40:
770:
forces. However, most documentation favors the first approach, which emphasizes personalities. Biographers often neglect the voting blocs and legislative positions of politicians and the organizational structures of bureaucracies. A more promising approach is to locate a person's ideas through intellectual history, but this has become more difficult with the philosophical shallowness of political figures in recent times. Political biography can be frustrating and challenging to integrate with other fields of political history.
878:
than static terms. The information can come from "oral history, personal narrative, biography and autobiography" or "diaries, letters, memoranda and other materials". The central aim of biographical research is to produce rich descriptions of persons or "conceptualise structural types of actions", which means to "understand the action logics or how persons and structures are interlinked". This method can be used to understand an individual's life within its social context or understand the cultural phenomena.
516:
2158:
507:'s view that biography was a part of history. Carlyle asserted that the lives of great human beings were essential to understanding society and its institutions. While the historical impulse would remain a strong element in early American biography, American writers carved out a distinct approach. What emerged was a rather didactic form of biography, which sought to shape the individual character of a reader in the process of defining national character.
2056:
2124:
2141:
2107:
2175:
2090:
2073:
367:
718:... of undigested masses of material" and took aim at the four iconic figures. His narrative demolished the myths that had built up around these cherished national heroes, whom he regarded as no better than a "set of mouth bungled hypocrites". The book achieved worldwide fame due to its irreverent and witty style, its concise and factually accurate nature, and its artistic prose.
120:
955:
765:. Nevins also sponsored a series of long political biographies. Later biographers sought to show how political figures balanced power and responsibility. However, many biographers found that their subjects were not as morally pure as they originally thought, and young historians after 1960 tended to be more critical. The exception is
664:
660:. Clearly these psychological ideas were changing the way biographies were written, as a culture of autobiography developed, in which the telling of one's own story became a form of therapy. The conventional concept of heroes and narratives of success disappeared in the obsession with psychological explorations of personality.
558:. Boswell's work was unique in its level of research, which involved archival study, eye-witness accounts and interviews, its robust and attractive narrative, and its honest depiction of all aspects of Johnson's life and character – a formula which serves as the basis of biographical literature to this day.
877:
is defined by Miller as a research method that collects and analyses a person's whole life, or portion of a life, through the in-depth and unstructured interview, or sometimes reinforced by semi-structured interview or personal documents. It is a way of viewing social life in procedural terms, rather
856:
argues that all history is seen through a perspective that is the product of one's contemporary society and as a result, biographical truths are constantly shifting. So, the history biographers write about will not be the way that it happened; it will be the way they remembered it. Debates have also
754:
American professional historiography gives a limited role to biography, preferring instead to emphasize deeper social and cultural influences. Political biographers historically incorporated moralizing judgments into their work, with scholarly biography being an uncommon genre before the mid-1920s.
110:
At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on a particular individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century and reached its contemporary form at the
769:
whose books on Andrew
Jackson idolize its hero and fends off criticisms. The study of decision-making in politics is important for scholarly political biographers, who can take different approaches such as focusing on psychology/personality, bureaucracy/interests, fundamental ideas, or societal
804:
for that was the first instance where a woman told her life story, not as finding "beauty even in pain" and transforming "rage into spiritual acceptance," but acknowledging what had previously been forbidden to women: their pain, their rage, and their "open admission of the desire for power and
840:
CD-ROM and online biographies have also appeared. Unlike books and films, they often do not tell a chronological narrative: instead they are archives of many discrete media elements related to an individual person, including video clips, photographs, and text articles. Biography-Portraits were
864:
Biography
Studies is emerging as an independent discipline, especially in the Netherlands. This Dutch School of biography is moving biography studies away from the less scholarly life writing tradition and towards history by encouraging its practitioners to utilize an approach adapted from
891:
The problems with such conventional biographies are manifold. Biographies usually treat the public as a reflection of the private, with the private realm being assumed to be foundational. This is strange given that biographies are most often written about public people who project a
131:, writing took its first steps toward literature in the context of the private tomb funerary inscriptions. These were commemorative biographical texts recounting the careers of deceased high royal officials. The earliest biographical texts are from the 26th century BC.
