Weapon of mass destruction

1047: 862: 1743: 2784: 2865: 2589: 1637: 2761: 2798: 47: 1652:(also known as “thermonuclear” or “hydrogen” weapons) use the fission process to initiate fusion. Fusion weapons use the energy released from a fission explosion to fuse hydrogen isotopes together. The energy released from these weapons creates a fireball, which reaches tens of million degrees. A temperature of this magnitude is similar to the temperature found at center of the sun, so it shouldn't be any surprise to learn that the sun runs on fusion as well. 8914: 8190: 425: 2806: 2293: 118: 2738: 1679: 1648:

detonating chemical explosives around a pit of either uranium-235 or plutonium-239 metal. The force from this detonation is directed inwards, causing the pit of uranium or plutonium to compress to a dense point. Once the uranium/plutonium is dense enough, neutrons are then injected. This starts a fission chain reaction also known as an atomic explosion.

1850:(BWC) supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use of biological weapons. Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, the BWC was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. As of March 2021, 1000:" radiological weapons, which have limited destructive potential (and close to none, as far as property is concerned), whereas nuclear and biological weapons have the unique ability to kill large numbers of people with very small amounts of material, and thus could be said to belong in a class by themselves. 1647:

Nuclear fission is when the nucleus of an atom is split into smaller nuclei. This process can be induced by shooting a neutron at the nucleus of an atom. When the neutron is absorbed by the atom, it becomes unstable, causing it to split and release energy. Modern nuclear weapons start this process by

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Under the same statute, conspiring, attempting, threatening, or using a Weapon of Mass Destruction may be imprisoned for any term of years or for life, and if resulting in death, be punishable by death or by imprisonment for any terms of years or for life. They can also be asked to pay a maximum fine

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any "destructive device" as defined in Title 18 USC Section 921: any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas – bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, mine, or device similar to any of the

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It is a very far reaching control which would eliminate the rivalry between nations in this field, which would prevent the surreptitious arming of one nation against another, which would provide some cushion of time before atomic attack, and presumably therefore before any attack with weapons of mass

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found that the trefoil radiation symbol is unintuitive and can be variously interpreted by those uneducated in its meaning; therefore, its role as a hazard warning was compromised as it did not clearly indicate "danger" to many non-Westerners and children who encountered it. As a result of research,

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any device or weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury by causing a malfunction of or destruction of an aircraft or other vehicle that carries humans or of an aircraft or other vehicle whose malfunction or destruction may cause said aircraft or other vehicle to cause death

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An additional condition often implicitly applied to WMD is that the use of the weapons must be strategic. In other words, they would be designed to "have consequences far outweighing the size and effectiveness of the weapons themselves". The strategic nature of WMD also defines their function in the

706:). The phrase found its way into the very first resolution the United Nations General assembly adopted in January 1946 in London, which used the wording "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other weapons adaptable to mass destruction." The resolution also created the 2288:

Due to the potentially indiscriminate effects of WMD, the fear of a WMD attack has shaped political policies and campaigns, fostered social movements, and has been the central theme of many films. Support for different levels of WMD development and control varies nationally and internationally. Yet

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Chemical weapons expert Gert G. Harigel considers only nuclear weapons true weapons of mass destruction, because "only nuclear weapons are completely indiscriminate by their explosive power, heat radiation and radioactivity, and only they should therefore be called a weapon of mass destruction". He

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The red background is intended to convey urgent danger, and the sign is intended to be used on equipment where very strong ionizing radiation can be encountered if the device is dismantled or otherwise tampered with. The intended use of the sign is not in a place where the normal user will see it,

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said "Since 2003, coalition forces have recovered approximately 500 weapons munitions which contain degraded mustard or sarin nerve agent". According to David Kay, who appeared before the U.S. House Armed Services Committee to discuss these badly corroded munitions, they were leftovers, many years

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A poll conducted between June and September 2003 asked people whether they thought evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq since the war ended. They were also asked which media sources they relied upon. Those who obtained their news primarily from Fox News were three times as likely to believe

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that contains an authoritative definition. Instead, international law has been used with respect to the specific categories of weapons within WMD, and not to WMD as a whole. While nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are regarded as the three major types of WMDs, some analysts have argued that

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countries (Australia and the United States) and one opposed to the war (Germany). Results showed that U.S. citizens generally did not correct initial misconceptions regarding WMD, even following disconfirmation; Australian and German citizens were more responsive to retractions. Dependence on the

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Nuclear fusion is essentially the opposite of fission. It is the fusing together of nuclei, not the splitting of it. When exposed to extreme pressure and temperature, some lightweight nuclei can fuse together and form heavier nuclei, releasing energy in the process. Interestingly, fusion weapons

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of 1967, but the treaty provides no definition of the phrase, and the treaty also categorically prohibits the stationing of "weapons" and the testing of "any type of weapon" in outer space, in addition to its specific prohibition against placing in orbit, or installing on celestial bodies, "any

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At the start of 2023, nine states—the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) and Israel—together possessed approximately 12 512 nuclear weapons, of which 9576 were considered to be potentially

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has expanded restrictions to prohibit any use and development of chemical weapons except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). As of 2018, a handful of countries have known inventories, and many are in the process of being safely destroyed. Nonetheless,

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Fear of WMD, or of threats diminished by the possession of WMD, has long been used to catalyze public support for various WMD policies. They include mobilization of pro- and anti-WMD campaigners alike, and generation of popular political support. The term WMD may be used as a powerful

905:, but all were considered to be unusable because of corrosion or degradation. Iraq, however, declared a chemical weapons stockpile in 2009 which U.N. personnel had secured after the 1991 Gulf War. The stockpile contained mainly chemical precursors, but some munitions remained usable. 2402:

2. Most journalists accepted the Bush administration's formulation of the "War on Terror" as a campaign against WMD, in contrast to coverage during the Clinton era, when many journalists made careful distinctions between acts of terrorism and the acquisition and use of WMD.

2264:) indiscriminately or are specifically prohibited by international treaties (which have become more comprehensive over time). Proponents of use say that specific uses of such weapons have been necessary for defense or to avoid more deaths in a protracted war. The tactic of 2685:, as both political commentary and humorous outlet. The actual phrase "weapons of mass destruction" has been used similarly and as a way to characterise any powerful force or product since the Iraqi weapons crisis in the lead up to the Coalition invasion of Iraq in 2003. 2353:

defines a weapon of mass destruction as: "a weapon that can cause widespread destruction or kill large numbers of people, especially a nuclear, chemical, or biological weapon." In other words, it does not have to be nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC). For example,

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Chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons capable of a high order of destruction or causing mass casualties and exclude the means of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part from the weapon. Also called

5563: 808:, countered criticism by saying that "on no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction against the people of Israel." This policy of pre-emptive action against real or perceived weapons of mass destruction became known as the 6566:

Reports of the three previous studies in this series can be obtained from the National Technical Information Service. See ...(3)Kerry G. Herron and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, 1998, Public Perspectives on Nuclear Security: US National Security Surveys

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allegedly placed crude shrapnel bombs, made from pressure cookers packed with ball bearings and nails, near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. He was convicted in April 2015. The bombing resulted in three deaths and at least 264 injuries.

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Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Art. IV, Jan. 27, 1967, T.I.A.S. No. 6347, 610 U.N.T.S. 205, 18 U.S.T. 2410 (effective Oct. 10,

2555:: "When I was running the ISG – the Iraq Survey Group – we had a couple of them that had been turned in to these IEDs, the improvised explosive devices. But they are local hazards. They are not a major, you know, weapon of mass destruction." 954:. However, some scholars have objected to classifying cyber weapons as WMD on the grounds that they "cannot directly injure or kill human beings as efficiently as guns or bombs" or clearly "meet the legal and historical definitions" of WMD. 5476: 2398:

1. Most media outlets represented WMD as a monolithic menace, failing to adequately distinguish between weapons programs and actual weapons or to address the real differences among chemical, biological, nuclear, and radiological weapons.

1264:– bomb, grenade, rocket having a propellant charge of more than four ounces, missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, mine, or device similar to any of the devices described in the preceding clauses 7661: 1340:

today to define the term 'weapons of mass destruction' and were told it includes airplanes used as missiles". Moussaoui was indicted and tried for conspiracy to both destroy aircraft and use weapons of mass destruction, among others.

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A Russian opinion poll conducted on 5 August 2005 indicated half the population believed new nuclear powers have the right to possess nuclear weapons. 39% believed the Russian stockpile should be reduced, though not eliminated.

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In addition to previous treaties on bombardment of civilian areas generally, carpet bombing of cities, towns, villages, or other areas containing a concentration of civilians was specifically designated a war crime by the 1977

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While maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal was considered above average in importance, there was widespread support for a reduction in the stockpile, and very little support for developing and testing new nuclear weapons.

7636: 2337:. Broad reference to Iraqi WMD in general was seen as an element of President Bush's arguments. The claim that Iraq possessed Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) was a major factor that led to the invasion of Iraq in 2003 by 7626: 7706: 2856:

but in a place where it will be seen by someone who has started to dismantle a radiation-emitting device or equipment. The aim of the sign is to warn people such as scrap metal workers to stop work and leave the area.

