: 504: 173: 138: 6387:. Zürich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. p. 3. Archived from 4536:

Parabolic Trough Solar Power Network. 4 April 2007. Accessed December 2007

4417: 4346: 3192:"A photovoltaic technology review: History, fundamentals and applications" 1880:

systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a

10278: 10222: 10044: 10022: 10017: 9884: 9761: 9727: 9715: 9603: 9526: 9206: 9135: 9120: 9105: 9078: 8988: 8942: 8471: 8432: 8338: 8159: 7710: 7622: 7607: 7255: 7221: 7095: 7085: 7028: 7011: 6996: 6943: 6841: 5753: 5570:"Request for Participation Summer 2005 Demand Shifting with Thermal Mass" 4382: 3961: 3902: 3573:. Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory. p. 12. Archived from 3167: 3150: 2812:

eq/MWh) in crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic technologies reported.

2596: 2579: 2505: 2481: 2341: 2334: 2292: 2253: 2085: 2078: 1849: 1841: 1834: 1725: 1660: 1630: 1119: 1104: 971: 963: 959: 784: 780: 624: 499: 449: 412: 395: 380: 198: 53: 20: 4596:

Here comes the sun Chile greenlights enormous 400-megawatt solar project

4548:

www.thisischile.cl Thursday, January 16, 2014 retrieved January 27, 2014

3189: 1677: 10385: 10202: 10160: 10102: 10071: 9710: 9642: 9580: 9553: 9516: 9280: 9110: 8918: 8908: 8280: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8182: 8177: 7791: 7721: 7654: 7289: 7211: 7149: 7117: 7057: 6751: 6125: 6040: 5493: 5476: 4827: 4367: 3208: 3191: 2948: 2421: 2373: 2304: 2131: 2118: 2115:, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses. 2112: 1970: 1915: 1888: 1648: 1644: 1612: 1582: 1565: 1403: 1399: 1376: 1092: 990: 955: 920: 886: 634: 459: 454: 422: 385: 370: 153: 6417:"Infographic: A Timeline Of The Present And Future Of Electric Flight" 6178:"Floating solar going global with 10GW more by 2025: Fitch | Recharge" 4225:"Solar Buildings (Transpired Air Collectors – Ventilation Preheating)" 3455:"Powering the Planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization" 2785:

or floating photovoltaics (FPV), sometimes called floatovoltaics, are

2512:

project used this method of energy storage, allowing it to store 1.44

10268: 10150: 9958: 9953: 9931: 9820: 9813: 9632: 9627: 9534: 9511: 9163: 9036: 8187: 7739: 7299: 7226: 7100: 7080: 7052: 6991: 6549: 6116: 5976:

Mayville, Pierce; Patil, Neha Vijay; Pearce, Joshua M. (2020-12-01).

5112: 4506:, 2013, "Renewable Energy: A First Course," CRC Press, Chap. 13.1.22 3034: 2944: 2849: 2600: 2513: 2135: 2123: 1761: 1587: 1560: 1468:), and China is the world leader in their deployment with 309 GW 839: 489: 469: 238: 148: 10544: 9374: 7613: 3422: 3397: 2991: 2595:, energy consumption steadily transitioned from wood and biomass to 2240:

made the first solar-powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the

1914:, adding twice as much new electricity as coal. Along with onshore 1844:, also known as solar electricity, is the conversion of energy from 1363: 716: 10395: 9963: 9889: 9830: 9825: 9773: 9683: 9654: 9647: 9637: 9568: 9542: 9538: 9530: 9305: 7035: 7016: 7001: 6701: 3969:. Environment California Research and Policy Center. Archived from 3817: 2557:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City

2400: 2392: 2315: 2219: 2127: 2034: 1892: 1845: 1461: 916: 894: 768: 629: 514: 509: 163: 158: 128: 6282:"How Floating Solar Panels Are Being Used to Power Electric Grids" 5258: 4598:

www.thisischile.cl Friday, 23 August 2013 retrieved 30 August 2013

3151:"Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development" 3019: 2531:, while standard grid electricity can be used to meet shortfalls. 2074: 931:

of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the

879: 10520: 10263: 10059: 10054: 10000: 9906: 9835: 9678: 9479: 8965: 7169: 6711: 5086:. Australian and New Zealand Solar Energy Society. Archived from 3223: 3005: 1554: 1088: 979: 967: 871:

About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.

651: 609: 345: 328: 5951:"Short Of Land, Singapore Opts For Floating Solar Power Systems" 4861:"Darmstadt University of Technology solar decathlon home design" 3812:

Renewable And Alternative Energy Resources: A Reference Handbook

1724:

Solar energy may be used in a water stabilization pond to treat

10112: 10077: 9901: 9857: 9705: 9503: 7518: 6716: 6637: 6588: 5426:"Squad solar electric city car is coming to the US for $ 6,250" 5165:. Institution of Electrical Engineers. 1991. pp. 187–191. 4753:"Executive summary – Renewable Energy Market Update – Analysis" 4731: 4285: 2698: 2179: 2058: 1477: 1473: 1084: 340: 16:

Radiant light and heat from the Sun, harnessed with technology

10145: 9985: 9911: 9698: 5781:"IEA Says Solar May Provide a Third of Global Energy by 2060" 5281:"PlanetSolar, the first solar-powered round-the-world voyage" 2774: 1891:

1817: 1729: 1706:

effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.

1702: 1697: 1391: 1387: 1059: 575: 4546:

Chile to welcome largest solar concentration plant in Lat Am

4316:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from 2454: 2251:

airplane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the

10090: 9946: 9941: 9921: 9795: 9746: 9590: 9300: 7090: 7023: 7006: 6674: 6473:"Solar-powered plane takes off for flight around the world" 5475:

Feng, Hao; Liu, Jian; Zhang, Ying; Liu, Dong (2022-06-20).

3261:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from 2736: 2616: 2588: 2488:

hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements.

1974: 1512: 1458: 803:, and its technologies are broadly characterized as either 772: 673: 8848: 5907:"Vikram Solar commissions India's first floating PV plant" 4586:

reneweconomy.com.au/ By Giles Parkinson on 13 January 2014

4200:"Right to Dry Legislation in New England and Other States" 3930:"Solar District Heating In The People's Republic of China" 3711: 3709: 3707: 3543: 3398:"Solar energy: A new day dawning?: Silicon Valley sunrise" 2465:

CSP plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy.

1107:, are derived either directly or indirectly from the Sun. 819:

or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that

10049: 9693: 8879: 7586: 6557: 4584:

Abengoa to build 110MW solar tower storage plant in Chile

4150: 3525:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2173: 1446: 776: 4947:"Row Spacing, Plant Population, and Yield Relationships" 3359:"An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications" 2800:

indicates that foam-based FPV have some of the shortest

2546: 2269:

which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990

779:

that is harnessed using a range of technologies such as

6232:"Long popular in Asia, floating solar catches on in US" 4466:

Molten salt energy storage system – A feasibility study

3807: 3704: 1523:

concepts, depending on whether active elements such as

6258:"Buoyant racking turns water into an ideal solar site" 2615:

formation of research facilities in the US (SERI, now

10473: 6146: 6144: 4064:"Passive solar heating simpler for the average owner" 3283: 2360:

Concentrated solar panels are getting a power boost.

