318:
2431:
2049:°C and account for heat loss through the walls of the reaction vessel to the environment, hence, semi-adiabatic. The reaction vessel is a dewar flask which is immersed in a constant temperature bath. This provides a constant heat leak rate that can be corrected through the software. The heat capacity of the reactants (and the vessel) are measured by introducing a known amount of heat using a heater element (voltage and current) and measuring the temperature change.
39:
401:
136:
2443:
flatter temperature profiles. Thus, the selectivity of not well-defined reactions can be affected. This can lead to the formation of by-products or consecutive products which alter the measured heat of reaction, since other bonds are formed. The amount of by-product or secondary product can be found by calculating the yield of the desired product.
430:
ignited. Energy is released by the combustion and heat flow from this crosses the stainless steel wall, thus raising the temperature of the steel bomb, its contents, and the surrounding water jacket. The temperature change in the water is then accurately measured with a thermometer. This reading, along with a bomb factor (which is dependent on the
2439:
Reaction
Calorimeter an axial temperature profile along the tube reactor can be recorded and the specific heat of reaction can be determined by means of heat balances and segmental dynamic parameters. The system must consist of a tubular reactor, dosing systems, preheaters, temperature sensors and flow meters.
309:
burning. Lavoisier dubbed this apparatus the calorimeter, based on both Greek and Latin roots. One of the first ice calorimeters was used in the winter of 1782 by
Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, which relied on the heat required to melt ice to water to measure the heat released from chemical reactions.
2041:
The measurement of heat using a simple calorimeter, like the coffee cup calorimeter, is an example of constant-pressure calorimetry, since the pressure (atmospheric pressure) remains constant during the process. Constant-pressure calorimetry is used in determining the changes in enthalpy occurring in
434:
of the metal bomb parts), is used to calculate the energy given out by the sample burn. A small correction is made to account for the electrical energy input, the burning fuse, and acid production (by titration of the residual liquid). After the temperature rise has been measured, the excess pressure
2527:
Antoine
Laurent Lavoisier, Elements of Chemistry: In a New Systematic Order; Containing All the Modern Discoveries, 1789: "I acknowledge the name of Calorimeter, which I have given it, as derived partly from Greek and partly from Latin, is in some degree open to criticism; but in matters of science,
2438:
The
Continuous Reaction Calorimeter is especially suitable to obtain thermodynamic information for a scale-up of continuous processes in tubular reactors. This is useful because the released heat can strongly depend on the reaction control, especially for non-selective reactions. With the Continuous
1782:
surrounds the experimental space within the calorimetric block. The radial arrangement of the thermopiles guarantees an almost complete integration of the heat. This is verified by the calculation of the efficiency ratio that indicates that an average value of 94% ± 1% of heat is transmitted through
356:
is initiated within a closed insulated container. Reaction heats are measured and the total heat is obtained by integrating heatflow versus time. This is the standard used in industry to measure heats since industrial processes are engineered to run at constant temperatures. Reaction calorimetry can
308:
In 1761 Joseph Black introduced the idea of latent heat which led to the creation of the first ice calorimeters. In 1780, Antoine
Lavoisier used the heat from the guinea pig's respiration to melt snow surrounding his apparatus, showing that respiratory gas exchange is combustion, similar to a candle
2052:
Adiabatic calorimeters most commonly used in materials science research to study reactions that occur at a constant pressure and volume. They are particularly useful for determining the heat capacity of substances, measuring the enthalpy changes of chemical reactions, and studying the thermodynamic
413:
is used to ignite the fuel; as the fuel is burning, it will heat up the surrounding air, which expands and escapes through a tube that leads the air out of the calorimeter. When the air is escaping through the copper tube it will also heat up the water outside the tube. The change in temperature of
199:
calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber. It is one of the measurement devices used in the study of thermodynamics, chemistry,
429:
in calculations), is submerged under a known volume of water (ca. 2000 ml) before the charge is electrically ignited. The bomb, with the known mass of the sample and oxygen, form a closed system — no gases escape during the reaction. The weighed reactant put inside the steel container is then
2357:
This has a number of advantages. It facilitates the direct measurement of the heat capacity in one measurement, even in (quasi-)isothermal conditions. It permits the simultaneous measurement of heat effects that respond to a changing heating rate (reversing) and that don't respond to the changing
438:
At its core, a bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to contain the sample, oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer, the dewar or insulating container (to prevent heat flow from the calorimeter to the surroundings) and an ignition circuit connected to the bomb. By using
2442:
In traditional heat flow calorimeters, one reactant is added continuously in small amounts, similar to a semi-batch process, in order to obtain a complete conversion of the reaction. In contrast to the tubular reactor, this leads to longer residence times, different substance concentrations and
1626:
in the bomb system can render combustible some compounds that are not normally flammable. Some substances do not combust completely, making the calculations harder as the remaining mass has to be taken into consideration, making the possible error considerably larger and compromising the data.