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a new radiation hazard symbol (ISO 21482) was developed in 2007 to be placed near the most dangerous parts of radiation sources featuring a skull, someone running away, and using a red rather than yellow background.

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operationally available. An estimated 3844 of these warheads were deployed with operational forces, including about 2000 that were kept in a state of high operational alert—the same number as the previous year.

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3. Many stories stenographically reported the incumbent administration's perspective on WMD, giving too little critical examination of the way officials framed the events, issues, threats, and policy options.

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BJP won the elections, and on 14 May, three days after India tested nuclear weapons for the second time, a public opinion poll reported that a majority of Indians favored the country's nuclear build-up.

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Chemical weapons have been used around the world by various civilizations since ancient times. The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon was in 256 AD during the siege of

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frequently used the term "weapons of mass terror", apparently also recognizing the distinction between the psychological and the physical effects of many things currently falling into the WMD category.

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4. Too few stories proffered alternative perspectives to official line, a problem exacerbated by the journalistic prioritizing of breaking-news stories and the "inverted pyramid" style of storytelling.

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Awareness and opinions of WMD have varied during the course of their history. Their threat is a source of unease, security, and pride to different people. The anti-WMD movement is embodied most in

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Venkatesh; Tsao, Jeffrey Y.; Bustamante, Constanza M. Vidal; Calidas, Doug; Bingen, Kari A.; Williams, Heather; Nye, Joseph S.; Walt, Stephen M.; Brooks, Harvey; Comiter, Marcus (13 May 1998).

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Over 500 munitions containing mustard agent and sarin were discovered throughout Iraq since 2003; they were made in the 1980s and are no longer usable as originally intended due to corrosion.

1777:, Japan conducted aerial attacks on China using fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the 20th century, at least nine states have operated offensive biological weapons programs, including 7847: 7598: 7507: 7502: 7497: 1689:

developed a small nuclear arsenal in the 1980s but disassembled them in the early 1990s, making it the only country to have fully given up an independently developed nuclear weapons arsenal.

7890: 1244:, the U.S. Code defines weapons of mass destruction as "chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, and chemical, biological, and nuclear materials used in the manufacture of such weapons". 3660: 7842: 7404: 7026: 1873:. A mixture of tar and sulfur was used to produce sulfur oxides, which helped take control of the city. In the industrial era, chemical weapons were used extensively by both sides during 1225:

any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of:

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Once information is published, its subsequent correction does not alter people's beliefs unless they are suspicious about the motives underlying the events the news stories are about.

1317:(B) any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors; 4645: 543: 1145:

could be described as WMD because the fatalities they cause "dwarf that of all other weapons systems – and in most years greatly exceed the toll of the atomic bombs that devastated

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In March 2004, the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM) released a report examining the media's coverage of WMD issues during three separate periods:

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spoke of not filling space "with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding." The following month, during a televised presentation about the

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any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors

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has also been criticized, defended, and prohibited by treaty in the same way; the destructive effect of conventional saturation bombing is similar to that of a nuclear weapon.

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The repetition of tentative news stories, even if they are subsequently disconfirmed, can assist in the creation of false memories in a substantial proportion of people.

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any weapon designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors

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Chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents and all related subsystems and components and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities.

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that evidence of WMD had been discovered in Iraq than those who relied on PBS and NPR for their news, and one third more likely than those who primarily watched CBS.

6961: 5832: 4593: 1838:, which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of biological and chemical weapons. Upon ratification of the Geneva Protocol, several countries made 1089:"Nuclear weapons or nuclear-weapons-usable material or any sub-systems or components or any research, development, support or manufacturing facilities relating to . 7736: 411: 6075: 3634: 1433: 6914: 3691: 8807: 7621: 7584: 4384: 454: 6334: 1831:

covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, in violation of its obligations under international law.

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Boston public health officials said Tuesday that they have revised downward their estimate of the number of people injured in the Marathon attacks, to 264.

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released their third report on U.S. perceptions – including the general public, politicians and scientists – of nuclear weapons since the breakup of the

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In 2006, Fox News reported the claims of two Republican lawmakers that WMDs had been found in Iraq, based upon unclassified portions of a report by the

1046: 793:" was used to refer to the American nuclear arsenal. However, there is no precise definition of the "strategic" category, neither considering range nor 7746: 7671: 7651: 7631: 4528: 1574: 507:. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to 3397: 7751: 7726: 7681: 7666: 3910: 1656: 3612: 993:

radiological materials as well as missile technology and delivery systems such as aircraft and ballistic missiles could be labeled as WMDs as well.

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Nuclear weapons use the energy inside of an atom's nucleus to create massive explosions. This goal is achieved through nuclear fission and fusion.

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Who can think at this present time without a sickening of the heart of the appalling slaughter, the suffering, the manifold misery brought by war

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should be "a very important U.S. foreign policy goal", accomplished through multilateral arms control rather than the use of military threats.

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as targeting the means a country would use to support and supply its war effort, specifically its population, industry, and natural resources.

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added WMD to its list of terms banished for "Mis-use, Over-use and General Uselessness" (and "as a card that trumps all forms of aggression").

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prefers to call chemical and biological weapons "weapons of terror" when aimed against civilians and "weapons of intimidation" for soldiers.

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The end of the Cold War reduced U.S. reliance on nuclear weapons as a deterrent, causing it to shift its focus to disarmament. With the 1990

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recognized the "considerable and long-standing academic debate about the proper interpretation of the phrase 'weapons of mass destruction

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In a separate study published in 2005, a group of researchers assessed the effects reports and retractions in the media had on people's

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or device similar to the above. (2) Poison gas. (3) Any weapon involving a disease organism. (4) Any weapon that is designed to release

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contaminated their adversaries' wells by placing animal corpses in them. However, only by the turn of the 20th century did advances in

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understanding of the nature of the threats is not high, in part because of imprecise usage of the term by politicians and the media.

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Horowitz, Michael C., and Neil Narang. "Poor Man's atomic bomb? exploring the relationship between "weapons of mass destruction"."

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sentenced some members of the Japanese army to jail terms for the use of biological and chemical weapons during World War II. The

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Also in 1998, nuclear weapons became an issue in India's election of March, in relation to political tensions with neighboring

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or serious bodily injury to humans who may be within range of the vector in its course of travel or the travel of its debris.

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destruction, and which would go a long way toward removing atomic energy at least as a source of conflict between the powers.

340: 250: 245: 220: 205: 200: 5498: 8938: 8280: 8226: 7394: 7091: 4702: 3187: 2425: 1320:(C) any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector (as those terms are defined in section 178 of this title); or 1095:

Ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150 kilometres and related major parts, and repair and production facilities."

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inspired the creation of The WMD Awareness Programme to provide trustworthy and up to date information on WMD worldwide.

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and other western politicians and media continued to use the term, usually in reference to ongoing attempts to dismantle

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Testimony of one such soldier expresses the same viewpoint. For a period of several months in the winter of 2002–2003,

711: 7188: 5644: 4889: 4857: 4761: 3884: 3692:"Defining a Class of Offensive Destructive Cyber Weapons As Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Examination of the Merits" 1352:, was charged in June 2013 with the federal offense of "use of a weapon of mass destruction" after he and his brother 996:

However, there is an argument that nuclear and biological weapons do not belong in the same category as chemical and "

7312: 6083: 5426:(pp. 698-712). Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: Harvard University Press. Retrieved February 7, 2021, from 5407: 3638: 3513: 3344: 3153: 3114: 3081: 1802: 304: 91: 6886: 6838: 6583: 5010: 7832: 7827: 7338: 6911: 4380: 3702: 2656: 2582: 2323: 1786: 1467: 1016: 3539: 861: 8812: 8465: 7452: 7389: 5726: 3237: 2961: 1874: 1278: 1134: 847: 240: 69: 2252:

Some commentators classify some or all the uses of nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons during wartime as a

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FindLaw Forum: Weapons of mass destruction and international law's principle that civilians cannot be targeted

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Later, wikileaks would show that WMDs of these kinds continued to be found as the Iraqi occupation continued.

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When people ignore corrections, they do so irrespective of how certain they are that the corrections occurred.

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may introduce novel weapons of mass destruction with much greater yields or impact than anything in reality.

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1. prevent nuclear proliferation; 2. promote nuclear disarmament; 3. promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy

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A majority also believed the United States should be more forthcoming with its biological research and its

2349: 785:, the term "weapons of mass destruction" was primarily a reference to nuclear weapons. At the time, in the 671:) with tracing what he considers the earliest known English-language use soon after the nuclear bombing of 5564:"The Shortcomings of Indeterminacy in Arms Control Regimes: The Case of the Biological Weapons Convention" 950:

as WMD, in particular those aimed to bring about large-scale (physical) destruction, such as by targeting

8948: 8799: 7361: 5836: 3608: 2906: 2879:"We wanted something that was memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means." 2338: 1897: 1561: 1323:(D) any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life; 897:; however, American forces found none in Iraq. They found old stockpiles of chemical munitions including 391: 33: 7193:

United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement

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United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement

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United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control & Enforcement

6006: 3457: 2864: 2783: 2648:(PIPA) reported that U.S. citizens showed high levels of concern regarding WMD, and that preventing the 815:

The term "weapons of mass destruction" continued to see periodic use, usually in the context of nuclear

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The term was also used in the introduction to the hugely influential U.S. government document known as

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Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction

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regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a "

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For the general purposes of national defense, the U.S. Code defines a weapon of mass destruction as:

1209: 874: 846:, Iraq's nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons programs became a particular concern of the first 7033:

Weapons of Mass Destruction: The no-nonsense guide to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons today

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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World

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any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life

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According to Charles Dullin, an environmental-health engineer who contributed to its development:

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are considered weapons of mass destruction, while aircraft capable of carrying bombloads are not.