344:
were published as compendia of famous
Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards. They contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. The earliest biographical dictionaries initially focused on the lives of the
549:
While
Boswell's personal acquaintance with his subject only began in 1763, when Johnson was 54 years old, Boswell covered the entirety of Johnson's life by means of additional research. Itself an important stage in the development of the modern
581:
culture. However, the number of biographies in print experienced a rapid growth, thanks to an expanding reading public. This revolution in publishing made books available to a larger audience of readers. In addition, affordable
886:
There are many largely unacknowledged pitfalls to writing good biographies, and these largely concern the relation between firstly the individual and the context, and, secondly, the private and public. Paul James writes:
721:
In the 1920s and 1930s, biographical writers sought to capitalize on
Strachey's popularity by imitating his style. This new school featured iconoclasts, scientific analysts, and fictional biographers and included
68:, is a detailed description of a person's life. It involves more than just basic facts like education, work, relationships, and death; it portrays a person's experience of these life events. Unlike a profile or
746:
was accompanied in popular biography by a sort of "celebrity voyeurism", in the early decades of the century. This latter form's appeal to readers was based on curiosity more than morality or patriotism. By
852:
In recent years, debates have arisen as to whether all biographies are fiction, especially when authors are writing about figures from the past. President of
Wolfson College at Oxford University,
825:
produced numerous commercial films based on the lives of famous people. The popularity of these forms of biography have led to the proliferation of TV channels dedicated to biography, including
76:), a biography presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of their life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of the subject's personality.
1553:
Ingram, Allan; Rawson, Claude; Waingrow, Marshall; Boswell, James (1998). "James
Boswell's 'Life of Johnson': An Edition of the Original Manuscript, in Four Volumes. Vol. 1. 1709-1765".
83:, but fiction can also be used to portray a person's life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing. Works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the
1030:
1390:
429:
849:
says that such archives exemplify the database form, allowing users to navigate the materials in many ways. General "life writing" techniques are a subject of scholarly study.
596:
became more popular, as with the rise of education and cheap printing, modern concepts of fame and celebrity began to develop. Autobiographies were written by authors, such as
896:. That is, for such subjects the dominant passages of the presentation of themselves in everyday life are already formed by what might be called a 'self-biofication' process.
648:
theories. "Sociological" biographies conceived of their subjects' actions as the result of the environment, and tended to downplay individuality. The development of
1876:
1978:
363:. And then began the documentation of the lives of many other historical figures (from rulers to scholars) who lived in the medieval Islamic world.
797:, but Fitzgerald her: he had usurped her narrative." Heilbrun named 1973 as the turning point in women's autobiography, with the publication of
1793:
921:
710:
for future generations to read. Up until this point, as
Strachey remarked in the preface, Victorian biographies had been "as familiar as the
1939:
652:
led to a more penetrating and comprehensive understanding of the biographical subject, and induced biographers to give more emphasis to
1398:
227:
culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the early history in Europe were those of the
1870:
933:
2005:
1858:
1816:
1760:
1737:
1685:
1663:
1483:
1423:
640:
were ascendant at the turn of the 20th century and would heavily influence the new century's biographies. The demise of the
1782:
978:
561:
Biographical writing generally stagnated during the 19th century – in many cases there was a reversal to the more familiar
355:
49:
714:
of the undertaker", and wore the same air of "slow, funereal barbarism." Strachey defied the tradition of "two fat volumes
2044:
983:
822:
1543:
761:
479:
2210:
1213:
290:
Jain literary genre of writing semi-historical biographical narratives about the lives of famous persons called
1911:(Working paper 2004/4). Canterbury, England: Social Contexts and Responses to Risk Network, University of Kent.
939:
909:
723:
94:
is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, participation of a subject or a subject's heirs. An
532:
The first modern biography, and a work that exerted considerable influence on the evolution of the genre, was
433:(1550) was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives. Vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the
178:, published about 80 A.D. In this work famous Greeks are paired with famous Romans, for example, the orators
2062:
1832:
789:, as the "beginning of a new period of women's biography, because " in 1970 were we ready to read not that
421:
promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular.
