Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction

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neighbour and primary strategic competitor, helping drive Pakistan's conventional warfare capability and nuclear weapons development: The two countries share an 1800-mile border and have suffered a violent history—four wars in less than seven decades. The past three decades have seen India's economy eclipse that of Pakistan's, allowing the former to outpace the latter in defence expenditure at a decreasing share of GDP. In comparison to population, "India is more powerful than Pakistan by almost every metric of military, economic, and political power—and the gap continues to grow," a

2289:. Despite these efforts, it is claimed Khan Research Laboratories suffered setbacks until PAEC provided technical assistance. Although, A.Q. Khan disputes it and counter claims that PAEC is merely trying to take credit for KRL's success and that PAEC hindered progress at KRL after the two programs had been separated by Bhutto in 1976. In any case, KRL achieved modest enrichment of Uranium by 1978 and was ready to detonate an HEU uranium bomb by 1984. In contrast PAEC was unable to enrich any Uranium or produce weapons grade fissile material until 1998. 981: 2084:

2005 where both nations would alert the other on ballistic missile tests. In June 2004, the two countries signed an agreement to set up and maintain a hotline to warn each other of any accident that could be mistaken for a nuclear attack. These were deemed essential risk reduction measures in view of the seemingly unending state of misgiving and tension between the two countries, and the extremely short response time available to them to any perceived attack. None of these agreements limits the nuclear weapons programs of either country in any way.

2867:, however, argues that Pakistan's asymmetric escalation posture, or the rapid first use of nuclear weapons against conventional attacks to deter their outbreak, increases instability in South Asia. Narang supports his arguments by noting to the fact that since India's assured retaliation nuclear posture has not deterred these provocations, Pakistan's passive nuclear posture has neutralised India's conventional options for now; limited retaliation would be militarily futile, and more significant conventional retaliation is simply off the table." 2358:: "No one in the world has used the centrifuge method to produce weapon grade material.... his was not going to work, he is simply wasting time." Despite A.Q. Khan having difficulty getting his peers to listen to him, he aggressively continued his research and the program was made feasible in the shortest time possible. His efforts won him praise from Pakistan's politicians and military science circles, and he was now debuted as the "father of the uranium" bomb. On 28 May 1998, it was the KRL's HEU that ultimately created the 3003:, including the deployment and employment of strategic forces, and would advise the prime minister on nuclear use. The committee includes key senior cabinet ministers as well as the respective military chiefs of staff. The ECC reviews presentations on strategic threat perceptions, monitors the progress of weapons development, and decides on responses to emerging threats. It also establishes guidelines for effective command-and-control practices to safeguard against the accidental or unauthorised use of nuclear weapons. 11283: 1755:'s contribution to the nuclear energy programme is also fundamental to the development of atomic energy for civilian purposes as he, with efforts led by Salam, established PINSTECH, that subsequently developed into Pakistan's premier nuclear research institution. In addition to sending hundreds of young Pakistanis abroad for training, he laid the foundations of the Muslim world's first nuclear power reactor KANUPP, which was inaugurated by Munir Ahmad Khan in 1972. Scientists and engineers under Khan developed the 2541: 537: 3156:, multiple attacks on sensitive installations over the previous 2 years and rising tensions. According to former US intelligence official Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, US concerns are justified because militants have struck at several Pakistani military facilities and bases since 2007. According to this report, the United States does not know the locations of all Pakistani nuclear sites and has been denied access to most of them. However, during a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, the 1876:(BTWC) in 1974. Since then Pakistan has been a vocal and staunch supporter for the success of the BTWC. During the various BTWC Review Conferences, Pakistan's representatives have urged more robust participation from state signatories, invited new states to join the treaty, and, as part of the non-aligned group of countries, have made the case for guarantees for states' rights to engage in peaceful exchanges of biological and toxin materials for purposes of scientific research. 39: 3186:

that it could be acquired in Pakistan," However the U.S. intelligence official said there is no indication that terrorists have gotten anything from Pakistan, and added there is confidence right now in Pakistan's security apparatus. The Pakistanis store their nuclear stockpile in a way that makes it difficult to put the pieces together; that is, components are located in different places. The official said Pakistan has put the appropriate safeguards in place.

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ethical research; the DCC exercises technical, financial and administrative control over all strategic organisations, including national laboratories and scientific research and development organisations associated with the development and modernisation of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems. Functioning through the SPD, the DCC oversees the systematic progress of weapon systems to fulfil the force goals set by the committee.

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yields can be determined, including calculations based on blast size, blast brightness, seismographic data, and the strength of the shock wave. The Pakistan Government authorities puts up the yield range from 20-~40kt (as noted by Carey Sublette of the Nuclear Weapon Archives in her report. The explosion measured 5.54 degrees on the Richter magnitude scale, the PAEC provided the data as public domain in the KNET sources.

9898: 11400: 2293: 2624:. It is reported that the yields from these tests were 12 kt, 30 to 36 kt and four low-yield (below 1 kt) tests. From these tests Pakistan can be estimated to have developed operational warheads of 20 to 25 kt and 150 kt in the shape of low weight compact designs and may have 300–500 kt large-size warheads. The low-yield weapons are probably in nuclear bombs carried on 4200: 2783:

nuclear power plant. The Soviet and French civilian nuclear power plant was on its way during the 1990s. However, Bob Oakley, the US Ambassador to Pakistan, expressed US displeasure at the recent agreement made between France and Pakistan for the sale of a nuclear power plant. After the US concerns the civilian-nuclear technology agreements were cancelled by France and Soviet Union.

1989:-boosted weapons. Only a few grams of tritium can result in an increase of the explosive yield by 300% to 400%." Citing new satellite images of the facility, the Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) said the imagery suggests construction of the second Khushab reactor is "likely finished and that the roof beams are being placed on top of the third 1201:, was a Pool-type, light-water, 27–30 kWe, training reactor that went critical in 1989 under Munir Ahmad Khan. The PARR-II reactor was built and provided by PAEC under the IAEA safeguards as IAEA had funded this mega project. The PARR-I reactor was, under the agreement signed by PAEC and ANL, provided by the US Government in 1965, and scientists from PAEC and 967:, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined. Pakistan thus became the seventh country in the world to successfully develop and test nuclear weapons, although according to a letter sent by A.Q. Khan to General Zia, the capability to detonate a nuclear bomb using highly enriched uranium as fissile material produced at KRL had already been achieved by KRL in 1984. 1774:, Major General Feroz Hassan Khan wrote that Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud visits to Pakistan's atomic facility were not a proof of the agreement between the two countries. However, Feroz Hassan acknowledged in his own words, that "Saudi Arabia provided generous financial support to Pakistan that enabled the nuclear program to continue.". 1421:. In addition to the psychological setback for Pakistan, it had failed to gather any significant material support or assistance from its key allies, the United States and the People's Republic of China. Pakistan seemed to be isolated internationally, and in great danger; it felt that it could rely on no one but itself. Prime Minister 2532:. There is controversy regarding environmental damage caused by the test, which dismissed by Balochistan media which worked with the government as misinformation, since the test were carried out hundred meters underground of Ras Koh hill and the explosions were not damaging any environment of the any areas in Pakistan or India. 886:. Bhutto called a meeting of senior scientists and engineers on 20 January 1972. Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that Bhutto orchestrated the nuclear weapons programme and rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build an atomic bomb in three years for national survival. 3865:

Approximating and calculating the exact, accurate and precise yields are difficult to calculate. Even under very controlled conditions, precise yields can be very hard to determine, and for less controlled conditions the margins of error can be quite large. There are number of different ways that the

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is the deputy chairman of the Development Control Committee (DCC), the body responsible for weapons development and oversight which includes the nation's military and scientific, but not its political, leadership. Through DCC, the senior civilian scientists maintains a tight control of scientific and

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It was confirmed that Pakistan has built Soviet-style road-mobile missiles, state-of-the-art air defences around strategic sites, and other concealment measures. In 1998, Pakistan had 'at least six secret locations' and since then it is believed Pakistan may have many more such secret sites. In 2008,

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The actual size of Pakistan's nuclear stockpile is hard for experts to gauge owing to the extreme secrecy which surrounds the program in Pakistan. However, in 2007, retired Pakistan Army's Brigadier-General Feroz Khan, previously second in command at the Strategic Arms Division of Pakistans' Military

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told leading Pakistani politicians that the Pakistani Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) was completely incapable of meeting a deadline of December of that year for producing enough plutonium for a nuclear weapon. Shortly thereafter, he was placed in charge of a new organization independent of the PAEC

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became aware of advancing Indian nuclear program towards making the bombs. Therefore, In October 1965, Munir Khan, director at the Nuclear Power and Reactor Division of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), met with Bhutto on an emergency basis in Vienna, revealing the facts about the Indian

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during the 1980s. The Pakistani Atomic Energy Commission reported that the five nuclear tests conducted on May 28 generated a seismic signal of 5.0 on the Richter scale, with a total yield of up to 40 KT (equivalent TNT). Dr. A.Q. Khan claimed that one device was a boosted fission device and that the

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It proposed a nuclear weapons-free zone in South Asia; a joint renunciation of acquisition or manufacture of nuclear weapons; mutual inspection of nuclear facilities; adherence to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on nuclear facilities; a bilateral

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stated that "The F-16s were considered to be the first planes that are nuclear-capable in the Pakistan arsenal and the French Mirage III was upgraded as well to carry a new air launch cruise missile. But the United States made its case. What Pakistan does once they get the planes is inevitably up to

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said "Pakistan has a professional and dedicated security force that fully understands the importance of nuclear security." Pakistan had earlier rejected claims in US media that the Obama administration was worried about the safety of Pakistan's nuclear weapons, saying the country has a professional

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written by Jeffrey Goldberg highlighting concerns about the safety of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, the Pakistani Government announced that it would train an additional 8,000 people to protect the country's nuclear arsenal. At the same time, the Pakistani Government also denounced the article.