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Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction: Report of a Committee of Privy Counsellors

3370: 2797: 2760: 2359: 1440: 1421: 1345: 1081:". The committee set out to avoid the general term but when using it, employed the definition of 951: 890: 886: 835:, used the term in a 1989 speech to the United Nations, primarily in reference to chemical arms. 6935: 6869: 6413: 5371: 3514:"Confrontation in the Gulf; U.S. Explores New Strategies to Limit Weapons of Mass Destruction –" 3251:

Establishment of a Commission to Deal with the Problems Raised by the Discovery of Atomic Energy

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Televised remarks to the American people re "the Soviet military buildup on the island of Cuba"

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on 22 October 1962, Kennedy made reference to "offensive weapons of sudden mass destruction."

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old, improperly stored or destroyed by the Iraqis. Charles Duelfer agreed, stating on NPR's

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any weapon designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life

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Chapter 2: Biological warfare before 1945. In Bioterror and Biowarfare: A Beginner's Guide

4503:"FindLaw for Legal Professionals – Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code" 8: 8917: 8879: 8610: 8590: 8212: 7995: 6999:

Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History

6852: 6726: 6699: 6296: 5844: 5317: 4762:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)" 3270: 2971: 2941: 2592: 2578: 2326:, invoked the fear of a nuclear war and was an element in Johnson's subsequent election. 1332: 1023: 642: 572: 484: 6114: 4333:"US CODE: 50, ch. 43—Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism" 3957: 3793: 3249: 2737: 2588: 824: 8840: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8627: 8605: 8600: 8567: 8557: 8417: 8412: 8295: 8246: 8000: 7960: 7930: 7329: 7208: 6312: 6244: 5904: 5591: 5468: 5460: 5236: 5106: 5079: 3813: 2911: 2637:(BJP) announced it would "declare India a nuclear weapon state" after coming to power. 1737: 1733: 1448: 1337: 1114: 977: 924: 882: 839: 828: 769: 676: 596: 524: 6605: 5678:"One hundred and one years after a milestone: Modern chemical weapons and World War I" 5344: 3540:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions" 3429: 2599:

In order to increase awareness of all kinds of WMD, in 2004 the nuclear physicist and

702:

used that exact phrase in 1946 (in a speech at the United Nations probably written by

679:(although it is not quite verbatim): a communique from a 15 November 1945, meeting of 8632: 8595: 8432: 8390: 8374: 8077: 8052: 8047: 7980: 7955: 7580: 7239:, by Stephan Lewandowsky, Werner G.K. Stritzke, Klaus Oberauer, and Michael Morales, 7212: 6723:"Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons – Blog – Russian strategic nuclear forces" 6696:"Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons – Blog – Russian strategic nuclear forces" 6532: 6490: 6382: 6357: 6316: 5807: 5612: 5583: 5472: 5403: 5134: 5111: 4153: 4005: 3817: 3805: 3579:"India Completes Chemical Weapons Disposal; Iraq Declares Stockpile | Analysis | NTI" 3403: 3291: 3149: 3110: 2986: 2966: 2768: 2600: 2566: 2437:

that WMD were indeed discovered, while they were not. This led to three conclusions:

2390:

in May 2003. The CISSM report argues that poor coverage resulted less from political

2355: 1839: 1823:

during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), became infamous for conducting often fatal

1353: 1349: 1181: 989: 893:

of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq that became the primary justification for the

832: 773:

objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction."

580: 564: 508: 5843:

was determined a war crime by Dutch and Iraqi courts, resulting in the execution of

4428: 4098:"Chemical and Biological Weapons: Use in Warfare, Impact on Society and Environment" 4026:"Weapons of Mass Destruction: State Department Oversight of Science Centers Program" 3699:

United States Air Force Center for Unconventional Weapon Studies Trinity Site Papers

3399:

Tactical nuclear weapons : emergent threats in an evolving security environment

2622:. Risks of nuclear conflict, proliferation, and terrorism were seen as substantial. 2433:

initial source of information led to a substantial minority of Americans exhibiting

8835: 8620: 8193: 8132: 8097: 8087: 8020: 7975: 7970: 7935: 7429: 7298: 7200: 7173: 7146: 6587: 6308: 5595: 5575: 5452: 5101: 5091: 4734: 4358: 4310: 3797: 2916: 2844:, and separated from each other by 60°. It is meant to represent a radiating atom. 2273: 1863: 1554: 981: 913: 908:

Because of its prolific use and (worldwide) public profile during this period, the

730: 718: 607: 528: 476: 132: 5752:"Status of Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention as at 14 October 2013" 4406: 3986: 2932:

Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction

8902: 8794: 8422: 8385: 8290: 8117: 7985: 7567: 7230: 7057:

Bentley, Michelle, "War and/of Worlds: Constructing WMD in U.S. Foreign Policy",

6918: 6831: 6584:

Public perspectives on nuclear security. US national security surveys, 1993--1997

6420: 5886: 5508: 4082: 3941: 3911:"Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Volume 37, Issue 19 (May 14, 2001)" 3565: 3436: 3318: 2921: 2890: 2686: 2678: 2394:

than from tired journalistic conventions. The report's major findings were that:

2379: 2306: 1893: 1882: 1835: 1709: 1636: 1627: 1581: 1402: 1336:

reported on 30 March 2006: "Jurors asked the judge in the death penalty trial of

973: 936: 928: 801: 754: 750: 615: 592: 536: 480: 137: 4712: 1901:

proliferation and use in war zones remains an active concern, most recently the

1416:

Ban the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts

695:, as Bush claimed in 1970) referred to "weapons adaptable to mass destruction." 8869: 8438: 8396: 8137: 8092: 8082: 8042: 7253: 7204: 7178: 7151: 7076: 6610: 6598: 6052: 5945: 4803: 4053: 2872:

Developed by Dow Chemical company in the 1960s for their containment products.

2604: 2434: 2319: 2277: 2265: 1762: 1758: 1608: 1303:

Indictments and convictions for possession and use of WMD such as truck bombs,

1107: 902: 809: 805: 699: 688: 684: 660: 650: 619: 488: 325: 142: 5579: 5209: 5182: 4122: 3212: 2677:

Weapons of mass destruction and their related impacts have been a mainstay of

8932: 8490: 8369: 8170: 8160: 8107: 8030: 8010: 7872: 6912:

Drop it and Run! New Symbol Warns of Radiation Dangers and Aims to Save Lives

6320: 5587: 5427: 5263: 4922:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 4119:"A Soldier's Viewpoint on Surviving Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Attacks" 3809: 3801: 2810: 2745: 2698: 2547: 2363: 2211: 1761:

in 1346 and possibly much farther back to antiquity. It is believed that the

1281:'s definition is similar to that presented above from the terrorism statute: 1204:

having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce , or

1165: 1074: 1022:

Other documents expand the definition of WMD to also include radiological or

820: 692: 496: 7257: 7047: 6627: 6553: 5540: 4931: 4835: 4680: 4224: 3832: 3511: 2329:

Later, United States' President George W. Bush used the threat of potential

972:

The most widely used definition of "weapons of mass destruction" is that of

8540: 8444: 8342: 8165: 8112: 8072: 8025: 5654: 5115: 5096: 4899: 4867: 4771: 3888: 3777: 3568:, Military.com, report filed by American Forces Press Service, 29 June 2006 3480:"Excerpts From Bush's Speech at the Opening of the U.N. General Assembly –" 2896: 2619: 1878: 1870: 1843: 1828: 1774: 1773:, German military attempted to introduce anthrax into Allied livestock. In 1766: 1755: 1702: 1366: 1253: 851: 816: 680: 664: 634: 547: 516: 6992:

Repairing the Regime: Preventing the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction

3348: 2382:

by India and Pakistan in May 1998; the U.S. announcement of evidence of a

2366:

law 18 U.S.C. 2332A for using a weapon of mass destruction and that was a

8906: 8495: 8330: 8275: 8005: 7990: 6720: 6693: 6464: 4991: 2926: 2330: 2261: 2091: 1770: 1063: 1051: 1027: 1003:

The NBC definition has also been used in official U.S. documents, by the

947: 611: 495:

that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to

5835:

for various perspectives on the only combat use of nuclear weapons. The

3837:

Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Occasional Paper 10

2561:

Many news agencies, including Fox News, reported the conclusions of the

885:

took hold in many countries. The fear reached a crescendo with the 2002

8547: 8325: 7090:

Stefano Felician, Le armi di distruzione di massa, CEMISS, Roma, 2010,

5900: 5464: 4997:

SIPRI Yearbook 2023: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.