1150:

Annual solar energy potential by region (Exajoules)

6105:

Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications

6102: 6022: 5162:

Vehicle auxiliary power applications for solar cells

4863:. Darmstadt University of Technology. Archived from 4197: 3681: 3679: 2987: 1594:

Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying, and

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(2008). 3676: 3284:Karuppu, Karthik; Sitaraman, Venk; NVICO (2019). 2629:Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE 1537:'s Solar House #1, built in 1939 in the US, used 10569: 6072:"New Solar Plants Generate Floating Green Power" 4631: 4559:"Concentrating Solar Power Projects - Atacama-1" 3377: 5982:Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 5925:"Sunflower Floating Solar Power Plant In Korea" 5537:. Weizmann Institute of Science. Archived from 5474: 4271: 4269: 3997:"Future Advanced Windows for Zero-Energy Homes" 3523:"Energy conversion by photosynthetic organisms" 3462:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3333:"Historical Overview of Climate Change Science" 3330: 3312:. NASA Langley Research Center. 17 October 2006 2069: 2010:designed for humid and hot subtropical climate. 1748:method to retain thermal energy collected by a 1713:(SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic 1367:1917 patent drawing of Shuman's solar collector 1356:In 1878, at the Universal Exposition in Paris, 6535:The Solar House: Pioneering Sustainable Design 4879: 4684: 4443:. Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from 4259: 4257: 3843: 3841: 3780:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 64, 135. 3149:Maka, Ali O M; Alabid, Jamal M (1 June 2022). 3108:"Solar Energy Perspectives: Executive Summary" 1586:Parabolic dish produces steam for cooking, in 1351: 9390: 8864: 8490:List of countries by photovoltaics production 8448: 7534: 6573: 4917: 3922: 3877:. International Energy Agency. Archived from 2980:, completed a circumnavigation of the Earth. 2727:of various cell technologies (including both 2583:Cost development of solar PV modules per watt 1804:use this thermal energy storage concept. The 742: 6470: 5749: 5747: 5230: 5137:. Advanced Energy Foundation. Archived from 5081:"The World Solar Challenge – The Background" 4343:"Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage" 4305: 4303: 4266: 4247: 4245: 3749:"Solar Energy Technologies and Applications" 3717:"Energy and the challenge of sustainability" 2420:uses a 1 MW solar furnace to decompose 997:Yearly solar fluxes & human consumption 4345:. World Health Organization. Archived from 4254: 3838: 3773: 3452: 3338:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2837: 2778:Floating photovoltaic on an irrigation pond 2742: 1953: 1110:Active solar techniques use photovoltaics, 9397: 9383: 8871: 8857: 8462: 8455: 8441: 7541: 7527: 6580: 6566: 3361:. Arizona State University. Archived from 3148: 2399:is challenging; a feasible alternative is 1306:of global solar potential vs. the world's 749: 735: 110: 6450:. London: Jane's Yearbooks. p. 573. 6124: 5744: 5492: 5002: 4640: 4300: 4242: 4151:Stine, W.B. & Harrigan, R.W. (1982). 3767: 3724:United Nations Development Programme and 3685: 3491: 3481: 3421: 3207: 3166: 2565:Deployment of solar power to energy grids 2427: 1827: 1739: 1513:heating, ventilation and air conditioning 1421:Frank Shuman, New York Times, 2 July 1916 6464: 5683:Butti and Perlin (1981), pp. 63, 77, 101 5404:"Phenomena which affect a solar balloon" 3657:. Carbon Tracker Initiative. p. 6. 3356: 2902: 2773: 2760: 2749:Solar power § Emerging technologies 2719: 2709: 2578: 2550: 2453: 2387:. A variety of fuels can be produced by 2355: 2329: 2318:force, much like an artificially heated 2073: 1994: 1676: 1581: 1529: 1527:and solar concentrator optics are used. 1440: 1394:, between 1912 and 1913. His plant used 1362: 903: 82: 6448:Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1974-75 6439: 6182:Recharge | Latest renewable energy news 4438: 4153:"Shenandoah Solar Total Energy Project" 3259:"Natural Forcing of the Climate System" 1872:. Concentrated solar power systems use 1688:Solar distillation can be used to make 1472:installed, taken up 71% of the market. 1398:to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 1095:(0.3% of the Earth's total land area). 91:that can be harnessed as useful energy. 10570: 8098:Financial incentives for photovoltaics 7200:Integrated gasification combined cycle 6531: 6445: 6200: 6175: 5825: 5823: 5712:"Chronicle of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft" 5635:. Department of Energy. Archived from 4801: 4230:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory 4219: 4217: 4132:, Anderson and Palkovic (1994), p. xii 4061: 3395: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 2325: 244:List of low-energy building techniques 9404: 9378: 8852: 8436: 7522: 7244:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 6919:Quantum chromodynamics binding energy 6561: 6369: 6325: 6299: 6069: 5887:from the original on 26 December 2014 5795: 4970: 4920:"Painting the Town White – and Green" 4141:Anderson and Palkovic (1994), p. xiii 3230:from the original on 27 November 2018 2792:The systems can have advantages over 2547:Development, deployment and economics 2362:Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 1833:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 8415: 7477: 6427:from the original on 14 January 2016 6375: 6255: 5883:. EnergyWorld.com. 7 November 2013. 5233:"Solar Ships for the new Millennium" 4563:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 4034:. United States Department of Energy 3994: 3872:"Renewables for Heating and Cooling" 3645: 3453:Lewis, N. S.; Nocera, D. G. (2006). 2831:National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1651:, India, used for drying marigolds. 1328:United Nations Development Programme 1127:United Nations Development Programme 31: 7501: 7386:World energy supply and consumption 5927:. CleanTechnica. 21 December 2014. 5820: 5600:Butti and Perlin (1981), pp. 212–14 4922:. Heat Island Group. Archived from 4899:Butti and Perlin (1981), pp. 4, 159 4214: 4114:Anderson and Palkovic (1994), p. xi 3700:from the original on 26 April 2012. 3664:from the original on April 30, 2021 3627:. Energy Information Administration 3625:"Total Electricity Net Consumption" 3396:Morton, Oliver (6 September 2006). 3093: 2972:Electrically powered model aircraft 1083:— or about the same as the area of 846:.... these advantages are global". 13: 6495: 6176:Hopson, Christopher (2020-10-15). 5957:from the original on 14 March 2016 5017:Butti and Perlin (1981), pp. 42–46 4983:Energy for Sustainable Development 4619:from the original on 14 April 2011 4480:"How to Use Solar Energy at Night" 4477: 4123:Butti and Perlin (1981), pp. 54–59 4062:Bright, David (18 February 1977). 3600:"Total Primary Energy Consumption" 3544:Archer, Cristina; Jacobson, Mark. 3183: 2868:and then produce energy in a more 2351: 2203:circumnavigating the globe in 2015 2000:Darmstadt University of Technology 1824:employing molten salt technology. 1654: 919:(PW) of incoming solar radiation ( 14: 10599: 8209:Building-integrated photovoltaics 6479:from the original on 6 March 2016 5787:. 1 December 2011. Archived from 5611:"Advantages of Using Molten Salt" 5351:"The NASA ERAST HALE UAV Program" 5329:"Solar-Power Research and Dryden" 4441:"Advantages of Using Molten Salt" 4157:NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N 3604:Energy Information Administration 3546:"Evaluation of Global Wind Power" 2898: 2666:transitioning to renewable energy 2126:year-round for the Roman emperor 1744:Molten salt can be employed as a 1337: 1330:– World Energy Assessment (2000) 10555: 10543: 10531: 10519: 10507: 10495: 10483: 10458: 10457: 9359: 9358: 8414: 8403: 8402: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7548: 7500: 7488: 7476: 7465: 7464: 6409: 6351: 6333:"Pompe di calore elio-assistite" 6274: 6201:Martín, José Rojo (2019-10-27). 