Epic of Gilgamesh - Knowledge

1713: 1447: 1970:. His entire family went aboard together with his craftsmen and "all the animals of the field". A violent storm then arose which caused the terrified gods to retreat to the heavens. Ishtar lamented the wholesale destruction of humanity, and the other gods wept beside her. The storm lasted six days and nights, after which "all the human beings turned to clay". Utnapishtim weeps when he sees the destruction. His boat lodges on the Mt. Nimush, and he releases a dove, a swallow, and a raven. When the raven fails to return, he opens the ark and frees its inhabitants. Utnapishtim offers a sacrifice to the gods, who smell the sweet savor and gather around. Ishtar vows that just as she will never forget the brilliant necklace that hangs around her neck, she will always remember this time. When Enlil arrives, angry that there are survivors, she condemns him for instigating the flood. Enki also castigates him for sending a disproportionate punishment. Enlil blesses Utnapishtim and his wife, and rewards them with eternal life. This account largely matches the flood story that concludes the 1950: 1942: 1750: 1789: 2003:" and variants), although it has been suggested that it is derived from an unknown version of that story. The contents of this last tablet are inconsistent with previous ones: Enkidu is still alive, despite having died earlier in the epic. Because of this, its lack of integration with the other tablets, and the fact that it is almost a copy of an earlier version, it has been referred to as an 'inorganic appendage' to the epic. Alternatively, it has been suggested that "its purpose, though crudely handled, is to explain to Gilgamesh (and the reader) the various fates of the dead in the Afterlife" and in "an awkward attempt to bring closure", it both connects the Gilgamesh of the epic with the Gilgamesh who is the King of the Netherworld, and is "a dramatic capstone whereby the twelve-tablet epic ends on one and the same theme, that of "seeing" (= understanding, discovery, etc.), with which it began." 1310: 2291:

nakedness, and must leave his former home, unable to return. The presence of a snake who steals a plant of immortality from the hero later in the epic is another point of similarity. However, a major difference between the two stories is that while Enkidu experiences regret regarding his seduction away from nature, this is only temporary: After being confronted by the god Shamash for being ungrateful, Enkidu recants and decides to give the woman who seduced him his final blessing before he dies. This is in contrast to Adam, whose fall from grace is largely portrayed as a punishment for disobeying God and the inevitable consequence of the loss of innocence regarding good and evil.

5340: 2551: 1778: 1281: 153: 1769:. Every few days they camp on a mountain, and perform a dream ritual. Gilgamesh has five terrifying dreams about falling mountains, thunderstorms, wild bulls, and a thunderbird that breathes fire. Despite similarities between his dream figures and earlier descriptions of Humbaba, Enkidu interprets these dreams as good omens, and denies that the frightening images represent the forest guardian. As they approach the cedar mountain, they hear Humbaba bellowing, and have to encourage each other not to be afraid. 2565: 42: 1850:

Bull of Heaven to Uruk, and he causes widespread devastation. Drinking continuously without being satisfied, the Bull lowers the level of the Euphrates river, and dries up the marshes. He opens up huge pits that swallow 300 men. Without any divine assistance, Enkidu and Gilgamesh murder him and offer up his heart to Shamash. When Ishtar cries out, Enkidu hurls one of the hindquarters of the bull at her. The city of Uruk celebrates, but Enkidu has an ominous dream about his future failure.

1902:, who appear to be a married couple. The husband tries to dissuade Gilgamesh from passing, but the wife intervenes, expresses sympathy for Gilgamesh, and (according to the poem's editor Benjamin Foster) allows his passage. He passes under the mountains along the Road of the Sun. In complete darkness he follows the road for 12 "double hours", managing to complete the trip before the Sun catches up with him. He arrives at the Garden of the gods, a paradise full of jewel-laden trees. 1294:...this discovery is evidently destined to excite a lively controversy. For the present the orthodox people are in great delight, and are very much prepossessed by the corroboration which it affords to Biblical history. It is possible, however, as has been pointed out, that the Chaldean inscription, if genuine, may be regarded as a confirmation of the statement that there are various traditions of the deluge apart from the Biblical one, which is perhaps legendary like the rest. 5646: 115: 3630:, p. 98. "'There is a plant that looks like a box-thorn, it has prickles like a dogrose, and will prick one who plucks it. But if you can possess this plant, you'll be again as you were in your youth.' ... Said Gilgamesh to him: 'This plant, Ur-shanabi, is the "Plant of Heartbeat", with it a man can regain his vigour. To Uruk-the-Sheepfold I will take it, to an ancient I will feed some and put the plant to the test!'" 2052:

protests, as he knows Huwawa and is aware of his power. Gilgamesh talks Enkidu into it with some words of encouragement, but Enkidu remains reluctant. They prepare, and call for the elders. The elders also protest, but after Gilgamesh talks to them, they agree to let him go. After Gilgamesh asks his god (Shamash) for protection, and both he and Enkidu equip themselves, they leave with the elders' blessing and counsel.

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he is asleep, so that he cannot deny his failure to keep awake. Gilgamesh, who is seeking to overcome death, cannot even conquer sleep. After instructing Urshanabi, the ferryman, to wash Gilgamesh and clothe him in royal robes, they depart for Uruk. As they are leaving, Utnapishtim's wife asks her husband to offer a parting gift. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh that at the bottom of the sea there lives a

1863:, a "house of dust" and darkness whose inhabitants eat clay, and are clothed in bird feathers, supervised by terrifying beings. For 12 days, Enkidu's condition worsens. Finally, after a lament that he could not meet a heroic death in battle, he dies. In a famous line from the epic, Gilgamesh clings to Enkidu's body and denies that he has died until a maggot drops from the nose of the corpse. 1700:, his first step towards being tamed. After six days and seven nights (or two weeks, according to more recent scholarship) of lovemaking and teaching Enkidu about the ways of civilization, she takes Enkidu to a shepherd's camp to learn how to be civilized. Gilgamesh, meanwhile, has been having dreams about the imminent arrival of a beloved new companion and asks his mother, the goddess 2132:. These probably circulated independently, rather than being in the form of a unified epic. Some of the names of the main characters in these poems differ slightly from later Akkadian names; for example, "Bilgamesh" is written instead of "Gilgamesh", and there are some differences in the underlying stories such as the fact that Enkidu is Gilgamesh's servant in the Sumerian version: 2579: 1859:

removing him from the wild. Shamash reminds Enkidu of how Shamhat fed and clothed him, and introduced him to Gilgamesh. Shamash tells him that Gilgamesh will bestow great honors upon him at his funeral, and will wander into the wild consumed with grief. Enkidu regrets his curses and blesses Shamhat instead. In a second dream, however, he sees himself being taken captive to the

1684:, or "lord's right", to sleep with brides on their wedding night. For the young men (the tablet is damaged at this point) it is conjectured that Gilgamesh exhausts them through games, tests of strength, or perhaps forced labour on building projects. The gods respond to the people's pleas by creating an equal to Gilgamesh who will be able to stop his oppression. This is 1489:) in the later texts. Although several revised versions based on new discoveries have been published, the epic remains incomplete. Analysis of the Old Babylonian text has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the epic. The most recent Akkadian version, also referred to as the Standard Babylonian version, consists of twelve tablets and was edited by 2203:, a poem about Gilgamesh's death, burial and consecration as a semigod, reigning and giving judgement over the dead. After dreaming of how the gods decide his fate after death, Gilgamesh takes counsel, prepares his funeral and offers gifts to the gods. Once deceased, he is buried under the Euphrates, taken off its course and later returned to it. 1872:

from his treasury to ensure that Enkidu has a favourable reception in the realm of the dead. A great banquet is held where the treasures are offered to the gods of the Netherworld. Just before a break in the text there is a suggestion that a river is being dammed, indicating a burial in a river bed, as in the corresponding Sumerian poem,

1987:-like plant that will make him young again. Gilgamesh, by binding stones to his feet so he can walk on the bottom, manages to obtain the plant. Gilgamesh proposes to investigate if the plant has the hypothesized rejuvenation ability by testing it on an old man once he returns to Uruk. When Gilgamesh stops to bathe, it is stolen by a 1890:("the Faraway"), and learn the secret of eternal life. Among the few survivors of the Great Flood, Utnapishtim and his wife are the only humans to have been granted immortality by the gods. Gilgamesh crosses a mountain pass at night and encounters a pride of lions. Before sleeping he prays for protection to the moon god 1808:, the guardian of the Cedar Forest, insults and threatens them. He accuses Enkidu of betrayal, and vows to disembowel Gilgamesh and feed his flesh to the birds. Gilgamesh is afraid, but with some encouraging words from Enkidu the battle commences. The mountains quake with the tumult and the sky turns black. The god 1569:

The 12th tablet is a sequel to the original 11, and was probably appended at a later date. It bears little relation to the well-crafted 11-tablet epic; the lines at the beginning of the first tablet are quoted at the end of the 11th tablet, giving it circularity and finality. Tablet 12 is a near copy

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In the second half of the epic, distress over Enkidu's death causes Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that "Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life

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discovered a piece believed to have contained the first lines of the epic in the storeroom of the British Museum; the fragment, found in 1878 and dated to between 600 BC and 100 BC, had remained unexamined by experts for more than a century since its recovery. The fragment read "He who saw

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and become immortal. This was inspired by myths of Gilgamesh's quest for eternal youth in the face of his mortality; despite the influence, there are two main differences. The first is that Gilgamesh seeks the plant of youth whereas Alexander seeks the water of life. The second is that the motif of

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Tablet II, greatly correlates with tablets I–II of the Standard Babylonian version. Gilgamesh tells his mother Ninsun about two dreams he had. His mother explains that they mean that a new companion will soon arrive at Uruk. In the meanwhile the wild Enkidu and the priestess (here called Shamkatum)

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The main point seems to be that when Enlil granted eternal life it was a unique gift. As if to demonstrate this point, Utnapishtim challenges Gilgamesh to stay awake for six days and seven nights. Gilgamesh falls asleep, and Utnapishtim instructs his wife to bake a loaf of bread on each of the days

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Gilgamesh delivers a lament for Enkidu, in which he calls upon mountains, forests, fields, rivers, wild animals, and all of Uruk to mourn for his friend. Recalling their adventures together, Gilgamesh tears at his hair and clothes in grief. He commissions a funerary statue, and provides grave gifts

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It is also made explicit that Gilgamesh rose to the rank of an "ancient wise man" (antediluvian). Lins Brandão continues, noting how the poem would have been "put on a stele" ("narû"), that at first "narû" could be seen as the genre of the poem, taking into consideration that the reader (or scribe)

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Gilgamesh complains to Enkidu that various of his possessions (the tablet is unclear exactly what – different translations include a drum and a ball) have fallen into the underworld. Enkidu offers to bring them back. Delighted, Gilgamesh tells Enkidu what he must and must not do in

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the ferryman, who will help him cross the sea to Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh, out of spontaneous rage, destroys the stone charms that Urshanabi keeps with him. Gilgamesh tells his story, but when he asks for help, Urshanabi informs him that he has just destroyed the objects that can help them cross the

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who will "outnumber the living" and "devour them", as well as screaming loud enough to be heard by the heavens and earth. Anu states that if he gives her the Bull of Heaven, Uruk will face 7 years of famine. Ishtar provides him with provisions for 7 years in exchange for the bull. Ishtar leads the

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sends 13 winds to bind Humbaba, and he is captured. Humbaba pleads for his life, and Gilgamesh pities him. He offers to make Gilgamesh king of the forest, to cut the trees for him, and to be his slave. Enkidu, however, argues that Gilgamesh should kill Humbaba to establish his reputation forever.

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sometime between 1300 and 1000 BC from earlier texts. One impact that Sin-leqi-unninni brought to the work was to bring the issue of mortality to the foreground, thus making it possible for the character to move from being an "adventurer to a wise man." The Brazilian scholar Lins Brandão saw the

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Shamhat brings Enkidu to the shepherds' camp, where he is introduced to a human diet and becomes the night watchman. Learning from a passing stranger about Gilgamesh's treatment of new brides, Enkidu is incensed and travels to Uruk to intervene at a wedding. When Gilgamesh attempts to visit the

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The parallels between the stories of Enkidu/Shamhat and Adam/Eve have been long recognized by scholars. In both, a human is created from the soil by a god and lives in nature. He is introduced to a female congener who tempts him. In both stories the man accepts food from the woman, covers his

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After defeating Huwawa, Gilgamesh refrains from slaying him, and urges Enkidu to hunt Huwawa's "seven auras". Enkidu convinces him to smite their enemy. After killing Huwawa and the auras, they chop down part of the forest and discover the gods' secret abode. The rest of the tablet is broken.

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Tablet III, partially matches tablets II–III of the Standard Babylonian version. For reasons unknown (the tablet is partially broken) Enkidu is in a sad mood. In order to cheer him up Gilgamesh suggests going to the Pine Forest to cut down trees and kill Humbaba (known here as Huwawa). Enkidu

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In Enkidu's dream, the gods decide that one of the heroes must die because they killed Humbaba and the Bull of Heaven. Despite the protestations of Shamash, Enkidu is marked for death. Enkidu curses the great door he has fashioned for Enlil's temple. He also curses the trapper and Shamhat for

1419:, the tablet was encrusted with dirt and unreadable when it was purchased by a US antiquities dealer in 2003. The tablet was sold by an unnamed antiques dealer in 2007 with a letter falsely stating that it had been inside a box of ancient bronze fragments purchased in a 1981 auction. In 2014, 2112:

about his quest and his journey to meet Utnapishtim (here called Uta-na'ishtim). Siduri attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh in his quest for immortality, urging him to be content with the simple pleasures of life. After one more lacuna, Gilgamesh smashes the "stone ones" and talks to the ferryman

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The Gilgamesh Dream tablet. From Iraq. Middle Babylonian Period, First Sealand Dynasty, 1732–1460 BC. Iraq Museum, Baghdad. This dream tablet recounts a part of the epic of Gilgamesh in which the hero (Gilgamesh) describes his dreams to his mother (the goddess Ninsun), who interprets them as

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have sex. She tames him in company of the shepherds by offering him bread and beer. Enkidu helps the shepherds by guarding the sheep. They travel to Uruk to confront Gilgamesh and stop his abuses. Enkidu and Gilgamesh battle but Gilgamesh breaks off the fight. Enkidu praises Gilgamesh.

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the snake shedding its skin in the Gilgamesh legend is replaced in the Alexander legend by a fish returning to life upon being washed in the fountain. The reasons for these differences was due to the Christianizing force involved in the adaptation of the Gilgamesh legends.

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willing to condemn humanity to death, with the exception of Ea. Such an interpretation is an unhelpful contemporary take on Mesopotamia's polytheistic religion (and on polytheistic systems more generally), in which the gods may be helpful or harmful in diverse situations.

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Considering how the text would be viewed from the standpoint of its time is tricky, as George Smith acknowledges that there is no "Sumerian or Akkadian word for myth or heroic narrative, just as there is no ancient recognition of poetic narrative as a genre."

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episode (Standard Babylonian version tablets II–V). Gilgamesh and Enkidu travel with other men to the Forest of Cedar. There, trapped by Huwawa, Gilgamesh tricks him (with Enkidu's assistance in one of the versions) into giving up his auras, thus losing his

2468:. It is a work of adventure, but is no less a meditation on some fundamental issues of human existence." Martin West, in "The East face of Helicon", speculates that the memory of Gilgamesh would have reached the Greeks through a lost poem about Heracles. 2168:

has no corresponding episode in the epic, but the themes of whether to show mercy to captives, and counsel from the city elders, also occur in the Standard Babylonian version of the Humbaba story. In the poem, Uruk faces a siege from a Kish army led by

2120:, and it has been suggested that a "prior form of the story – earlier even than that preserved on the Old Babylonian fragment – may well have ended with Siduri sending Gilgamesh back to Uruk..." and "Utnapistim was not originally part of the tale." 1991:, who sheds its skin as it departs. Gilgamesh weeps at the futility of his efforts, because he has now lost all chance of immortality. He returns to Uruk, where the sight of its massive walls prompts him to praise this enduring work to Urshanabi. 2107:

Partially overlapping the Standard Babylonian version tablets IX–X. Gilgamesh mourns the death of Enkidu wandering in his quest for immortality. Gilgamesh argues with Shamash about the futility of his quest. After a lacuna, Gilgamesh talks to

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episode (Standard Babylonian version tablet VI) in the Akkadian version. The Bull's voracious appetite causes drought and hardship in the land while Gilgamesh feasts. Lugalgabagal convinces him to face the Bull and attacks him alongside

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Humbaba curses them both and Gilgamesh dispatches him with a blow to the neck, as well as killing his seven sons. The two heroes cut down many cedars, including a gigantic tree that Enkidu plans to fashion into a gate for the temple of

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wedding chamber, Enkidu blocks his way, and they fight. After a fierce battle, Enkidu acknowledges Gilgamesh's superior strength and they become friends. Gilgamesh proposes a journey to the Cedar Forest to slay the monstrous demi-god

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suggested, though with little supporting evidence, that the prologue of "He who Saw the Abyss" recalls the inspiration of the Greek Muses, even though there is no assistance from the Sumerian gods here. In more popular treatments,

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poles. When they reach the island where Utnapishtim lives, Gilgamesh recounts his story, asking him for his help. Utnapishtim reprimands him, declaring that fighting the common fate of humans is futile and diminishes life's joys.