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program and nuclear security program is the strongest program in the world and there is no such capability in any other country for radical elements to steal or possess nuclear weapons. This claim is strongly disputed by foreign experts, citing the precedent of previous attacks of Pakistani military

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author of 'Peddling Peril' has also expressed concerns that Pakistan's stockpile may not be secure despite assurances by both the Pakistani and US governments. He stated Pakistan "has had many leaks from its program of classified information and sensitive nuclear equipment, and so you have to worry

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capability. Pakistan has been dealing with efforts to develop new weapons and at the same time, have a strategy for surviving a nuclear war. Pakistan has built hard and deeply buried storage and launch facilities to retain a second strike capability in a nuclear war. In January 2000, two years past

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In late 2006, the Institute for Science and International Security released intelligence reports and imagery showing the construction of a new plutonium reactor at the Khushab nuclear site. The reactor is deemed to be large enough to produce enough plutonium to facilitate the creation of as many as

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However, India and Pakistan reached three bilateral agreements on nuclear issues. In 1989, they agreed not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. Since then they have been regularly exchanging lists of nuclear facilities on 1 January of each year. Another bilateral agreement was signed in March

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As of 2014, Pakistan has been reportedly developing smaller, tactical nuclear weapons for use on the battlefield. This is consistent with earlier statements from a meeting of the National Command Authority (which directs nuclear policy and development) saying Pakistan is developing "a full-spectrum

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The PAEC in 1970 began work on a pilot-scale plant at Dera Ghazi Khan for the concentration of uranium ores. The plant had a capacity of 10,000 pounds a day. In 1989, Munir Ahmad Khan signed a nuclear cooperation deal and, since 2000, Pakistan has been developing a two-unit nuclear power plant

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According to Rolf Mowatt-Larssen, a former investigator with the CIA and the US Department of Energy there is "a greater possibility of a nuclear meltdown in Pakistan than anywhere else in the world. The region has more violent extremists than any other, the country is unstable, and its arsenal of

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of such a programme, Munir Ahmad Khan estimated the cost of nuclear technology at that time. Because things were less expensive, the then costs were not more than US$ 150 million. After hearing the proposal President Ayub Khan swiftly denied the proposal, saying that Pakistan was too poor to spend

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in London. Munir Khan pointed out to the President that Pakistan must acquire the necessary facilities that would give the country a nuclear weapon capability, which was available free of safeguards and at an affordable cost, and there were no restrictions on nuclear technology, that it was freely

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worth $ 350,000. Before 1971, Pakistan's nuclear development was peaceful but an effective deterrent against India, as Benazir Bhutto maintained in 1995. Pakistan's nuclear energy programme was established and started in 1956 following the establishment of PAEC. Pakistan became a participant in US

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announced it would start work on the construction of a nuclear submarine to better meet the Indian Navy's nuclear threat. According to the Navy, the nuclear submarine is an ambitious project, and will be designed and built indigenously. However, the Navy stressed that "the project completion and

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Historically, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been repeatedly charged with allegedly transferring missile and related materials to Pakistan. Despite China strongly dismissing the charges and accusations, the United States alleged China to have played a major role in the establishment of

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them," he said. The report also stated that Pakistan is obliged under the terms of its contract to ask the US for permission before the fighters are converted. To date, the US has given only two countries (Pakistan and Israel) implicit permission to modify their F-16s to carry nuclear warheads.

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and the four services chiefs, all of whom who reserves the right to order the deployment and the operational use of the nuclear weapons. The final and executive political decisions on nuclear arsenals deployments, operational use, and nuclear weapons politics are made during the sessions of the

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deal went into cold storage and the agreement could not be implemented due to financial constraints and the Pakistani government's apathy. Also in February 1990, Soviet Ambassador to Pakistan, V.P. Yakunin, said that the Soviet regime was considering a request from Pakistan for the supply of a

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carried the story with the insight that this would be Pakistan's third plutonium reactor, signalling a shift to dual-stream development, with Plutonium-based devices supplementing the nation's existing HEU stream to atomic warheads. On 30 May 1998, Pakistan proved its plutonium capability in a

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at Joharabad. In April 1998, Pakistan announced that the nuclear reactor was operational. The Khushab reactor project was initiated in 1986 by Munir Khan, who informed the world that the reactor was totally indigenous, i.e. that it was designed and built by Pakistani scientists and engineers.

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The theory of "N-deterrence" has been frequently being interpreted by the various government-in-time of effect of Pakistan. Although the nuclear deterrence theory was officially adopted in 1998 as part of Pakistan's defence theory, on the other hand, the theory has had been interpreted by the

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carried out deadly attacks on Indian soil, only to be met with a relatively subdued response from India. A military spokesperson stated that "Pakistan's threat of nuclear first-use deterred India from seriously considering conventional military strikes." India is Pakistan's primary geographic

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was transferred to Pakistan by China. China has consistently maintained that it has not sold any weapon parts or components to Pakistan or anyone else. In August 2001, it was reported that US officials confronted China numerous times over this issue and pointed out "rather bluntly" to Chinese

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Since 2004 the US government has reportedly been concerned about the safety of Pakistani nuclear facilities and weapons. Press reports have suggested that the United States has contingency plans to send in special forces to help "secure the Pakistani nuclear arsenal". In 2007, Lisa Curtis of

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report cited above, "Pakistan remains steadfast in its refusal to sign the NPT, stating that it would do so only after India joined the Treaty. Pakistan has responded to the report by stating that the United States itself has not ratified the CTBT. Consequently, not all of Pakistan's nuclear

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report, China has supplied Pakistan with nuclear materials and has provided critical technical assistance in the construction of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development facilities, in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, of which China is a signatory. In 2001 visit to India, the

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Pakistanis are "security conscious" because of the 1971 trauma and the three wars with India. Pakistan's programme was peaceful but was "a deterrent to India" because New Delhi had detonated a nuclear device. Pakistan, thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and

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estimated a stockpile of approximately 50 weapons. By contrast, in 2000, US military and intelligence sources estimated that Pakistan's nuclear arsenal may be as large as 100 warheads. In 2018, the Federation of American Scientists estimated that the arsenal was about 120-130 warheads.

2604:(NRDC) estimated that Pakistan had built 24–48 HEU-based nuclear warheads with HEU reserves for 30–52 additional warheads. In 2003, the US Navy Center for Contemporary Conflict estimated that Pakistan possessed between 35 and 95 nuclear warheads, with a median of 60. In 2003, the 3682:

pushed forward a proposal to build its own nuclear submarine as a direct response to the Indian nuclear submarine program. Many military experts believe that Pakistan has the capability of building a nuclear submarine and is ready to build such a fleet. In February 2012, the

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In April 2011, IAEA's deputy director general Denis Flory declared Pakistan's nuclear programme safe and secure. According to the IAEA, Pakistan is currently contributing more than $ 1.16 million in IAEA's Nuclear Security Fund, making Pakistan the 10th largest contributor.

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facilities are under IAEA safeguards. Pakistani officials have stated that signature of the CTBT is in Pakistan's best interest, but that Pakistan will do so only after developing a domestic consensus on the issue, and have disavowed any connection with India's decision."

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titled 'Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues' noted that even though Pakistan had taken several steps to enhance Nuclear security in recent years 'Instability in Pakistan has called the extent and durability of these reforms into question.'

3101:(PAL) technology, a sophisticated "weapon release" program which initiates use via specific checks and balances, possibly because it feared the secret implanting of "dead switches". But Pakistan is since believed to have developed and implemented its own version of 1084:

publicly stated that "Pakistan does not have a policy towards the atom bombs". Following the announcement, on 11 August 1955, the United States and Pakistan reached an understanding concerning the peaceful and industrial use of nuclear energy which also included a

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in early 2010 states that the United States is training an elite unit to recover Pakistani nuclear weapons or materials should they be seized by militants, possibly from within the Pakistani nuclear security organisation. This was done in the context of growing

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the United States admitted that it did not know where all of Pakistan's nuclear sites are located. Pakistani defence officials have continued to rebuff and deflect American requests for more details about the location and security of the country's nuclear sites.

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The first thing that was to be undertaken was the search for uranium. This continued for about three years from 1960 to 1963. Uranium deposits were discovered and the first-ever national award was given to the PAEC. Mining of uranium began in the same year. Dr.

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From the end of 2001 the United States has provided material assistance to aid Pakistan in guarding its nuclear material, warheads and laboratories. The cost of the program has been almost $ 100 million. Specifically the United States has provided helicopters,

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In 1986, it was reported that both countries have signed a mutual treaty of peaceful use of civil nuclear technology agreement in which China would supply Pakistan a civil-purpose nuclear power plant. A grand ceremony was held in Beijing where Pakistan's

3227:." While dismissing all the concerns on the safety of country's nuclear arsenal, General Majid maintains to the fact: "We are shouldering our responsibility with utmost vigilance and confidence. We have put in place a very robust regime that includes " 2678:

In 2010, Russian foreign ministry official Yuriy Korolev stated that there are somewhere between 120,000 and 130,000 people directly involved in Pakistan's nuclear and missile programs, a figure considered extremely large for a developing country.

2808:" doctrine, indicating that it would strike India with nuclear weapons even if India did not use such weapons first. Pakistan's asymmetric nuclear posture has significant influence on India's decision and ability to retaliate, as shown in 3122:, concluded that "preventing Pakistan's nuclear weapons and technology from falling into the hands of terrorists should be a top priority for the US." However Pakistan's government has ridiculed claims that the weapons are not secure. 2844:

government since in 1972. The relative weakness in defensive warfare is highlighted in Pakistan's nuclear posture, which Pakistan considers its primary deterrent from Indian conventional offensives or nuclear attack. Nuclear theorist

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on 15 April 1960. As for its Biological warfare capability, Pakistan is not widely suspected of either producing biological weapons or having an offensive biological programme. However, the country is reported to have well developed

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Nuclear Engineering Division of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) and Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors, Nuclear Engineering Division at Argonne National Laboratory (U.S. Department of

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that longtime assumptions, that "India had an edge in the South Asian strategic balance of power, were questionable at best. Don't assume that Pakistan's nuclear capability is inferior to the Indians", General Zinni quoted to NBC.

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to the Government, Abdus Salam, head of the IAEA delegation. Abdus Salam began lobbying for commercial nuclear power plants, and tirelessly advocated for nuclear power in Pakistan. In 1965, Salam's efforts finally paid off, and a

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Declassified documents from 1982, released in 2012 under the US Freedom of Information Act, said that US intelligence detected that Pakistan was seeking suspicious procurements from Belgium, Finland, Japan, Sweden and Turkey.