6194: 6169: 6063: 6016: 5943: 5931:from the original on 15 May 2016 5917: 5899: 5873: 5847: 5773: 5735: 5732:Butti, and Perlin (1981), p. 117 5726: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5677: 5651: 5625: 5603: 5594: 5562: 5553: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5418: 5235:. TO Engineering. Archived from 5113:"North American Solar Challenge" 4850:Martin and Goswami (2005), p. 45 4778:"Global Electricity Review 2024" 4727:"2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+" 4667:"Global Electricity Review 2024" 4439:Mancini, Tom (10 January 2006). 4286:"SODIS solar water disinfection" 3937:Status and Development Potential 3065:Solar energy use in rural Africa 3018: 3004: 2990: 2766:This section is an excerpt from 2193: 2172: 1922:is the source with the cheapest 1489:Heating, cooling and ventilation 1426: 939:ranges with a small part in the 878: 864: 715: 702: 701: 179:Energy efficiency implementation 36: 23:. For the academic journal, see 8485:List of photovoltaics companies 5741:Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 139 5692:Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 249 5396: 5369: 5343: 5321: 5295: 5273: 5251: 5224: 5221:Vol. 201, No. 7, 12 August 1977 5212: 5186: 5153: 5135:"South African Solar Challenge" 5127: 5105: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5029: 5020: 5011: 4961: 4938: 4918:Rosenfeld, Arthur; et al. 4911: 4902: 4893: 4853: 4844: 4820: 4795: 4770: 4745: 4719: 4659: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4551: 4539: 4520: 4497: 4471: 4459: 4432: 4397: 4361: 4335: 4278: 4191: 4182: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4055: 4046: 4021: 3988: 3955: 3896: 3864: 3801: 3741: 3639: 3617: 3592: 3560: 3537: 3515: 3446: 3389: 3350: 3324: 2943:, with electricity coming from 2559:on top of a building on campus. 2540:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity 2491:Phase change materials such as 2438:Seasonal thermal energy storage 1981:Architecture and urban planning 1901:doubled about every three years 1732:grow in such ponds and consume 1673:Solar Powered Desalination Unit 1606: 1539:seasonal thermal energy storage 1445:Solar water heaters facing the 1382:Shuman built the world's first 799:. It is an essential source of 435:Ocean thermal energy conversion 6029:Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5701:Yergin (1991), pp. 634, 653–73 5070:Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 41 5061:Butti and Perlin (1981), p. 19 5043:. Novus Vinum. 27 October 2008 4641:Gabbatiss, Josh (2024-01-12). 4202:. Connecticut General Assembly 3646:Bond, Kingsmill (April 2021). 3302: 3277: 3251: 3242: 3216: 3142: 3124: 3045:List of solar-powered products 2808:to energy ratio (11 kg CO 2224:North American Solar Challenge 1899:' capacity and production has 1758:concentrated solar power plant 1: 9341:List of heliophysics missions 8214:Passive solar building design 7640:Passive solar building design 6471:Batrawy, Aya (9 March 2015). 5953:. CleanTechnica. 5 May 2014. 5761:. International Energy Agency 5633:"PV Systems and Net Metering" 5353:. Greg Goebel. Archived from 5283:. PlanetSolar. 14 August 2015 3910:. International Energy Agency 3086: 2571:Cost of electricity by source 2418:Weizmann Institute of Science 2346:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 2228:South African Solar Challenge 1987:Passive solar building design 1924:levelised cost of electricity 264:Passive solar building design 9423:Pollution / quality 9346:Category:Missions to the Sun 6521:Resources in other libraries 6335:(in Italian). Archived from 5613:. Sandia National Laboratory 2935:is an aircraft that runs on 2735:technologies) as tracked by 2587:Beginning with the surge in 2141: 2070:Agriculture and horticulture 2006:in Washington, DC with this 1068:Consumption as of year 2019 1049: 1039: 1027: 1017: 1007: 915:The Earth receives 174 849: 7: 8878: 6307:"Solar-assisted heat pumps" 6070:Goode, Erica (2016-05-20). 4802:Norman, Will (2023-06-13). 4188:Bartlett (1998), pp. 393–94 3040:List of solar energy topics 2983: 2941:internal combustion engines 2827:covered with solar panels. 2804:(1.3 years) and the lowest 2658:International Energy Agency 2645:International Energy Agency 2591:use, which accompanied the 2575:Renewable energy by country 1947:International Energy Agency 1905:photovoltaic power stations 1384:solar thermal power station 1352:Early commercial adaptation 1046: 1036: 1024: 1014: 1004: 828:International Energy Agency 722:Renewable energy portal 440:Renewable energy transition 50:the scope of other articles 10: 10604: 7717:Photovoltaic power station 6587: 6256:Ludt, Billy (2023-01-20). 5994:10.1016/j.seta.2020.100830 4198:Thomson-Philbrook, Julia. 3686:Philibert, Cédric (2005). 3568:"Renewable Energy Sources" 3136:Royal Society of Chemistry 2970:are powered by batteries. 2924: 2841: 2765: 2746: 2713: 2568: 2562: 2431: 2367: 2145: 1984: 1957: 1832: 1796:power plants in Spain and 1715:polyethylene terephthalate 1658: 1627:Solar Total Energy Project 1610: 1575: 1571: 1492: 1430: 1341: 1308:primary energy consumption 1290: 1252: 1214: 891:world's total energy needs 853: 18: 10453: 10394: 10259: 10252: 10133: 9994:Types / location 9993: 9984: 9794: 9589: 9502: 9472: 9421: 9412: 9354: 9328: 9322:G-type main-sequence star 9314: 9172: 9134: 9069: 9007: 8979: 8941: 8932: 8899: 8886: 8825: 8804: 8783: 8752: 8614: 8536: 8503: 8470: 8398: 8377: 8347: 8326: 8305: 8289: 8263: 8227: 8201: 8158: 8151: 8111: 8080: 8047: 8038: 8018: 7820: 7782:artificial photosynthesis 7763: 7730: 7673: 7630: 7621: 7598: 7579: 7556: 7460: 7434: 7310: 7190:Fossil fuel power station 7158: 7071: 6977: 6852:Electric potential energy 6817: 6797:Thermodynamic temperature 6777:Thermodynamic free energy 6772:Thermodynamic equilibrium 6618: 6595: 6516:Resources in your library 6446:Taylor, John W R (1974). 6378:"History of Solar Flight" 6376:Noth, André (July 2008). 5714:. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft 5515:Agrafiotis (2005), p. 409 5004:10.1016/j.esd.2024.101408 4263:Tiwari (2003), pp. 368–71 2656:In 2011, a report by the 2389:artificial photosynthesis 2378:Artificial photosynthesis 2104:Nicolas Fatio de Duillier 2049:systems in an integrated 1868:to convert light into an 1856:(PV) or indirectly using 1806:Solana Generating Station 1719:World Health Organization 1077:Carbon Tracker Initiative 1053: 844:mitigating global warming 284:Sustainable refurbishment 89:electromagnetic radiation 9185:In mythology and culture 8318:Solar water disinfection 7812:Thermoelectric generator 7261:Concentrated solar power 6532:Denzer, Anthony (2013). 5524:Zedtwitz (2006), p. 1333 4945:Jeffrey C. Silvertooth. 4532:1 September 2013 at the 4052:Mazria (1979), pp. 29–35 2968:unmanned aerial vehicles 2872:and less expensive way. 2844:Solar-assisted heat pump 2838:Solar-assisted heat pump 2806:greenhouse gas emissions 2743:Experimental solar power 2523:have traditionally used 2002:, Germany, won the 2007 1960:Concentrated solar power 1954:Concentrated solar power 1907:continuing to be built. 1858:concentrated solar power 1852:, either directly using 1682:Solar water disinfection 1665:Solar water disinfection 1116:solar thermal collectors 1112:concentrated solar power 813:concentrated solar power 269:Sustainable architecture 224:Glass in green buildings 214:Environmental technology 144:Compact fluorescent lamp 8480:Growth of photovoltaics 8026:Solar Shade Control Act 7807:Space-based solar power 6802:Volume (thermodynamics) 6782:Thermodynamic potential 6685:Mass–energy equivalence 5376:Solar Impulse Project. 4967:Kaul (2005), pp. 169–74 4949:. University of Arizona 4890:Schittich (2003), p. 14 4609:"Energy Sources: Solar" 3483:10.1073/pnas.0603395103 2998:Renewable energy portal 2725:Solar cell efficiencies 2484:, shift time-of-use to 2474:interseasonal durations 2201:Solar electric aircraft 2106:even suggested using a 2025:The common features of 1541:for year-round heating. 