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to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull of Heaven, insulting Ishtar in the process, after which the gods decide to sentence Enkidu to death and kill him by giving him a fatal illness.

1552:, the fountain of wisdom. Gilgamesh was given knowledge of how to worship the gods, why death was ordained for human beings, what makes a good king, and how to live a good life. The story of Utnapishtim, the hero of the 2334:

stated: "The most likely assumption we can make is that both Genesis and Gilgamesh drew their material from a common tradition about the flood that existed in Mesopotamia. These stories then diverged in the retelling."

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of an earlier Sumerian tale, a prequel, in which Gilgamesh sends Enkidu to retrieve some objects of his from the Underworld, and he returns in the form of a spirit to relate the nature of the Underworld to Gilgamesh.

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do not reply, but Enki and Shamash decide to help. Shamash makes a crack in the earth, and Enkidu's ghost jumps out of it. The tablet ends with Gilgamesh questioning Enkidu about what he has seen in the underworld.

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Urshanabi (here called Sur-sunabu). After a short discussion, Sur-sunabu asks him to carve 300 oars so that they may cross the waters of death without needing the "stone ones". The rest of the tablet is missing.

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Gilgamesh observes that Utnapishtim seems no different from himself, and asks him how he obtained his immortality. Utnapishtim explains that the gods decided to send a great flood. To save Utnapishtim the god

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When it was discovered in the 19th century, the story of Gilgamesh was classified as a Greek epic, a genre known in Europe, even though it predates the Greek culture that spawned epics, specifically, when

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flood tale "point by point and in the same order", even when the story permits other alternatives. In a 2001 Torah commentary released on behalf of the Conservative Movement of Judaism, rabbinic scholar

2185:, is the source for the Akkadian translation included as tablet XII in the Standard Babylonian version, telling of Enkidu's journey to the Netherworld. It is also the main source of information for the 1917:, who assumes that he is a murderer or thief because of his disheveled appearance. Gilgamesh tells her about the purpose of his journey. She attempts to dissuade him from his quest, but sends him to 1232:, he travels to Uruk, where he challenges Gilgamesh to a test of strength. Gilgamesh wins the contest; nonetheless, the two become friends. Together, they make a six-day journey to the legendary 1573:

In terms of form, the poetic conventions followed in the Standard Babylonian version appear to be inconsistent and are still controversial among scholars. There is, however, extensive use of

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Fragments from two different versions/tablets tell how Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh's dreams on the way to the Forest of Cedar, and their conversation when entering the forest.

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claims that George's is the most significant critical work on Gilgamesh in the last 70 years. George discusses the state of the surviving material, and provides a tablet-by-tablet

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the underworld if he is to return. Enkidu does everything which he was told not to do. The underworld keeps him. Gilgamesh prays to the gods to give him back his friend. Enlil and

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matches that in Gilgamesh so closely that "few doubt" that it derives from a Mesopotamian account. What is particularly noticeable is the way the Genesis flood story follows the

1894:. Then, waking from an encouraging dream, he murders the lions and uses their skins for clothing. After a long and perilous journey, Gilgamesh arrives at the twin peaks of Mount 1712: 1688:, who is covered in hair and lives in the wild. He is spotted by a trapper, whose livelihood is being ruined because Enkidu is uprooting his traps. The trapper tells the sun-god 3708: 3669: 1533:

standard version can be seen in this sense as "sapiential literature," ("wisdom literature"), which is common in the Middle East, but this idea has not been widely accepted.

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The text on the Old Babylonian Meissner fragment (the larger surviving fragment of the Sippar tablet) has been used to reconstruct possible earlier forms of the

1540:, from the older version. The older version begins with the words "Surpassing all other kings", while the Standard Babylonian version has "He who saw the deep" ( 1508:

poems about Gilgamesh have been partially recovered, some with primitive versions of specific episodes in the Babylonian version, others with unrelated stories.

5476: 4744:: (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English. (Translation for scholars and general readership) 1949: 4534: 4592: 1941: 4586: 3803:

Abusch, T. Gilgamesh's Request and Siduri's Denial. Part I: The Meaning of the Dialogue and Its Implications for the History of the Epic. |11.05 MB

1612:" and by recognizing the genre as that of Greek heroic poetry. Although the relationship to Nimrod was dropped, the view of "Greek epic" was retained. 1256:

The epic is regarded as a foundational work in religion and the tradition of heroic sagas, with Gilgamesh forming the prototype for later heroes like

1170:. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the "Old Babylonian" version, dates back to the 18th century BC and is titled after its 1886:

Tablet nine opens with Gilgamesh roaming the wild wearing skins, grieving for Enkidu. Having now become fearful of his own death, he decides to seek

1228:, a wild man created by the gods to stop Gilgamesh from oppressing the people of Uruk. After Enkidu becomes civilized through sexual initiation with 3248:

Abusch, T. (1993). "Gilgamesh's Request and Siduri's Denial. Part I: The Meaning of the Dialogue and Its Implications for the History of the Epic".

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software have vastly accelerated the process of uncovering new fragments of the epic dispersed, and often unread, in museums around the world.

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poems are now generally considered to be distinct stories, rather than parts of a single epic. Some of these may date back to as early as the

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The elders give Gilgamesh advice for his journey. Gilgamesh visits his mother, Ninsun, who seeks the support and protection of the sun-god

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supplied a controversial version that takes many liberties with the text and includes modernized allusions and commentary relating to the

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An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts . Cambridge Library Collection – Archaeology.

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A rare proverb about the strength of a triple-stranded rope, "a triple-stranded rope is not easily broken", is common to both books.

1210:). Approximately two-thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the 5601: 2593: 1496:

From the diverse sources found, two main versions of the epic have been partially reconstructed: the Standard Babylonian version, or

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for their adventure. Ninsun adopts Enkidu as her son, and Gilgamesh leaves instructions for the governance of Uruk in his absence.

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all, who was the foundation of the land, who knew (everything), was wise in all matters: Gilgamesh." The discovery of artifacts (

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in 1853. "Standard Babylonian" refers to a literary style that was used for literary purposes. This version was compiled by

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This tablet is mainly an Akkadian translation of an earlier Sumerian poem, "Gilgamesh and the Netherworld" (also known as "

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Waters of Death, which are deadly to the touch. Urshanabi instructs Gilgamesh to cut down 120 trees and fashion them into

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Before Philosophy: The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man, an essay on speculative thought in the ancient near East

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in order to gain fame and renown. Despite warnings from Enkidu and the council of elders, Gilgamesh is not deterred.

2922: 1837:. Ishtar becomes angry and denies Gilgamesh entry into E-Ana, interfering with his business. Ishtar asks her father 4729: 4628: 2091:

The auras are not referred to in the Standard Babylonian version, but are in one of the Sumerian poems as "sons".

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The first direct Arabic translation from the original tablets was published in the 1960s by Iraqi archaeologist

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Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.: Revised Edition

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In the early 2000s, the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet was imported illegally into the United States. According to the

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Abusch, Tzvi (December 2001). "The Development and Meaning of the Epic of Gilgamesh: An Interpretive Essay".

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version are important sources for modern translations, with the earlier texts mainly used to fill in gaps (

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In 2019, the Gilgamesh Dream Tablet was seized by US officials and was returned to Iraq in September 2021.

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Zikir Šumim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. Kraus on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday

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Numerous scholars have drawn attention to various themes, episodes, and verses, indicating that the

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The second dream of Gilgamesh on the journey to the Forest of Cedar. Epic of Gilgamesh tablet from

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at the end of the earth. He comes across a tunnel, which no man has ever entered, guarded by two

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First published in 1970 by Houghton Mifflin; Mentor Books paperback published 1972. (Outdated)

4456:. Translated by Andrew R. George (reprinted ed.). London, England: Penguin Books. 2003 . 3567: 1356:, and in 1875 and 1876 he published fuller translations, the latter of which was published as 5621: 4997: 4658: 4528: 4434:

Tetsuo, O. T. A. (2005). On Princess Mononoke. The Review of international studies, 17, 7-21.

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In the journey to the cedar forest and Huwawa, Enkidu interprets one of Gilgamesh's dreams.

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An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts.

2428:

mentions the Sumerian hero Gilgamesh and the monster Humbaba with the Watchers and giants.

2025: 1936: 1796:. It dates back to the old Babylonian period, 2003–1595 BC, and is currently housed in the 1486: 1379: 799: 8: 5707: 5692: 5580: 5339: 4934:

The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 Vols

4846:

The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 Vols

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The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduction, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 Vols

4405: 4372: 2621: 1988: 1797: 1717: 1697: 1460: 1424: 1333: 1156: 1064: 968: 191: 4927:

The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian

4839:

The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian

4708:

The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian

4452:

The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian

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Possibly another version of the contents of the Yale Tablet, practically irrecoverable.