6011: 7802: 5961: 4429: 1102:. Although proposals to develop nuclear weapons were made in the 1960s by several officials and senior scientists, Pakistan followed a strict non-nuclear weapon policy from 1956 until 1971, as PAEC under its chairman 6986: 8072: 3492:. According to Jeffrey Lewis, director of the East Asia Non-proliferation Program at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, citing a Pakistani news article, Pakistan is developing its own equivalent to the 8126: 7898: 1344:

to receive technical training. Later Mubarak's team advised the government not to acquire the whole reprocessing plant, only key parts important to building the weapons, while the plant would be built indigenously.

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of Pakistan, on the development and deployment of nuclear weapons; it is also responsible for war-time command and control. In 2001, Pakistan further consolidated its nuclear weapons infrastructure by placing the

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Under the National Command Authority, its secretariat, Strategic Plans Division (SPD), is responsible for the physical protection and to ensure security of all aspects of country's nuclear arsenals and maintains

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reactor can produce up to 8 to 10 kg of plutonium per year with increase in the production by the development of newer facilities, sufficient for at least one nuclear weapon. The reactor could also produce

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technology to Pakistan for use in their nuclear weapons program. Former Pakistan Army brigadier Feroz Hassan Khan alleged that in 1982 India worked with Israel to plan an attack similar to the previous year's

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said "Our major concern is not having an Islamic militant steal an entire weapon but rather the chance someone working in facilities could gradually smuggle enough material out to eventually make a weapon."

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that started in 1967 prompted Pakistan's clandestine development of nuclear weapons. Although Pakistan began the development of nuclear weapons in 1972, Pakistan responded to India's 1974 nuclear test (see

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Since the early 1980s, Pakistan's nuclear proliferation activities have not been without controversy. However, since the arrest of Abdul Qadeer Khan, the government has taken concrete steps to ensure that

9007: 7430: 3912: 4171: 5718: 2860:... With its relatively smaller conventional force, and lacking adequate technical means, especially in early warning and surveillance, Pakistan relies on a more proactive nuclear defensive policy." 1985:) on 30 May 1998, at Kharan was quite a successful test of a sophisticated, compact, but "powerful plutonium bomb" designed to be carried by aircraft, vessels, and missiles. These are believed to be 6430: 7839:

The NCA determines the state of readiness which has to be maintained at all times...and lays down in great detail the policy of how the various components will be placed, protected and safeguarded

3550:, are capable of carrying nuclear weapons. With a third squadron being raised, this would bring the total number of dedicated nuclear capable aircraft to a total of 75. The PAF also possesses the 8464: 4583: 2928:, in a report published on 23 July 2012, said that in addition to expanding its nuclear arsenal, Pakistan could broaden the circumstances under which it would be willing to use nuclear weapons. 2732: 2354:

but in detailing also." Many of Khan's fellow theorists were unsure about the feasibility of the enriched uranium on time despite Khan's strong advocacy. One scientist recalled his memories in

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Pakistan does not wish to enter into a nuclear arms race, but will continue to maintain the policy of credible minimum deterrence, Pakistan's Air Force chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman has said

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after the atomic tests, US intelligence officials stated that previous intelligence estimates "overstated the capabilities of India's homegrown arsenal and understate those of Pakistan". The

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was a defeat for Pakistan, which led to it losing roughly 56,000 square miles (150,000 km) of territory as well as losing more than half its population to the newly independent state of

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as the ranking engineer on the program. Moderate uranium enrichment for the production of fissile material was achieved at KRL by April 1978. Eventually, the supervision passed to Lt General

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in Trombay. At this meeting Munir Khan concluded: "a (nuclear) India would further undermine and threaten Pakistan's security, and for her survival, Pakistan needed a nuclear deterrent...".

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were conducted by the TPG led by Salam until 1974 when he left Pakistan in protest, though he kept close contact with TPG. No such endeavours of the kind had taken place in the country and

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led the establishment of Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as he called scientists working at ICTP to report to Munir Ahmad Khan. This marked the beginning of Pakistan's pursuit of nuclear

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According to more recent reports, it has been alleged that North Korea had been secretly supplying Pakistan with ballistic missile technology in exchange for nuclear weapons technology.

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that it will give up its nuclear weapons only when other nuclear armed states do so, and when disarmament is universal and verifiable. It rejects any unilateral disarmament on its part.

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which has been reported to have been modified. However no such tests have been carried out yet. On 29 March 2018, Pakistan reported that the missile had again been successfully tested.

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and strongly maintained on the ground that "his country was not giving any nuclear arms to Pakistan nor transferring related-technology to it." Talking to a media correspondents and

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On 9 January 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the Babur III missile from an underwater mobile platform. The Babur-III has a range of 450 km and can be used as a

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titled 'Securing the Bomb 2010', found that Pakistan's stockpile "faces a greater threat from Islamic extremists seeking nuclear weapons than any other nuclear stockpile on earth".

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Levy, Adrian and Catherine Scott-Clark, Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons. New York. Walker Publishing Company. 1977: page 112. Print.

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and made it responsible for countering and battling naval-based weapons of mass destruction. It is believed by most experts that Pakistan is developing a sea-based variant of the

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officials and strategists have consistently emphasised that nuclear deterrence is intended by maintaining a balance to safeguard its sovereignty and ensure peace in the region.

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and nuclear detection equipment. In addition, the US has funded the creation of a nuclear security training center, fencing, intrusion detectors, and identification systems.

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as the chairman of NCA. The NCA consists of the Employment Control Committee (ECC) and the Development Control Committee (DCC), both now chaired by the Prime Minister. The

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trials would take anywhere from between 5 to 8 years to build the nuclear submarine after which Pakistan would join the list of countries that has a nuclear submarine."

2746:, Li Peng frankly quoted: "We do not help Pakistan in its atomic bomb projects. Pakistan is a friendly country with whom we have good economic and political relations." 9460: 8860: 5609: 8747: 7364: 6729: 9996: 6172: 4299: 3318: 9076: 7029: 1397:', on 28 May 1998, the visible effect of the nuclear weapons test on a "bone dry" granite mountain as chain reaction builts in. All five nuclear devices, known as 9310: 8287: 7691: 7503: 7313: 7089: 6937: 6644: 5747: 2774:

of France visited Pakistan and announced that France had agreed to supply a 900 MWe commercial nuclear power plant to Pakistan. However, after the Prime Minister

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Pakistan's atomic bomb development infrastructure. There are also unofficial reports in Western media that the nuclear weapon technology and the weapon-grade

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The Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project contains a collection of primary source documents on Pakistani nuclear development.

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Resources obtained from Shahid-ur-Rehman, "Z.A. Bhutto, A Man in Hurry for the Bomb," Long Road to Chagai, (Islamabad: 1999, Print Wise Publication), p. 22

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officials that the evidences from intelligence sources was "powerful." But they had been rebuffed by the Chinese, who have retorted by referring to the US

2512: 1226:. The construction began in 1966 as PAEC its general contractor as GE Canada provided nuclear materials and financial assistance. Its project director was 1182: 7405: 6426: 6142: 4731: 11374: 11067: 9828: 7741:" by India. Had Iraq and Libya been nuclear powers, they wouldn't have been destroyed in the way we have seen recently.... If (Pakistan) had capability 3167: 2822: 2253:, the Dutch firm where he had worked as a senior scientist. Later that year, the government separated the program from PAEC and moved the program to the 8456: 4555: 11346: 11244: 11077: 9354: 8636: 3732: 2122: 669: 7577: 11207: 7537: 3992: 2277:

that were marked as "common items." This ring was also illicitly used decades later, in the late 1980s and 90s to provide technology to Libya (under

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Pakistan has over the years proposed a number of bilateral or regional non-proliferation steps and confidence building measures to India, including:

5660: 2257:(ERL), with A.Q. Khan as its senior scientist. To acquire the necessary equipment and material for this program, Khan developed a procurement ring. 5441: 5415: 9806: 7173: 7059: 6961: 11425: 11269: 6226: 4089: 3643:

With a stockpile of plutonium, Pakistan would be able to produce a variety of miniature nuclear warheads which would allow it to nuclear-tip the

2233:, did most of the calculations as a member of the uranium division at PAEC, which undertook research on several methods of enrichment, including 741: 8831: 7948: 5226:

Mubarakmand, Samar (former Technical member and former director of Fast-Neutron Physics Group) (2004). "Pakistan became nuclear state in 1983".

11430: 11249: 11202: 11161: 10212: 9641: 7658: 5389: 4781: 4505: 4059: 3955: 2506: 1336:

plant capable of extracting 360 grams (13 oz) of weapons-grade plutonium annually. PAEC selected a team five senior scientists, including

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has reported that Pakistan is increasing its capacity to produce plutonium at its Khushab nuclear facility. The sixth nuclear test (codename:

10190: 10016: 10011: 7824: 6075: 4345: 3069: 1764: 675: 418: 8940: 8716: 8550: 7851: 5190: 816:

with a commitment to having the device ready by the end of 1976. Since PAEC, which consisted of over twenty laboratories and projects under

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was first publicly reported to be considering deployment of nuclear weapons on submarines in February 2001. Later in 2003 it was stated by

3387: 2758: 2585: 2569: 2545: 2383:

tasked with producing plutonium for nuclear weapons. At that point, Pakistan had not yet completed the less difficult step of subcritical,

1468: 736: 465: 373: 368: 8262: 8175: 6703: 6396: 6366: 4527: 4122: 3473:, said to be capable of carrying a nuclear warhead designed to evade missile-defense systems. These land-based missiles are controlled by 1570:. The program turned to the more technically difficult implosion-type weapon design, contrary to the relatively simple 'gun-type' weapon. 1197:, which was upgraded to 10 MWe by Nuclear Engineering Division under Munir Ahmad Khan in 1990. A second Atomic Research Reactor, known as 11182: 9636: 8576: 8047: 7251: 6845: 4605: 3231:

mechanisms" and processes to secure our strategic assets, and have provided maximum transparency on our practices. We have reassured the

3053: 3039:(NSC). According to the officials of Pakistan's military science circles, it is the high-profile civic-military committee consisting the 2957: 725: 393: 378: 338: 328: 323: 8687: 7327: 6580: 5865: 5803:"Mishra, Sitakanta - Pakistan's Nuclear Threshold: Not as Low as Perceived - Sowiport / IndraStra Global (2017), 6, 4 p. ISSN 2381-3652" 4626: 2856:. There are geographic gaps and corridors similar to those that existed in Europe ... that are vulnerable to exploitation by mechanized 11103: 10021: 9454: 7773: 6787: 5639: 5118: 4756: 4697: 4404: 2605: 2475: 1530:(CNC) and basic computing facilities were non-existent at that time (though later acquired). For this purpose, the calculations on the 746: 423: 8101: 8009: 7198: 5545: 3235:

on this issue over and over again and our track record since the time our atomic bomb programme was made overt has been unblemished."