3077: 2391: 1694: 1304: 1261: 1197: 1185: 1142: 1138: 997: 881:

in the United States, an increased fear of nonconventional weapons and

563:

The first use of the term "weapon of mass destruction" on record is by

4996: 4826:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty" 3833:"Future of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Their Nature and Role in 2030" 912:

voted "weapons of mass destruction" (and its abbreviation, "WMD") the

8235: 7965: 7069: 6552:

Herron, Kerry G.; Jenkins-Smith, Hank C.; Hughes, Scott (June 2000).

6435:"WikiLeaks Show WMD Hunt Continued in Iraq – With Surprising Results" 5873:

in particular has been referred to as mass murder: Volkery, Carsten.

5422:

Leitenberg, M., Zilinskas, R., & Kuhn, J. (2012). Conclusion. In

2805: 2260:

if widespread) because they kill civilians (who are protected by the

2253: 1834:

International restrictions on biological warfare began with the 1925

1816:

The Japanese biological weapons program, which was run by the secret

1664: 1205: 1177: 1158: 1146: 672: 504: 7067:, "What makes a weapon one of mass destruction?" (6 February 2004), 5456: 5036:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe | NATO Nuclear Weapons Policy | NTI" 3319:"NSC-68 United States Objectives and Programs for National Security" 1375:

The development and use of WMD is governed by several international

8884: 8535: 8365: 7771: 7051: 6591: 6468: 4050:"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms" 3454:"CNN Cold War – Historical Documents: Reagan-Gorbachev transcripts" 2956: 2682: 2630: 2466: 2302: 2107: 1820: 1701:

inherited stockpiles of nuclear arms following the break-up of the

1668: 1150: 1118: 843: 782: 638: 601: 542: 6403:

Kay, David. "House Armed Services Committee Hearing", 29 June 2006

5968:"Weapons of Mass Destruction Are Overrated as a Threat to America" 4200:"What makes a weapon one of mass destruction?-News-UK-TimesOnline" 3512:

MICHAEL WINES, Special to The New York Times (30 September 1990).

2428:

during the 2003 Iraq War. The study focused on populations in two

2292: 1827:

on prisoners and producing biological weapons for combat use. The

1314:(A) any destructive device as defined in section 921 of the title; 1260:

any "destructive device" defined as any explosive, incendiary, or

1256:

concerning terrorism, weapons of mass destruction are defined as:

8562: 8552: 8530: 8515: 8155: 8127: 8122: 8037: 6586:(Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). 4285:"US CODE: 50, ch. 40—Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3486:. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Ussr). 26 September 1989. 2826: 2818: 2227: 2074: 1928: 1698: 1690: 1310:

As defined by 18 USC §2332 (a), a Weapon of Mass Destruction is:

1201: 1189: 6577: 6575: 4429:"US CODE: Title 18, § 2332a. Use of weapons of mass destruction" 3395: 1085:, which defined the systems which Iraq was required to abandon: 117: 7321: 3017: 2902:

Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism

2421: 2415:

Susan D. Moeller, Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction

2195: 2123: 2024: 1721: 1678: 1193: 985: 743: 500: 492: 6987:(Routledge, 2014.) On the usage of the term in American policy 6633: 5645:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention" 4858:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Biological Weapons Convention" 3935:

CIA Site Redirect – Central Intelligence Agency

1909:

Countries with known or possible chemical weapons, as of 2021

1888:

International restrictions on chemical warfare began with the

8204: 7162:"Compliance Management under the Chemical Weapons Convention" 7135:"Compliance and Enforcement in the Biological Weapons Regime" 6572: 3635:"Lake Superior State University:: Banished Words List:: 2003" 2461:

Respondents believing evidence of WMD had been found in Iraq

2177: 2159: 2056: 2040: 1976: 1960: 1944: 1769:

allow for the large-scale weaponization of pathogens. During

1655:

The only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war is the

898: 56:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

7126: 4890:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Chemical Weapons Convention" 3145:

Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?: The Sociochemistry of an Element

1123:

United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms

6985:

Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Strategic Use of a Concept

6721:

Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons (5 August 2005).

6694:

Russian public opinion on nuclear weapons (5 August 2005).

6295:

Kull, Steven; Ramsay, Clay; Lewis, Evan (1 December 2003).

4587:"18 U.S. Code § 2332a - Use of weapons of mass destruction" 4232:. American Institute of Chemists. p. 1. Archived from 3031: 2539:

Based on a series of polls taken from June–September 2003.

2008: 1992: 1067: 1040: 946:

There have been calls to classify at least some classes of

940: 7290: 7189:"IAEA Mechanisms to Ensure Compliance with NPT Safeguards" 6863:"Biohazard and radioactive Symbol, design and proportions" 6519:. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 6107:"Munitions Found in Iraq Meet WMD Criteria, Official Says" 4967:"How Nuclear Weapons Work | Union of Concerned Scientists" 3106:

Chemical and Biological Warfare: An Annotated Bibliography

1170:

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive

645:. The application of the term to specifically nuclear and 8859: 6551: 6241:

Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland

6023:"'Daisy Girl' political ad still haunting 50 years later" 5833:

Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

3778:"The misunderstood acronym: Why cyber weapons aren't WMD" 2562: 2524: 2496: 2486: 2476: 1270:

any weapon involving a biological agent, toxin, or vector

1008: 932: 717:

An exact use of this term was given in a lecture titled "

520: 4703:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Partial Test Ban Treaty" 2792: 2247: 519:, it has later come to refer to large-scale weaponry of 5875:"60 Years after the Bombing of Dresden: A War of Words" 3661:"Criminal Complaint United States vs Dzhokhar Tsarnaev" 3277: 2859: 6414:

Expert: Iraq WMD Find Did Not Point to Ongoing Program

6167:"18 U.S.C. 2332a - Use of weapons of mass destruction" 5011:"Nuclear Warhead - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3751:"The Pentagon Thinks Cyber Ops Could Be The Next WMDs" 2825:

Radiation Laboratory. At the time, it was rendered as

2817:

The international radioactivity symbol (also known as

16:

Weapon that can kill many people or cause great damage

5531:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol" 4671:"Disarmament Treaties Database: 1925 Geneva Protocol" 4225:

Capt. G. Shane Hendricks, Dr. Margot J. Hall (2007).

3721:"Cyber Weapons – The New Weapons of Mass Destruction" 1708:

Countries where nuclear weapons are deployed through

653:

to the Russian phrase "Оружие массового поражения" –

5795:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

5777:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

5756:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

3402:(1. ed.). Washington DC: Brassey's. p. 7. 595:

had not been developed. Japan conducted research on

6749:"Unicode Character 'SKULL AND CROSSBONES' (U+2620)" 6641:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