5747: 5370: 5284: 4852: 4578: 4354: 4303: 4209: 4201: 4157: 3953: 3571: 3563: 3176: 2858: 2611: 2416: 1874: 1383: 1321: 1300: 1166:). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in 218: 47: 2347:

are the respective heroes of the Sumerian, Akkadian and biblical flood legends of the

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translated the text, he insisted on the relationship to Genesis by giving the title "

1482: 1167: 1148: 779: 196: 89: 55: 4717:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Translation for scholars and general readership) 4500: 3112: 1777: 4789: 4599: 4568: 4512: 4484:. Translated by Benjamin R. Foster. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. 2001. 4295: 4193: 3559: 3555: 3083:"Justice Department seizes rare, ancient tablet illegally auctioned to Hobby Lobby" 2725: 2584: 2487: 2379: 2318: 2220: 1659: 1529: 1428: 1393: 1188:

dates to somewhere between the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit

1100: 824: 774: 2028:. They are named after their current location or the place where they were found. 1641:

interpret the Epic of Gilgamesh's flood myth as having a pantheon of gods who are

1280: 4941: 4662: 4622: 4479: 4450: 4066: 3972: 2693: 2550: 2395: 1962:

told him to build a boat. He gave him precise dimensions, and it was sealed with

1911: 1891: 1605: 1456: 1362:. The central character of Gilgamesh was initially reintroduced to the world as " 879: 764: 447: 319: 4802:: re-print of the Penguin Classic translation (in prose) by N. K. Sandars 1960 ( 3912: 3872:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 30–41. 3144:"Ancient Gilgamesh tablet taken from Iraq and bought by Hobby Lobby is returned" 2219:

The definitive modern translation into English is a two-volume critical work by

2190: 5532: 5315: 5055: 3465: 2522: 2403: 2364: 2360: 2271: 2249:

In 2021, a translation by Sophus Helle was published by Yale University Press.

2228: 2155: 1842: 1834: 1634: 1517: 1493:, who is thought to have lived sometime between 1300 BC and 1000 BC. 1345: 1337: 1245: 522: 517: 2729: 41: 5666: 5631: 5047:

critical edition and translation of the text (electronic Babylonian Library).

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Jarman, Mark (1 January 2005). "When the Light Came on: The Epic Gilgamesh".

2827: 2786: 2737: 2686: 2616: 2421: 2186: 2080: 1963: 1265: 1215: 4564: 4516: 3805:

The Tablet and the Scroll; Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo

3250:

The Tablet and the Scroll; Near Eastern Studies in Honor of William W. Hallo

5550: 5325: 5203: 4721: 4184:

Hamori, Esther J. (Winter 2011). "Echoes of Gilgamesh in the Jacob Story".

3755:

van Driel, G.; Krispijn, Th. J. H.; Stol, M.; Veenhof, K. R., eds. (1982).

3473: 3264: 2879: 2532: 2518: 2304: 2275: 2263: 2144: 1899: 1766: 1758: 1409: 1405: 1233: 1224:

The first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh (who was king of Uruk) and

1218: 632: 369: 794: 5223: 5198: 4228:"Old Testament Pseudepigrapha – Just another WordPress @ St Andrews site" 3174:

Piecing Together an Ancient Epic Was Slow Work. Until A.I. Got Involved,'

2556: 2510: 2509:

has inspired many works of literature, art, and music. It was only after

2340: 2170: 2164: 2099:

Partially overlapping the felling of the trees from the Ishchali tablet.

1923: 1887: 1642: 1638: 1590: 1545: 1420: 1390: 1314: 1181: 1140: 1136: 502: 452: 384: 379: 99: 79: 4965:

The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh

4751:. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Translation for general readership) 4358: 4334: 4255:

The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth

4205: 3957: 3265:"Shattered tablets and tangled threads: Editing Gilgamesh, then and now" 2914: 2880:"Shattered tablets and tangled threads: Editing Gilgamesh, then and now" 2454:

The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth

1945:

Tablet XI (or the Flood Tablet) of the Epic of Gilgamesh. British Museum

2441: 2213: 1974: 1860: 1558: 1553: 1371: 1184:

of it have survived. The later Standard Babylonian version compiled by

865: 858: 715: 700: 642: 557: 477: 462: 364: 359: 122: 5044: 4307: 4107:

Rendsburg, Gary (2007). "The Biblical flood story in the light of the

3899:

Taha Baqir published the first Arabic translation of Gilgamesh in 1962

2128:

There are five extant Gilgamesh stories in the form of older poems in

1451:

announcing the arrival of a new friend, who will become his companion.

1151:

poems about Gilgamesh (formerly read as Sumerian "Bilgames"), king of

5299: 5218: 5193: 5105: 4197: 2818:

Frankfort, Henri (1974) . "Chapter VII: Mesopotamia: The Good Life".

2406:

is paralleled with the wrestling match between Gilgamesh and Enkidu.

1918: 1818: 1671: 1653: 1650:

would have to pass the text on, without omitting or adding anything.

1597: 1455:

Distinct sources exist from over a 2000-year timeframe. The earliest

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to avenge her. When Anu rejects her complaints, Ishtar threatens to

1577:

across sets of two or three adjacent lines, much like in the Hebrew

1352:

to study these; in 1872, Smith read translated fragments before the

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He who saw everything: a verse translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh

2805:

The Alternative Tradition: A Study of Unbelief in the Ancient World

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can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E,

5019:

The Gilgamesh Epic: A Psychological Study of a Modern Ancient Hero

4604:

Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others

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Many characters in the Epic have biblical parallels, most notably

784: 5320: 5274: 5213: 4820: 2641:

In 2008, manuscripts from the median Babylonian version found in

2464: 1967: 1809: 1805: 1754: 1738: 1726: 1693: 1689: 1537: 1525: 1329: 1237: 1229: 1171: 1041: 804: 749: 725: 705: 657: 587: 552: 507: 467: 422: 399: 354: 349: 5060: 4501:"Como se faz um herói: as linhas de força do poema de Gilgámesh" 1536:

The Standard Babylonian version has different opening words, or

769: 5511: 5294: 5289: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5208: 2642: 2425: 2300: 2109: 1914: 1846: 1830: 1701: 1685: 1617: 1578: 1382:

updated both of their work in 1930. Over the next two decades,

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about the man, and it is arranged for Enkidu to be seduced by

5616: 5254: 4993:

The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion

4936:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Translation for scholars) 4929:. London: Penguin Press. (Translation for general readership) 4848:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Translation for scholars) 4841:. London: Penguin Press. (Translation for general readership) 4710:. London: Penguin Press. (Translation for general readership) 3495: 3493: 3113:"Gilgamesh tablet: US authorities take ownership of artefact" 2957: 2955: 2767:

Epic of Gilgamesh Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism

2458: 2445: 2375: 1895: 1814: 1601: 1505: 1268:. It has been translated into many languages and is featured 809: 680: 627: 512: 492: 482: 472: 442: 374: 344: 292: 264: 250: 5106:

An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic by Anonymous

3754: 3386: 2798: 2796: 2645:, written before the Standard version, already started with 5611: 5239: 4378:

Gilgamesh Among Us: Modern Encounters With the Ancient Epic

3347: 2391: 2383: 2344: 2008: 1959: 1675: 1549: 1152: 1124: 1118: 956: 754: 744: 662: 537: 297: 241: 5403:

The Sorceress: The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel

4314: 3904: 3517: 3505: 3490: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3335: 2952: 1127: 5278: 3810: 3773: 3376: 3374: 3313: 3311: 3309: 2793: 2744: 2387: 1838: 1313:

Enkidu, Gilgamesh's friend. From Ur, Iraq, 2027–1763 BC.

1115: 1109: 1106: 324: 287: 5114:, edited by Morris Jastrow, translated by Albert T. Clay 1821:

with the giant tree and (possibly) the head of Humbaba.