168:("Lives of outstanding generals") in 44 BC. Longer and more extensive biographies were written in Greek by
17:
777:
observed that women's biographies and autobiographies began to change character during the second wave of
751:, cheap hard-cover reprints had become popular. The decades of the 1920s witnessed a biographical "boom."
1849:
Autobiographical
Occasions and Original Acts: Versions of American Identity from Henry Adams to Nate Shaw
2147:
194:; some fifty biographies from the work survive. Another well-known collection of ancient biographies is
2200:
2096:
1958:
1953:
1600:
538:
524:
410:
31:
1638:
2079:
973:
834:
375:
644:
theory of history was indicative of the emerging mindset. Human behavior would be explained through
915:
742:, 1934) stood out among those following Strachey's model of "debunking biographies." The trend in
2130:
1989:
574:
366:
360:
341:
2035:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Holmes, Nigel Hamilton and Amanda Foreman (June 22, 2000).
483:(1724), by Charles Johnson, is the prime source for the biographies of many well-known pirates.
1798:
1209:
1997:
298:
scholars from the 13th century onwards and were written in colloquial
Sanskrit (as opposed to
243:
used this historic period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the
1837:
1467:
874:
830:
774:
703:
492:
383:
By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of
437:
became an early "bestseller". Two other developments are noteworthy: the development of the
1924:
1770:
1632:
695:
691:
397:
260:
2014:
1695:
Meister, Daniel R. (2018). "The biographical turn and the case for historical biography".
817:
biography has become more popular than traditional literary forms. Along with documentary
8:
1929:
1627:
1472:
794:
577:
began to form by the middle of the century, reflecting a breach between high culture and
458:
337:
224:
187:
98:
is written by the person themselves, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or
1984:
1847:
1652:
1584:"Closing Reflections: Confronting Contradictions in Biographies of Nations and Peoples"
1570:
842:
743:
682:
668:
318:
299:
195:
154:
1494:
672:
set the standard for 20th century biographical writing, when it was published in 1918.
2001:
1854:
1827:
1812:
1778:
1756:
1733:
1725:
1712:
1681:
1659:
1608:
1539:
1513:
1479:
1419:
993:
927:
818:
617:
346:
272:
139:
135:
39:
2215:
1993:
1962:
1881:
1704:
1562:
960:
790:
641:
613:
601:
555:
333:
134:
In the 21st century BC, another famous biography was composed in Mesopotamia about
128:
69:
1899:
727:
2205:
1973:
1533:
1044:
998:
988:
677:
597:
228:
161:
2164:
1730:
The A–Z of Social Research: A Dictionary of Key Social Science Research Concepts
1416:
Constructing American Lives: Biography and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America
1145:
663:
1871:"Boswell, James (1740–1795), lawyer, diarist, and biographer of Samuel Johnson"
1443:
968:
826:
649:
543:
504:
487:
466:, was essentially the first dictionary of the biography in Europe, followed by
438:
424:
244:
174:
157:
became subjects of ancient Hebrew biographies whether fictional or historical.
127:
Biography is the earliest literary genre in history. According to Egyptologist
1885:
1535:
A General History of the Robberies & Murders of the most Notorious Pirates
554:
of biography, it has been claimed to be the greatest biography written in the
515:
2194:
1934:
1811:. Understanding Social Research. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
1748:
1716:
1612:
1517:
1113:
905:
Several countries offer an annual prize for writing a biography such as the:
782:
766:
735:
707:
699:
687:
593:
533:
519:
497:
467:
402:
283:
191:
95:
2028:
1966:
1943:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 952–954.
259:. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for
1673:
1647:
1447:
853:
846:
756:
621:
578:
570:
264:
54:
2113:
486:
A notable early collection of biographies of eminent men and women in the
271:). One significant secular example of a biography from this period is the
748:
731:
657:
562:
418:
406:
268:
220:
179:
99:
80:
73:
1777:. Saint-Étienne, France: Publications de l'Université de Saint-Étienne.