3082:

During this period Pakistan also began to develop a modern export control regulatory regime with US assistance. It supplements the US

2103:, Pakistan laid out its nuclear disarmament policy and what it sees as the proper goals and requirements for meaningful negotiations: 11130: 8606: 6673: 6614: 3618: 3279: 1129:

Bhutto in 1969. Pakistan began development of nuclear devices under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's leadership with a commitment to having the

777: 505: 238: 233: 6766: 5920: 5685: 4475: 4237: 3845: 3819: 3554:

air-launched cruise missile which has a range of 350 km and can carry a nuclear warhead with a yield of between 10kt and 35kt.

8383: 7081: 5806: 3763: 3702: 3474: 3273: 3212: 3083: 3007: 1198: 947: 348: 248: 8802: 8335: 6314: 5571: 1792:

engineering firms were targeted in bomb attacks and several others received threatening phone calls, allegedly carried out by the

1363:, began producing electricity in 2000, and 'CHASNUPP-II', began its operation in fall of 2011. In 2011, the board of governors of 1269:

aggressively began the advocating the option of "nuclear weapons programmes" but such attempts were dismissed by Finance minister

1194: 1000:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

832:, joined the program at the behest of the Bhutto administration by the end of 1974. Producing fissile material was pivotal to the 10156: 9821: 8910: 8665: 6816: 6197: 6033: 2983:

and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission under the control of one Nuclear Defense Complex. In November 2009, Pakistan President

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gave approval of Sino-Pak Nuclear Deal, allowing Pakistan legally to build the 300-MW 'CHASNUPP-III' and 'CHASNUPP-VI' reactors.

889:

At the meeting, Bhutto also appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of PAEC, who, until then, had been working as director at the

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has ceded nuclear assets and a degree of nuclear launch code authority to lower-level officers to ensure weapon usability in a "

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Pakistan's motive for pursuing a nuclear weapons development program is never to allow another invasion of Pakistan. President

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departing, Munir Ahmad eventually led the TPG and assisted in the calculations. Two types of weapon design were analyzed: the

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for it in 1980. However, senior scientists and officials strongly dismissed the US disclosure, and in 1998 interview given to

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According to a US congressional report, Pakistan has addressed issues of survivability in a possible nuclear conflict through

11420: 11313: 11096: 10089: 9917: 9560: 8312: 8041: 6555: 6256: 5601: 5212: 5168: 4691: 3941:

Chakma, Bhumitra, pg 42, The Politics of Nuclear Weapons in South Asia, Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington, VT, USA, 2011

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wrote that Pakistan's expanding nuclear capability is "no longer driven solely by its oft-cited fears of India" but by the "

7356: 6725: 3528: 3521: 3126: 3036: 2949: 610: 498: 486: 288: 283: 5053: 4291: 2966:

The government institutional organisation authorised to make critical decisions about Pakistan's nuclear posturing is the

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Various Pakistani industries contributed in 82% of the reactor's construction. The Project-Director for this project was

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capability. It has been speculated that the missile is ultimately designed to be incorporated with (Under construction)

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Coordination between each site was overseen by the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) under Dr. Zaman Sheikh (a

10205: 9814: 9412: 9338: 9296: 9245: 9221: 9177: 9145: 7942: 7492: 7309: 5491: 5337: 4271: 3157: 2849: 2704:

The former US officials have also disclosed that China had allegedly transferred technology to Pakistan and conducting

2494: 2242: 1364: 1278: 894: 8358: 7633: 7115: 5470: 11156: 10476: 10083: 9651: 7809: 6907: 6883: 6164: 6107: 6043: 5955: 5892: 5332:(Pakistan History; Arms Control; Nuclear Weapons & Warfare History) (first ed.). Stanford Security Studies. 5148: 4499:

The India-Pakistan War of 1965. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State

3791: 3344: 2601: 2597: 2254: 1938: 1472: 1250: 1077: 1015: 809: 362: 100: 10484: 8970: 3326: 2632:

and fitted to Pakistan's short-range ballistic missiles, while the higher-yield warheads are probably fitted to the

1879:

Pakistan is not known to have an offensive chemical weapons programme, and in 1993 Pakistan signed and ratified the

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for Pakistan within the late 1970s, and under his leadership PAEC had carried out a cold test of nuclear devices at

11297: 10884: 9882: 9836: 2723: 1883:(CWC), and has committed itself to refrain from developing, manufacturing, stockpiling, or using chemical weapons. 1289:

Understanding the sensitivity of the issue, Bhutto arranged a meeting with President Ayub Khan 11 December 1965 at

150: 9362: 8403: 11435: 5982: 4723: 3606: 3024: 3011: 2945: 1430: 1215: 963:, also in Balochistan, on 30 May 1998. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and 918: 298: 8521: 7721: 11135: 10256: 10169: 8499: 8366: 7750: 7409: 6134: 3493: 3462: 3322: 3190: 3020: 2941: 2925: 2093: 1527: 1434: 1047: 10220: 1632:

tests in 1998. Enormous production was undertaken by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission for feasibility of

1299:

that much money and that, if Pakistan ever needed the atomic bomb, it could somehow acquire it off the shelf.

1294:

available, and that India was moving forward in deploying it, as Munir Khan maintained. When asked about the

11254: 11222: 10294: 10198: 10006: 9955: 9943: 9870: 9646: 8772: 7975: 3637: 3406: 2913: 2705: 2654: 1873: 1283: 1237: 770: 588: 439: 8640: 7699: 2142:

Universal, non-discriminatory and legally binding negative security assurances to non-nuclear weapon states;

11378: 11232: 11119: 11072: 11019: 10228: 9875: 9071: 7562: 3988: 3722: 3707: 3363: 2996: 2992: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2561: 2018: 1825:

to avoid early radar detection before attacking the Pakistani uranium enrichment centrifuge complex in the

1602: 1350: 1270: 1262: 1038:

in 1947, India and Pakistan have been in conflict over several issues, including the disputed territory of

840: 10696: 7528: 3538:, believed to be the preferred vehicle for delivery of nuclear weapons. These units are major part of the 3094:, which deployed radiation monitors and imaging equipment monitored by a Pakistani central alarm station. 836:'s success and thus to Pakistan obtaining the capability to detonate a nuclear weapon by the end of 1984. 11227: 10937: 10061: 10001: 9858: 9738: 9656: 8236: 6749: 5664: 3890: 3876: 3697: 3400: 3378: 2762: 2238: 1930: 1880: 1358: 1254: 1231: 1202: 1113:

In 1961, the PAEC set up a Mineral Center at Lahore and a similar multidisciplinary Center was set up in

751: 449: 9382: 7051: 5499: 5445: 5419: 3577:, which may theoretically be armed with a nuclear warhead. It was reported to have been test-fired by a 3211:

Pakistan consistently maintains that it has tightened the security over the several years. In 2010, the

2596:

Estimates of Pakistan's stockpile of nuclear warheads vary. The most recent analysis, published in the

2061:

A joint Indo-Pakistan declaration renouncing the acquisition or manufacture of nuclear weapons, in 1978.

1651:

by the Court of Amsterdam for stealing centrifuge blueprints, though the conviction was overturned on a

839:

The Kahuta Project started under the supervision of a coordination board that oversaw the activities of

11390: 11194: 10236: 9991: 9631: 9499: 7742: 6218: 5164: 4657:

Nuclear Weapon Archives, Reuters and Los Angeles Times news reports were used in preparing this article

3048: 3032: 2980: 2971: 2743: 2400: 2208: 2129: 1950: 1833:. Israel F-16 aircraft were also allegedly twice spotted in Pakistani air space in the days before the 1814: 1586: 1531: 1380: 1246: 1152: 1067: 994: 802: 711: 556: 167: 9529:

Project 706/726 Pakistani Nuclear Weapons Project (Complete History, Including Yield and Missile Data)

8233: 4097: 11404: 10988: 10983: 10106: 9837: 9797: 9553: 8823: 7927: 3712: 3602: 3224: 2905:

in 1987 that, "If your forces cross our borders by an inch, we are going to annihilate your cities."

2307: 2179: 2100: 2042: 1993:". A third and a fourth reactor and ancillary buildings are observed to be under construction at the 1511: 1491:

would also join the TPG, then led by Salam who had done ground-breaking work for TPG. Among them was

1414: 1376: 1333: 1242:; the PAEC completed its feasibility studies in 2009. However, the work has been on hold since 2009. 1055: 883: 855:(secretary general, foreign affairs), and reported directly to Bhutto. Ghulam Ishaq Khan and General 19: 7823:. Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 May 1994, Pg. 23; in NTI Nuclear and Missile Database. p. 47. 5433: 4791: 4501: 4067: 3963: 2761:. Therefore, in 1989, Pakistan reached agreement with China for the supply of the 300-MW commercial 2306:

The uranium program proved to be a difficult, challenging and most enduring approach to scale up to

1941:

to apply safeguards to new nuclear power plants to be built in the country with Chinese assistance.

11259: 11166: 10129: 10047: 9287: 8195: 7235: 6965: 5255: 4912: 4457: 3307: 3105:

and US military officials have stated they believe Pakistan's nuclear arsenals to be well secured.

2961: 2953: 2909: 2709: 2616:

Pakistan's first nuclear tests were made in May 1998, when six warheads were tested under codename

2556: 2118: 2007: 1887: 1723: 1567: 1318: 1307: 1223: 1081: 1043: 989: 914: 763: 576: 7817: 6071: 4334: 2580: 1909:. This initiative was taken a year after both countries had publicly tested nuclear weapons. (See 955:

other four were sub-kiloton nuclear devices. The last test of Pakistan was conducted at the sandy

11239: 10174: 9967: 9778: 9773: 9449: 9397: 8554: 8206: 7859: 6427:"Holding Khan Accountable, An ISIS Statement Accompanying Release of Libya: A Major Sale at Last" 3485: 3311: 3203: 3115: 2395: 2384: 2204: 2164: 2153: 1994: 1990: 1741: 1703: 1633: 1582: 1563: 1488: 1406: 1099: 964: 817: 605: 571: 8259: 8196:

U.S. Policy and Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons: Containing Threats and Encouraging Regional Security

8172: 6695: 4037: 1452:, could also be done by scientists in Pakistan, for their own people." Siddiqui was a Pakistani 917:

in 1974, the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the permanent five members of the

38: 11264: 10861: 10828: 10805: 10794: 10767: 10606: 10598: 10578: 10466: 10418: 10179: 8724: 7282: 7245: 6752:, Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July/August 2010. 6404: 6374: 4534: 4130: 3932:

Weissman, Steve R. and Herbert Krosney, The Islamic Bomb. New York: Times Book). 1981: page 45.