6582:Herron, K.G.; Jenkins-Smith, H.C. (1 August 1998). 6581: 4735:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Outer Space Treaty" 4086:(HC 898), London: The Stationery Office, 2004, §14. 3290:(in German). Oxford University Press. p. 158. 1705:, but relinquished them to the Russian Federation. 865:In early 2019, more than 90% of the world's 13,865 6839:"Origin of the Radiation Warning Symbol (Trefoil)" 6005: 5991: 5989: 5808:https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/destruction-progress/ 7109:Weapons of Mass Destruction and International Law 5438: 4227:"The History and Science of CBRNE Agents, Part I" 3255: 24 January 1946. Retrieved 2010-06-18. 3181: 3179: 3177: 3141: 1247: 1125:and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, quoted the 8930: 6887:"Origin of the Radiation Warning Sign (Trefoil)" 6537:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6362:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6344:. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006 6076:"President Bush Meets with Prime Minister Blair" 6074:Blair, Tony; Bush, George W. (31 January 2003). 4638:"Injury toll from Marathon bombs reduced to 264" 1228:toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors 7103:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 6779:"Unicode Character 'RADIOACTIVE SIGN' (U+2622)" 6294: 6234:"Media coverage of weapons of mass destruction" 5986: 5080:"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa" 4794:"Disarmament Treaties Database: Sea-bed Treaty" 1903:use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War 1640:US and Russian nuclear stockpiles, 1945 to 2014 1050:Protest in Amsterdam against the deployment of 6491:"Iraq WMD Inspectors End Search, Find Nothing" 5970:. The Independent Institute. 28 January 2004. 5767: 5765: 5441:"Legal Aspects of the Geneva Protocol of 1925" 3396:Brian Alexander, Alistair Millar, ed. (2003). 3174: 2706:Symbol Type (Toxic, Radioactive or Biohazard) 2673:Weapons of mass destruction in popular culture 1885:) though Allied powers also stockpiled them. 1616: 1240:For the purposes of the prevention of weapons 1083:United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 8220: 7306: 7227:Media Coverage of Weapons of Mass Destruction 6809:"Unicode Character 'BIOHAZARD SIGN' (U+2623)" 6297:"Misperceptions, the Media, and the Iraq War" 6270:"Psychological Science – Journal Information" 5746: 5744: 5650:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5618:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5536:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 5504:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4927:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4895:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4863:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4831:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4799:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4767:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4740:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4708:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 4676:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 3018:"Hydrogen Bomb test explosion - Redwing Tewa" 2992:United States and weapons of mass destruction 2836:, the blades having an internal radius of 1.5 1892:, and was expanded significantly by the 1925 448: 54:The examples and perspective in this article 7237:Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation 6545: 6051:. Anderson Valley Advertiser. Archived from 5820:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 4259:"US CODE: Title 50—War and National Defense" 2832:It is drawn with a central circle of radius 1589:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 1371:List of weapons of mass destruction treaties 7016:Common sense on weapons of mass destruction 5791:"Myanmar Joins Chemical Weapons Convention" 5762: 4990:Kristensen, Hans M; Korda, Matt. (2023). " 4150:International Encyclopedia of Public Health 3507: 3505: 3264: 3148:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 241. 3102: 869:were owned by Russia and the United States. 8227: 8213: 7313: 7299: 7081:Definition of 'Weapon of Mass Destruction' 6465:"CIA's Final Report: No WMD Found in Iraq" 6337:Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War 5741: 5439:Baxter RR, Buergenthal T (28 March 2017). 5428:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbscf.30 4359:"US CODE: 50, ch. 43; § 2902. Definitions" 4311:"US CODE: 50, ch. 40, § 2302. Definitions" 3830: 3345:"John F. Kennedy Moon Speech—Rice Stadium" 3283: 3188:"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction" 2581:, and led to the formation of the British 2565:that, based upon the investigation of the 1881:(both in battle and in extermination camp 1852:183 states have become party to the treaty 1286:devices described in the preceding clauses 1060:separable and divisible part of the weapon 957: 558: 455: 441: 116: 7280:Program on International Policy Attitudes 7177: 7150: 7127:Compliance with international WMD regimes 7011:(Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011) 6556:(Report). UNM Institute for Public Policy 6432: 6272:. Blackwellpublishing.com. Archived from 6073: 6046: 5724: 5445:The American Journal of International Law 5105: 5095: 4144:Sidel, Victor W.; Levy, Barry S. (2016). 4143: 4052:. Dtic.mil. 12 April 2001. Archived from 3831:Caves, John; Carus, W. Seth (June 2014). 3558:Munitions Found in Iraq Meet WMD Criteria 2646:Program on International Policy Attitudes 2283: 1505:Ban stationing of WMD on the ocean floor 631:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 92:Learn how and when to remove this message 8851:Post-conflict reception of war criminals 7186: 7040: 6381:. Fox News. 22 June 2006. Archived from 6379:"Report: Hundreds of WMDs Found in Iraq" 5858:Aerial bombardment and international law 3611:. Americandialect.org. 13 January 2003. 3502: 3231: 2804: 2692: 2587: 2291: 1741: 1677: 1635: 1045: 860: 541: 7268: 7132: 6554:Mass and Elite Viewson Nuclear Security 6231: 6104: 6020: 5995: 5725:Timperley, Christopher (October 2018). 5682:Educacion Quimica (chemistry education) 5675: 5158:"The A to Z of international relations" 5077: 4407:"US CODE: Title 18, § 921. Definitions" 4095: 3423: 3039:"Weapon of mass destruction - weaponry" 2386:in October 2002; and revelations about 1535:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 1443:except for those conducted underground 1292:any weapon involving a disease organism 1043:(intercontinental ballistic missiles). 967: 776: 764:An early use of the exact phrase in an 8931: 7096: 7018:(University of Washington Press, 2011) 7014:Graham Jr, Thomas, and Thomas Graham. 5939: 4451:"What is A Weapon of Mass Destruction" 4010:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3848: 3846: 3185: 2997:Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission 2982:Russia and weapons of mass destruction 2893: – 2015 American documentary film 2659:commitment of nuclear arms reduction. 1216: 8208: 7294: 7159: 7113:American Society of International Law 6942:from the original on 17 February 2007 6105:Quigley, Samantha L. (29 June 2006). 6047:St. Clair, Jeffrey (13 August 2003). 5625:from the original on 15 February 2021 5607: 5605: 5568:American Journal of International Law 5561: 5424:The Soviet Biological Weapons Program 5397: 5152: 5150: 5128: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4409:. .law.cornell.edu. 13 September 1994 4096:Harigel, Gert G. (22 November 2001). 3954:"Message of the Secretary of Defense" 3718: 3689: 2793:Radioactive weaponry or hazard symbol 2666: 2572: 2248:Ethics and international legal status 1727: 1511:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 1017:U.S. Government Accountability Office 641:, the term came to refer more to non- 571:, in 1937 in reference to the aerial 503:structures (e.g., mountains), or the 8281:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868 6613:Meetings Coverage and Press Releases 5479:from the original on 27 October 2017 5046:from the original on 7 November 2018 4635: 4457:from the original on 13 October 2010 3852: 3775: 3690:Hatch, Benjamin B. (December 2017). 3325:from the original on 24 October 2010 3078:"Biological Weapons Program – Japan" 2860:Biological weaponry or hazard symbol 2829:, and was set on a blue background. 2569:, WMDs are yet to be found in Iraq. 2384:North Korean nuclear weapons program 1360: 40: 6725:. Russianforces.org. Archived from 6698:. Russianforces.org. Archived from 6668:. 29 September 2005. Archived from 6517:"Welcome – WMD Awareness Programme" 6433:Shachtman, Noah (23 October 2010). 6197:"Case 1:13-mj-02106-MBB Document 3" 5908: 5718: 5676:Vilches, Diego (15 November 2015). 4567:from the original on 2 January 2016 4561:"The Free Lance-Star – 14 Jul 1998" 4387:from the original on 19 August 2010 4335:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010. 4287:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010. 4261:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010. 3843: 3725:United Service Institution of India 3589:from the original on 3 January 2016 3162:from the original on 2 January 2016 3123:from the original on 2 January 2016 2546:. Quoting from the report, Senator 2544:National Ground Intelligence Center 1857: 1682:Global nuclear weapon numbers, 2023 1632:List of states with nuclear weapons 1212:at a level dangerous to human life. 1168:organizations, the category is now 943:as a "weapon of mass destruction." 13: 8286:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 7258:Is All Fair in Biological Warfare? 6663:"The Pipa/Knowledge Networks Poll" 6497:from the original on 5 August 2007 6445:from the original on 24 March 2014 6313:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2003.tb00406.x 6232:Moeller, Susan D. (9 March 2004). 5871:Bombing of Dresden in World War II 5637: 5602: 5499:"Text of the 1925 Geneva Protocol" 5432: 5147: 4946: 4619:"Indictment of ZACARIAS MOUSSAOUI" 4383:. .law.cornell.edu. 28 June 2010. 4291:from the original on 27 April 2010 4265:from the original on 27 April 2010 4176:. 2 September 2007. Archived from 4148:. In Cockerham, William C. (ed.). 3865:from the original on 2 August 2015 3776:Carr, Jeffrey (1 September 2013). 3490:from the original on 18 March 2009 2863: 2849:International Atomic Energy Agency 2823:University of California, Berkeley 2796: 1890:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 1621: 1200:charge of more than four ounces , 725:. He delivered the lecture to the 712:International Atomic Energy Agency 14: 8960: 8775:Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 7286: 6213:from the original on 23 June 2014 6021:Nowicki, Dan (6 September 2014). 5974:from the original on 13 June 2010 5940:Wright, David T. (11 June 2003). 