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If the heat of reaction measured in the HFC (Heat flow calorimetry) and PFR calorimeter differ, most probably some side reactions have occurred. They could for example be caused by different temperatures and residence times. The totally measured Qr is composed of partially overlapped reaction
1426:
365:
The cooling/heating jacket controls either the temperature of the process or the temperature of the jacket. Heat is measured by monitoring the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid and the process fluid. In addition, fill volumes (i.e. wetted area), specific heat, heat transfer
2455:
Calorimeters can be used to measure the efficiency of geothermal energy conversion processes. Through measuring the heat input and output of the process, engineers can determine how effective the plant is at converting geothermal energy into usable electricity or other forms of energy.
1846:
cups, providing insulation from the surroundings, and a lid with two holes, allowing insertion of a thermometer and a stirring rod. The inner cup holds a known amount of a solvent, usually water, that absorbs the heat from the reaction. When the reaction occurs, the outer cup provides
333:
No adiabatic calorimeter is fully adiabatic - some heat will be lost by the sample to the sample holder. A mathematical correction factor, known as the phi-factor, can be used to adjust the calorimetric result to account for these heat losses. The phi-factor is the ratio of the
421:(typically at 30 standard atmospheres (3,000 kPa)) and containing a weighed mass of a sample (typically 1–1.5 g) and a small fixed amount of water (to saturate the internal atmosphere, thus ensuring that all water produced is liquid, and removing the need to include
2385:, it is necessary to deduct about 75–100 °C from the initial start of the observed exotherm to suggest a maximum temperature for the material. A much more accurate data set can be obtained from an adiabatic calorimeter, but such a test may take 2–3 days from
1522:
812:
329:
calorimeter is a calorimeter used to examine a runaway reaction. Since the calorimeter runs in an adiabatic environment, any heat generated by the material sample under test causes the sample to increase in temperature, thus fueling the reaction.
2528:
a slight deviation from strict etymology, for the sake of giving distinctness of idea, is excusable; and I could not derive the name entirely from Greek without approaching too near to the names of known instruments employed for other purposes."
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Calorimeters can also monitor the quality of the steam extracted from the geothermal resource. By analyzing the heat content of the steam, engineers can ensure that the resource meets the required specifications for efficient energy production.
2358:
heating rate (non-reversing). It allows for the optimization of both sensitivity and resolution in a single test by allowing for a slow average heating rate (optimizing resolution) and a fast changing heating rate (optimizing sensitivity).
568:
408:
A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large pressure within the calorimeter as the reaction is being measured.
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When working with compounds that are not as flammable (that might not combust completely) one solution would be to mix the compound with some flammable compounds with a known heat of combustion and make a pallet with the mixture. Once the
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382:
Power compensation uses a heater placed within the vessel to maintain a constant temperature. The energy supplied to this heater can be varied as reactions require and the calorimetry signal is purely derived from this electrical power.
2627:
Bech, N., Jensen, P. A., & Dam-Johansen, K. (2009). Determining the elemental composition of fuels by bomb calorimetry and the inverse correlation of HHV with elemental composition. Biomass & Bioenergy, 33(3), 534-537.
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also be used to determine maximum heat release rate for chemical process engineering and for tracking the global kinetics of reactions. There are four main methods for measuring the heat in reaction calorimeter:
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Constant flux calorimetry (or COFLUX as it is often termed) is derived from heat balance calorimetry and uses specialized control mechanisms to maintain a constant heat flow (or flux) across the vessel wall.
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1216:
1908:
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1078:
1604:
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or electrical calibration, has been developed to overcome all the problems encountered by a calibration done with standard materials. The main advantages of this type of calibration are as follows:
4142:
Bech, Niels; Jensen, Peter Arendt; Dam-Johansen, Kim (2009). "Determining the elemental composition of fuels by bomb calorimetry and the inverse correlation of HHV with elemental composition".
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1122:
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of a substance to heat. However, due to a combination of relatively poor sensitivity, slower than normal scan rates (typically 2–3 °C per min) due to much heavier crucible, and unknown
1787:. The main advantage of the setup is the increase of the experimental vessel's size and consequently the size of the sample, without affecting the accuracy of the calorimetric measurement.