3633: 3622: 3466: 3239: 3153: 3102: 3098: 3035:. The comprehensive nuclear force planning is integrated with conventional war planning at the 2363: 2359: 2146: 1695: 1625: 1402: 937: 844: 9267: 8031: 7391: 7239: 7150: 6795: 3581:

fighter and, according to one Western official, is believed to be capable of penetrating some

2771: 1170:, Munir Ahmad Khan. At a Vienna meeting on December, Khan informed Bhutto about the status of 11367: 10836: 10379: 9748: 9728: 7331: 6035:

Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes ... – Dinshaw Mistry

5857: 4630: 3717: 3044: 2975: 2887: 2871: 2502: 2449: 2171: 2157: 1926: 1752: 1737: 1664: 1656: 1610: 1492: 1453: 1274: 1144: 1130: 1103: 1086: 868: 645: 630: 566: 444: 8093: 8001: 7769: 5631: 5114: 4752: 4681: 4395: 2249:

officially joined this program in 1976, bringing with him centrifuge designs he mastered at

9783: 9682: 9546: 9231: 6841: 6527: 5138: 4601: 3547: 3543: 2754: 2565: 2258: 2170:

Revitalise the UN disarmament machinery to address international security, disarmament and

1895: 1707: 1687: 1606: 1543: 1539: 1515: 1438: 1091: 864: 820:

Munir Ahmad Khan, was falling behind schedule and having considerable difficulty producing

593: 581: 205: 7194: 6900:"Impact of US wargames on Pakistan N-arms 'negative' -DAWN – Top Stories; 3 December 2007" 6665: 6606: 3470: 3120:

United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade

2882:(PAF), has retrospectively contended that "theory of defense is not view to enter into a " 2878:" scenario, making credible its deterrence doctrine. On further military perspective, the 2350:

problem in centrifuge was simply stated, but extremely difficult to evaluate, not only in

2163:

Tackle the growth in armed forces and the accumulation and sophistication of conventional

2029:

is convinced that the United States has also become a dangerous adversary, which seeks to

8: 11174: 10639: 9753: 9677: 9672: 9465: 9207: 9108: 8911:"Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile' - The Express Tribune" 5913: 3905:"Test launch of Pakistan's 'Shaheen-III' surface-to-surface ballistic missile successful" 3841: 3578: 3076: 3040: 2898: 2891: 2779: 2694: 2629: 2139:

Non-discriminatory rules ensuring every state's right to peaceful uses of nuclear energy;

2108: 1956:

claimed that Pakistan's nuclear security is the strongest in the world. According to Dr.

1826: 1727: 1674: 1617: 1616:

The TPG succeeded in the earlier implosion-type weapon design in 1977–78, with the first

1484: 1441:, which Germany was forced to sign in 1919. There, Bhutto vowed never to allow a repeat. 1422: 1303: 1266: 1206: 1156: 872: 805: 635: 8379: 7500:

Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Policy Brief

6531: 5802: 1929:

is not repeated and have assured the IAEA about the transparency of Pakistan's upcoming

1837:

were carried out. Pakistan was so alarmed by the sighting that their then ambassador to

10970: 10926: 10330: 10135: 9768: 9211: 8794: 8332: 8271: 8183: 7625: 7379: 7219: 7138: 6962:"Pakistan's Nukes – Al-Qaeda's Next Strategic Surprise? – Defense Update News Analysis" 6307: 5520: 4652: 4575: 4423: 4421: 3652: 3558: 3509: 3372: 3171: 2879: 2838: 2351: 1900: 1869: 1756: 1745: 1652: 1594: 1535: 1445: 1354: 1148: 1107: 1035: 980: 6820: 6762: 6193: 6007: 4233: 3815: 1845:

to seek reassurance from the international community that an attack was not imminent.

10912: 10874: 10673: 10659: 10631: 10503: 10451: 10428: 10274: 10247: 10069: 10042: 9743: 9718: 9692: 9593: 9509: 9504: 9292: 9241: 9217: 9173: 9141: 8786: 8426: 8037: 7938: 7276: 6879: 6103: 6039: 5951: 5886: 5693: 5444:. NTI Research on Countries with Chemical facilities and capabilities. Archived from 5353: 5333: 5276: 5144: 4687: 4267: 4260: 3755: 3675: 3520:

which can also be used to deliver nuclear warheads. The PAF has two dedicated units (

3134: 3057: 2988: 2845: 2713: 2633: 2487: 2471: 2379: 2246: 2234: 2067:

Mutual inspections by India and Pakistan of each other's nuclear facilities, in 1979.

2038: 2026: 2022: 1978: 1957: 1949:

In May 1999, during the anniversary of Pakistan's first nuclear weapons test, former

1648: 1574: 1523: 1480: 1449: 1322: 1186: 906: 848: 825: 640: 625: 620: 615: 551: 8149: 8123:"International Institute for Strategic Studies Pakistan's nuclear oversight reforms" 6278: 4434:

Nuclear Engineering Division of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

4418: 2890:" in the region, it cannot remain oblivious to the developments in South Asia." The 2394:

PAEC continued its research on plutonium and built the 40–50 MW (megawatt, thermal)

2269:

and Bonn Germany. The army engineer and ex-technical liaison officer, Major-General

1558:

could do it without CNC machines in the 1940s, why can't we do the same now.". With

11217: 10993: 10350: 10284: 9713: 9517: 9483: 9461:

Annotated bibliography on Pakistan's nuclear weapons from the Alsos Digital Library

9235: 8219:

Leigh, David (30 November 2010). "WikiLeaks cables expose Pakistan nuclear fears".

7737:

The State of akistan's motivation for atomic weapons arose from a need to prevent "

7629: 7617: 6871: 6535: 5896: 4991:, pp. 51–89, "Professor Abdus Salam and Pakistan's Fission Weapons Programme") 4567: 3149: 3028: 3000: 2984: 2817: 2689: 2637: 2600:

in 2010, estimates that Pakistan has 70–90 nuclear warheads. In 2001, the US-based

2483: 2448:, although this is unnecessary for the purposes of nuclear weapons, because modern 2335: 2315: 2226: 2034: 1783: 1699: 1547: 1476: 1394: 1290: 1167: 1147:

also sent a large number of scientists to pursue doctorate degrees in the field of

925: 821: 813: 190: 8309: 7795:"Pakistan swelling nuclear arsenal to counter India, says US Congressional report" 6559: 6248: 6099:

India-Pakistan Nuclear Rivalry: Perceptions, Misperceptions, and Mutual Deterrence

5204: 1868:

facilities and laboratories, devoted entirely to the medical research and applied

10747: 10621: 10544: 9697: 9687: 9588: 9495: 9167: 9135: 8881: 8410: 8362: 8339: 8316: 8291: 8266: 8240: 8202: 8179: 8156: 6113: 5323: 5321: 4908: 4786: 4777: 4201:"Multan Conference January 1972: The Birth of Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program" 3586: 3517: 3163:

denied that the United States had plans to take over Pakistan's nuclear weapons.

3160: 2698: 2613:

told a Pakistani newspaper that Pakistan had "about 80 to 120 genuine warheads."

2540: 2327: 2278: 2145:

A need to address the issue of missiles, including development and deployment of

2133: 1906: 1860: 1802: 1095: 1073: 951: 933: 561: 195: 11282: 9334: 7937:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, (FH Khan). pp. 210–390. 5183:"Lankan Muslims in Dubai supplied N-materials to Pak: A Q Khan - Indian Express" 4166: 4164: 1677:

of a working nuclear device. This is also called a cold test, and was codenamed

11088: 11061:= Includes all ship-to-ship, ship-to-sub, sub-to-ship and sub-to-sub torpedoes 10955: 10907: 10892: 10589: 10456: 10410: 10401: 10335: 9466:

The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project

9370: 9000:"Pakistan tests its indigenously built Submarine Launched Cruise Missile Babur" 7573: 6875: 6008:"Pakistan Prime Minister Urges India To Accept Bilateral Nuclear Test Ban Pact" 3787: 3750: 3748: 3610: 3566: 3542:, a command responsible for nuclear response. The PAF also operates a fleet of 3489: 3182: 2775: 2739: 2625: 2511:, a reprocessing plant, which was completed by 1981 by PAEC and is next to the 2347: 2323: 2322:

and Pakistan experimented with HEU as an implosion design as contrary to other

2270: 2230: 2216: 2200: 2017:

about US attacks on its strategic assets." Noting recent changes in Pakistan's

1961: 1719: 1711: 1691: 1668: 1641: 1590: 1504: 1313: 946:

by Pakistan, the underground iron-steel tunnel having been long-constructed by

860: 833: 798: 650: 598: 528: 383: 200: 9533: 7621: 5318: 3569:(ALCM) with a range of 350 km has been developed by Pakistan, designated 1554:. About the lack of CNC facilities, Munir Ahmad Khan famously marked: "If the 11414: 11033: 9603: 9583: 9513: 9282: 7746: 5354:"Israel's Mossad bombed German, Swiss firms to stop Pakistani nukes - report" 5139:

Armstrong, David; Joseph John Trento, National Security News Service (2007).