448:
Biographies in the English language began appearing during the reign of
1948:
1724:
Miller, Robert L. (2003). "Biographical Method". In Miller, Robert L.;
1708:
1574:
814:
798:
633:
587:
449:
307:
1775:
Mapping the Self: Space, Identity, Discourse in British Auto/Biography
1434:
653:
645:
637:
583:
453:
370:
291:
201:
2181:
1566:
1583:
1451:
778:
586:
editions of popular biographies were published for the first time.
442:
414:
329:
287:
169:
44:
680:
revolutionized the art of biographical writing with his 1918 work
503:
The American biography followed the English model, incorporating
384:
295:
276:
205:
150:
1928:
1391:"James Boswell's 'Life of Johnson': The First Modern Biography"
609:
600:(who incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels) and
392:
388:
350:
248:
240:
232:
209:
183:
145:
From the same region a couple of centuries later, according to
1747:
Nawas, John A. (2006). "Biography and Biographical Works". In
2038:
1680:. Leonardo Book Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1033:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006, vol I, p 3.
686:, consisting of biographies of four leading figures from the
566:
565:
method of eulogizing the dead, similar to the biographies of
551:
256:
213:
146:
84:
1552:
1119:
857:
arisen concerning the importance of space in life-writing.
522:
wrote what many consider to be the first modern biography,
252:
236:
1257:
223:(AD 400 to 1450), there was a decline in awareness of the
119:
395:
began to appear. The most famous of such biographies was
1826:
Roberts, Charles George Douglas, ed. (6 December 1883).
759:
was a major contributor in the 1930s to the multivolume
608:
appeared posthumously, quickly becoming a bestseller in
1601:"Boswell, Johnson, & the Birth of Modern Biography"
1269:
477:
Influential in shaping popular conceptions of pirates,
379:, was one of the earliest English-language biographies.
1755:. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. pp. 110–112.
590:
began publishing a sequence of biographical sketches.
1281:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1365:
1329:
1317:
1125:
950:
405:. The book was an account of the life of the fabled
328:
to 1258), similar traditional Muslim biographies of
1418:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1341:
1065:
1053:
1977:
1869:
1853:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1846:
1651:
1631:
1471:
1305:
1293:
1163:
1146:"James Boswell: The Man who Re-Invented Biography"
1077:
542:, a biography of lexicographer and man-of-letters
204:, written about AD 121 in the time of the emperor
1353:
1232:
1190:
1101:
1089:
2192:
573:times. A distinction between mass biography and
441:in the 15th century and the gradual increase in
208:. Meanwhile, in the eastern imperial periphery,
1753:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1011:
474:(1662), with a distinct focus on public life.
1732:. London: Sage Publications. pp. 15–17.
922:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography
302:). The earliest collection explicitly titled
1880:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1143:
706:. Strachey set out to breathe life into the
1947:
1252:Encyclopedia of American political history
160:One of the earliest Roman biographers was
1436:The Art of Life: Are Biographies Fiction?
510:
353:, with one of these early examples being
332:and other important figures in the early
1867:
1672:
1466:
1275:
1263:
1131:
869:
662:
514:
413:. Following Malory, the new emphasis on
365:
118:
38:
1998:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.41156
1972:
1877:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1825:
1806:
1694:
1531:
1395:University of Mary Washington Libraries
1347:
1323:
1184:
1071:
860:Daniel R. Meister in 2017 argued that:
294:. Prabandhas were written primarily by
114:
14:
2193:
1769:
1723:
1492:
1432:
1413:
1388:
1335:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1172:
1107:
1083:
1042:
934:J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography
841:created in 2001, by the German artist
472:The History of the Worthies of England
1923:
1909:Introduction to Biographical Research
1844:
1791:
1746:
1598:
1581:
1371:
1238:
1196:
1095:
1059:
2045:
1906:
1654:Biography: A Very Short Introduction
1359:
1214:"A String Quartet in Four Movements"
1208:
1144:Brocklehurst, Steven (16 May 2013).
979:Historiography of the United Kingdom
50:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
1836:. Vol. 1, no. 1. p.
1646:
1626:
1499:, ed. Miriam Fuchs and Craig Howes"
1043:Thaker, Jayant Premshankar (1970).
1017:
984:Historiography of the United States
627:
336:began to be written, beginning the
200:("On the Lives of the Caesars") by
24:
1917:
1792:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1918). "
1599:Jones, Malcolm (28 October 2009).