4599:from the original on 20 July 2017 4509:from the original on 10 June 2011 4381:"US CODE: Chapter 113B—Terrorism" 4361:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010 4339:from the original on 28 July 2010 4313:. .law.cornell.edu. 23 March 2010 3782:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3615:from the original on 15 June 2006 3389: 3186:Safire, William (19 April 1998). 3084:from the original on 27 July 2010 3067:(London), 28 December 1937, p. 9. 2821:) first appeared in 1946, at the 2373: 2358:, one of the perpetrators of the 1898:Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) 1746:The Biological Weapons Convention 610:had seen wide battlefield use in 8913: 8912: 8718:Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 8189: 8188: 7048:WMD: Words of mass dissemination 6954: 6928: 6904: 6879: 6801: 6771: 6741: 6714: 6687: 6655: 6509: 6483: 6457: 6426: 6406: 6397: 6371: 6327: 6288: 6262: 6225: 6189: 6177:from the original on 12 May 2015 6159: 6129: 6098: 6067: 6040: 6014: 5960: 5944:. The Last Ditch. Archived from 5933: 5892: 5863: 5850: 5825: 5812: 5801: 5783: 5078:Wheelis, Mark (September 2002). 4431:. .law.cornell.edu. 28 June 2010 4121:. Sightm1911.com. Archived from 3219:from the original on 6 June 2012 2782: 2759: 2736: 2657:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2583:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 1877:, and by the Axis powers during 1468:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1105:U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense 1009:U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 962: 927:against the main suspect of the 753:on 12 September 1962, President 614:. Their use was outlawed by the 424: 423: 45: 8808:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 6976: 5692: 5669: 5613:"Biological Weapons Convention" 5555: 5523: 5491: 5416: 5391: 5364: 5337: 5310: 5283: 5256: 5229: 5202: 5175: 5122: 5071: 5058: 5028: 5003: 4984: 4914: 4882: 4850: 4818: 4786: 4754: 4727: 4695: 4663: 4636:Kotz, Deborah (24 April 2013). 4629: 4611: 4579: 4553: 4521: 4495: 4469: 4443: 4421: 4399: 4373: 4351: 4325: 4303: 4277: 4251: 4218: 4202:. 11 March 2007. Archived from 4192: 4166: 4152:. Academic Press. p. 402. 4137: 4111: 4089: 4068: 4042: 4018: 3972: 3946: 3928: 3903: 3877: 3824: 3769: 3743: 3712: 3683: 3653: 3627: 3601: 3571: 3550: 3544:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3532: 3472: 3446: 3375: 3363: 3337: 3311: 3284:Pais, A.; Crease, R.P. (2007). 3265:Oppenheimer, Robert J. (1955). 3258: 3238:United Nations General Assembly 3109:. Scarecrow Press. p. 30. 2962:New physical principles weapons 2312:A television commercial called 1462:Ban stationing of WMD in space 1422:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1279:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1172:(CBRNE), which defines WMD as: 1039:This may also refer to nuclear 622:against civilians and soldiers 523:-related technologies, such as 8234: 7276:Americans on WMD Proliferation 7023:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3719:Kumar, Davinder (March 2013). 3369:Kennedy JF (22 October 1962). 3213:"UNODA – Nuclear Weapons Home" 3205: 3135: 3096: 3070: 3057: 3010: 1529:Ban all nuclear weapons tests 1248:Criminal (civilian) definition 1073:In 2004, the United Kingdom's 1058:The significance of the words 931:bombing of 15 April 2013, the 918:Lake Superior State University 721:as a Contemporary Problem" by 657:(weapon of mass destruction). 655:oruzhiye massovogo porazheniya 499:structures (e.g., buildings), 1: 5942:"Weapons of mass distraction" 5700:"Gas Warfare at Dura-Europos" 5562:Beard, Jack M. (April 2007). 5066:Biological Weapons Convention 4146:"Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3855:"Weapons of Mass Destruction" 3456:. 18 May 2008. Archived from 3287:J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life 3003: 2595:protest march in Oxford, 1980 2268:from aircraft, and generally 1848:Biological Weapons Convention 1752:history of biological warfare 1062:is that missiles such as the 827:, when referring to the 1967 8348:International Criminal Court 6936:"IAEA news release Feb 2007" 6141:American Heritage Dictionary 6137:"Weapon of mass destruction" 5402:. Oneworld. pp. 11–31. 5084:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2633:. Prior to the election the 2350:American Heritage Dictionary 1712:agreements include Belgium, 7: 8939:Weapons of mass destruction 8748:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7603:National Revolutionary Army 7320: 7282:/Knowledge Networks survey. 7009:Weapons of Mass Destruction 6636:"Indian Nuclear Escalation" 6493:. Fox News. 26 April 2005. 6301:Political Science Quarterly 5837:Khabarovsk War Crime Trials 2907:List of CBRN warfare forces 2883: 2840:and an external radius of 5 2681:since the beginning of the 2616:Institute for Public Policy 1846:" agreement only. The 1972 1617:Use, possession, and access 1562:Chemical Weapons Convention 984:(NBC) although there is no 795:yield of the nuclear weapon 599: 554:Redwing Tewa was detonated. 110:Weapons of mass destruction 68:, discuss the issue on the 35:Weapons of Mass Distraction 22:Weapons of Mass Destruction 10: 8965: 8722:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 7415:War of the Triple Alliance 7122:" (20 November 2001), CNN. 6962:"Biohazard Symbol History" 6204:U.S. Department of Justice 4505:. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com. 4478:"United States v. McVeigh" 4453:. Fbi.gov. 30 March 2007. 3916:. Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov 3637:. Lssu.edu. Archived from 3609:"American Dialect Society" 3347:. nasa.gov. Archived from 3142:William R. Cullen (2008). 2952:Mutual assured destruction 2696: 2670: 1861: 1754:goes back at least to the 1731: 1663:on the Japanese cities of 1625: 1492:Seabed Arms Control Treaty 1364: 1234:radiation or radioactivity 1013:U.S. Department of Defense 469:weapon of mass destruction 29:Weapons of Mass Distortion 18: 8899: 8828: 8663: 8581: 8457: 8408:Joint criminal enterprise 8358: 8338:Responsibility to protect 8266: 8255: 8242: 8184: 8148: 7918: 7871: 7770: 7612: 7566: 7443: 7435:Pre-20th century firearms 7375: 7337: 7328: 7262:Journal of Medical Ethics 7247: 7133:Lentzos, Filippa (2019). 5841:Halabja poison gas attack 5580:10.1017/S0002930000030098 5377:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5350:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5323:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5296:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5269:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5242:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5215:Nuclear Threat Initiative 5188:Nuclear Threat Initiative 4992:World Nuclear Forces 2023 4529:"U.S. v. Richard C. Reid" 3441:Nuclear Threat Initiative 2650:spread of nuclear weapons 2333:as justification for the 1394:Number of states parties 1391:Date of entry into force 1252:For the purposes of U.S. 875:11 September 2001 attacks 7823:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7813:South African Border War 7595:Second Sino-Japanese War 7220: 6990:Cirincione, Joseph, ed. 6925:482 (March 2007): 70–72. 6419:16 December 2018 at the 6111:US Department of Defense 5911:"Carpet or Area Bombing" 5885:9 September 2007 at the 5129:Mayor, Adrienne (2003). 5000:Oxford University Press. 3802:10.1177/0096340213501373 3443:(NTI), updated May, 2014 3430:Country Profiles -Israel 2612:University of New Mexico 2296:An atomic-bomb blueprint 1661:dropped two atomic bombs 1377:conventions and treaties 1117:, the Vice President of 1054:missiles in Europe, 1981 910:American Dialect Society 823:used it during the 1986 733:, on 17 September 1947. 708:Atomic Energy Commission 569:Archbishop of Canterbury 19:Not to be confused with 8875:Crimes against humanity 8713:Libyan civil war (2011) 8573:Wartime sexual violence 8521:Human trophy collecting 8506:Enforced disappearances 7803:Portuguese Colonial War 7243:, 16(3): 190–195, 2005. 7199:. Geneva, Switzerland. 7187:Heinonen, Olli (2020). 7172:. Geneva, Switzerland. 7145:. Geneva, Switzerland. 6917:20 January 2012 at the 5398:Dando, Malcolm (2006). 5064:United Nations (1972). 3063:"Archbishop's Appeal," 3043:Encyclopedia Britannica 2360:Boston Marathon bombing 1346:Boston Marathon bombing 958:Definitions of the term 952:critical infrastructure 887:Iraq disarmament crisis 856:Iraq's weapons programs 559:Early uses of this term 8526:Indiscriminate attacks 8511:Extrajudicial killings 8382:Command responsibility 8171:Civilian gun ownership 7205:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE2 7179:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE3 7152:10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE4 7061:22 (Jan. 2013), 68–97. 7050:" (12 February 2003), 6368:, PIPA, 2 October 2003 5097:10.3201/eid0809.010536 3940:4 October 2006 at the 3564:1 October 2012 at the 2881: 2869: 2814: 2802: 2644:On 15 April 2004, the 2635:Bharatiya Janata Party 2596: 2426:search for WMD in Iraq 2418: 2388:Iran's nuclear program 2324:presidential candidacy 2297: 2284:United States politics 2258:crime against humanity 1818:Imperial Japanese Army 1747: 1683: 1641: 1214: 1055: 1037: 870: 831:. Reagan's successor, 740: 624:in Ethiopia in 1935–36 589: 555: 550:, the 5-megaton-yield 8846:List of global issues 8675:Gaza–Israel conflict 8501:Desecration of graves 8481:Collective punishment 7848:Nicaraguan Revolution 7798:Araguaia Guerilla War 7367:Early thermal weapons 7241:Psychological Science 7041:Definition and origin 7001:(2 vol 2004); 1024pp 5015:www.sciencedirect.com 2947:List of global issues 2877: 2867: 2808: 2800: 2693:Common hazard symbols 2591: 2396: 2380:nuclear weapons tests 2335:2003 invasion of Iraq 2318:, promoting Democrat 2295: 1809:(1934–1956), and the 1745: 1681: 1671:during World War II. 1639: 1441:nuclear weapons tests 1174: 1157:military doctrine of 1049: 1032: 916:in 2002, and in 2003 895:2003 invasion of Iraq 864: 850:. Following the war, 735: 723:J. Robert Oppenheimer 691:(probably drafted by 669:Brookings Institution 577: 546:On July 20, 1956, at 545: 8901:‡ Does not apply to 8880:Crimes of aggression 8862:international crimes 8760:Sri Lankan Civil War 8568:Use of human shields 8466:humanitarian workers 7853:Salvadoran Civil War 7420:Spanish–American War 7395:American Indian Wars 7274:Steven Kull et al., 7160:Trapp, Ralf (2019). 7085:Schneier on Security 7031:Hutchinson, Robert. 7007:Curley, Robert, ed. 6997:Croddy, Eric A. ed. 6968:on 13 February 2012. 6938:. 15 February 2007. 6875:on 31 December 2013. 6675:on 29 September 2005 6027:The Arizona Republic 5996:Easterbrook, Gregg. 4081:16 July 2011 at the 3853:Reed, Laura (2014). 3755:Government Executive 3271:Simon & Schuster 3240: Session 1 3103:Eric Croddy (1997). 