4161: 3684: 3679: 3629: 3598: 3574: 3535: 3478: 2857: 2658: 2649: 2331: 1865: 1822: 1637: 1555: 1519: 1219: 1118: 956: 929: 890: 879: 9446:

Pakistan's nuclear conflict with India- background and the current situation

9401: 7659:"Peace-loving' Pakistan to continue credible minimum nuke deterrence policy" 5049: 3745: 3357: 2261:

were imported from the United Kingdom by two liaison officers posted to the

1605:(KRL) was set-up and engaged in clandestine efforts to obtain the necessary 1593:

were already studied by PAEC in 1967 but yielded few results. Khan advanced

11354: 10757: 10549: 10539: 10521: 9763: 9733: 9598: 9306: 9039: 8941:"Pakistan Tests New Sub-Launched Nuclear-Capable Cruise Missile. What Now?" 8355: 8296: 7602: 7455: 5829:"Pakistan Is Working To Create Tactical Nuclear Weapons – Business Insider" 5466: 5241: 5239: 5237: 4393: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 3513: 2902: 2883: 2864: 2834: 2805: 2403:. According to public statements made by the US Government officials, this 2388: 2339: 2311: 2030: 1953: 1891: 1890:(NPT) and is not bound by any of its provisions. In 1999, Prime Ministers 1760: 1621: 1598: 1578: 1551: 1337: 910: 829: 9521: 9487: 8491: 6899: 5900: 5372:"When Pakistan feared Israel, India would attack its nuclear weapon sites" 3133:. In February 2009 cable from Islamabad, former US Ambassador to Pakistan 1124: 11339: 10998: 10978: 10724: 10616: 10264: 9758: 9723: 9569: 9478: 9240:(1st paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 8457:"Pakistan Announces Move to Increase Nuclear Security – Jeffrey Goldberg" 4627:"IAEA gave legal justification to Pakistan to build nuclear power plants" 3788:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program" 3668: 3582: 3216: 2404: 2282: 2274: 2221: 2010: 1789: 1559: 1500: 1496: 1464: 1384: 1227: 1178: 1140: 1029: 902: 142: 8333:"Official: Terrorists seek nuclear material, but lack ability to use it" 7921: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7310:"US Report: China gifted nuclear bomb and Pakistan stole the technology" 5234: 4579: 4473:

CENTO nation help sought by Pakistan. Chicago Tribune. 7 September 1965

4362: 2292: 1736:. Between 1983 and 1990, PAEC carried out 24 more cold tests of various 1479:, informing them about the program what was to be equivalent of the US " 924:

Finally, on 28 May 1998, a few weeks after India's second nuclear test (

10719: 10714: 10706: 10686: 10516: 10358: 10269: 10037: 9255: 8717:"Missile Defense, the Space Relationship, and the Twenty-First Century" 8285:

Pakistan nuclear weapons at risk of theft by terrorists, US study warns

6581:"Key Issues: Nuclear Energy: Issues: IAEA: World Plutonium Inventories" 5947:

Military Capacity and the Risk of War: China, India, Pakistan, and Iran

5546:"Nuclear Security in Pakistan: Reducing the Risks of Nuclear Terrorism" 4717: 4715: 3656: 3651:

anti-ship missiles as well as being able to develop nuclear torpedoes,

3465:

with ranges up to 2750 km. Pakistan also possesses nuclear-tipped

3228: 3087: 2875: 2330:

at that time, and HEU fissile material was only known to the world for

2273:

discreetly oversaw KRL operations in the 1970s including procuring the

1910: 1842: 1841:, Ahmed Kamal, held an emergency meeting with the UN Secretary-General 1673:

On 11 March 1983, PAEC, led by Munir Ahmad Khan, carried out its first

1418: 1341: 1230:, a nuclear engineer, and its construction completed in 1972. Known as 856: 852: 7354: 7166:"Pakistani nuclear scientist's accounts tell of Chinese proliferation" 6987:"World | Pakistan enhances second strike N-capability: US report" 6540: 6515: 6308:"A Pakistani Perspective on Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation" 5986: 5254:. Lahore, Punjab: Samar Mubarakmand's witness accounts. Archived from 4262:

India, Pakistan, and the bomb debating nuclear stability in South Asia

3546:

fighters, of which 18 were delivered in 2012 and confirmed by General

1467:

directed a secretly coded memo to Pakistani scientists working at the

1325:

in South Asia. On many different occasions, India rejected the offer.

1205:

had led the construction. Canada built Pakistan's first civil-purpose

1133:

of device ready by 1976–77 to avert further foreign threat from India.

878:

Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was in response to the loss of

10649: 10363: 10302: 10279: 8740:"F-16 fighters sold by US to Pakistan are nuclear-enabled: Scientist" 8245: 8069:"Nuclear Security Cooperation Between the United States and Pakistan" 8033:

Defusing Armageddon: Inside NEST, America's Secret Nuclear Bomb Squad

7912: 7456:"Weapons of Mass Destruction: Trade Between North Korea and Pakistan" 7272: 5632:"U.S. Now Believes Pakistan to use Khushab Plutonium in Bomb Program" 5390:"Israelis dismiss claims of plans to blow up Pakistani nuclear sites" 4571: 3143: 3130: 2621: 2529: 2516: 2479: 2429: 2319: 2114:

Eliminate the discrimination in the current non-proliferation regime;

2002: 1982: 1918: 1770:

In his semi-official works of the Pakistani nuclear program history,

1546:, assisted by other members of Mathematics Division– the division of 960: 921:, the goal to develop nuclear weapons received considerable impetus. 82: 8688:"Boosting air defence: F-16s replace Americans at Jacobabad airbase" 7493:"Pakistan's Nuclear Posture: Implications for South Asian Stability" 4712: 3534:) operating 27 aircraft in each squadron (78 aircraft total) of the 3488:

for use on the battlefield with ranges up to 60 km such as the

3296: 2733:

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

1389: 1353:. Both these reactors are of 300 MW capacity and are being built at 1110:

technology for the purposes of an active nuclear weapons programme.

10960: 10611: 10554: 10387: 10325: 10223: 9842: 9104: 8824:"Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'" 7277:"Interview of Dr. Samar Mubarak – Head of Pakistan Missile Program" 4335:"Origins and Early history of Pakistan's cover nuclear development" 3570: 3551: 2853: 2718: 2617: 2367: 2298: 2014: 1914: 1834: 1797: 1732: 1679: 1629: 1398: 1190: 942: 790: 94: 70: 58: 30: 11018: 8768: 7281:

Hamid Mir, director of the Political Intelligence Directorate of "

3469:

with ranges up to 700 km. In April 2012, Pakistan launched a

2716:

who acknowledged that cold tests were carried out, under codename

801:. Pakistan began developing nuclear weapons in January 1972 under 11043: 10739: 10531: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 4226: 3461:

As of 2011, Pakistan possesses a wide variety of nuclear-capable

3129:

revealed US and British worries over a potential threat posed by

3091: 2735: 2589: 2573: 2549: 2498: 2486:

that would be easier to deliver to any place in the range of the

2409: 2196: 2070:

Simultaneous adherence to the NPT by India and Pakistan, in 1979.

1986: 6514:

Wood, Houston; Glaser, Alexander; Kemp, Scott (September 2008).

2178:

Pakistan has repeatedly stressed at international fora like the

175: 11038: 10902: 10851: 10752: 10729: 10654: 10559: 10489: 10461: 10446: 10340: 9897: 9608: 9035:"Pakistani Navy to Develop Nuclear-Powered Submarines: Reports" 8356:"Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons: Proliferation and Security Issues" 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4194: 4192: 2999:

serves as a deputy chairmen of the ECC, the body which defines

2757:

signed on behalf of Pakistan in the presence of Munir Khan and

2338:

were non-existent. Commenting on the difficulty, mathematician

2266: 2250: 2212: 1838: 1830: 1793: 1715: 1660: 1444:

At the Multan meeting on 20 January 1972, Bhutto stated, "What

1160: 898: 9538: 7350: 7348: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6456: 5097:

Munir Ahmad Khan, "How Pakistan made its nuclear fuel cycle",

4389: 4387: 2505:. The plutonium electromagnetic separation takes place at the 1726:

was built by TPG in 1977 and the DTD eventually conducted the

10950: 10945: 10846: 10841: 10780: 10775: 10644: 10564: 10441: 10436: 10307: 7527:

Aguilar, Francisco; Bell, Randy; Black, Natalie (July 2011).

7109: 7107: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 5602:"Just How Secure Are India and Pakistan's Nuclear Materials?" 3648: 3644: 3625:, which is a nuclear-capable ground-launched cruise missile. 3516:" in the 1980s and 1990s, a method of launching weapons from 2152:

Strengthen existing international instruments to prevent the

1589:

at the PAEC– a moved that irked Khan. Preliminary studies on

1193:

research reactor, commissioned in 1965 and consisting of the

1114: 536: 18:

For Pakistan's use of nuclear power in civilian purpose, see

8853:"Pakistan test-fires first submarine cruise missile Babur-3" 6819:. United States Department of the Navy. 2003. Archived from 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 4556:"The Nuclear Subcontinent: Bringing Stability to South Asia" 4519: 4317: 4189: 2848:

Feroz Hassan Khan adds: "The Pakistani situation is akin to

2482:

production capacity has allowed Pakistan to develop lighter

1448:, a Pakistani, contributed for the United States during the 1332:(UKAEA) signed a formal agreement to supply Pakistan with a 10897: 10869: 10818: 10813: 10691: 10681: 10511: 10317: 9450:

Defense Export Promotion Organization – Ministry of Defense

9067:"India Joins Nuclear Submarine Community; Pakistan Alarmed" 7345: 7008: 5914:"Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in South Asia" 4602:"NUCLEAR AND MISSILE PROLIFERATION (Senate – May 16, 1989)" 4384: 4199:

Ahmad, Mansoor; Shabbir, Usman; Khan, Syed Ahmad H (2006).

4172:"Bhutto was father of Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme" 3413: 3232: 2519:, which is not subject to IAEA inspections and safeguards. 2286: 2219:

in 1974, Munir Khan launched the uranium program, codename

1934: 1810: 1806: 1164: 1121:. With these two centres, the basic research work started. 8607:"Pakistan has developed smartest nuclear tactical devices" 7926:

Khan, Feroz Hassan; Feroze Hassan Khan (7 November 2012).

7355:

Jawed Naqvi, New Delhi correspondents. (31 January 2001).

7096: 4394:

Pervez, S.; M. Latif, I.H. Bokhari and S.Bakhtyar (2004).