3296: 3294: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3028: 2942: 2940: 2670: 2668: 2666: 5477:

The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom

4089: 3785: 3371: 3323: 3306: 1481:

narrative. The older Old Babylonian tablets and later

1344:

in the early 1850s. Late in the following decade, the

3609: 3231: 3229: 3227: 2262:

Various themes, plot elements, and characters in the

1792:

Reverse side of the newly discovered tablet V of the

1370:

in his name could be pronounced accurately. In 1891,

4115:, eds Azize, J & Weeks, N. Peters, p. 117. 3633: 3621: 3291: 3182: 2937: 2663: 2546: 1833:

because of her mistreatment of previous lovers like

1374:

collected the cuneiform text, and nine years later,

1112: 2020:This version of the epic, called in some fragments 1121: 1103: 4962: 4449: 4159:The meaning of Helen: in search of an ancient icon 4156: 3597: 3224: 3081:Clark, Dartunorro; Williams, Pete (27 July 2021). 2764: 1654:Content of the Standard Babylonian version tablets 1516:The Standard Babylonian version was discovered by 1477:) are the earliest surviving tablets for a single 1423:privately purchased the tablet for display at the 1264:) and the epic itself serving as an influence for 5061:The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature 4533:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3269:Aramazd. Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2884:Aramazd. Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2235:, with a dual language side-by-side translation. 5664: 5050:Translations of the legends of Gilgamesh in the 4749:Gilgamesh: A New Translation of the Ancient Epic 3895:Gilgamesh: A New Translation of the Ancient Epic 2807:. The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton Publishers. 2521:that it was featured in a variety of genres.The 2354: 1716:Fragment of Tablet II of the Epic of Gilgamesh, 2517:epic reached a modern audience, and only after 2270: – notably, the accounts of the 4881:. Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. 4163:. United States: Bolchazy-Carducci Pubs (IL). 2094: 1829:Gilgamesh rejects the advances of the goddess 1817:. They build a raft and return home along the 1556:, can also be found in the Babylonian epic of 1511: 5153: 4762:Jastrow, Morris; Clay, Albert Tobias (2016). 4257:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 334–402. 3734:. University of Stanford Press. p. 117. 3697:. University of Virginia Press. p. 306. 3690: 3658:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 136. 3538: 3080: 2845:. Random Century Group Ltd. pp. viii–ix. 2299:Several scholars suggest direct borrowing of 1240:, and cut down the sacred Cedar. The goddess 1072: 932: 4550: 4320: 4148: 4064: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3341: 3049: 2961: 2750: 2699:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 2257: 2227:in 2003. A book review by Cambridge scholar 1625: 1616:, in 1966, in the preface to his edition of 4861:. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 4858:Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse 4400: 4398: 4049: 2440:had a substantial influence on both of the 2294: 1236:, where they ultimately slay its Guardian, 1195: 1180:("Surpassing All Other Kings"). Only a few 5160: 5146: 4726:The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh 4404: 4371: 3691:Patton, Laurie L.; Doniger, Wendy (1996). 3534: 3532: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2266:have been suggested to correlate with the 2015: 1079: 1065: 939: 925: 40: 4572: 3539:Al-Rawi, F. N. H.; George, A. R. (2014). 3464: 3045: 3043: 2817: 2594:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology 2414:Gilgamesh is mentioned in one version of 1284:Ancient Assyrian statue currently in the 4986: 4960: 4395: 4288:Journal of the American Oriental Society 4037:Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus 3970: 3215: 2762: 2055: 1948: 1940: 1787: 1776: 1748: 1711: 1562:. The Standard version is also known as 1445: 1308: 1279: 4876: 4815:Alilot Gilgamesh (Tales of Gilgamesh). 4728:. Mikko Luuko and Kalle Fabritius. The 4720: 4657: 4498: 4154: 4034: 3913:"Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.04.21" 3791: 3529: 3380: 3353: 3329: 3317: 3220:. The British Museum Press. p. 70. 2975:"First lines of oldest epic poem found" 2866: 2802: 2674: 2462:with the wanderings and marvels of the 2063: 5665: 5090:Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world 5015: 4810:) without the introduction. (Outdated) 4788:The Epic of Gilgamesh. Penguin Epics, 4598: 4589:from the original on 17 December 2021. 4553:"A "Epopeia Gilgamesh" é uma epopeia?" 4478: 4448: 4285: 4183: 4139: 4124: 4095: 3941: 3897:. Yale University Press. p. 144. 3867: 3816: 3779: 3729: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3392: 3300: 3262: 3247: 3235: 3203: 3191: 3141: 3040: 3034: 2946: 2877: 2840: 2714:"Reading Sumerian Names, II: Gilgameš" 2486:, Alexander is on a quest to find the 2424:. The Book of Giants version found at 2400:Echoes of Gilgamesh in the Jacob Story 2182:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld 2173:, whom Gilgamesh defeats and forgives. 2071: 2031: 2001:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld 1953:George Smith transliterated Tablet XI. 5167: 5141: 4896: 4851: 4620: 4332: 3892: 3651: 3585:from the original on 17 November 2021 3472:(First American ed.). New York: 3470:A History of the World in 100 Objects 3365: 3154:from the original on 23 December 2021 3093:from the original on 23 December 2021 2985:from the original on 30 December 2019 2912: 2711: 2494: 2431: 2137:The lord to the Living One's Mountain 1500:, and the Old Babylonian version, or 1155:, some of which may date back to the 5683:Fiction set in the 3rd millennium BC 4939: 4252: 4142:The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar.. 4077:from the original on 4 February 2021 3910: 3828: 3279:from the original on 8 December 2019 3123:from the original on 2 November 2021 3062:from the original on 25 January 2022 2915:"The Chaldean Account of the Deluge" 2894:from the original on 8 December 2019 2471: 2177:In those days, in those far-off days 1765:Gilgamesh and Enkidu journey to the 4624:The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic 4416:from the original on 2 October 2016 3807:, 1–14. Retrieved 9 September 2013. 2771:. Vol. 74. Detroit, MI: Gale. 2448:. These influences are detailed by 1804:The heroes enter the cedar forest. 1417:United States Department of Justice 1270:in several works of popular fiction 13: 4695: 4681:from the original on 21 March 2023 4523:from the original on 19 July 2020. 4113:Gilgamesh and the world of Assyria 4067:"Did Ecclesiastes copy Gilgamesh?" 3458: 3142:Helsel, Phil (23 September 2021). 3016:from the original on 16 April 2015 2925:from the original on 11 April 2021 2252: 2079: 1704:, to help interpret these dreams. 1434:Recent developments in the use of 1378:provided a comprehensive edition; 167:Religions of the ancient Near East 151: 21:Epic of Gilgamesh (disambiguation) 14: 5759: 5038: 4780:Yale University Press. (Outdated) 4757:Translations (Outdated and Other) 4645:from the original on 12 July 2023 4253:West, Martin Litchfield (2003) . 4016:from the original on 12 July 2023 3923:from the original on 10 July 2017 3849:from the original on 12 July 2023 3711:from the original on 12 July 2023 3672:from the original on 12 July 2023 3003: 2913:Smith, George (3 December 1872). 2763:Krstovic, Jelena O., ed. (2005). 2409: 2285: 2201:The great wild bull is lying down 2123: 1288:, possibly representing Gilgamesh 5645: 5644: 5338: 5080:Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven 4943:Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic 4730:Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project 4629:University of Pennsylvania Press 4574:10.14393/artc-v21-n38-2019-50156 3974:Gilgamesh: A New English Version 3006:"It Was a Dark and Stormy Night" 2577: 2563: 2549: 2402:, also claims that the story of 2102: 1994: 1930: 1386:reassembled the Sumerian poems. 1359:The Chaldaean Account of Genesis 1099: 113: 5688:1853 archaeological discoveries 5121:, Complete Academic Translation 4499:Brandão, Jacyntho Lins (2015). 