952:atmospheric circulation 821:naturally circulate air 590:Human-powered transport 294:Tropical green building 229:Green building and wood 9052:Supra-arcade downflows 8464:Solar power by country 8390:Solar power by country 8065:Thermal energy storage 7690:Nanocrystal solar cell 7645:Solar air conditioning 6757:Quantum thermodynamics 6747:Laws of thermodynamics 6628:Conservation of energy 6385:Autonomous Systems Lab 5785:Bloomberg Businessweek 5659:"Pumped Hydro Storage" 5406:. pagesperso-orange.fr 3995:Apte, J.; et al. 3941:Asian Development Bank 2922: 2915:solar-powered aircraft 2779: 2739: 2695: 2672:and imposing costs on 2654: 2584: 2560: 2525:rechargeable batteries 2466: 2459:Thermal energy storage 2428:Energy storage methods 2365: 2337: 2247:In 1974, the unmanned 2082: 2011: 1828:Electricity production 1746:thermal energy storage 1740:Molten salt technology 1685: 1591: 1542: 1511:In the United States, 1507:Solar air conditioning 1450: 1424: 1368: 1142:10 kWh) per year 912: 910:horizontal irradiation 686:Personal rapid transit 428:Tidal stream generator 289:Thermal energy storage 209:Environmental planning 92: 25:Solar Energy (journal) 9032:Coronal mass ejection 8271:Salt evaporation pond 8240:Hybrid solar lighting 8060:Phase-change material 6874:Interatomic potential 6665:Energy transformation 6365:on February 17, 2013. 5115:. New Resources Group 5037:"A Powerhouse Winery" 5026:Bénard (1981), p. 347 4828:"Solar PV – Analysis" 4418:10.2166/wst.2003.0135 4163:. John Wiley: 25168. 4105:Balcomb (1992), p. 57 4096:Balcomb (1992), p. 56 4087:Mazria (1979), p. 255 3648:"The sky's the limit" 3331:Somerville, Richard. 3075:Solar power satellite 2906: 2777: 2761:Floating solar arrays 2723: 2710:Emerging technologies 2678: 2649: 2593:Industrial Revolution 2582: 2563:Further information: 2554: 2457: 2442:Phase change material 2359: 2333: 2212:World Solar Challenge 2184:World Solar Challenge 2152:Solar-charged vehicle 2077: 1998: 1680: 1617:Salt evaporation pond 1585: 1533: 1444: 1413: 1366: 1304:Quantitative relation 907: 854:Further information: 842:, lower the costs of 530:Sustainable transport 475:Floating wind turbine 304:Zero heating building 219:Fossil fuel phase-out 86: 62:and help introduce a 10369:remnant natural area 10006:storage and recovery 9672:habitat conservation 9490:Deforestation (REDD) 9296:Standard solar model 9266:Solar radio emission 9084:List of solar cycles 7797:Solar thermal rocket 7322:Efficient energy use 7295:Airborne wind energy 7273:Solar thermal energy 7180:Electricity delivery 6792:Thermodynamic system 6737:Irreversible process 6475:. Associated Press. 5861:on 24 September 2015 5807:World Economic Forum 4613:Department of Energy 4383:10.2166/wst.2008.666 4275:Daniels (1964), p. 6 3976:on 27 September 2007 3884:on 24 September 2015 3774:Frank Kryza (2003). 3726:World Energy Council 3265:on 29 September 2007 3224:"Global Solar Atlas" 2858:thermal solar panels 2818:The market for this 2802:energy payback times 2716:Thin-film solar cell 2502:Dover, Massachusetts 2395:) from reduction of 1943:limit climate change 1344:Solar thermal energy 1131:World Energy Council 809:photovoltaic systems 789:solar thermal energy 664:Personal transporter 559:Wind-powered vehicle 403:Marine current power 309:Zero-energy building 169:Efficient energy use 10323:Earth Overshoot Day 9897:Marine conservation 9878:non-timber products 9116:Magnetic switchback 8365:Solar water heating 8139:Solar water heating 8055:Grid energy storage 7802:Solar updraft tower 7711:Photovoltaic module 7706:Photovoltaic effect 7660:Solar water heating 7344:Energy conservation 7266:Photovoltaic system 7239:Nuclear power plant 6924:Quantum fluctuation 6787:Thermodynamic state 6762:Thermal equilibrium 6313:on 28 February 2020 5582:on 7 September 2008 5559:Balcomb(1992), p. 6 5438:Bolton (1977), p. 1 5357:on 10 February 2008 4995:2024ESusD..7901408F 4484:Scientific American 4349:on October 25, 2004 4169:1982STIN...8325168L 3580:on 19 November 2012 3474:2006PNAS..10315729L 3414:2006Natur.443...19M 3248:Smil (1991), p. 240 3120:on 13 January 2012. 3070:Solar updraft tower 2798:Life cycle analysis 2637:solar water heating 2446:Grid energy storage 2408:Hydrogen production 2326:Squad Solar vehicle 2249:AstroFlight Sunrise 2102:sunlight. In 1699, 1929:mounted on rooftops 1920:utility-scale solar 1866:photovoltaic effect 1377:Charles Vernon Boys 1151: 998: 793:solar water heating 351:Carbon-neutral fuel 279:Sustainable habitat 134:Building insulation 122:Energy conservation 98:Part of a series on 10588:Sustainable energy 10308:Ecosystem services 9431:Ambient standards 9306:Sunlight radiation 8901:Internal structure 8193:Solar-powered pump 7787:Solar-pumped laser 7700:Photovoltaic array 7695:Organic solar cell 7678:and related topics 7381:Sustainable energy 7359:Energy development 7349:Energy consumption 7185:Energy engineering 6423:. 20 August 2015. 6394:on 1 February 2012 6076:The New York Times 6041:10.1039/D1SE01823J 5494:10.3390/en15124508 5428:. 6 December 2022. 5309:on 8 February 2008 5261:. Transatlantic 21 5231:Schmidt, Theodor. 4867:on 18 October 2007 4406:Water Sci. Technol 4371:Water Sci. Technol 4251:Leon (2006), p. 62 3857:The New York Times 3777:The Power of Light 3386:Smil (2006), p. 12 3365:on 3 December 1998 3310:"Radiation Budget" 3209:10.3390/en15051823 3168:10.1093/ce/zkac023 2923: 2780: 2740: 2690:The New York Times 2612:1979 energy crisis 2585: 2561: 2467: 2366: 2338: 2271:Eric Scott Raymond 2108:tracking mechanism 2083: 2012: 1686: 1669:Solar desalination 1600:Horace de Saussure 1592: 1543: 1451: 1369: 1149: 1033:Primary energy use 1022:Biomass potential 996: 913: 797:solar architecture 366:Geothermal heating 194:Energy saving lamp 104:Sustainable energy 93: 60:discuss this issue 10583:Energy conversion 10471: 10470: 10449: 10448: 10248: 10247: 9927:genetic resources 9863:genetic resources 9498: 9497: 9406:Natural resources 9372: 9371: 9336:Solar observatory 9251:Solar observation 9149:Termination shock 9065: 9064: 9017:Transition region 8846: 8845: 8430: 8429: 8373: 8372: 8355:Solar combisystem 8313:Soil solarization 8219:Urban heat island 8147: 8146: 8119:Electric aircraft 8034: 8033: 7750:Solar power tower 7516: 7515: 7283:Solar power tower 6929:Quantum potential 6767:Thermal reservoir 6670:Energy transition 6545:978-0-8478-4005-2 6502:Library resources 6339:on 7 January 2012 6262:Solar Power World 5791:on July 21, 2012. 5239:on 9 October 2007 5219:Electrical Review 4516:978-1-4398-6115-8 4068:Bangor Daily News 3943:: 23. 1 July 2019 3831:978-1-59884-089-6 3787:978-0-07-140021-3 3055:Soil solarization 3026:Technology portal 2933:electric aircraft 2670:energy efficiency 2413:steam reformation 2301:electric aircraft 1991:Urban heat island 1798:solar power tower 1786:superheated steam 1771:potassium nitrate 1437:Solar combisystem 1396:parabolic troughs 1335: 1334: 1144:(see table below) 1091:, or the area of 1087:, or the area of 1072: 1071: 897:with solar power. 759: 758: 356:Geothermal energy 87:The Sun produces 81: 80: 10595: 10560: 10559: 10550:Renewable energy 10548: 10547: 10536: 10535: 10534: 10524: 10523: 10512: 10511: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10488: 10487: 10479: 10461: 10460: 10412: 10359:Natural heritage 10318:overexploitation 10257: 10256: 9991: 9990: 9937:herbal medicines 9917:FAO Plant Treaty 9457: 9434: 9419: 9418: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9376: 9375: 9362: 9361: 8951:Supergranulation 8939: 8938: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8850: 8849: 8838:Renewable energy 8457: 8450: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8418: 8417: 8406: 8405: 8360:Solar controller 8156: 8155: 8045: 8044: 7745:Parabolic trough 7628: 7627: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7592:Solar irradiance 7543: 7536: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7504: 7503: 7492: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7467: 7442:Carbon footprint 7376:Renewable energy 7217:Hydroelectricity 7207:Geothermal power 6650:Energy condition 6582: 6575: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6552:on 26 July 2013. 6548:. 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Archived from 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6148: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6117:10.1002/pip.2466 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6035:(5): 1398–1413. 6020: 6014: 6013: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5913:on 2 March 2015. 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5827: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5496: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5380:. 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September 2000 3721: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3692: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3663: 3652: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3485: 3468:(43): 15729–35. 