928:Whitbread Prize for Best Biography
881:
43:Third volume of a 1727 edition of
27:Written account of a person's life
25:
2227:
2022:
1049:. Oriental Institute. p. 18.
2173:
2156:
2139:
2122:
2105:
2088:
2071:
2054:
1802:. Vol. 3. pp. 718–719.
953:
762:Dictionary of American Biography
480:A General History of the Pyrates
1868:Turnbull, Gordon (2019-10-10).
1555:The Yearbook of English Studies
1506:Journal of Historical Biography
1244:
1202:
1137:
808:
79:Biographical works are usually
1389:Butler, Paul (19 April 2012).
1036:
1023:
940:Prix Goncourt de la Biographie
910:Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize
900:
166:Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae
13:
1:
1454:. Institute of Arts and Ideas
1381:
356:The Book of The Major Classes
322:
319:Medieval Islamic Civilization
2015:UK public library membership
1900:UK public library membership
7:
1658:. Oxford University Press.
1538:. London: Conway Maritime.
1497:Teaching Life Writing Texts
1031:Ancient Egyptian Literature
946:
10:
2232:
1959:Cambridge University Press
1478:. New York: W. W. Norton.
1254:(Scribner's, 1984) 1:2-4.
805:control over one's life."
539:The Life of Samuel Johnson
525:The Life of Samuel Johnson
411:Knights of the Round Table
111:turn of the 20th century.
105:
32:Biography (disambiguation)
29:
1845:Stone, Albert E. (1982).
1678:The Language of New Media
1532:Johnson, Charles (2002).
1414:Casper, Scott E. (1999).
974:Historiography of science
612:), philosophers, such as
342:biographical dictionaries
164:, who published his work
1493:Hughes, Kathryn (2009).
1004:
916:National Biography Award
462:(1563), better known as
155:He and his 3 descendants
147:another famous biography
140:One of the five versions
1990:Oxford University Press
1954:Principles of Biography
1940:Encyclopædia Britannica
1807:Roberts, Brian (2002).
1639:Encyclopædia Britannica
1433:Derham, Katie (2014) .
1046:Laghuprabandhasaáą…grahah
2211:Non-fiction literature
1907:Zinn, Jens O. (2004).
1799:Encyclopedia Americana
1474:Writing a Woman's Life
898:
802:Journal of a Solitude,
673:
529:
511:Emergence of the genre
496:(1747–1766) edited by
464:Foxe's Book of Martyrs
380:
284:Medieval Western India
212:described the life of
124:
57:
1925:Gosse, Edmund William
1886:10.1093/ref:odnb/2950
1809:Biographical Research
889:
875:Biographical research
870:Biographical research
831:The Biography Channel
773:The feminist scholar
666:
620:– and entertainers –
518:
493:Biographia Britannica
369:
229:Roman Catholic Church
142:could be historical.
122:
42:
1628:Kendall, Paul Murray
1582:James, Paul (2013).
1468:Heilbrun, Carolyn G.
781:activism. She cited
696:Florence Nightingale
430:Lives of the Artists
361:Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi
115:Historical biography
92:authorized biography
87:known as biography.
30:For other uses, see
1588:Humanities Research
1401:on 11 November 2014
1122:, pp. 319–320.
835:The History Channel
546:published in 1791.
459:Actes and Monuments
376:The Book of Martyrs
338:Prophetic biography
273:life of Charlemagne
188:Alexander the Great
1985:Grove Music Online
1709:10.1111/hic3.12436
1266:, pp. 12, 13.
1250:Jack P Green, ed.