4428: 4365: 4326: 4279: 4246: 4220: 4177: 4133: 4118: 4101: 4073:. Vol. 16. pp. 22ff. 4058: 4043: 4028: 3998: 3964: 3935: 3886: 3861: 3822: 3797: 3748: 3723: 3684: 3645: 3256: 3241: 3218:The Bible in the British Museum 3209: 3166: 3135: 3105: 3074: 2997: 2967: 2906: 2862:. front page. 22 December 1872. 2849: 2712:Rubio, Gonzalo (January 2012). 2313: 2207: 1866: 1853: 1732: 1470:). The Old Babylonian tablets ( 1354:Society of Biblical Archaeology 1324:tablets were discovered in the 1015:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave 987:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 873:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta 4776:Jastrow, M.; Clay, A. (1920). 4519:(inactive 12 September 2024). 4511:(1). Belo Horizonte: 104–121. 4410:"Gilgamesh: An Epic Obsession" 4186:Journal of Biblical Literature 4155:Meagher, Robert Emmet (1995). 4127:Ancient Near Eastern Mythology 3759:. Brill Archive. p. 131. 3568:10.5615/jcunestud.66.2014.0069 3560:10.5615/jcunestud.66.2014.0069 2834: 2811: 2756: 2705: 2680: 2635: 2484:legends of Alexander the Great 2043: 1881: 1772: 1744: 1253:withheld in their own hands". 1: 4901:. Boston, MA: Mariner Books. 4339:Rivista degli studi orientali 3368:, pp. 23, 218, 224, 238. 3050:Bevan Hurley (27 July 2021). 2656: 2359:Matthias Henze suggests that 2355:Additional biblical parallels 1905: 1824: 1707: 1665: 1471: 1464: 1398: 1160: 1036:Dumuzid and Gilgamesh of Uruk 1022:Lugalbanda and the Anzud Bird 66: 4899:Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative 4065:Van Der Torn, Karel (2000). 4050:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). 3911:Mawr, Bryn (21 April 2004). 3868:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961). 3548:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 2718:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 2501:Gilgamesh in popular culture 1275: 7: 4606:. Oxford University Press. 4559:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4507:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4054:. Eerdmans. pp. 93–95. 3971:Mitchell, Stephen (2010) . 3252:. CDL Press. pp. 1–14. 2542: 2363:'s madness in the biblical 2303:'s advice by the author of 2095:Partial fragment in Baghdad 1757:, Turkey. 13th century BC. 1512:Standard Babylonian version 1441: 1194:("He who Saw the Deep(s)", 10: 5764: 5718:Prostitution in literature 4932:George, Andrew R. (2003). 4925:George, Andrew R. (1999). 4844:George, Andrew R. (2003). 4837:George, Andrew R. (1999). 4713:George, Andrew R. (2003). 4706:George, Andrew R. (1999). 4621:Tigay, Jeffrey H. (1982). 4441: 3917:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 3263:George, Andrew R. (2008). 2878:George, Andrew R. (2008). 2531:is partially based on the 2498: 2382:of life, was created from 2049:Surpassing all other kings 2037:Surpassing all other kings 2022:Surpassing all other kings 1934: 1588: 1502:Surpassing all other kings 1320:About 15,000 fragments of 1143:. The literary history of 994:Enmerkar and En-suhgir-ana 18: 16:Epic poem from Mesopotamia 5703:Fiction about immortality 5640: 5594: 5572: 5542: 5503: 5468: 5413: 5354: 5347: 5336: 5308: 5232: 5186: 5177: 4551:Lins Brandão, J. (2019). 4039:. Continuum. p. 103. 4035:Gmirkin, Russell (2006). 2730:10.5615/jcunestud.64.0003 2258:Relationship to the Bible 1658:This summary is based on 1600:referred to the works of 1566:, "Series of Gilgamesh". 1205:"He who Sees the Unknown" 156:Chaos Monster and Sun God 112: 105: 95: 85: 75: 62: 39: 30: 5713:Poems adapted into films 5379:Gilgamesh in the Outback 5363:The Great American Novel 4961:Damrosch, David (2007). 4897:Mason, Herbert (2003) . 3730:Kovacs, Maureen (1989). 2822:. Penguin. p. 226. 2628: 2420:which is related to the 2295:Advice from Ecclesiastes 1584: 1366:", before the cuneiform 5519:Demon with a Glass Hand 5016:Kluger, Rivkah (1991). 4877:Jackson, Danny (1997). 4747:Helle, Sophus. (2021). 4517:10.11248/ehum.v8i1.1545 4333:Tesei, Tommaso (2010). 4125:Wexler, Robert (2001). 3652:Maier, John R. (1997). 3216:Mitchell, T.C. (1988). 2841:Temple, Robert (1991). 2803:Thrower, James (1980). 2398:. Esther J. Hamori, in 2323:Genesis flood narrative 2280:Genesis flood narrative 2225:Oxford University Press 2016:Old Babylonian versions 1522:library of Ashurbanipal 1436:Artificial Intelligence 1326:Library of Ashurbanipal 5095:The death of Gilgamesh 4140:Leiden, Brill (1999). 3977:. Simon and Schuster. 3893:Helle, Sophus (2021). 3395:, pp. xxvii–viii. 2856:"The New York Times". 2599:List of characters in 2450:Martin Litchfield West 1954: 1946: 1875:The Death of Gilgamesh 1801: 1785: 1762: 1721: 1614:Martin Litchfield West 1452: 1317: 1296: 1289: 1214:of the 7th-century BC 157: 5678:21st-century BC books 5425:(1955 Czech oratorio) 5422:The Epic of Gilgamesh 5309:Other mythical beings 5131:The Epic of Gilgamesh 5119:The Epic of Gilgamesh 4998:Yale University Press 4940:Best, Robert (1999). 4879:The Epic of Gilgamesh 4813:Shin, Shifra (2000). 4541:Portuguese Wikisource 4481:The Epic of Gilgamesh 4052:Treasures old and new 4010:Yale University Press 3835:. Brill. p. 14. 3732:The Epic of Gilgamesh 2692:13 April 2019 at the 2607:Babylonian literature 2537:The Epic of Gilgamesh 2179:, otherwise known as 2056:Philadelphia fragment 1952: 1944: 1841:to send Gulaana- the 1791: 1780: 1752: 1715: 1670:The story introduces 1449: 1312: 1292: 1283: 277:Seven gods who decree 155: 145:Mesopotamian religion 5743:Works about monarchs 5607:Gilgamesh flood myth 5461:(1986 Serbian opera) 5443:(1970 Turkish opera) 5434:(1964 Turkish opera) 5395:Slaves of the Shinar 5125:R. Campbell Thompson 5074:Gilgamesh and Huwawa 5068:Gilgamesh and Huwawa 5045:I.4 Poem of Gilgameš 4664:Ele que o abismo viu 4406:Ziolkowski, Theodore 4373:Ziolkowski, Theodore 4234:on 12 September 2021 2981:. 16 November 1998. 2482:and many subsequent 2064:Nippur school tablet 1937:Gilgamesh flood myth 1380:R. Campbell Thompson 967:Part of a series in 800:Seven-headed serpent 739:Spirits and monsters 19:For other uses, see 5738:Akkadian literature 5733:Sumerian literature 5581:The Tower of Druaga 5526:The Tower of Druaga 5493:Where Is Gilgamesh? 5452:(1972 Danish opera) 5058:, and Zólyomi, G., 4792:. London: Penguin. 4408:(1 November 2011). 4381:. Cornell Univ Pr. 4111:flood account," in 3829:Katz, Dina (1993). 3819:, pp. 141–208. 3782:, pp. 101–126. 3655:Gilgamesh: A reader 3356:, p. 105, 106. 3010:North Coast Journal 2622:Sumerian literature 2525:'s 1997 anime film 2154:corresponds to the 2072:Tell Harmal tablets 2032:Pennsylvania tablet 1798:Sulaymaniyah Museum 1718:Sulaymaniyah Museum 1498:He who saw the deep 1461:Third Dynasty of Ur 1425:Museum of the Bible 1334:Austen Henry Layard 1157:Third Dynasty of Ur 969:Sumerian literature 675:Demigods and heroes 339:Other major deities 70: 2100–1200 BC 5723:Rediscovered works 5371:Gilgamesh the King 5285:Shullat and Hanish 4988:Jacobsen, Thorkild 4971:Henry Holt and Co. 3832:Gilgamesh and Akka 3177:The New York Times 2859:The New York Times 2612:Cattle in religion 2495:In popular culture 2432:Influence on Homer 2417:The Book of Giants 2274:, the advice from 2189:and the story of " 2143:correspond to the 1955: 1947: 1802: 1786: 1763: 1722: 1631:Sir Jonathan Sacks 1604:in this way. When 1453: 1404:) associated with 1389:In 1998, American 1384:Samuel Noah Kramer 1322:Assyrian cuneiform 1318: 1304:, front page, 1872 1301:The New York Times 1290: 1008:Lugalbanda of Uruk 158: 5673:Epic of Gilgamesh 5660: 5659: 5590: 5589: 5485:Princess Mononoke 5387:Timewyrm: Genesys 5334: 5333: 5170:Epic of Gilgamesh 5111:Project Gutenberg 5085:Gilgamesh and Aga 5052:Sumerian language 5029:978-3-85630-523-9 5007:978-0-300-01844-8 4979:978-0-8050-8029-2 4953:978-0-9667840-1-5 4908:978-0-618-27564-9 4888:978-0-86516-352-2 4868:978-0-374-52383-1 4798:978-0-14-102628-2 4770:978-1-108-08127-6 4739:978-951-45-7760-4 4674:978-85-513-0283-5 4638:978-0-8122-7805-7 4613:978-0-19-953836-2 4600:Dalley, Stephanie 4491:978-0-393-97516-1 4388:978-0-8014-5035-8 4321:Lins Brandão 2019 4264:978-0-19-815221-7 4170:978-0-86516-510-6 3984:978-0-7432-6169-2 3945:The Hudson Review 3879:978-0-8122-1047-7 3842:978-90-72371-67-6 3766:978-90-6258-126-9 3741:978-0-8047-1711-3 3704:978-0-8139-1657-6 3665:978-0-86516-339-3 3524:Lins Brandão 2019 3512:Lins Brandão 2019 3500:Lins Brandão 2019 3483:978-0-670-02270-0 3453:Lins Brandão 2019 3441:Lins Brandão 2019 3429:Lins Brandão 2019 3417:Lins Brandão 2019 3405:Lins Brandão 2019 3342:Lins Brandão 2019 3206:, pp. 41–42. 