3459: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3425: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3288:. Notion Press. 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2919:circumnavigation 2820:renewable energy 2693: 2608:1973 oil embargo 2266:Solar Challenger 2260:Gossamer Penguin 2226:and the planned 2197: 2176: 1935:low-carbon power 1897:solar PV systems 1870:electric current 1794:parabolic trough 1449:to maximize gain 1422: 1358:Augustin Mouchot 1152: 1148: 1141: 1137: 1101:geothermal power 1054:Energy given in 999: 995: 941:near-ultraviolet 882: 868: 801:renewable energy 751: 744: 737: 724: 720: 719: 710: 705: 704: 542:Electric vehicle 391:Run-of-the-river 376:Hydroelectricity 361:Geothermal power 322:Renewable energy 274:Sustainable city 249:Low-energy house 189:Energy recycling 114: 95: 94: 76: 73: 67: 40: 39: 32: 10603: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10554: 10542: 10532: 10530: 10518: 10506: 10496: 10494: 10482: 10474: 10472: 10467: 10445: 10410: 10390: 10376:Systems ecology 10342:Natural capital 10244: 10129: 10118:reclaimed water 9980: 9942:UPOV Convention 9790: 9585: 9494: 9468: 9464:Ozone depletion 9455: 9432: 9408: 9403: 9373: 9368: 9350: 9324: 9310: 9276:Solar telescope 9256:Solar phenomena 9231:Solar astronomy 9168: 9130: 9126:Helioseismology 9061: 9047:Helmet streamer 9003: 8975: 8928: 8924:Convection zone 8895: 8882: 8877: 8847: 8842: 8821: 8800: 8779: 8748: 8610: 8532: 8499: 8466: 8461: 8431: 8426: 8394: 8369: 8343: 8322: 8301: 8285: 8259: 8223: 8197: 8162: 8143: 8107: 8076: 8040: 8030: 8014: 7816: 7765: 7759: 7726: 7677: 7669: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7596: 7575: 7552: 7547: 7517: 7512: 7456: 7452:Waste-to-energy 7430: 7366:Energy security 7312: 7306: 7162: 7154: 7133:Natural uranium 7067: 7048:Mechanical wave 6979:Energy carriers 6973: 6813: 6742:Isolated system 6620: 6614: 6591: 6586: 6556: 6546: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6496:Further reading 6493: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6421:Popular Science 6415: 6414: 6410: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6359:"Power Beaming" 6357: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6316: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6291: 6289: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6254: 6250: 6241: 6239: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6216: 6214: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6184: 6174: 6170: 6161: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6142: 6101: 6097: 6088: 6086: 6068: 6064: 6021: 6017: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5958: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5665:on 21 June 2008 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5541:on 6 April 2008 5533: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5433: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5384:on 26 July 2011 5374: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5142: 5141:on 12 June 2008 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5093:on 19 July 2008 5090: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4952: 4950: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4926:on 14 July 2007 4916: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4810: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4709: 4693: 4692: 4685: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4639: 4632: 4622: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4534:Wayback Machine 4525: 4521: 4508:Thermal storage 4504:Ehrlich, Robert 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4478:Biello, David. 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4437: 4433: 4402: 4398: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4291: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3755:on 25 June 2002 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3705: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3423:10.1038/443019a 3408:(7107): 19–22. 3394: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3188: 3184: 3147: 3143: 3138:. 2 April 2014. 3130: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3024: 3017: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2986: 2977:Solar Impulse 2 2953:ultracapacitors 2937:electric motors 2929: 2910:Solar Impulse 2 2901: 2895:of the system. 2885:polycrystalline 2846: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2811: 2771: 2763: 2751: 2745: 2718: 2712: 2694: 2684: 2577: 2567: 2549: 2452: 2450:Vehicle-to-grid 2432:Main articles: 2430: 2380: 2368:Main articles: 2354: 2352:Fuel production 2328: 2320:hot air balloon 2291:, developed by 2208: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2177: 2166: 2146:Main articles: 2144: 2072: 2063:heat capacities 2004:Solar Decathlon 1993: 1985:Main articles: 1983: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1939:electrification 1876:or mirrors and 1838: 1830: 1775:calcium nitrate 1742: 1675: 1659:Main articles: 1657: 1655:Water treatment 1623: 1611:Main articles: 1609: 1580: 1574: 1509: 1493:Main articles: 1491: 1484: 1471: 1467: 1439: 1433:Solar hot water 1431:Main articles: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1354: 1346: 1340: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1181:Middle East and 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1139: 1135: 1067: 923:) at the upper 902: 901: 900: 899: 898: 883: 874: 873: 872: 869: 858: 856:Solar radiation 852: 832:energy security 755: 714: 713: 700: 693: 692: 532: 522: 521: 324: 314: 313: 299:Waste-to-energy 254:Microgeneration 184:Energy recovery 124: 77: 71: 68: 66:to the article. 57: 52:, specifically 41: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10601: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10565: 10564: 10552: 10540: 10528: 10516: 10504: 10492: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10465: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10411:(perpetuation) 10406: 10400: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10364:Nature reserve 10361: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10310: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10260: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10137: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10088: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10047: 10042: 10041: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10009: 10008: 9997: 9995: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9841:climate change 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9809:Bioprospecting 9806: 9800: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9691: 9686: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9614: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9595: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9508: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9460: 9459: 9454:Clean Air Act 9446: 9441: 9436: 9427: 9425: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9402: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9379: 9370: 9369: 9367: 9366: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9332: 9330: 9326: 9325: 9320: 9318: 9316:Spectral class 9312: 9311: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9246:Solar neutrino 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9226:Solar activity 9223: 9221:Sun in fiction 9218: 9217: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9199: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9075: 9073: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9057:Alfvén surface 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8985: 8983: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8947: 8945: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8914:Radiation zone 8911: 8905: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8876: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8853: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8814: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8744:United Kingdom 