1432:
2089:, both pans sit on a small slab of material with a known (calibrated) heat resistance K. The temperature of the calorimeter is raised linearly with time (scanned), i.e., the heating rate
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the sensor on the full range of temperature of the Calvet-type calorimeter. In this setup, the sensitivity of the calorimeter is not affected by the crucible, the type of purgegas, or the
494:
285:
1231:
g) of benzoic acid, or p-methyl benzoic acid is weighed. A length of nickel fuse wire (~10 cm) is weighed both before and after the combustion process. Mass of fuse wire burned
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is kept constant. This time linearity requires good design and good (computerized) temperature control. Of course, controlled cooling and isothermal experiments are also possible.
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840:
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coefficient have to be determined to arrive at a correct value. It is possible with this type of calorimeter to do reactions at reflux, although it is very less accurate.
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The calibration of the calorimetric detectors is a key parameter and has to be performed very carefully. For Calvet-type calorimeters, a specific calibration, so called
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The use of standard materials for calibration is not necessary. The calibration can be performed at a constant temperature, in the heating mode and in the cooling mode.
1991:
1966:
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2013:
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A small factor contributes to the correction of the total heat of combustion is the fuse wire. Nickel fuse wire is often used and has heat of combustion: 981.2
1421:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{c}=\Delta H_{\ce {c(benzoic\ acid)}}m_{\ce {benzoic\ acid}}+\Delta H_{\ce {c(Ni\ fuse\ wire)}}\Delta m_{\ce {Ni\ fuse\ wire}}}
374:
The cooling/heating jacket controls the temperature of the process. Heat is measured by monitoring the heat gained or lost by the heat transfer fluid.
300:
is the heat capacity of the calorimeter which is a value associated with each individual apparatus in units of energy per temperature (joules/kelvin).
2618:
Bozzelli, J. (2010). Heat of
Combustion via Calorimetry: Detailed Procedures. Chem 339-Physical Chemistry Lab for Chemical Engineers –Lab Manual.
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223:
given off or absorbed during the reaction. Dividing the energy change by how many moles of A were present gives its enthalpy change of reaction.
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874:
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211:
of a substance A in a reaction between two substances A and B, the substances are separately added to a calorimeter and the initial and final
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A DSC may also be used as an initial safety screening tool. In this mode the sample will be housed in a non-reactive crucible (often
317:
4124:
2778:
Reaction
Calorimetry in continuous flow mode. A new approach for the thermal characterization of high energetic and fast reactions
2142:
2045:
Commercial calorimeters operate in a similar way. The semi-adiabatic (isoperibol) calorimeters measure temperature changes up to 10
1172:
1857:
1234:
228:
2708:
Schröder, Elisabeth (2015). "Design and Test of a New Flow
Calorimeter for Online Detection of Geothermal Water Heat Capacity".
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Since there is no heat exchange between the calorimeter and surroundings (Q = 0) (adiabatic), no work is performed (W = 0)
2411:) (N) of a reaction as well as its enthalpy (delta H), entropy (delta S) and of primary concern the binding affinity (Ka)
215:(before the reaction has started and after it has finished) are noted. Multiplying the temperature change by the mass and
103:
2407:
calorimeter, the heat of reaction is used to follow a titration experiment. This permits determination of the midpoint (
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When suddenly heat is absorbed by the sample (e.g., when the sample melts), the signal will respond and exhibit a peak.
75:
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1517:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{c}}=C_{\text{v}}\Delta T\ \rightarrow C_{\text{v}}={\Delta H_{\text{c}} \over \Delta T}}
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122:
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82:
807:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v(calorimeter)}}=m_{\text{water}}C_{\text{v(water)}}+m_{\text{steel}}C_{\text{v(steel)}}}
711:
Before the bomb can be used to determine heat of combustion of any compound, it must be calibrated. The value of
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2518:
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Black, Joseph". Encyclopædia
Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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1554:
value of the bomb is determined, the bomb is ready to use to calculate heat of combustion of any compounds by
60:
20:
1811:
An example of Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 Calorimeter (reaction, isothermal and scanning calorimeter).
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3209:
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Continuous milli‑scale reaction calorimeter for direct scale‑up of flow chemistry
Journal of Flow Chemistry
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capsule or 'pan'—is measured differentially, i.e., by comparing it to the flow into an empty reference pan.
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2422:. The technique is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to characterize potential drug candidates.
56:
2354:(MTDSC) is a type of DSC in which a small oscillation is imposed upon the otherwise linear heating rate.
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Heat flows into the two pans by conduction. The flow of heat into the sample is larger because of its
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of this peak the enthalpy of melting can be determined, and from its onset the melting temperature.
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1004:
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684:
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563:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{total}}=\Delta E_{\text{system}}+\Delta E_{\text{surroundings}}=0}
49:
27:
3321:
3069:
3038:
2212:
216:
1973:
1948:
635:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{system}}=-\Delta E_{\text{surroundings}}=-C_{\text{v}}\Delta T}
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enthalpies (ΔHr) of main and side reactions, depending on their degrees of conversion (U).
