419:
623:, reported treating injuries of anti-government Karenni rebels that were "consistent with a chemical attack", and claimed that "strong circumstantial evidence exists for the use of chemicals, particularly nerve agents, pulmonary agents and possibly blister agents". In response to the Christian Solidarity Worldwide report, the Burmese government denied the use of chemical weapons. The NTI has stated that "without further investigation it is not clear if the reports refer to agents recognized under international law as chemical weapons or to riot control agents - the latter is most likely".
338:
31:
1194:
559:(DVB), found evidence that allegedly shows the country's military regime begun a programme to develop nuclear weapons. The DVB said evidence of Myanmar's nuclear programme came from top-secret documents smuggled out of the country over several years, including hundreds of files and other evidence provided by Sai Thein Win, a former major in the
578:
Based on Win's evidence, Robert Kelley, a former weapons inspector, said he believed Burma "has the intent to go nuclear and it is... expending huge resources along the way." But as of 2010, experts said that Burma was a long way from succeeding, given the poor quality of their current materials.
534:
In 2007, Russia and Burma did a controversial nuclear research center deal. According to them, "The centre will comprise a 10MW light-water reactor working on 20%-enriched uranium-235, an activation analysis laboratory, a medical isotope production laboratory, silicon doping system, nuclear waste
936:
However, a number of outside experts were skeptical of the DVB's allegations and Kelley's supporting analysis. ISIS, for example, agrees that some of the equipment depicted in the report could be used in producing uranium metal, but stated it could alternatively be used for producing 'rare earth
618:
In 2005 Belgian photojournalist
Thierry Falise reported speaking to two deserters from the Burmese Army who, during their time in service, were "reportedly told to take special precautions because they were handling chemical shells". The deserters described seeing artillerymen wearing masks and
643:
journalists, to ten years in prison and hard labor under colonial-era espionage laws. The
Burmese government claims the factory produces "military equipment" but does not produce chemical weapons. Security experts remain unconvinced that the facility in Magway is being used to produce chemical
1059:
583:
notes ambiguity as to whether certain equipment is used for uranium production, or for innocently producing "rare earth metals or metals such as titanium or vanadium". The U.S. expressed concern in 2011 about possible
634:
and quoted workers at the factory who said it produced chemical weapons. The magazine also claimed
Chinese technicians were often seen around the factory. In response, the Burmese government sentenced the head of
388:
program. If such a program does exist, Burma's technical and financial limitations may make it difficult for the program to succeed. The United States expressed concern in 2011 about potential violations of the
615:, in which Burma was included on a list of nations that "probably possess" chemical weapons. However, the United States then took Burma off the list of nations with chemical weapons programmes in 1993.
971:
630:, a Burmese magazine, reported that Burma was making chemical weapons. The magazine claimed that the military had seized hundreds of hectares of land to build a chemical weapons factory in Burma's
1063:
759:
The U.S. State
Department expressed concern about Burma's NPT compliance in 2011, however in its 2012 compliance report it stated that its concerns "were partially allayed" by 2012.
603:
The first public indications of Burma's possible possession of chemical weapons came in testimony delivered to the United States
Congress in 1991 by Rear Admiral Thomas A. Brooks,
404:
has stated there is "no evidence to suggest that
Myanmar has a chemical weapons program." Burma is a member of nuclear, but not chemical or biological, non-proliferation treaties.
723:
Kelley further argued, however, that it would be extremely difficult for
Myanmar, given its limited technical and financial capabilities, to develop nuclear weapons successfully.
1129:
834:
324:
1106:
367:
881:
548:, involves the construction of a nuclear reactor and plutonium extraction facilities in caves tunneled into a mountain at Naung Laing, a village in the
585:
390:
580:
1219:
268:
69:
273:
592:
320:
228:
223:
418:
248:
233:
193:
183:
178:
278:
1139:
604:
544:, Burma had been working to develop a nuclear weapon by 2014. The reported effort, purportedly being undertaken with assistance from
360:
93:
88:
552:. The information cited in the newspaper story reportedly originated from two high-ranking defectors who had settled in Australia.