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8542: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8509: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8460: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8412: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8315: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8167: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8093:Feed-in tariff 8090: 8088:Cost by source 8084: 8082: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8000:United Kingdom 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7870:Czech Republic 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7826: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778:Solar chemical 7775: 7769: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7685:Floating solar 7681: 7679: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7599: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7546: 7545: 7538: 7531: 7523: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7447:Jevons paradox 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7371:Energy storage 7368: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7318: 7316: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7175:Electric power 7172: 7166: 7164: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7073:Primary energy 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6707:Entropic force 6704: 6697:Thermodynamics 6694: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6630: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6555: 6554: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6463: 6456: 6438: 6408: 6368: 6350: 6324: 6298: 6273: 6248: 6223: 6193: 6168: 6140: 6111:(4): 524–532. 6095: 6062: 6015: 5968: 5942: 5916: 5898: 5872: 5846: 5819: 5794: 5772: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5703: 5694: 5685: 5676: 5650: 5639:on 4 July 2008 5624: 5602: 5593: 5561: 5552: 5526: 5517: 5508: 5467: 5458: 5449: 5440: 5431: 5417: 5395: 5368: 5342: 5320: 5294: 5272: 5250: 5223: 5211: 5185: 5171: 5152: 5126: 5104: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5028: 5019: 5010: 4969: 4960: 4937: 4910: 4908:Balcomb (1992) 4901: 4892: 4878: 4852: 4843: 4819: 4794: 4769: 4744: 4718: 4695:"Sun Machines" 4683: 4658: 4630: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4550: 4538: 4519: 4496: 4470: 4458: 4447:on 5 June 2011 4431: 4396: 4360: 4334: 4323:on 29 May 2008 4299: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4213: 4190: 4181: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4054: 4045: 4020: 3987: 3954: 3921: 3895: 3863: 3860:. 2 July 1916. 3837: 3830: 3800: 3786: 3766: 3740: 3703: 3675: 3638: 3616: 3591: 3559: 3536: 3514: 3445: 3388: 3376: 3357:Vermass, Wim. 3349: 3323: 3301: 3295:978-1646505227 3294: 3276: 3250: 3241: 3215: 3182: 3161:(3): 476–483. 3141: 3123: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3060:Solar easement 3057: 3052: 3050:Renewable heat 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3029: 3015: 3001: 2985: 2982: 2917:to complete a 2913:was the first 2900: 2899:Solar aircraft 2897: 2893:variable costs 2854:thermal energy 2842:Main article: 2839: 2836: 2809: 2783:Floating solar 2772: 2768:Floating solar 2764: 2762: 2759: 2755:Thermoelectric 2747:Main article: 2744: 2741: 2729:single-crystal 2711: 2708: 2703:levelized cost 2701:estimated the 2692:, 2 July 1916. 2682: 2674:greenhouse gas 2662:climate change 2548: 2545: 2497:Glauber's salt 2434:Energy storage 2429: 2426: 2397:carbon dioxide 2370:Solar chemical 2353: 2350: 2327: 2324: 2199: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2178: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2164:Solar aircraft 2143: 2140: 2095:Little Ice Age 2071: 2068: 2039:solar lighting 1982: 1979: 1958:Main article: 1955: 1952: 1937:is needed for 1912:primary energy 1878:solar tracking 1839: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1767:sodium nitrate 1741: 1738: 1734:carbon dioxide 1694:brackish water 1656: 1653: 1608: 1605: 1596:pasteurization 1576:Main article: 1573: 1570: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1469: 1465: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1353: 1350: 1342:Main article: 1339: 1338:Thermal energy 1336: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1301: 1300: 1297: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1173:Eastern Europe 1169: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1070: 1069: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1003: 976:photosynthesis 908:Global map of 884: 877: 876: 875: 870: 863: 862: 861: 860: 859: 851: 848: 836:sustainability 757: 756: 754: 753: 746: 739: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 711: 695: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688: 678: 677: 676: 669:Rail transport 666: 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 642:Roller skating 639: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 615:Cycle rickshaw 612: 602: 597: 587: 586: 585: 580: 579: 578: 571:Human-electric 566:Hybrid vehicle 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 457: 452: 447: 445:Renewable heat 442: 437: 432: 431: 430: 425: 420: 410: 405: 400: 399: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 337: 336: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 234:Green building 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 204:Energy storage 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 125: 120: 119: 116: 115: 107: 106: 100: 99: 79: 78: 44: 42: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10600: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10539: 10529: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10503: 10493: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10477: 10464: 10456: 10455: 10452: 10442: 10441:Non-renewable 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10397: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10381:Urban ecology 10379: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10213:Privatization 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10108:Surface water 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10080: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9983: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9610: 9609:peak farmland 9607: 9606: 9605: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9400: 9395: 9393: 9388: 9386: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9365: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9291:Space weather 9289: 9287: 9286:Space climate 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9261:Solar physics 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9190:Lunar eclipse 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Current sheet 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9101:Solar minimum 9099: 9097: 9096:Solar maximum 9094: 9092: 9091:Active region 9089: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8971:Ellerman bomb 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8860: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805:South America 8803: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8775:United States 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753:North America 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8446: 8444: 8439: 8438: 8435: 8423: 8422: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:Photovoltaics 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348:Water heating 8346: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8276:Solar furnace 8274: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8226: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8134:Solar vehicle 8132: 8130: 8129:Solar balloon 8127: 8125: 8124:Electric boat 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8043: 8037: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8005:United States 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773:Magnetic sail 7771: 7770: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7755:Solar tracker 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713:(solar panel) 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702:(and systems) 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7675:Photovoltaics 7672: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7650:Solar chimney 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7530: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7509: 