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Differential scanning calorimetry is a workhorse technique in many fields, particularly in
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stainless steel for the bomb, the reaction will occur with no volume change observed.
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is the amount of heat according to the change in temperature measured in joules and
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In more recent calorimeter designs, the whole bomb, pressurized with excess pure
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An example is a coffee-cup calorimeter, which is constructed from two nested
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991:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v(steel)}}=0.1{\text{ cal g}}^{-1}{\text{ K}}^{-1}}
426:
335:
160:
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Bozzeli, J. W. "Heat of Combustion via Calorimetry: Detailed Procedures".
19:
This article is about heat measuring devices. For particle detectors, see
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solution. Under these conditions the change in enthalpy equals the heat.
1028:
is determined by running a compound with known heat of combustion value:
927:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v(water)}}=1{\text{ cal g}}^{-1}{\text{ K}}^{-1}}
338:
of the sample and sample holder to the thermal mass of the sample alone.
212:
208:
180:
164:
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of the bomb is known, the heat of combustion of the flammable compound (
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2136:. The heat capacity can in principle be determined from this signal:
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1843:
1832:
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196:
195:. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters,
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The technique is gaining in importance particularly in the field of
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during which the no heat exchange with the surroundings is allowed (
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across the slab. This temperature difference is measured using a
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http://www.chem.hope.edu/~polik/Chem345-2000/bombcalorimetry.htm
3413:
2419:
2418:, because it facilitates determination of substrate binding to
418:
220:
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the water allows for calculating calorie content of the fuel.
4030:
4009:
2365:, or gold-plated steel), and which will be able to withstand
2201:{\displaystyle \Delta T=K{dq \over dt}=KC_{\text{p}}\,\beta }
1770:
sensor. The fluxmeter element consists of a ring of several
1211:{\displaystyle \Delta T=T_{\text{final}}-T_{\text{initial}}}
3584:
2883:
2474:
2362:
1903:{\displaystyle C_{\text{p}}={\frac {W\Delta H}{M\Delta T}}}
1273:{\displaystyle \Delta m=m_{\text{before}}-m_{\text{after}}}
152:
1702:), the heat of combustion of the less flammable compound (
1073:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v}}={H_{\text{c}} \over \Delta T}}
1814:
1599:{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{c}}=C_{\text{v}}\Delta T}
1282:
The combustion of sample (benzoic acid) inside the bomb
2352:
modulated temperature differential scanning calorimeter
2326:{\displaystyle {dq \over dt}=C_{\text{p}}\beta +f(t,T)}
4141:
2631:
2587:
Chem 339-Physical Chemistry Lab for Chemical Engineers
2599:
Polik, W. (1997). Bomb Calorimetery. Retrieved from
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It can be applied to any experimental vessel volume.
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In order to calibrate the bomb, a small amount (~ 1
352:A reaction calorimeter is a calorimeter in which a
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2389:at a rate of 3 °C increment per half hour.
1155:{\displaystyle H_{\text{c}}=6957{\text{ cal/g}}}
1117:{\displaystyle H_{\text{c}}=6318{\text{ cal/g}}}
2538:Buchholz, Andrea C; Schoeller, Dale A. (2004).
1823:, adiabatic calorimeters measure the change in
1609:
321:The Calorimeter of Lavoisier and La Place, 1801
2639:"C80 Calorimeter from Setaram Instrumentation"
1766:The detection is based on a three-dimensional
2800:
489:{\displaystyle \Delta E_{\text{total}}=Q+W=0}
167:. These experiments mark the foundation of
3760:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument
2758:Fact Sheet: Isothermal Battery Calorimeters
2075:into a sample—usually contained in a small
1761:
369:
280:{\displaystyle q=C_{\text{v}}(T_{f}-T_{i})}
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2793:
2774:https://doi.org/10.1007/s41981-021-00204-y
183:, or the process of measuring the heat of
2555:
2194:
1614:The higher pressure and concentration of
312:
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
4125:Instruments used in medical laboratories
3606:
2814:
2780:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00117
2707:
2429:
2215:) is analogous to, and much older than,
2128:induces a small temperature difference Δ
399:
360:
341:
316:
219:of the substances gives a value for the
134:
4144:Biomass & Bioenergy, 33(3), 534-537
3641:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
445:Thus, the total internal energy change
4175:
3689:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
2768:Fluitec Contiplant Continuous Reactors
2693:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2544:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2211:Note that this formula (equivalent to
3966:
3785:
3605:
3265:
2826:
2788:
2377:event can then be used to assess the
1815:Adiabatic and Isoperibol calorimeters
377:
2762:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
2753:National Renewable Energy Laboratory
1943:, Specific heat at constant pressure
395:
143:, used in the winter of 1782–83, by
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
2584:
499:Also, total internal energy change
159:; calculations which were based on
13:
3684:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
2701:
2451:Calorimetry in Geothermal Reactors
2146:
1977:
1952:
1891:
1880:
1807:It is a very accurate calibration.