1120:Ingram et al. 1998
1029:Miriam Lichtheim,
843:Ralph Ueltzhoeffer
819:biographical films
744:literary biography
683:Eminent Victorians
674:
669:Eminent Victorians
575:literary biography
530:
381:
300:Classical Sanskrit
186:, or the generals
125:
58:
2201:Biography (genre)
2013:(subscription or
2007:978-1-56159-263-0
1930:"Biography"
1898:(Subscription or
1860:978-0-8122-7845-3
1828:"Literary Gossip"
1818:978-0-335-20287-4
1762:978-0-415-96691-7
1739:978-0-7619-7133-7
1687:978-0-262-63255-3
1665:978-0-19-953354-1
1485:978-0-393-02601-6
1425:978-0-8078-4765-7
994:Letter collection
813:In recent years,
724:Gamaliel Bradford
618:John Henry Newman
398:Le Morte d'Arthur
347:prophets of Islam
340:tradition. Early
123:Einhard as scribe
16:(Redirected from
2223:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2168:from Wikiversity
2161:
2160:
2159:
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2057:
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2018:
2011:
1981:
1974:Solomon, Maynard
1969:
1944:
1932:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1864:
1852:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1788:
1784:978-2-86272269-6
1771:Regard, Frédéric
1766:
1743:
1720:
1691:
1669:
1657:
1643:
1635:
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1524:
1503:
1489:
1477:
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1459:
1441:
1429:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:. Archived from
1375:
1369:
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1357:
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1345:
1339:
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1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
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1212:(20 July 2002).
1206:
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1021:
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963:
961:Biography portal
958:
957:
956:
936:– United Kingdom
930:– United Kingdom
845:. Media scholar
775:Carolyn Heilbrun
734:, among others.
717:
692:Cardinal Manning
632:The sciences of
628:Modern biography
614:John Stuart Mill
602:Anthony Trollope
556:English language
351:their companions
334:history of Islam
327:
324:
275:by his courtier
197:De vita Caesarum
129:Miriam Lichtheim
70:curriculum vitae
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2191:
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2140:
2138:
2134:from Wikisource
2128:
2123:
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2106:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:from Wiktionary
2060:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:sister projects
2043:at Knowledge's
2025:
2012:
2008:
1920:
1918:Further reading
1915:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1861:
1819:
1785:
1763:
1740:
1726:Brewer, John D.
1697:History Compass
1688:
1666:
1617:
1615:
1567:10.2307/3508791
1546:
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1016:
1012:
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999:Psychobiography
989:Legal biography
959:
954:
952:
949:
924:– United States
903:
884:
882:Critical issues
872:
811:
785:1970 biography
783:Nancy Milford's
715:
678:Lytton Strachey
676:British critic
630:
598:Charles Dickens
594:Autobiographies
513:
325:
162:Cornelius Nepos
117:
108:
35:
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23:
22:
15:
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11:
5:
2229:
2219:
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2213:
2208:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2170:
2153:
2151:from Wikibooks
2136:
2119:
2117:from Wikiquote
2102:
2085:
2068:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2023:External links
2021:
2020:
2019:
2006:
1970:
1945:
1935:Chisholm, Hugh
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1773:, ed. (2003).
1767:
1761:
1749:Meri, Josef W.
1744:
1738:
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1692:
1686:
1670:
1664:
1644:
1624:
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1579:
1550:
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1490:
1484:
1464:
1444:Stephen Frears
1430:
1424:
1411:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:, p. 124.
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1290:, p. 159.
1280:
1278:, p. 220.
1268:
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1231:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1162:
1136:
1124:
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1076:
1064:
1062:, p. 110.
1052:
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1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
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969:Historiography
965:
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868:
867:
866:
810:
807:
793:had destroyed
704:General Gordon
650:psychoanalysis
629:
626:
616:, churchmen –
563:hagiographical
544:Samuel Johnson
512:
509:
505:Thomas Carlyle
488:United Kingdom
439:printing press
425:Giorgio Vasari
286:, there was a
245:church fathers
175:Parallel Lives
116:
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2185:from Wikidata
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2100:from Wikinews
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1338:, p. 15.
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1276:Manovich 2001
1272:
1265:
1264:Heilbrun 1988
1260:
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1235:
1219:
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1198:
1193:
1187:, p. 13.
1186:
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1147:
1140:
1133:
1132:Turnbull 2019
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661:
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607:
606:Autobiography
603:
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585:
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576:
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527:
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520:James Boswell
517:
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498:William Oldys
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484:
482:
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468:Thomas Fuller
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312:Prabandhavali
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1616:. Retrieved
1607:. New York.