3037:, pp. 40–41. 2962:Lins Brandão 2019 2778:978-0-7876-8021-3 2751:Lins Brandão 2019 2601:Epic of Gilgamesh 2571:Literature portal 2528:Princess Mononoke 2507:Epic of Gilgamesh 2479:Alexander Romance 2472:Alexander legends 2438:Epic of Gilgamesh 2369:Epic of Gilgamesh 2349:ancient Near East 2321:submits that the 2268:Epic of Gilgamesh 2118:Epic of Gilgamesh 1900:scorpion monsters 1794:Epic of Gilgamesh 1783:Epic of Gilgamesh 1698:temple prostitute 1681:droit du seigneur 1626:Lins Brandão 2019 1479:Epic of Gilgamesh 1342:W. K. Loftus 1177:Shūtur eli sharrī 1147:begins with five 1094:Epic of Gilgamesh 1089: 1088: 1049:Epic of Gilgamesh 949: 948: 887:Epic of Gilgamesh 232:Primordial beings 128: 127: 119:Epic of Gilgamesh 33:Epic of Gilgamesh 5755: 5728:Sumer in fiction 5648: 5647: 5622:Sîn-lēqi-unninni 5352: 5351: 5342: 5184: 5183: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5139: 5138: 5113: 5033: 5011: 4983: 4968: 4957: 4912: 4892: 4872: 4790:Penguin Classics 4743: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4659:Sin-léqi-unnínni 4654: 4652: 4650: 4617: 4593:Internet Archive 4590: 4576: 4545:Internet Archive 4538: 4532: 4524: 4495: 4475: 4455: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4345:(1/4): 417–440. 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4250: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4230:. Archived from 4224: 4218: 4217: 4198:10.2307/23488271 4181: 4175: 4174: 4162: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4105: 4099: 4098:, pp. 70ff. 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3584: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3119:. 28 July 2021. 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2875: 2864: 2863: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2709: 2703: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2650: 2639: 2587: 2585:Mythology portal 2582: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2488:Fountain of Life 2380:Sumerian goddess 2240:Stephen Mitchell 1977: 1910:Gilgamesh meets 1781:Tablet V of the 1662:'s translation. 1530:Sin-leqi-unninni 1491:Sîn-lēqi-unninni 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1429:Washington, D.C. 1403: 1400: 1394:Theodore Kwasman 1336:, his assistant 1305: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1186:Sîn-lēqi-unninni 1165: 1162: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1081: 1074: 1067: 980:Enmerkar of Uruk 951: 950: 941: 934: 927: 780:Kuli-ana/Mermaid 169: 130: 129: 117: 116: 71: 68: 44: 35: 28: 27: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5636: 5602:Popular culture 5586: 5568: 5538: 5499: 5464: 5414:Classical music 5409: 5343: 5330: 5304: 5228: 5173: 5166: 5134:by Kovacs, M.G. 5103: 5064:, Oxford 1998– 5041: 5030: 5008: 4980: 4954: 4946:. Eisenbrauns. 4909: 4889: 4869: 4755: 4740: 4698: 4696:Further reading 4693: 4684: 4682: 4675: 4661:, ed. 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Five earlier 1474: 1467: 1444: 1401: 1307: 1298: 1278: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1191:Sha naqba īmuru 1163: 1102: 1098: 1085: 1056: 1055: 1037: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1009: 1001: 1000: 999: 981: 973: 955:Royal epics of 945: 916: 915: 901: 893: 892: 848: 840: 839: 740: 732: 731: 676: 668: 667: 418: 410: 409: 340: 332: 331: 278: 270: 269: 233: 225: 172: 165: 144: 114: 69: 58: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5761: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5533:The Beginnings 5529: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5358: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5316:Bull of Heaven 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5272: 5267: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5127: 5115: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5048: 5040: 5039:External links 5037: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5013: 5006: 4984: 4978: 4958: 4952: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4894: 4887: 4874: 4867: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4811: 4784:Sandars, N. K. 4781: 4774: 4753: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4718: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4673: 4655: 4637: 4618: 4612: 4602:, ed. 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4864: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4808:0-14-044100-X 4805: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722:Parpola, Simo 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4463:0-14-044919-1 4459: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4323:, p. 22. 4322: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294:(4): 614–22. 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192:(4): 625–42. 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3986: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3952:(2): 329–34. 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3864: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3642:, p. 42. 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3526:, p. 24. 3525: 3520: 3514:, p. 19. 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 18. 3501: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3455:, p. 17. 3454: 3449: 3443:, p. 14. 3442: 3437: 3431:, p. 13. 3430: 3425: 3419:, p. 12. 3418: 3413: 3407:, p. 10. 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3355: 3350: 3344:, p. 15. 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3303:, p. ii. 3302: 3297: 3295: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3219: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3194:, p. 45. 3193: 3188: 3186: 3178: 3175: 3172:Erik Ofgang, 3169: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3031: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2964:, p. 11. 2963: 2958: 2956: 2949:, p. xi. 2948: 2943: 2941: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2759: 2753:, p. 21. 2752: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2683: 2677:, p. 23. 2676: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2662: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2617:Eridu Genesis 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2575: 2572: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422:Book of Enoch 2419: 2418: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390:created from 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2367:draws on the 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2332:Robert Wexler 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Andrew George 2311: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2221:Andrew George 2217: 2215: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2188: 2187:Eridu Genesis 2184: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2103:Sippar tablet 2100: 2092: 2089: 2082: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2050: 2041: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1995:Tablet twelve 1992: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1943: 1938: 1931:Tablet eleven 1928: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1876: 1864: 1862: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1719: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1660:Andrew George 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:Neil McGregor 1632: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1395: 1392: 1391:Assyriologist 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1287: 1282: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1266:Homeric epics 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216:Assyrian king 1213: 1212:library ruins 1193: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139:from ancient 1138: 1132: 1096: 1095: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1005: 1004: 996: 995: 991: 989: 988: 984: 983: 977: 976: 970: 966: 965: 963: 962: 959: 958: 953: 952: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 922: 920: 919: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 897: 896: 889: 888: 884: 882: 881: 877: 875: 874: 870: 868: 867: 863: 861: 860: 856: 854: 851: 850: 844: 843: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 750:Lamassu/Shedu 748: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 728:(seven sages) 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 672: 671: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 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57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5649: 5627:George Smith 5579: 5561: 5551:Gilgamesh II 5549: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5377: 5369: 5361: 5326:Scorpion man 5204:Enmebaragesi 5169: 5168: 5130: 5118: 5104: 5059: 5018: 4992: 4964: 4942: 4933: 4926: 4898: 4878: 4857: 4853:Ferry, David 4845: 4838: 4814: 4787: 4777: 4763: 4756: 4754: 4748: 4725: 4714: 4707: 4701:Translations 4683:. Retrieved 4663: 4647:. Retrieved 4623: 4603: 4560: 4556: 4529:cite journal 4508: 4504: 4480: 4451: 4430: 4418:. Retrieved 4412:. Berfrois. 