203:
188:
103:
263:
208:
128:
83:
78:
258:
243:
213:
198:
168:
148:
123:
108:
98:
253:
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158:
133:
118:
113:
619:
gloves to fire the munitions. In a separate report from the same year, Dr. Martin Panter, a physician and the president of
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341:
143:
138:
915:
776:
738:
702:
1045:
842:
1224:
217:
517:
153:
579:
Despite Kelley's analysis, some experts are uncertain that a nuclear weapons programme exists; for example, the
864:
620:
675:
999:
294:
1214:
608:
1085:
656:
304:
1184:
22:
1198:
838:
680:
556:
401:
1028:
817:
1012:
897:
540:
299:
60:
555:
On June 3, 2010, a five-year investigation by an anti-government
Myanmar broadcaster, the
8:
560:
972:"After the War: Chemical Arms; Navy Report Asserts Many Nations Seek Or Have Poison Gas"
993:
976:
868:
612:
1161:
805:
549:
397:
45:
50:
1060:"Report on chemical weapons earn Myanmar journalists jail term with hard labour"
923:
784:
746:
710:
645:
588:
violations, but by 2012 stated that its concerns had been "partially allayed".
499:
385:
238:
55:
1208:
967:
631:
1134:
1086:"10 years of hard labor: "Back to square one" for Myanmar press freedoms?"
882:
Myanmar
Nuclear Weapon Program Claims Supported by Photos, Jane's Reports
649:
564:
545:
949:
901:
393:(NPT), though by 2012 these concerns had been "partially allayed".
410:
381:
30:
1107:"Myanmar Court Sentences Journalists to Prison and Hard Labor"
572:
384:(formerly known as Burma) was suspected to have initiated a
568:
1182:
1162:"Myanmar ratifies world chemical weapons convention"
538:
According to an August 2009 report published in the
644:weapons, but some, including prominent journalist
391:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
1206:
1130:"Military facility hides secrets from the world"
980:. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011
595:on September 26, 2018, but has not ratified it.
581:Institute for Science and International Security
567:had been exporting nuclear technology to Burma,
396:Burma has faced persistent accusations of using
937:metals or metals such as titanium or vanadium'.
648:, suggest that the site is tied to a secretive
892:
890:
771:
769:
767:
361:
593:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
887:
835:"Expert says Burma "planning nuclear bomb""
824:, August 1, 2009, Accessed August 10, 2009.
563:. A UN report said there was evidence that
1052:
1035:, April 21, 2005, Accessed August 9, 2009.
764:
368:
354:
29:
1127:
898:"Burma "trying to build nuclear weapon""
857:
1022:
1019:, May 8, 2005, Accessed August 9, 2009.
1006:
960:
811:
662:
1220:Weapons of mass destruction by country
1207:
966:
733:
731:
1013:Burmese junta uses chemical weapons
818:Revealed: Burma's nuclear bombshell
598:
13:
1062:. Myanmar News.Net. Archived from
652:program to develop missile parts.
535:treatment and burial facilities".
529:
14:
1236:
865:"Myanmar "nuclear plans" exposed"
728:
659:in 1993 and ratified it in 2015.
1192:
1128:Arterbury, John (13 July 2014).
806:Russia and Burma in nuclear deal
498:Cumulative strategic arsenal in
417:
411:Republic of the Union of Myanmar
337:
336:
1154:
1121:
1099:
1078:
1038:
942:
908:
442:First thermonuclear weapon test
1029:Burma 'using chemical weapons'
875:
827:
799:
695:
668:
621:Christian Solidarity Worldwide
380:In 2009, it was reported that
1:
841:. 3 June 2010. Archived from
916:"Myanmar (Country Profiles)"
777:"Myanmar (Country Profiles)"
739:"Myanmar (Country Profiles)"
703:"Myanmar (Country Profiles)"
7:
657:Chemical Weapons Convention
23:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
1241:
426:Nuclear program start date
998:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
884:, Bloomberg, 22 July 2010
839:Democratic Voice of Burma
681:The Sydney Morning Herald
676:"Burma's nuclear secrets"
557:Democratic Voice of Burma
516:
508:
497:
490:Current strategic arsenal
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
434:First nuclear weapon test
433:
425:
416:
409:
1225:Nuclear weapons programs
16:Nuclear weapon program
822:Sydney Morning Herald
541:Sydney Morning Herald
509:Maximum missile range
1046:"ဗီြအိုေအ ျမန္မာဌာန"
663:Notes and references
1215:Military of Myanmar
591:Myanmar signed the
561:military of Myanmar
1199:Nuclear technology
977:The New York Times
970:(March 10, 1991).