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2730:10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.06.001
2578:
2069:differential scanning calorimeter
2063:Differential scanning calorimetry
2057:Differential scanning calorimeter
3729:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
3539:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
2399:Isothermal titration calorimetry
2393:Isothermal titration calorimeter
1698:), and the temperature change (Δ
862:{\displaystyle m_{\text{steel}}}
835:{\displaystyle m_{\text{water}}}
386:
37:
4135:
3786:
2749:Isothermal Battery Calorimeters
2434:Continuous reaction calorimeter
2426:Continuous Reaction Calorimeter
1169:) is recorded every minute and
668:{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V=0}
48:needs additional citations for
4164:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.015
2656:
2628:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.015
2621:
2612:
2593:
2531:
2521:
2512:
2500:Calorimeter (particle physics)
2320:
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1821:constant-pressure calorimeters
1798:It is an absolute calibration.
1471:
1387:
1369:
1332:
1320:
274:
248:
21:Calorimeter (particle physics)
1:
3266:
2505:
1774:in series. The corresponding
708:is heat capacity of the bomb
16:Instrument for measuring heat
1936:{\displaystyle C_{\text{p}}}
1653:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v}}}
1610:Combustion of non-flammables
1547:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v}}}
1124:) or p-methyl benzoic acid (
1021:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v}}}
731:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v}}}
701:{\displaystyle C_{\text{v}}}
7:
2827:
2463:
2037:, molecular mass of solvent
1827:of a reaction occurring in
10:
4209:
3967:
2396:
2060:
1711:) can be calculated with:
345:
303:
25:
18:
4122:
4073:
4023:
3990:
3977:
3973:
3962:
3933:
3902:
3884:Time-domain reflectometer
3846:
3798:
3794:
3781:
3737:
3697:
3674:
3651:Liquid chromatograph (LC)
3618:
3614:
3601:
3562:
3519:
3468:
3437:
3374:
3343:
3320:
3304:
3278:
3274:
3261:
3144:
3078:
2990:
2915:
2837:
2833:
2822:
2540:"Is a Calorie a Calorie?"
2213:Newton's law of heat flow
2120:. The difference in flow
2053:properties of materials.
1819:Sometimes referred to as
435:in the bomb is released.
1986:{\displaystyle \Delta T}
1961:{\displaystyle \Delta H}
1762:Calvet-type calorimeters
370:Heat balance calorimeter
217:specific heat capacities
26:Not to be confused with
3719:Melting-point apparatus
3100:Cryogenic storage dewar
1993:, Change in temperature
28:Colorimeter (chemistry)
3656:Mass spectrometer (MS)
3646:Gas chromatograph (GC)
2557:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.899S
2435:
2373:). The presence of an
2327:
2202:
2031:
2009:
1987:
1968:, Enthalpy of solution
1962:
1937:
1904:
1654:
1600:
1548:
1518:
1422:
1274:
1212:
1156:
1118:
1074:
1022:
992:
928:
863:
836:
808:
732:
702:
669:
636:
564:
490:
405:
322:
313:Adiabatic calorimeters
281:
172:
163:'s prior discovery of
4183:Measuring instruments
4031:Acid-resistant gloves
3712:differential scanning
2433:
2369:(typically up to 100
2328:
2203:
2032:
2010:
1988:
1963:
1938:
1905:
1655:
1601:
1549:
1519:
1423:
1275:
1213:
1157:
1119:
1082:Common compounds are
1075:
1023:
993:
929:
864:
837:
809:
733:
703:
670:
637:
565:
491:
403:
361:Heat flow calorimeter
348:Reaction calorimeters
342:Reaction calorimeters
320:
282:
179:is a device used for
138:
4188:Laboratory equipment
3608:Analytical chemistry
3110:Laminar flow cabinet
2816:Laboratory equipment
2495:Reaction calorimeter
2490:Calorimeter constant
2263:
2143:
2021:
1999:
1974:
1949:
1920:
1858:
1837:atmospheric pressure
1780:thermal conductivity
1637:
1561:
1531:
1433:
1289:
1235:
1173:
1128:
1090:
1032:
1005:
939:
875:
846:
819:
745:
738:can be estimated by
715:
685:
648:
575:
506:
452:
229:
155:involved in various
149:Pierre-Simon Laplace
57:improve this article
4156:2009BmBe...33..534B
3980:Personal protective
2889:Meker–Fisher burner
2722:2015Geoth..53..202S
1001:In the laboratory,
151:, to determine the
3823:Function generator
3806:Bench power supply
3745:Analytical balance
3506:Ostwald viscometer
3501:Graduated cylinder
3240:Inoculation needle
2606:2015-10-06 at the
2485:Heat of combustion
2436:
2347:characterization.