4377: 4367: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4316: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4254: 4248: 4236:. Retrieved 4232:the original 4222: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4158: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4126: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4091: 4079:. Retrieved 4071:Bible Review 4070: 4060: 4051: 4045: 4036: 4030: 4018:. Retrieved 4009: 4000: 3988:. Retrieved 3973: 3966: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3916: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3869: 3863: 3851:. Retrieved 3831: 3824: 3812: 3804: 3799: 3792:Brandão 2015 3787: 3775: 3756: 3750: 3731: 3725: 3713:. Retrieved 3693: 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3654: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3587:. Retrieved 3551: 3547: 3519: 3507: 3474:Viking Press 3469: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3381:Brandão 2015 3361: 3354:Brandão 2015 3349: 3337: 3330:Brandão 2015 3325: 3318:Brandão 2015 3283:12 September 3281:. 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Retrieved 2887: 2883: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2836: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2766: 2758: 2746: 2721: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2682: 2675:Brandão 2020 2646: 2637: 2600: 2536: 2533:Cedar Forest 2526: 2519:World War II 2514: 2506: 2504: 2477: 2475: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2444:ascribed to 2437: 2435: 2415: 2413: 2399: 2373: 2368: 2358: 2326: 2317: 2314:Noah's flood 2309: 2305:Ecclesiastes 2298: 2289: 2276:Ecclesiastes 2267: 2264:Hebrew Bible 2261: 2248: 2237: 2218: 2211: 2208:Translations 2200: 2192: 2180: 2176: 2162: 2151: 2145:Cedar Forest 2140: 2136: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2106: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2048: 2047: 2036: 2035: 2021: 2019: 2005: 1998: 1981: 1971: 1956: 1909: 1885: 1873: 1870: 1867:Tablet eight 1857: 1854:Tablet seven 1828: 1803: 1793: 1782: 1767:Cedar Forest 1764: 1759:Neues Museum 1736: 1733:Tablet three 1723: 1679: 1669: 1657: 1648: 1643:misanthropes 1622: 1609: 1594: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1541: 1535: 1515: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1478: 1454: 1433: 1414: 1406:Enmebaragesi 1388: 1376:Peter Jensen 1363: 1357: 1350:George Smith 1319: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1255: 1251: 1234:Cedar Forest 1223: 1219:Ashurbanipal 1190: 1189: 1176: 1175: 1093: 1092: 1090: 1048: 1047: 1020: 1013: 992: 985: 954: 886: 885: 878: 871: 864: 857: 633:Paniĝinĝarra 309: 283:Four primary 282: 106: 51: 32: 25: 5698:Flood myths 5573:Video games 5348:Adaptations 5224:Utnapishtim 5076:, version B 5070:, version A 4096:George 2003 4006:"Gilgamesh" 3817:George 2003 3780:George 2003 3715:10 November 3676:10 November 3640:Dalley 2000 3628:George 2003 3616:George 2003 3604:Foster 2003 3589:22 February 3393:George 2003 3301:George 2003 3236:George 2003 3204:Dalley 2000 3192:Dalley 2000 3035:Dalley 2000 2947:George 2003 2724:(1): 3–16. 2687:"Gilgamesh" 2557:Asia portal 2535:episode of 2511:World War I 2341:Utnapishtim 2141:Ho, hurrah! 2044:Yale tablet 1888:Utnapishtim 1882:Tablet nine 1861:Netherworld 1773:Tablet five 1745:Tablet four 1639:BBC Radio 4 1591:Epic poetry 1575:parallelism 1546:Utnapishtim 1421:Hobby Lobby 1315:Iraq Museum 1141:Mesopotamia 775:Ušum/Dragon 518:Lugala'abba 453:Dumuzi-abzu 380:Geshtinanna 325:Utu/Shamash 187:Mesopotamia 100:Clay tablet 80:Mesopotamia 5708:Lost poems 5693:Epic poems 5667:Categories 5504:Television 5355:Literature 5179:Characters 5056:Robson, E. 5034:(Outdated) 5022:. Daimon. 5012:(Outdated) 4893:(Outdated) 4873:(Outdated) 4772:(Outdated) 4565:Uberlândia 4557:ArtCultura 4420:18 October 4081:18 October 4020:19 October 3990:9 November 3927:18 October 3366:Tigay 1982 3066:25 January 2657:References 2442:epic poems 2278:, and the 2214:Taha Baqir 1975:Atra-Hasis 1935:See also: 1906:Tablet ten 1825:Tablet six 1708:Tablet two 1674:, king of 1666:Tablet one 1559:Atra-Hasis 1554:flood myth 1372:Paul Haupt 1368:logographs 1244:sends the 880:Enūma Eliš 866:Atra-Hasis 716:Atra-Hasis 701:Lugalbanda 643:Shul-utula 523:Mami/Nintu 478:Hendursaga 365:Ereshkigal 360:Enmesharra 123:Wikisource 96:Media type 5748:Gilgamesh 5563:Gilgamesh 5457:Gilgamesh 5450:(Nørgård) 5448:Gilgamesh 5439:Gilgamesh 5432:(Kodallı) 5430:Gilgamesh 5219:Urshanabi 5194:Gilgamesh 4583:202426524 4472:901129328 4351:0392-4866 4273:441880596 4214:161293144 4109:Gilgamesh 3576:161833317 3554:: 69–90. 2828:225040700 2787:644697404 2738:0022-0256 2515:Gilgamesh 2513:that the 2327:Gilgamesh 2246:of 2003. 2238:In 2004, 2171:King Akka 1919:Urshanabi 1819:Euphrates 1761:, Germany 1672:Gilgamesh 1598:Herodotus 1276:Discovery 1145:Gilgamesh 859:An = Anum 853:Mythology 795:Ušumgallu 696:Gilgamesh 613:Ninsikila 583:Ningirima 578:Ningirida 433:Asaruludu 320:Nanna/Sin 303:Ninhursag 192:Babylonia 107:Full text 52:Gilgamesh 5651:Category 5459:(Brucci) 5441:(Saygun) 5245:Anunnaki 4990:(1976). 4920:Analysis 4855:(1993). 4832:Versions 4817:Tel Aviv 4786:(2006). 4724:(1997). 4685:19 March 4679:Archived 4649:17 April 4643:Archived 4587:Archived 4567:: 9–24. 4521:Archived 4414:Archived 4375:(2011). 4359:43927088 4206:23488271 4075:Archived 4014:Archived 3958:30044781 3921:Archived 3853:26 April 3847:Archived 3709:Archived 3670:Archived 3580:Archived 3468:(2011). 3277:Archived 3152:Archived 3148:NBC News 3121:Archived 3117:BBC News 3091:Archived 3087:NBC News 3060:Archived 3014:Archived 2983:Archived 2929:27 March 2923:Archived 2892:Archived 2890:: 7–30. 2690:Archived 2543:See also 2337:Ziusudra 2244:Iraq War 2233:exegesis 2130:Sumerian 2081:Ishchali 1985:boxthorn 1972:Epic of 1548:) about 1506:Sumerian 1483:Akkadian 1457:Sumerian 1442:Versions 1262:Hercules 1258:Heracles 1168:Akkadian 1149:Sumerian 1135:) is an 820:Lamashtu 790:Mušmaḫḫū 721:Ziusudra 691:Enmerkar 638:Sarpanit 618:Ninšubur 593:Ninkilim 558:Ninmarki 533:Maštabba 498:Kajamanu 458:Enbilulu 428:Anunnaki 177:Anatolia 135:a series 133:Part of 90:Akkadian 86:Language 56:Akkadian 54:epic in 5321:Humbaba 5275:Shamash 5233:Deities 5214:Shamhat 4821:Am Oved 4442:Sources 2476:In the 2465:Odyssey 2193:Huluppu 2159:Enkidu. 2026:lacunae 1989:serpent 1968:bitumen 1924:punting 1912:alewife 1810:Shamash 1806:Humbaba 1800:, Iraq. 1755:Hattusa 1739:Shamash 1727:Humbaba 1694:Shamhat 1690:Shamash 1538:incipit 1526:Nineveh 1520:in the 1487:lacunae 1364:Izdubar 1330:Nineveh 1238:Humbaba 1230:Shamhat 1199: 1182:tablets 1172:incipit 1052:tablets 1044:tablets 1042:Dumuzid 805:Humbaba 726:Apkallu 706:Shamhat 588:Ninkasi 553:Nindara 468:Erragal 423:Agasaya 400:Ninurta 355:Enkimdu 350:Dumuzid 209:Semitic 204:Iranian 143:Ancient 76:Country 63:Written 5543:Comics 5512:Darmok 5496:(2024) 5488:(1997) 5480:(1985) 5406:(2009) 5398:(2006) 5390:(1991) 5382:(1986) 5374:(1984) 5366:(1973) 5295:Silili 5290:Siduri 5270:Ninsun 5264:Inanna 5260:Ishtar 5209:Enkidu 5187:Humans 5026: 5004: 4976: 4950: 4905: 4885: 4865: 4806: 4796: 4768: 4736: 4671: 4635: 4610: 4581: 4563:(38). 4488: 4470: 4460: 4385: 4357: 4349: 4308:606502 4306: 4271: 4261: 4212: 4204: 4167: 3981: 3956: 3876: 3839: 3763: 3738: 3701: 3662: 3574: 3566: 3480: 3275:: 11. 2826: 2785: 2775: 2736: 2643:Ugarit 2426:Qumran 2378:, the 2301:Siduri 2148:power. 2110:Siduri 2083:tablet 1915:Siduri 1835:Dumuzi 1831:Ishtar 1720:, Iraq 1702:Ninsun 1686:Enkidu 1637:, and 1618:Hesiod 1579:Psalms 1348:hired 1340:, and 1286:Louvre 1242:Ishtar 1226:Enkidu 911:Sukkal 906:Dingir 835:Rabisu 830:Pazuzu 760:Edimmu 711:Siduri 686:Enkidu 658:Tišpak 653:Šulpae 648:Šubula 623:Ninsun 608:Ninšar 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