1604:
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1534:
1521:. Retrieved
1509:
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1473:
1456:. Retrieved
1448:Hermione Lee
1435:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1394:
1367:
1362:, p. 3.
1355:
1348:Roberts 2002
1343:
1331:
1326:, p. 2.
1324:Meister 2018
1319:
1307:
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1283:
1271:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:The Guardian
1217:
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1185:Roberts 1883
1180:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1098:, p. ?.
1091:
1086:, p. ?.
1079:
1074:, p. ?.
1072:Johnson 2002
1067:
1055:
1045:
1038:
1025:
1013:
904:
893:
890:
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854:Hermione Lee
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847:Lev Manovich
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799:May Sarton's
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760:
757:Allan Nevins
753:
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64:, or simply
61:
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48:
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18:Biographical
2063:Definitions
2033:In Our Time
2029:"Biography"
1979:"Biography"
1633:"Biography"
1561:: 319–320.
1512:: 159–163.
1495:"Review of
1336:Miller 2003
1312:Regard 2003
1300:Derham 2014
1288:Hughes 2009
1173:Casper 1999
1108:Butler 2012
1084:Casper 1999
918:– Australia
901:Book awards
749:World War I
740:I, Claudius
732:Emil Ludwig
658:adolescence
642:"great man"
588:Periodicals
419:Renaissance
417:during the
407:King Arthur
314:(1234 CE).
269:Hagiography
221:Middle Ages
180:Demosthenes
149:, departed
100:ghostwriter
81:non-fiction
53:printed by
2195:Categories
2114:Quotations
1988:. Oxford:
1967:Q107333538
1957:, London:
1949:Sidney Lee
1902:required.)
1891:2020-05-14
1618:31 January
1523:1 February
1458:1 February
1405:1 February
1382:References
1372:James 2013
1239:Jones 2009
1224:1 February
1210:Levy, Paul
1197:Stone 1982
1155:1 February
1096:Stone 1982
1060:Nawas 2006
815:multimedia
795:Fitzgerald
634:psychology
528:, in 1791.
450:Henry VIII
308:Jinabhadra
304:Prabandha-
292:Prabandhas
261:conversion
2165:Resources
2148:Textbooks
2041:Biography
2017:required)
1794:Biography
1717:1478-0542
1613:0028-9604
1594:(1): 124.
1518:1911-8538
1442:(Video).
1360:Zinn 2004
823:Hollywood
654:childhood
646:Darwinian
638:sociology
584:paperback
454:John Foxe
371:John Foxe
225:classical
202:Suetonius
172:, in his
136:Gilgamesh
62:biography
1976:(2001).
1963:Wikidata
1951:(1911),
1927:(1911).
1833:The Week
1728:(eds.).
1703:(1): 2.
1676:(2001).
1650:(2009).
1605:Newsweek
1470:(1988).
1452:Ray Monk
1220:. London
1150:BBC News
947:See also
942:– France
912:– Canada
779:feminist
571:Medieval
443:literacy
415:humanism
409:and his
330:Muhammad
288:Sanskrit
170:Plutarch
45:Plutarch
2216:History
1937:(ed.).
1751:(ed.).
1575:3508791
1018:Kendall
894:persona
827:A&E
712:cortège
401:by Sir
393:tyrants
389:knights
277:Einhard
249:martyrs
241:priests
233:Hermits
206:Hadrian
151:Abraham
106:History
2206:Genres
2004:
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833:, and
730:, and
716:
702:, and
610:London
567:saints
391:, and
257:saints
255:, and
239:, and
210:Gospel
184:Cicero
74:résumé
2131:Texts
2080:Media
1933:. In
1571:JSTOR
1502:(PDF)
1440:(MP4)
1005:Notes
791:Zelda
787:Zelda
604:(his
552:genre
435:Lives
385:kings
267:(see
253:popes
237:monks
214:Jesus
85:genre
2182:Data
2097:News
2002:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1779:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1713:ISSN
1682:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1620:2016
1609:ISSN
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1480:ISBN
1460:2016
1420:ISBN
1407:2016
1226:2016
1157:2016
656:and
636:and
490:was
349:and
296:Jain
190:and
182:and
1994:doi
1882:doi
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