2323:
2219:of electric flow:
2198:
2027:
2005:
1983:
1958:
1933:
1900:
1839:remains constant.
1680:) and the masses (
1650:
1596:
1544:
1514:
1418:
1270:
1208:
1152:
1114:
1070:
1018:
988:
924:
859:
832:
804:
728:
698:
665:
632:
560:
486:
406:
378:Power compensation
323:
277:
200:and biochemistry.
185:chemical reactions
173:
139:The world's first
4131:
4130:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4091:Fire extinguisher
4081:Biosafety cabinet
4069:
4068:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3889:Transistor tester
3879:Spectrum analyzer
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3469:Measuring devices
3291:Soxhlet extractor
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3205:Spectrophotometer
3200:Pipeclay triangle
2952:Mortar and pestle
2403:In an isothermal
2383:activation energy
2296:
2284:
2191:
2176:
2030:{\displaystyle M}
2015:, mass of solvent
2008:{\displaystyle W}
1930:
1898:
1868:
1647:
1587:
1574:
1541:
1512:
1500:
1481:
1470:
1459:
1446:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1267:
1254:
1205:
1192:
1150:
1138:
1112:
1100:
1068:
1057:
1042:
1015:
977:
962:
949:
913:
898:
885:
856:
829:
801:
791:
778:
768:
755:
725:
695:
644:(constant volume
623:
607:
588:
551:
535:
519:
465:
411:Electrical energy
396:Bomb calorimeters
354:chemical reaction
245:
145:Antoine Lavoisier
133:
132:
125:
107:
4200:
4168:
4167:
4139:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3869:Network analyzer
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3602:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3245:Inoculation loop
3115:Microtiter plate
3055:Test tube holder
2947:Magnetic stirrer
2835:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2734:
2733:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2669:. Archived from
2668:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2641:. Archived from
2635:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2550:(5): 899S–906S.
2535:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2177:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2048:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1710:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1671:), of the wire (
1670:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1365:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1304:
1303:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1168:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1013:
997:
995:
994:
989:
987:
986:
978:
975:
972:
971:
963:
960:
951:
950:
947:
933:
931:
930:
925:
923:
922:
914:
911:
908:
907:
899:
896:
887:
886:
883:
869:can be measured;
868:
866:
865:
860:
858:
857:
854:
841:
839:
838:
833:
831:
830:
827:
813:
811:
810:
805:
803:
802:
799:
793:
792:
789:
780:
779:
776:
770:
769:
766:
757:
756:
753:
737:
735:
734:
729:
727:
726:
723:
707:
705:
704:
699:
697:
696:
693:
674:
672:
671:
666:
655:
641:
639:
638:
633:
625:
624:
621:
609:
608:
605:
590:
589:
586:
569:
567:
566:
561:
553:
552:
549:
537:
536:
533:
521:
520:
517:
495:
493:
492:
487:
467:
466:
463:
404:Bomb calorimeter
299:
290:
286:
284:
283:
278:
273:
272:
260:
259:
247:
246:
243:
189:physical changes
157:chemical changes
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
106:
65:
41:
33:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4110:
4106:Solvent cabinet
4065:
4036:Eyewash station
4019:
3984:
3982:equipment (PPE)
3981:
3969:
3950:
3929:
3898:
3842:
3833:Pulse generator
3799:Control devices
3790:
3769:
3733:
3699:Thermochemistry
3693:
3670:
3610:
3589:
3558:
3515:
3481:Conical measure
3464:
3433:
3370:
3339:
3316:
3300:
3270:
3249:
3230:Test tube brush
3140:
3125:Picotiter plate
3088:
3074:
3070:Lab drying rack
3029:Extension clamp
3005:
2986:
2925:
2911:
2847:
2829:
2818:
2813:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2706:
2702:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2664:"Archived copy"
2662:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:Wayback Machine
2598:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2568:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2466:
2453:
2428:
2401:
2395:
2293:
2289:
2276:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2188:
2184:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2119:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1887:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1817:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1727:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1400:
1396:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1342:
1338:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1202:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
979:
974:
973:
964:
959:
958:
946:
942:
940:
937:
936:
915:
910:
909:
900:
895:
894:
882:
878:
876:
873:
872:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
826:
822:
820:
817:
816:
798:
794:
788:
784:
775:
771:
765:
761:
752:
748:
746:
743:
742:
722:
718:
716:
713:
712:
692:
688:
686:
683:
682:
651:
649:
646:
645:
620:
616:
604:
600:
585:
581:
576:
573:
572:
548:
544:
532:
528:
516:
512:
507:
504:
503:
462:
458:
453:
450:
449:
398:
389:
380:
372:
363:
350:
344:
315:
306:
298:
292:
288:
268:
264:
255:
251:
242:
238:
230:
227:
226:
169:thermochemistry
141:ice-calorimeter
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4170:
4169:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4101:Safety cabinet
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4061:Safety goggles
4058:
4056:Safety glasses
4053:
4051:Nitrile gloves
4048:
4046:Medical gloves
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3941:Alligator clip
3937:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Soldering iron
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Logic analyzer
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3816:Voltage source
3813:
3811:Current source
3802:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Colony counter
3747:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3389:Vacuum (Dewar)
3386:
3380:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Test tube rack
3057:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3035:Funnel support
3033:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2942:Liquid whistle
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2907:Vacuum dry box