7508: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7426:United States 7424: 7422: 7421:South America 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7354:Energy policy 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7309: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278:Solar furnace 7276: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7234:Nuclear power 7232: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7160:Energy system 7157: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Gravitational 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7041:Hydrogen fuel 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6862:Gravitational 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6732:Heat transfer 6730: 6728: 6727:Heat capacity 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Negative mass 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6660:Energy system 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6560: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6457:0-354-00502-2 6453: 6449: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6287: 6286:Bloomberg.com 6283: 6277: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6213:on 2019-11-11 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6157: 6156:Bloomberg.com 6153: 6147: 6145: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5809:. 5 July 2021 5808: 5804: 5798: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5757: 5750: 5748: 5738: 5729: 5713: 5707: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5606: 5597: 5578: 5571: 5565: 5556: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5405: 5399: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5282: 5276: 5260: 5254: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5200:on 5 May 2009 5199: 5195: 5189: 5174: 5172:0-85296-525-7 5168: 5164: 5163: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5114: 5108: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4964: 4948: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4905: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4847: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4699:The Economist 4696: 4690: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4565:. 1 July 2015 4564: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4412:(2): 307–14. 4411: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377:(1): 253–58. 4376: 4372: 4364: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4287: 4281: 4272: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4201: 4194: 4185: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4049: 4030: 4024: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3906: 3899: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3804: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3626: 3620: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3547: 3540: 3524: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3334: 3327: 3311: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3081: 3080:Solar tracker 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3012:Energy portal 3007: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2957:power beaming 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2927:Solar Impulse 2921:of the world. 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794:photovoltaics 2790: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2769: 2758: 2756: 2750: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:specific heat 2475: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:photochemical 2379: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:solar balloon 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Solar Impulse 2294: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2238:Kenichi Horie 2234: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2202: 2196: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2165: 2161: 2160:Solar balloon 2157: 2156:Electric boat 2153: 2149: 2148:Solar vehicle 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097:, French and 2096: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:passive solar 2023: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2008:passive house 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967:working fluid 1961: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1882:steam turbine 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:photovoltaics 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Rankine cycle 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:clotheshorses 1638: 1637:Clothes lines 1634: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1621:Solar furnace 1618: 1614: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1551:solar chimney 1547: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519:concepts and 1518: 1517:passive solar 1514: 1508: 1504: 1503:Solar chimney 1500: 1496: 1495:Solar heating 1486: 1479: 1475: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1427:Water heating 1417: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1349: 1345: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1163:and Caribbean 1161:Latin America 1160: 1158:North America 1157: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1132: 1128: 1125:In 2000, the 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1043: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1021: 1020: 1011: 1010: 1001: 1000: 994: 992: 987: 986:are derived. 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 937:near-infrared 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 911: 906: 896: 892: 888: 881: 867: 857: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826:In 2011, the 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:passive solar 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767: 763: 752: 747: 745: 740: 738: 733: 732: 730: 729: 723: 718: 712: 709: 699: 698: 697: 696: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681:Rapid transit 679: 675: 672: 671: 670: 667: 665: 662: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 647:Skateboarding 645: 643: 640: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 588: 584: 581: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 568: 567: 564: 560: 557: 555: 554:Solar vehicle 552: 548: 545: 544: 543: 540: 539: 538: 537:Green vehicle 535: 534: 531: 526: 525: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 418:Tidal barrage 416: 415: 414: 411: 409: 408:Marine energy 406: 404: 401: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 335: 332: 331: 330: 327: 326: 323: 318: 317: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 259:Passive house 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 123: 118: 117: 113: 109: 108: 105: 102: 101: 97: 96: 90: 85: 75: 72:November 2022 65: 64:summary style 61: 55: 51: 49: 45:This article 43: 34: 33: 30: 26: 22: 10578:Solar energy 10439: / 10313:Exploitation 10198:Conservation 10141:Desalination 10076: 9969:conservation 9804:Biodiversity 9752:conservation 9599:Agricultural 9563: 9527:Fossil fuels 9271:Solar System 9241:Solar energy 9240: 9236:Solar dynamo 9197:Heliophysics 9027:Coronal loop 9022:Coronal hole 8999:Moreton wave 8981:Chromosphere 8829: 8581:Saudi Arabia 8528:South Africa 8419: 8407: 8334:Desalination 8327:Desalination 8306:Disinfection 8297:Solar cooker 8264:Process heat 8165:horticulture 8152:Applications 8112:Applications 8103:Net metering 8039:Distribution 7975:South Africa 7965:Saudi Arabia 7766:and proposed 7764:Experimental 7732:Concentrated 7665:Thermal mass 7550:Solar energy 7549: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7469: 7251:Oil refinery 7195:Cogeneration 7144: 7128:Nuclear fuel 6934:Quintessence 6722:Free entropy 6655:Energy level 6619:Fundamental 6550:the original 6534: 6507:Solar energy 6506: 6481:. 