2593:Anti-nuclear weapons 2392:bias among the media 2368:pressure cooker bomb 2362:, was charged under 1607:Comprehensively ban 1580:Comprehensively ban 1553:Comprehensively ban 1131:UN Secretary-General 1024:conventional weapons 968:Strategic definition 879:2001 anthrax attacks 777:Evolution of its use 766:international treaty 759:Cuban Missile Crisis 710:(predecessor of the 704:Herbert Bayard Swope 647:radiological weapons 643:conventional weapons 618:of 1925. Italy used 552:thermonuclear weapon 74:create a new article 66:improve this article 8738:Russo-Ukrainian War 8375:Civilian casualties 7906:Russo-Ukrainian War 7843:Dominican Civil War 7818:Cambodian Civil War 7779:First Indochina War 7111:" (February 2003), 7035:(Hachette UK, 2011) 6983:Bentley, Michelle. 6729:on 16 February 2006 6702:on 16 February 2006 6147:on 4 September 2015 6010:on 11 October 2007. 5881:, 2 February 2005. 5845:Ali Hassan al-Majid 5779:. 2 September 2013. 4625:. 9 September 2014. 4180:on 2 September 2007 4125:on 1 September 2010 3794:2013BuAtS..69e..32C 3665:The Washington Post 2977:Orbital bombardment 2972:Operations Plus WMD 2942:Kinetic bombardment 2579:nuclear disarmament 2238:September 30, 1998 2188:September 14, 2013 2051:September 15, 1995 1910: 1333:The Washington Post 1217:Military definition 848:Bush Administration 749:During a speech at 573:bombing of Guernica 513:chemical explosives 8949:Man-made disasters 8841:War crime apologia 8755:Second Chechen War 8458:War crimes by type 8418:Military necessity 8413:Medical neutrality 8331:Protocol II (1977) 8296:Geneva Conventions 8247:List of war crimes 7896:Russo-Georgian War 7838:Lebanese Civil War 7808:Rhodesian Bush War 7425:Mexican Revolution 7410:American Civil War 7400:War of the Pacific 7390:Napoleonic Warfare 7269:Public perceptions 7107:David P. Fidler, " 7083:" (6 April 2009), 6412:Duelfer, Charles. 6250:on 22 October 2004 5921:on 2 December 2015 5905:Geneva Conventions 5773:"SIGNATORY STATES" 5758:. 14 October 2013. 5657:on 2 February 2021 5511:on 9 February 2021 4934:on 26 January 2021 4902:on 3 December 2020 4870:on 2 February 2021 4838:on 3 December 2020 4806:on 3 December 2020 4715:on 2 February 2017 4056:on 10 October 2016 3757:. 19 December 2018 3518:The New York Times 3484:The New York Times 3435:2014-10-06 at the 3192:The New York Times 2912:Core (game theory) 2870: 2815: 2803: 2667:In popular culture 2597: 2573:Public perceptions 2553:Talk of the Nation 2298: 2118:November 27, 1997 2019:February 12, 2009 1987:September 3, 1996 1908: 1805:(1920s–1992), the 1748: 1738:Biological weapons 1734:Biological warfare 1728:Biological weapons 1684: 1642: 1594:20 September 2017 1555:biological weapons 1516:10 September 1996 1449:Outer Space Treaty 1338:Zacarias Moussaoui 1231:a disease organism 1115:Gustavo Bell Lemus 1056: 1030:refers to WMD as: 925:criminal complaint 883:asymmetric warfare 871: 840:invasion of Kuwait 829:Outer Space Treaty 770:Outer Space Treaty 597:biological weapons 556: 8926: 8925: 8895: 8894: 8836:War crimes trials 8664:War crimes by war 8453: 8452: 8433:Protected persons 8326:Protocol I (1977) 8202: 8201: 7914: 7913: 7858:Soviet–Afghan War 7833:Laotian Civil War 7581:Spanish Civil War 7278:(15 April 2004), 7118:Joanne Mariner, " 7097:International law 6994:(Routledge, 2014) 6615:. 20 October 1998 6423:NPR. 22 June 2006 6276:on 14 August 2010 6206:. 21 April 2013. 5706:. 7 November 2009 5704:World Archaeology 4159:978-0-12-803708-9 3960:on 1 October 2004 3859:Hampshire College 3731:on 7 January 2022 3641:on 20 August 2017 3409:978-1-57488-585-9 3297:978-0-19-532712-0 3045:. 1 November 1952 2987:Strategic bombing 2967:Nuclear terrorism 2790: 2789: 2601:Nobel Peace Prize 2567:Iraq Survey Group 2537: 2536: 2356:Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 2305:or to generate a 2242: 2241: 2235:January 13, 1993 2219:January 13, 1993 2216:Eliminated, 2023 2134:November 5, 1997 2131:January 13, 1993 2128:Eliminated, 2017 2115:January 13, 1993 2083:January 14, 1993 2061:Eliminated, 2014 2048:January 13, 1993 2032:January 13, 1993 2016:January 13, 2009 2013:Eliminated, 2018 2003:November 3, 1997 2000:January 13, 1993 1984:January 14, 1993 1981:Eliminated, 2009 1952:January 13, 1993 1936:January 14, 1993 1933:Eliminated, 2007 1825:human experiments 1801:(1981–1993), the 1614: 1613: 1567:3 September 1992 1496:11 February 1971 1361:International law 1354:Tamerlan Tsarnaev 1350:Dzhokhar Tsarnaev 1127:Millennium Report 1121:, at 9 July 2001 990:international law 891:alleged existence 833:George H. W. Bush 791:strategic weapons 746:written in 1950. 565:Cosmo Gordon Lang 465: 464: 102: 101: 94: 76:, as appropriate. 8956: 8916: 8915: 8857: 8856: 8765:Syrian civil war 8708:2006 Lebanon War 8671:Afghanistan wars 8423:Prisoners of war 8264: 8263: 8259:humanitarian law 8229: 8222: 8215: 8206: 8205: 8192: 8191: 8068:Mass destruction 7976:Blunt instrument 7901:Syrian Civil War 7335: 7334: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7216: 7183: 7181: 7156: 7154: 7059:Security Studies 6970: 6969: 6964:. Archived from 6958: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6932: 6926: 6910:Linda Lodding, " 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6868:. Archived from 6867: 6859: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6815:. Archived from 6805: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6785:. Archived from 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6755:. 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1963 1410:8 February 1928 1382: 1381: 1135:General Assembly 1080: 982:chemical weapons 914:word of the year 825:Reykjavík Summit 731:State Department 608:chemical weapons 605: 457: 450: 443: 427: 426: 408:List of treaties 120: 106: 105: 97: 90: 86: 83: 77: 49: 48: 41: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8953: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8903:airborne forces 8891: 8870:Atrocity crimes 8855: 8824: 8659: 8584:committed by... 8583: 8577: 8486:Criminal orders 8449: 8428:Proportionality 8386:Superior orders 8354: 8291:Geneva Protocol 8258: 8251: 8238: 8233: 8203: 8198: 8180: 8176:Science fiction 8144: 8016:Directed-energy 7910: 7886:Afghanistan War 7867: 7766: 7608: 7568:Interwar period 7562: 7463:Austria-Hungary 7439: 7371: 7324: 7319: 7289: 7271: 7250: 7231:Wayback Machine 7223: 7129: 7099: 7043: 7038: 6979: 6974: 6973: 6960: 6959: 6955: 6945: 6943: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6919:Wayback Machine 6909: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6853: 6843: 6841: 6837: 6836: 6832: 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4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4651: 4649: 4634: 4630: 4623:www.justice.gov 4617: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4240: 4239:on 14 July 2014 4236: 4229: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4083:Wayback Machine 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3980:"Archived copy" 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3942:Wayback Machine 3933: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3891:on 2 April 2010 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3844: 3829: 3825: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3713: 3708:on 2 June 2021. 3705: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3566:Wayback Machine 3555: 3551: 3546:. 17 June 2019. 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437:Wayback Machine 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3282: 3278: 3263: 3259: 3253: A/RES/1(I) 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3117: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2922:Fallout shelter 2891:The Bomb (film) 2886: 2862: 2795: 2774: 2751: 2728: 2701: 2695: 2687:Science-fiction 2679:popular culture 2675: 2669: 2575: 2417: 2414: 2376: 2307:culture of fear 2286: 2250: 2244: 2222:April 25, 1997 2189: 2171: 2153: 2152:April 20, 2000 2141: 2068: 1894:Geneva Protocol 1866: 1860: 1836:Geneva Protocol 1771:First World War 1740: 1732:Main articles: 1730: 1710:nuclear sharing 1634: 1628:Nuclear warfare 1626:Main articles: 1624: 1622:Nuclear weapons 1619: 1609:nuclear weapons 1403:Geneva Protocol 1373: 1363: 1250: 1219: 1078: 970: 965: 960: 937:pressure-cooker 929:Boston Marathon 867:nuclear weapons 802:Operation Opera 789:the euphemism " 779: 755:John F. Kennedy 751:Rice University 727:Foreign Service 637:and during the 616:Geneva Protocol 593:nuclear weapons 561: 537:nuclear warfare 491:, or any other 461: 98: 87: 81: 78: 63: 50: 46: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8962: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8866: 8864: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8832: 8830: 8829:Related topics 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8810: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8728: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8681: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8660: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8650:United Kingdom 8647: 8642: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8625: 8624: 8623: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8587: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8516:Hostage-taking 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8476:Child soldiers 8473: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8439:Ruse de guerre 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8397:Hors de combat 8393: 8388: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8370:non-combatants 8362: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8272: 8270: 8261: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8232: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8209: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7951:Anti-personnel 7948: 7946:Anti-ballistic 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7747:United Kingdom 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7662:Czechoslovakia 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7592: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7548:United Kingdom 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7343: 7341: 7332: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7295: 7288: 7287:External links 7285: 7284: 7283: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7254:Jacob M. Appel 7249: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7184: 7157: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7105: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7088: 7077:Bruce Schneier 7074: 7062: 7055: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7029: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6995: 6988: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6953: 6927: 6903: 6878: 6851: 6830: 6819:on 13 May 2018 6800: 6789:on 13 May 2018 6770: 6759:on 13 May 2018 6740: 6713: 6686: 6654: 6626: 6611:United Nations 6597: 6592:10.2172/665965 6571: 6544: 6508: 6482: 6456: 6425: 6405: 6396: 6370: 6326: 6307:(4): 569–598. 6287: 6261: 6224: 6188: 6158: 6128: 6097: 6066: 6039: 6013: 5985: 5959: 5932: 5891: 5862: 5849: 5824: 5811: 5800: 5797:. 