2904:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Heating mantle
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Alcohol burner
2850:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2744:
2743:External links
2741:
2736:
2735:
2700:
2655:
2630:
2620:
2611:
2592:
2577:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2427:
2424:
2397:Main article:
2394:
2391:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2254:
2253:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2117:
2105:
2104:
2061:Main article:
2058:
2055:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2016:
2004:
1994:
1982:
1979:
1969:
1957:
1954:
1944:
1926:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1725:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1643:
1620:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1510:
1507:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1341:
1334:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1066:
1063:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1011:
999:
998:
985:
982:
970:
967:
957:
954:
945:
934:
921:
918:
906:
903:
893:
890:
881:
870:
852:
825:
814:
797:
787:
783:
774:
764:
760:
754:v(calorimeter)
751:
721:
691:
679:
678:
677:
676:
664:
661:
658:
654:
631:
628:
619:
615:
612:
603:
599:
596:
593:
584:
580:
570:
559:
556:
547:
543:
540:
531:
527:
524:
515:
511:
497:
496:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
461:
457:
397:
394:
388:
385:
379:
376:
371:
368:
362:
359:
346:Main article:
343:
340:
314:
311:
305:
302:
296:
276:
271:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
241:
237:
234:
131:
130:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4205:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4121:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4015:Safety shower
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3961:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3925:Wire stripper
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Spiral plater
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:Compositional
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:Balance brush
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:Weighing dish
3136:
3134:Weighing boat
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Burette clamp
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Bunsen burner
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2676:on 2014-07-29
2672:
2665:
2659:
2645:on 2010-05-31
2644:
2640:
2634:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2524:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2409:stoichiometry
2406:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2195:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2112:heat capacity
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2024:
2017:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1970:
1955:
1945:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:thermocouples
1769:
1754:
1748:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1641:
1628:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1508:
1494:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1429:
1397:
1361:
1354:
1339:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1225:
1218:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1165:Temperature (
1163:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1064:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1009:
983:
980:
968:
965:
955:
952:
943:
935:
919:
916:
904:
901:
891:
888:
879:
871:
850:
823:
815:
795:
785:
781:
772:
762:
758:
749:
741:
740:
739:
719:
709:
689:
662:
659:
656:
643:
642:
629:
617:
613:
610:
601:
594:
591:
582:
571:
557:
554:
545:
538:
529:
522:
513:
502:
501:
500:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
459:
448:
447:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
432:heat capacity
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
402:
393:
387:Constant flux
384:
375:
367:
358:
355:
349:
339:
337:
331:
328:
319:
310:
301:
295:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
239:
235:
232:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
198:
194:
193:heat capacity
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
127:
124:
116:
113:November 2017
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
72:"Calorimeter"
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4086:Fire blanket
4024:Eye and hand
4010:Rubber apron
3874:Oscilloscope
3838:Potentiostat
3765:Plate reader
3706:
3661:pH indicator
3631:CHN analyzer
3626:AutoAnalyzer
3419:Round-bottom
3312:Boston round
3175:Filter paper
3130:Refrigerator
3047:Retort stand
3015:Clamp holder
3011:Beaker clamp
2977:Vortex mixer
2972:Stirring rod
2967:Static mixer
2897:Teclu burner
2764:, March 2015
2739:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2678:. Retrieved
2671:the original
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:the original
2633:
2623:
2614:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2569:. Retrieved
2547:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2514:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2416:biochemistry
2413:
2402:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2255:
2248:
2229:
2225:
2210:
2134:thermocouple
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2044:
2040:
1912:
1841:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1792:Joule effect
1789:
1765:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1629:
1613:
1526:
1281:
1226:
1219:
1164:
1084:benzoic acid
1081:
1000:
710:
680:
606:surroundings
550:surroundings
498:
444:
441:
437:
427:vaporization
416:
407:
390:
381:
373:
364:
351:
336:thermal mass
332:
324:
307:
293:
225:
213:temperatures
203:To find the
202:
176:
174:
161:Joseph Black
140:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
4193:Calorimetry
4074:Other items
4000:Face shield
3847:Measurement
3828:Galvanostat
3788:Electronics
3738:Other items
3724:Thermometer
3707:Calorimeter
3636:Colorimeter
3580:Gas syringe
3563:Other items
3491:Eye dropper
3366:Watch glass
3351:Evaporating
3330:Cold finger
3145:Other items
3051:Screw clamp
3043:Pinch clamp
3032:Flask clamp
2982:Wash bottle
2937:Homogenizer
2710:Geothermics
1149: cal/g
1111: cal/g
961: cal g
897: cal g
207:change per
191:as well as
181:calorimetry
177:calorimeter
165:latent heat
4177:Categories
4150:(3): 534.