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Retrieved 3218: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3158: 3155:Clean Energy 3154: 3144: 3126: 3115:the original 2975: 2965: 2939:rather than 2930: 2908: 2874: 2847: 2817: 2814: 2791: 2787:solar panels 2781: 2752: 2696: 2689: 2686:Frank Shuman 2679: 2655: 2650: 2642: 2633: 2605: 2597:fossil fuels 2586: 2538: 2533:Net metering 2518: 2506:molten salts 2493:paraffin wax 2490: 2470:Thermal mass 2468: 2406: 2381: 2339: 2309: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2209: 2186:in Australia 2182:of the 2013 2117: 2090:horticulture 2084: 2055: 2051:solar design 2031:thermal mass 2024: 2013: 1963: 1909: 1886: 1862:Solar panels 1840: 1810:molten salts 1802:SolarReserve 1791: 1783: 1779: 1754:solar trough 1743: 1723: 1711:disinfection 1709:Solar water 1708: 1687: 1684:in Indonesia 1635: 1624: 1607:Process heat 1593: 1578:Solar cooker 1559: 1548: 1544: 1525:sun tracking 1521:active solar 1510: 1499:Thermal mass 1485:as of 2005. 1456: 1452: 1414: 1381: 1373:Frank Shuman 1370: 1355: 1347: 1324: 1323: 1303: 1302: 1291: 1183:North Africa 1178:Soviet Union 1143: 1124: 1109: 1097: 1073: 1044:Electricity 988: 984:fossil fuels 972:anticyclones 949: 947:/m per day. 914: 825: 817:thermal mass 783:to generate 762:Solar energy 761: 760: 620:Kick scooter 605:Land vehicle 174:Energy audit 139:Cogeneration 69: 46: 29: 10538:Outer space 10514:Environment 10432:Nationalism 10404:Common-pool 10045:Hydrosphere 10038:remediation 10023:Groundwater 9618:Degradation 9329:Exploration 9207:Solar deity 9154:Heliosheath 9136:Heliosphere 9106:Wolf number 9079:Solar cycle 8943:Photosphere 8796:New Zealand 8729:Switzerland 8704:Netherlands 8586:South Korea 8339:Solar still 8235:Daylighting 8173:Agrivoltaic 8160:Agriculture 7945:New Zealand 7940:Netherlands 7623:Solar power 7507:WikiProject 7327:Agriculture 7256:Solar power 7222:Tidal power 7096:Natural gas 7086:Fossil fuel 7029:Latent heat 6997:Electricity 6538:. Rizzoli. 6126:10251/80704 5586:26 November 5287:20 November 5041:News Update 4759:. June 2023 3668:October 22, 3202:(5): 1823. 2949:solar cells 2482:peak demand 2342:Squad Solar 2335:Squad Solar 2305:solar cells 2293:BAE Systems 2254:Solar Riser 2132:polytunnels 2119:Greenhouses 2086:Agriculture 2079:Greenhouses 2061:and higher 2047:ventilation 1850:electricity 1842:Solar power 1835:Solar power 1822:Antofagasta 1750:solar tower 1726:waste water 1661:Solar still 1631:evaporation 1186:Sub-Saharan 1171:Central and 1120:supply side 1105:tidal power 982:from which 964:latent heat 960:water cycle 791:(including 785:electricity 781:solar power 625:Quadracycle 480:Forecasting 413:Tidal power 396:Small hydro 381:Micro hydro 334:Sustainable 199:Energy Star 54:Solar power 21:Solar power 10572:Categories 10427:Extraction 10386:Wilderness 10347:accounting 10330:Management 10296:ecological 10284:tragedy of 10203:Peak water 10188:Efficiency 10161:Sanitation 10103:Stormwater 10096:harvesting 10072:Irrigation 9974:management 9932:gene banks 9873:management 9851:management 9767:resilience 9733:phosphorus 9689:industrial 9667:Management 9643:soundscape 9549:Geothermal 9281:Solar time 9202:In culture 9159:Heliopause 9111:Solar wind 9042:Prominence 8934:Atmosphere 8919:Tachocline 8281:Solar pond 8255:Solar Tuki 8250:Solar lamp 8245:Light tube 8183:Polytunnel 8178:Greenhouse 7822:By country 7792:Solar sail 7722:Solar cell 7655:Solar pond 7290:Wind power 7212:Hydropower 7163:components 7118:Hydropower 7108:Geothermal 7058:Sound wave 6969:Zero-point 6899:Mechanical 6884:Ionization 6857:Electrical 6752:Negentropy 6633:Energetics 6292:2024-04-21 6267:2024-07-15 6242:2023-05-11 6217:2019-11-11 6187:2021-10-18 6162:2023-08-03 6089:2023-01-25 5988:: 100830. 5840:2022-01-25 5835:Lazard.com 5813:2022-01-25 5718:4 November 5388:5 December 5313:8 February 5178:11 October 5047:5 November 4837:2022-11-10 4813:2023-06-14 4788:2024-09-02 4763:2023-06-14 4738:2023-06-14 4712:2024-06-26 4677:2024-09-02 4652:2024-02-11 3820:. p. 3759:22 October 3733:17 January 3584:6 December 3548:. Stanford 3087:References 2945:fuel cells 2925:See also: 2714:See also: 2619:), Japan ( 2569:See also: 2521:PV systems 2514:terajoules 2422:zinc oxide 2374:Solar fuel 2276:Pathfinder 2136:row covers 1971:dust storm 1933:Much more 1916:wind power 1889:calculator 1820:region of 1800:developer 1649:Coimbatore 1645:Costa Rica 1613:Solar pond 1566:solar gain 1481:18 GW 1404:Nile River 1093:California 1058:(EJ) = 10 1005:3,850,000 956:convection 925:atmosphere 921:insolation 887:insolation 657:Watercraft 635:Velomobile 595:Helicopter 423:Tidal farm 386:Pico hydro 371:Hydropower 154:Eco-cities 48:duplicates 10437:Renewable 10422:Depletion 10409:Conflict 10291:Economics 10269:enclosure 10228:Resources 10208:Pollution 10125:Watershed 10028:pollution 9959:Seed bank 9954:Rangeland 9836:Fisheries 9821:Biosphere 9814:biopiracy 9757:fertility 9633:cityscape 9628:Landscape 9535:peak coal 9522:Resources 9473:Emissions 9164:Bow shock 9071:Variation 9037:Nanoflare 8791:Australia 8699:Lithuania 8188:Row cover 7920:Lithuania 7840:Australia 7740:Heliostat 7401:Australia 7337:Transport 7332:Computing 7300:Wind farm 7227:Wave farm 7101:Petroleum 7081:Bioenergy 7053:Radiation 6992:Capacitor 6914:Potential 6431:7 January 6084:0362-4331 6057:246498822 6049:2398-4902 6010:225132653 6002:2213-1388 5503:1996-1073 5410:19 August 4707:0013-0613 3888:13 August 3793:30 August 3177:2515-396X 3035:Heliostat 2961:batteries 2907:In 2016, 2889:thin film 2870:efficient 2862:hot water 2850:heat pump 2733:thin film 2601:petroleum 2519:Off-grid 2510:Solar Two 2142:Transport 2124:cucumbers 1762:Solar Two 1588:Auroville 1561:Deciduous 1408:cheap oil 1371:In 1897, 1201:Centrally 1138:10 to 1.4 991:exajoules 917:petawatts 850:Potential 840:pollution 838:, reduce 775:from the 600:Hydrofoil 465:Community 239:Heat pump 149:Eco hotel 10463:Category 10396:Resource 10335:adaptive 10233:improved 10193:Conflict 10178:Security 10173:Scarcity 10166:improved 10156:Leaching 10033:recharge 10013:Drinking 9964:Wildlife 9831:Bushmeat 9826:Bushfood 9779:planning 9684:gemstone 9679:Minerals 9660:property 9648:viewshed 9638:seascape 9569:sunlight 9543:peak oil 9539:peak gas 9364:Category 8830:Portals: 8714:Portugal 8649:Bulgaria 8596:Thailand 8576:Pakistan 8472:Overview 8409:Category 8378:See also 8228:Lighting 8202:Building 8081:Adoption 8070:seasonal 8041:and uses 7985:Thailand 7955:Portugal 7950:Pakistan 7580:Concepts 7571:Timeline 7471:Category 7036:Hydrogen 7002:Enthalpy 6904:Negative 6894:Magnetic 6879:Internal 6837:Chemical 6702:Enthalpy 6621:concepts 6483:14 March 6477:Archived 6425:Archived 6135:98460653 5955:Archived 5929:Archived 5885:Archived 5481:Energies 5361:30 April 5335:30 April 5204:29 March 5097:5 August 4871:25 April 4623:19 April 4617:Archived 4530:Archived 4426:14510225 4391:18653962 3818:ABC-CLIO 3695:Archived 3659:Archived 3507:7 August 3502:17043226 3440:13266273 3432:16957705 3228:Archived 3196:Energies 3132:"Energy" 2984:See also 2697:In 2021 2683:— 2486:off-peak 2401:hydrogen 2393:methanol 2316:buoyancy 2220:Adelaide 2128:Tiberius 2113:vintners 2035:Socrates 1893:off-grid 1864:use the 1846:sunlight 1792:Several 1590:, India. 1462:gigawatt 1419:— 1056:Exajoule 968:cyclones 929:spectrum 885:Average 708:Category 630:Tricycle 515:Windpump 510:Windbelt 485:Industry 164:Ecolabel 159:Ecohouse 129:Arcology 10562:Physics 10502:Ecology 10490:Weather 10476:Portals 10264:Commons 10253:Related 10218:Quality 10134:Aspects 10060:glacial 10001:Aquifer 9907:Pasture 9858:Forests 9784:reserve 9559:Nuclear 9529: ( 9485:Trading 9480:Airshed 9180:Eclipse 9173:Related 8994:Spicule 8966:Sunspot 8961:Faculae 8956:Granule 8880:The Sun 8784:Oceania 8765:Jamaica 8739:Ukraine 8719:Romania 8689:Hungary 8679:Germany 8669:Finland 8664:Denmark 8644:Belarus 8639:Belgium 8634:Armenia 8629:Austria 8624:Albania 8571:Myanmar 8551:Georgia 8523:Somalia 8518:Morocco 8513:Algeria 8494:exports 8421:Commons 8290:Cooking 8048:Storage 7995:Ukraine 7970:Somalia 7960:Romania 7935:Myanmar 7930:Morocco 7885:Germany 7880:Georgia 7875:Denmark 7850:Belgium 7845:Austria 7835:Armenia 7830:Albania 7632:Thermal 7587:The Sun 7566:Outline 7483:Commons 7311:Use and 7170:Biomass 7140:Radiant 6987:Battery 6959:Thermal 6954:Surface 6939:Radiant 6909:Phantom 6889:Kinetic 6867:Binding 6847:Elastic 6830:Nuclear 6825:Binding 6712:Entropy 6610:Outline 6600:History 6343:21 June 6317:21 June 6236:AP NEWS 6207:PV Tech 5961:11 June 5935:11 June 5891:11 June 5865:11 June 5669:31 July 5643:31 July 5545:25 June 4991:Bibcode 4953:24 June 4808:PV Tech 4510:p. 375 4489:19 June 4451:14 July 4174:20 July 4165:Bibcode 4038:24 June 4013:9 April 3693:. 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