9 July 2015. 5782: 5761: 5740: 5717: 5691: 5668: 5636: 5601: 5554: 5543:on 21 May 2019 5522: 5490: 5451:(5): 853–879. 5431: 5415: 5408: 5390: 5363: 5336: 5309: 5291:"South Africa" 5282: 5255: 5228: 5201: 5174: 5146: 5140:978-1585673483 5139: 5121: 5090:(9): 971–975. 5070: 5057: 5027: 5002: 4983: 4971:www.ucsusa.org 4945: 4913: 4881: 4849: 4817: 4785: 4753: 4726: 4694: 4683:on 21 May 2019 4662: 4628: 4610: 4578: 4552: 4520: 4494: 4482:Google Scholar 4468: 4442: 4420: 4398: 4372: 4350: 4324: 4302: 4276: 4250: 4217: 4191: 4165: 4158: 4136: 4110: 4088: 4067: 4041: 4017: 3992:on 1 June 2006 3971: 3945: 3927: 3902: 3876: 3842: 3823: 3768: 3742: 3711: 3682: 3652: 3626: 3600: 3570: 3549: 3531: 3501: 3471: 3460:on 18 May 2008 3445: 3422: 3408: 3388: 3374: 3362: 3351:on 6 July 2015 3336: 3310: 3296: 3276: 3257: 3230: 3204: 3173: 3154: 3134: 3115: 3095: 3069: 3056: 3030: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2861: 2858: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2697:Main article: 2694: 2691: 2671:Main article: 2668: 2665: 2605:Joseph Rotblat 2574: 2571: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2424:regarding the 2412: 2375: 2374:Media coverage 2372: 2320:Lyndon Johnson 2285: 2282: 2278:carpet bombing 2276:or saturation 2266:terror bombing 2249: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2142:and Montenegro 2136: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1955:April 4, 1997 1953: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917:CW Possession 1915: 1862:Main article: 1859: 1856: 1807:United Kingdom 1793:(1930s–1945), 1789:(1985–1990s), 1763:Ancient Greeks 1759:siege of Caffa 1729: 1726: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1585: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1570:29 April 1997 1568: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1544: 1543:26 March 1975 1541: 1540:10 April 1972 1538: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1427: 1426:5 August 1963 1424: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1362: 1359: 1344:The surviving 1328:of $ 250,000. 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1249: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1218: 1215: 1108:Paul Wolfowitz 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1005:U.S. President 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 903:mustard agents 810:Begin Doctrine 806:Menachem Begin 800:Subsequent to 778: 775: 700:Bernard Baruch 689:Mackenzie King 685:Clement Attlee 661:William Safire 651:William Safire 629:Following the 560: 557: 509:aerial bombing 463: 462: 460: 459: 452: 445: 437: 434: 433: 432: 431: 418: 417: 416: 415: 412:treaty parties 402: 401: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 384: 376: 375: 371: 370: 369: 368: 363: 358: 356:United Kingdom 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 160: 159: 153: 152: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 127: 126: 122: 121: 113: 112: 100: 99: 60:of the subject 58:worldwide view 53: 51: 44: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8961: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8934: 8919: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8858: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8813:Yugoslav Wars 8811: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8743:War in Donbas 8741: 8740: 8739: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8656: 8655:United States 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8541:Mass killings 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8496:Death marches 8494: 8492: 8491:Death flights 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8357: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321:Fourth (1949) 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8311:Second (1949) 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257:International 8254: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8223: 8218: 8216: 8211: 8210: 8207: 8195: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:Anti-aircraft 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881:Yugoslav Wars 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7873:Post-Cold War 7870: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7828:Iran–Iraq War 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7752:United States 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:United States 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7385:Early Warfare 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7302: 7297: 7296: 7293: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7092: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7065:Michael Evans 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7044: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6923:IAEA Bulletin 6920: 6916: 6913: 6907: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6871: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6840: 6834: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6671: 6664: 6658: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6612: 6607: 6601: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6578: 6576: 6568: 6555: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6518: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6400: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6365: 6359: 6340: 6338: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5998:"Term Limits" 5992: 5990: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5920: 5916: 5915:Crimes of War 5912: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5409:9781851684472 5405: 5401: 5394: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5367: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5259: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5232: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5163: 5162:The Economist 5159: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5061: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4972: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4837: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4821: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4757: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4659: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4595: 4588: 4582: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4430: 4424: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4007: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3912: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3299: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3280: 3273:. p. 23. 3272: 3268: 3267:The Open Mind 3261: 3254: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3161: 3157: 3155:9780854043637 3151: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3122: 3118: 3116:9780810832718 3112: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3009: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2813:danger symbol 2812: 2811:radioactivity 2807: 2801:Radioactivity 2799: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2699:Hazard symbol 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610:In 1998, the 2608: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2548:Rick Santorum 2545: 2540: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2458:Media source 2457: 2456: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2364:United States 2361: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2212:United States 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170:May 24, 1999 2169: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2086:July 8, 2015 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1939:May 11, 1994 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1923:Ratified CWC 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1813:(1943–1969). 1812: 1811:United States 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785:(1921–1972), 1784: 1781:(1946–1956), 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1716:, Italy, the 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:United States 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1519:Not in force 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1476:5 March 1970 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407:17 June 1925 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1348:perpetrator, 1347: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1242:proliferation 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166:civil defense 1162: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1076: 1075:Butler Review 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1028:U.S. military 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 994: 991: 988:or customary 987: 983: 979: 975: 963:United States 955: 953: 949: 948:cyber weapons 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 868: 863: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 821:Ronald Reagan 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 774: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 719:Atomic Energy 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 693:Vannevar Bush 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 656: 652: 649:is traced by 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 620:mustard agent 617: 613: 609: 603: 598: 594: 591:At the time, 588: 586: 582: 576: 574: 570: 566: 553: 549: 544: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 438: 436: 435: 430: 422: 421: 420: 419: 413: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 399: 398: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374:Proliferation 373: 372: 367: 364: 362: 361:United States 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 306: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 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Fas.org. 3080:. Fas.org. 2927:Game theory 2746:Radioactive 2331:WMD in Iraq 2262:laws of war 2092:North Korea 1920:Signed CWC 1875:World War I 1718:Netherlands 1137:, in which 1064:Pershing II 1052:Pershing II 939:improvised 781:During the 633:that ended 612:World War I 336:Switzerland 321:South Korea 281:Philippines 271:North Korea 266:Netherlands 8933:Categories 8818:Kosovo War 8731:Second war 8703:Korean War 8582:War crimes 8558:Starvation 8548:No quarter 8236:War crimes 8078:Non-lethal 8058:Insurgency 8053:Incendiary 8048:Improvised 7981:Ceremonial 7971:Biological 7931:Amphibious 7783:Korean War 7757:Yugoslavia 7589:Republican 7513:Montenegro 6946:11 January 6896:13 October 6844:13 October 6348:22 October 6090:1 February 6032:2 February 5925:8 December 5901:Protocol I 5574:(2): 277. 5483:27 October 4571:11 January 4487:15 October 4174:"Colombia" 4103:19 January 3996:6 February 3964:6 February 3895:6 February 3885:"Untitled" 3869:21 October 3242:Resolution 3215:. 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