4005:Respirator
3946:Test probe
3864:Multimeter
3676:Microscopy
3496:Eudiometer
3460:Separatory
3429:Volumetric
3394:Erlenmeyer
3322:Condensers
3286:Dean–Stark
3235:Wire brush
3195:Microscope
3190:Centrifuge
3165:Cork borer
3120:Petri dish
3095:Agar plate
3082:Containers
3065:Wire gauze
2902:Water bath
2864:Desiccator
2716:: 12–202.
2680:2014-07-25
2649:2010-07-12
2571:2007-03-12
2506:References
2375:exothermic
1849:insulation
1835:) and the
1776:thermopile
83:newspapers
4096:Fume hood
4041:Glove box
3894:Voltmeter
3279:Apparatus
3268:Glassware
3157:Autoclave
3152:Aspirator
3105:Incubator
3039:Iron ring
2962:Sonicator
2932:Chemostat
2874:Hot plate
2405:titration
2379:stability
2336:From the
2300:β
2217:Ohm's law
2196:β
2147:Δ
2085:heat flux
2077:aluminium
2073:heat flow
1978:Δ
1953:Δ
1892:Δ
1881:Δ
1844:Styrofoam
1833:adiabatic
1785:flow rate
1768:fluxmeter
1591:Δ
1565:Δ
1506:Δ
1491:Δ
1472:→
1463:Δ
1437:Δ
1394:Δ
1358:Δ
1309:Δ
1293:Δ
1258:−
1239:Δ
1196:−
1177:Δ
1062:Δ
981:−
966:−
917:−
902:−
627:Δ
614:−
598:Δ
595:−
579:Δ
542:Δ
526:Δ
510:Δ
456:Δ
327:adiabatic
262:−
197:titration
3995:Lab coat
3920:Tweezers
3910:Heat gun
3666:pH meter
3575:Bell jar
3455:Dropping
3409:Florence
3399:Fernbach
3361:Syracuse
3220:Scoopula
3170:Crucible
2879:Lab oven
2689:cite web
2604:Archived
2566:15113737
2470:Enthalpy
2464:See also
2367:pressure
2338:integral
1829:solution
1825:enthalpy
1778:of high
948:v(steel)
884:v(water)
800:v(steel)
777:v(water)
423:enthalpy
205:enthalpy
4152:Bibcode
3934:General
3854:Ammeter
3554:Thistle
3511:Pipette
3486:Cuvette
3476:Burette
3445:Büchner
3438:Funnels
3424:Schlenk
3404:Fleaker
3384:Büchner
3305:Bottles
3225:Spatula
3215:Stopper
3185:Forceps
3085:Storage
3002:Holders
2922:Shakers
2893:Striker
2841:Heaters
2828:General
2718:Bibcode
2480:Calorie
2420:enzymes
2387:ambient
2345:polymer
2244:
2232:
2071:(DSC),
1851:. Then
1660:
1633:
1344:benzoic
1324:benzoic
1224:cal/g.
1204:initial
976: K
912: K
304:History
97:scholar
3968:Safety
3570:Beaker
3549:Thiele
3534:Cragie
3529:Drying
3450:Hirsch
3414:Retort
3376:Flasks
3344:Dishes
3335:Liebig
3296:Kipp's
3210:Splint
3020:Tripod
2998:Clamps
2994:Stands
2957:Shaker
2919:Mixers
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