954:treaties.unoda.org
639:, along with four
613:United States Navy
609:Naval Intelligence
458:Largest yield test
808:. BBC 15 May 2007
655:Burma signed the
550:Mandalay division
527:
526:
482:Current stockpile
450:Last nuclear test
378:
377:
1232:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1166:Associated Press
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1138:. Archived from
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1119:
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1114:
1103:
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1026:
1020:
1017:The Sunday Times
1010:
1004:
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997:
989:
987:
985:
964:
958:
957:
950:"UNODA Treaties"
946:
940:
939:
933:
931:
922:. Archived from
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906:
905:
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885:
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873:
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861:
855:
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831:
825:
815:
809:
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797:
796:
794:
792:
783:. Archived from
773:
762:
761:
756:
754:
745:. Archived from
735:
726:
725:
720:
718:
709:. Archived from
699:
693:
692:
690:
689:
672:
626:In January 2014
599:Chemical weapons
421:
407:
406:
398:chemical weapons
370:
363:
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340:
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321:List of treaties
33:
19:
18:
1240:
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1235:
1234:
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1203:
1193:
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1183:
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1171:
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1145:
1143:
1142:on 15 July 2014
1126:
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1112:
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1069:
1067:
1066:on 14 July 2014
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530:Nuclear weapons
429:2009 (presumed)
400:; however, the
386:nuclear weapons
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1227:
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1109:. 10 July 2014
1098:
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1021:
1005:
968:Wines, Michael
959:
941:
907:
904:. 4 June 2010.
886:
874:
871:. 4 June 2010.
856:
845:on 6 June 2010
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646:Bertil Lintner
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1168:. 9 July 2015
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926:on 2014-07-09
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787:on 2014-07-09
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749:on 2014-07-09
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713:on 2014-07-09
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1172:19 September
1170:. Retrieved
1165:
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1135:Bangkok Post
1133:
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1054:
1040:
1033:The Guardian
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
982:. Retrieved
975:
962:
953:
944:
935:
928:. Retrieved
924:the original
919:
910:
877:
859:
847:. Retrieved
843:the original
829:
821:
813:
801:
789:. Retrieved
785:the original
780:
758:
751:. Retrieved
747:the original
742:
722:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
706:
697:
686:. Retrieved
684:. 2009-07-31
679:
670:
654:
650:North Korean
641:Unity Weekly
640:
637:Unity Weekly
636:
628:Unity Weekly
627:
625:
617:
602:
590:
577:
554:
539:
537:
533:
395:
379:
229:South Africa
224:Saudi Arabia
218:Soviet Union
173:
61:Radiological
984:November 4,
565:North Korea
546:North Korea
500:megatonnage
466:Total tests
249:Switzerland
234:South Korea
194:Philippines
184:North Korea
179:Netherlands
1209:Categories
1146:4 November
869:Al Jazeera
791:26 October
688:2022-09-10
279:Yugoslavia
70:By country
46:Biological
994:cite news
94:Australia
89:Argentina
930:9 August
902:BBC News
753:9 August
717:9 August
605:Director
342:Category
313:Treaties
305:Missiles
295:Chemical
204:Rhodesia
189:Pakistan
104:Bulgaria
51:Chemical
1113:12 July
1091:12 July
1070:11 July
611:of the
512:Unknown
504:Unknown
493:Unknown
485:Unknown
477:Unknown
469:Unknown
461:Unknown
453:Unknown
445:Unknown
437:Unknown
382:Myanmar
300:Nuclear
264:Ukraine
209:Romania
174:Myanmar
129:Germany
84:Algeria
79:Albania
56:Nuclear
38:By type
1185:Portal
849:7 June
259:Taiwan
244:Sweden
214:Russia
199:Poland
169:Mexico
149:Israel
124:France
109:Canada
99:Brazil
573:Syria
520:party
254:Syria
239:Spain
164:Libya
159:Japan
154:Italy
134:India
119:Egypt
114:China
1174:2020
1148:2022
1115:2014
1093:2014
1072:2014
1000:link
986:2022
932:2014
851:2010
793:2013
755:2014
719:2014
571:and
569:Iran
144:Iraq
139:Iran
920:NTI
781:NTI
743:NTI
707:NTI
607:of
586:NPT
523:Yes
518:NPT
402:NTI
1211::
1164:.
1132:.
1031:,
1015:,
996:}}
992:{{
974:.
952:.
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1002:)
988:.
956:.
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323:(
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216:(
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