3989:"Pakistan's Nuclear History: Separating Myth from Reality" 3432: 1257:(CENTO) assistance, but came under arms supply embargo in 8882:"Pakistan 'launches first cruise missile from submarine'" 8551:"Design Characteristics of Pakistan's Ballistic Missiles" 8343: 8320: 8234:

Elite US troops ready to combat Pakistani nuclear hijacks

8160: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7230: 7228: 7052:"Strife in Pakistan Raises U.S. Doubts Over Nuclear Arms" 6165:"Pakistan, India exchange lists of nuclear installations" 5740:"Pakistan 'expanding nuclear arsenal to deter US attack'" 5400: 4901: 4464:. London, United Kingdom: Imperial College Press. pp. 42. 3497: 3358:

National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM)

3108: 2662: 2096:

as it continues to produce fissile material for weapons.

2073:

A bilateral or regional nuclear test-ban treaty, in 1987.

2049:

deterrence capability to deter all forms of aggression."

8492:"World must accept Pakistan as nuclear power: Gen Majid" 8000:

Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (18 November 2007).

7244:

Kamran Khan, director of the News Intelligence Unit of "

6842:"Pakistan's Nuclear Arsenal Underestimated, Reports Say" 4589:

nuclear test ban; and a missile-free zone in South Asia.

4436:. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology. 4344:. New York, United States: New York: Croom Helm, 1987). 4285: 4283: 3617:" they would be. In 2004, Pakistan Navy established the 8801:. NTI: Research: Submarine Proliferation by countries. 8485: 8483: 8481: 8404:

IAEA declared Pakistan's Nuke programme safe and secure

7486: 7484: 7482: 7082:"Cables reveal doubts about Pakistani nuclear security" 6556:"Uranium Institute News Briefing 00.25 14–22 June 2000" 6480:, pp. 148–160, "7: Mastery of Uranium enrichment") 4644: 4332: 4292:"N-deterrent vital to security, says PM Benazir Bhutto" 3496:

with a miniaturised warhead that may be similar to the

2528:

scientific experiment and sixth nuclear test: codename

2318:

is even more difficult and challenging than extracting

1965:

facilities and the nation's high level of instability.

1581:, joined the program and pushed for the feasibility of 8094:"U.S. Secretly Aids Pakistan in Guarding Nuclear Arms" 8023: 8002:"U.S. Secretly Aids Pakistan in Guarding Nuclear Arms" 7962: 7925: 7431:"AFP: Reagan era envoy found Pakistan 'lied' on nukes" 7225: 6956: 6954: 6516:"The gas centrifuge and nuclear weapons proliferation" 5686:"'Pakistan building third nuclear reactor at Khushab'" 1659:

ring was established by Khan through Dubai to smuggle

828:, a metallurgist working on centrifuge enrichment for 11388: 8577:"Pakistan Says It Test-Fires Nuclear-Capable Missile" 8260:"Gates Sees Fallout From Troubled Ties With Pakistan" 7164:

Smith, R. Jeffrey; Warrick, Joby (13 November 2009).

6717: 4280: 2987:

announced that he will be replaced by Prime Minister

10017:

Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB)

9627:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

8478: 7692:"Pakistan will maintain minimum credible deterrence" 7479: 7022:"Pakistan has edge over India in Nuclear Capability" 4460:(2007). Salam + 50: proceedings of the conference, § 4333:

Kapur, Ashok; U.N. Media release (8 December 1953).

2726:

under the guidance of the PAEC. According to a 2001

2701:

build-up which Beijing says is directed against it.

2513:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

2497:

program alongside the enrichment program, under Dr.

2342:; who worked with A.Q. Khan, was quoted in the book 2326:. Little and rudimentary knowledge was available of 1613:

for its developing uranium enrichment capabilities.

1189:

near Islamabad. The principal facility there was a 5

1183:

Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology

9335:"Building Confidence in nuclear safety in Pakistan" 9259: 8971:"The Risks of Pakistan's Sea-Based Nuclear Weapons" 8522:"Pakistan understands importance of N-security: US" 7328:"Report No. 2001/10: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation" 6951: 6072:"Pakistan Nuclear Program Chronology – 1965 – 1979" 5141:

America and the Islamic Bomb: The Deadly Compromise

3168:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

2823:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

1683:. There were 24 more cold tests from 1983 to 1994. 1072:On 8 December 1953, Pakistan media welcomed the US 808:, who delegated the program to the Chairman of the 9216:. Berkeley, CA, US: Oxford University Press, USA. 8761: 8737: 8427:"IAEA terms Pakistan's programme, safe and secure" 8145: 8143: 7993: 7724:. Newsweek; The Tribune; The NTI; various others. 7113: 6696:"U.S. Group Says Pakistan Is Building New Reactor" 6360: 6358: 6135:"Pakistan and India resume conventional CBM talks" 5801:Sozialwissenschaften, GESIS Leibniz Institut für. 5572:"The World Must Secure Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons" 5230:. Karachi: Jang Group of Newspapers. pp. 1–2. 4259: 3891:"Nuclear Notebook: Pakistan nuclear weapons, 2023" 3877:"Nuclear Notebook: Pakistan nuclear weapons, 2023" 3733:Pakistani missile research and development program 2107:A commitment by all states to complete verifiable 1937:Board of Governors approved an agreement with the 1601:in the Netherlands. Under Khan's supervision, the 928:), Pakistan detonated five nuclear devices in the 8795:"Pakistan's Naval capabilities: Submarine system" 8662:"First Squadron of JF-17 Thunder inducted in PAF" 5327: 5219: 4502:"Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian" 3762:. FAS (Pakistan Nuclear Weapons – A Chronology). 3428:Directorate of Science & Engineering Services 3394: 2041:of Pakistan's nuclear arsenals and its status as 1796:. All of the companies were suspected of selling 1471:(ICTP) in Italy to report to the Chairman of the 1370: 1277:. Pakistani scientists and engineers' working at 11412: 11118: 9137:Eating Grass: The making of Pakistan atomic bomb 7650: 7526: 6194:"India, Pakistan Sign Missile Notification Pact" 5800: 4198: 4011: 4009: 1718:, and triggering mechanisms that are crucial in 1393:Conducted in response of India's nuclear test, ' 10022:Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture NIFA 9494: 9172:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise Publications. 8903: 8140: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7603:"Challenges to Nuclear Stability in South Asia" 6355: 5826: 4651:Sublette, Carey; et al. (2 January 2002). 4116: 4114: 3565:It has also been reported that an air-launched 3286: 3208:Training will be completed no later than 2013. 2682: 2064:South Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, in 1978. 1777: 1249:, which was the second of four openly declared 11274:Navy Research and Development Institute (NRDI) 9642:Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University 9471: 8799:Research: Submarine Proliferation by countries 8664:. Associated Press of Pakistan. Archived from 7935:Eating grass: the making of the Pakistani bomb 7852:"Pakistani PM takes charge of nuclear weapons" 7816:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives (5 May 1994). 7406:"Research Library: Country Profiles: Pakistan" 7330:. Csis-scrs.gc.ca. 15 May 2008. Archived from 6728:. Voice of Balochistan. Voice of Balochistan. 6513: 5543: 5330:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 4838:, p. 23, "A Manhattan Project Scientist") 4533:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from 4525: 3982: 3980: 3369:Project Management Organization (PMO), Khanpur 3023:for this purpose. The SPD functions under the 2931: 2738:rejected all the accusations against China to 1968: 1905:agreeing to a bilateral moratorium on further 1772:Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb 1585:(HEU) fissile material and collaborated under 1259:United Nations Security Council Resolution 211 1209:. The Ayub Khan Military Government made then- 1076:initiatives, followed by the establishment of 1058:as part of its defence and energy strategies. 11104: 10206: 9822: 9554: 9534:Laser isotope separation research by Pakistan 9028: 9026: 9024: 8793:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives (June 2011). 8574: 8275:, 23 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 7895:"The Nuclear control and Command in Pakistan" 6750:Global nuclear weapons inventories, 1945–2010 6249:"Pakistan's Nuclear Buildup Vexes FMCT Talks" 5985:. Acronym.org.uk. 14 May 1998. Archived from 5653: 5467:"Pakistan gets IAEA approval for new N-plant" 4427: 4396:"Performance of PARR-I reactor with LEU fuel" 4023: 4021: 4006: 3949: 3947: 3246: 1813:air superiority aircraft would take off from 1765:International Institute for Strategic Studies 1663:nuclear technology to KRL after founding the 1433:meeting, Bhutto drew comparisons between the 771: 506: 11330:International Defence Exhibition and Seminar 11298:List of private defence companies (Pakistan) 10078:National Electric Power Regulatory Authority 9095: 9093: 8310:Could terrorists get hold of a nuclear bomb? 7873: 7722:"I saved my country from nuclear blackmail'" 7689: 7163: 6095: 5766: 5764: 4721: 4675: 4673: 4549: 4547: 4257: 4111: 3384:Maritime Technologies Complex (MTC), Karachi 3261: 1872:. In 1972, Pakistan signed and ratified the 1469:International Centre for Theoretical Physics 1456:who, in the early 1940s, worked on both the 1061: 11375:Military equipment manufactured in Pakistan 11068:Military equipment manufactured in Pakistan 9987:Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology 9637:Defence Science and Technology Organization 9140:. Stanford, CA: Stanford Security Studies. 8519: 7999: 7218:China tested N-weapons for Pak: US insider 6897: 6693: 6507: 5746:. New York. 7 December 2012. Archived from 5569: 5418:. NTI Research on Countries. Archived from 5277:"When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai" 5245: 4380:. NTI Pakistan Overview (1950s activities). 3977: 3484:Pakistan is also believed to be developing 3388:Defense Science and Technology Organization 3325:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2958:Defence Committee of the Cabinet (Pakistan) 2643: 1767:(IISS), on Pakistan's atomic bomb program. 1702:in 1974 and was tasked with development of 11111: 11097: 10213: 10199: 9829: 9815: 9561: 9547: 9101:"Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine" 9021: 7312:. TheWorldReporter.com. 18 November 2009. 7116:"US senators accuse China of selling arms" 6548: 6394: 6364: 5629: 4087: 4057: 4027: 4018: 3953: 3944: 3201:In response to a November 2011 article in 2606:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2476:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1155:. In December 1965, then-foreign minister 1080:(PAEC) in 1956. In 1953, Foreign minister 778: 764: 535: 513: 499: 174: 11152:Global Industrial & Defence Solutions 9291:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. 9090: 8029: 7079: 6723: 6558:. Uranium Institute. 2000. Archived from 6539: 5770: 5761: 4670: 4544: 4476:"Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers" 4376:NTI. "1950s Nuclear Policy of Pakistan". 3756:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons – A Chronology" 3609:, that there were no plans for deploying 3345:Learn how and when to remove this message 3070:Pakistan–United States military relations 3063: 2901:allegedly told the Indian Prime Minister 2778:was dismissed in August 1990, the French 2584:Truck-mounted Missiles on display at the 2121:nuclear weapon states with those who are 2052: 1805:on Iraq's nuclear reactor, where Israeli 1636:but parallel efforts were mounted toward 1628:designs that were eventually used in the 1550:at PAEC under Dr. Raziuddin Siddiqui and 1016:Learn how and when to remove this message 11218:Karachi Shipyard & Engineering Works 9402:"Reducing Nuclear Dangers in South Asia" 8685: 6010:. Apnewsarchive.com. 24 September 1987. 5205:"On the trail of the black market bombs" 5109: 5107: 4907: 4650: 4342:Atom for Peace: Eisenhowever's UN Speech 3986: 3839: 3782: 3780: 3414:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) 3243:and robust system to monitor its nukes. 3219:exhorted to the world delegation at the 3084:National Nuclear Security Administration 2722:, in a test site which was built by the 2579: 2555: 2539: 2291: 2117:Normalize the relationship of the three 2076:A South Asia Zero-Missile Zone, in 1994. 1388: 1357:of Punjab province. The first of these, 1306:military in comparison to India and the 1123: 9474:"Pakistan's nuclear father, master spy" 9440:by Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins 9134:Khan, Feroze Hassan (7 November 2012). 8738:Padma Rao Sundarji (19 November 2016). 8604: 7892: 6634: 6604: 5888:Pakistan Nuclear Weapons - A Chronology 5246:Mubarakmand, Samar (30 November 1998). 5157: 5143:. Steerforth Press, 2007. p. 165. 5042: 4776: 4722:Langewiesche, William (November 2005). 4679: 4290:Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali (20 April 1995). 4289: 4266:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4258:Ganguly, Šumit; Kapur, S. Paul (2010). 3760:Federation of American Scientists (FAS) 3433:Ministry of Industries & Production 2828: 2523:"40 to 50 nuclear weapons a year." The 2362:which led the successful detonation of 1874:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 1744:in 1987 that could be delivered by all 1538:were performed by Dr. Tufail Naseem, a 1328:In 1969, after a long negotiation, the 1098:program. PAEC's first chairman was Dr. 909:capability. Following India's surprise 11426:Weapons of mass destruction by country 11413: 10141:World Association of Nuclear Operators 9913:Multan Heavy Water Production Facility 9500:"The Man Who Designed Pakistan's Bomb" 9396: 9353:Rais, Rasul Baksh (25 November 2008). 9332: 9281: 9254: 9206: 9165: 9032: 8454: 7530:An Introduction To Pakistan's Military 7490: 7049: 7019: 6817:"US Navy Strategic Insights. Feb 2003" 6450: 6349: 6337: 6276: 6031: 5943: 5773:"Dealing with Pakistan's brinkmanship" 5300: 5024: 5000: 4988: 4964: 4940: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4835: 4823: 4155: 3444:Pakistan Steel Mills Limited, Karachi. 3109:Security concerns of the United States 2199:infrastructure is based on the use of 2092:Pakistan has blocked negotiation of a 1855:Minimum Credible Deterrence (Pakistan) 1330:United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority 11431:Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan 11314:Defence Export Promotion Organization 11092: 10194: 10090:Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority 9925:Radioactive Waste Management Facility 9918:Islamabad Uranium Conversion Facility 9810: 9542: 9455:Pakistani & Indian Missile Forces 9305: 9230: 9064: 8455:Lustig, Robert H. (7 November 2011). 8218: 7973: 7560: 7114:Our Correspondents (17 August 2001). 6927: 6246: 6069: 5827:Pierre Bienaimé (26 September 2014). 5661:"The dangers of India – Pakistan war" 5599: 5104: 4683:Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military 4553: 3840:Sublette, Carey (10 September 2001). 3810: 3808: 3777: 3728:National Command Authority (Pakistan) 3703:Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests 3223:that, "World must accept Pakistan as 2938:National Command Authority (Pakistan) 2544:Pakistani Missiles on display at the 2366:in a scientific experiment codenamed 2334:usage; its military applications for 2087: 1507:who were the cornerstone of the TPG. 9352: 9333:Luongo, Kenneth N. (December 2007). 9133: 8686:Gishkori, Zahid (19 February 2012). 8150:Are Pakistan's nuclear weapons safe? 7719: 7600: 7561:Abidi, Zawar Haider (14 June 2012). 7234: 7080:Rodriguez, Alex (29 November 2010). 6964:. Defense-update.com. Archived from 6928:Ricks, Thomas E. (2 December 2007). 6637:"Pakistan Expanding Nuclear Program" 6501: 6489: 6477: 6424: 6277:Krepon, Michael (15 February 2012). 5570:Rahmatullah, Nabil (20 April 2017). 5544:Mowatt-Larssen, Rolf (1 July 2009). 5312: 5132: 5101:, (Islamabad) 7 and 9 February 1998. 5085: 5073: 5036: 5012: 4976: 4952: 4859: 4847: 4811: 4659:. Nuclear weapon archives. p. 1 4554:Ahmad, Shamshad (July–August 1999). 4143: 4120: 3662: 3425:Directorate of Technical Procurement 3419:Directorate of Technical Development 3323:adding citations to reliable sources 3290: 3127:United States diplomatic cables leak 3125:Diplomatic reports published in the 3118:, while giving testimony before the 3031:(JS HQ) and reports directly to the 2950:National Security Council (Pakistan) 2387:, and would not do so until 1983 in 2245:techniques, as well as centrifuges. 1340:Dr. Ahsan Mubarak, who were sent to 1218:signed a deal to provide the 137MWe 1181:was the establishment of PINSTECH – 974: 948:provincial martial law administrator 10112:Nuclear power programme in Pakistan 9864:Pakistan Nuclear Power Fuel Complex 8792: 8639:. Arms Control Wonk. Archived from 8605:Abbassi, Ansar (30 November 2011). 7928:"Towards the Operational Deterrent" 7815: 7767: 7656: 7271: 6930:"Calculating the Risks in Pakistan" 6763:"Federation of American Scientists" 6219:"India, Pakistan to Set Up Hotline" 6162: 6032:Mistry, Dinshaw (1 December 2011). 5492:"Leading News Resource of Pakistan" 5442:"Pakistan: Chemical Weapons Review" 4526:Volha Charnysh (3 September 2009). 4430:"Research Reactor Details – PARR-2" 3451: 3441:Heavy Mechanical Complex Ltd. (HMC) 3438:State Engineering Corporation (SEC) 3254:Development Control Committee (DCC) 2968:Pakistan National Command Authority 2918:United States Department of Defense 1597:from the expertise he had from the 1317:) with a number of proposals for a 1054:explain its motivation to become a 13: 9369: 9199: 9107:. 10 February 2012. Archived from 9033:Ansari, Usman (11 February 2012). 8771:. Power Politics. 13 August 2005. 7858:. 29 November 2009. Archived from 7770:"The Nuclear Danger in South Asia" 7720:Khan, Abdul Qadeer (17 May 2011). 7357:"No Nuclear arms for Pakistan: Li" 7240:"Interview with Abdul Qadeer Khan" 6607:"Pakistan nuclear report disputed" 6605:Jillani, Shahzeb (7 August 2006). 6038:. University of Washington Press. 4298:. Dawn Media Group. pp. 3–6. 4121:Khan, A. Quadeer (4 August 2014). 3805: 3422:Directorate of Technical Equipment 3257:Employment Control Committee (ECC) 3097:Pakistan turned down the offer of 2495:electromagnetic isotope separation 2243:molecular laser isotope separation 2128:Address new issues like access to 2080:India rejected all six proposals. 1935:International Atomic Energy Agency 1624:. The program evolved towards the 1365:International Atomic Energy Agency 895:International Atomic Energy Agency 851:(secretary general, defence), and 14: 11447: 11157:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 10084:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 9652:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 9431: 8968: 8938: 8769:"Pakistan Unveils Cruise Missile" 8723:. 14 October 2009. Archived from 8634: 7690:Staff report (28 February 2006). 6666:"Pakistan 'building new reactor'" 5893:Federation of American Scientists 5862:Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) 5469:. Payvand.com. 22 November 2006. 5440:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives. 5414:NTI, Nuclear Threat Initiatives. 4919:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Newsweek. 4755:. India's First Bomb: 1967–1974. 4629:. Jang News. 2011. Archived from 4586:from the original on 2012-09-29. 4528:"Pakistan's Nuclear Bomb Program" 4428:PAEC and IAEA (3 December 2008). 3792:Federation of American Scientists 2602:Natural Resources Defense Council 2598:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2255:Engineering Research Laboratories 2185: 1939:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1473:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 1437:that ended the 1971 war, and the 1251:Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts 1078:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 843:and PAEC. The Board consisted of 810:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission 11398: 11281: 11212:Telephone Industries of Pakistan 10222: 9896: 9883:Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor 9841: 9058: 8992: 8962: 8932: 8874: 8845: 8816: 8731: 8709: 8679: 8654: 8628: 8598: 8568: 8543: 8520:Anwar Iqbal (6 September 2013). 8513: 8489: 8448: 8419: 8397: 8372: 8349: 8326: 8303: 8278: 8252: 8227: 8212: 8189: 8173:Obama’s Worst Pakistan Nightmare 8166: 8115: 8086: 8061: 7844: 7805:from the original on 2012-08-10. 7787: 7761: 7713: 7683: 7594: 7563:"Threat Reduction in South Asia" 7554: 7520: 7448: 7423: 7398: 7320: 7316:from the original on 2012-03-13. 7302: 7265: 7212: 7187: 7157: 7092:from the original on 2012-05-18. 7073: 7043: 7020:Haider, Moin (10 January 2000). 6979: 6921: 6891: 6859: 6834: 6809: 6788:"Center for Defense Information" 6780: 6755: 6743: 6687: 6658: 6628: 6598: 6573: 6495: 6483: 6444: 6418: 6388: 6343: 6331: 6300: 6270: 6240: 6211: 6186: 6156: 6127: 6089: 6063: 5600:Panda, Ankit (21 January 2016). 5215:from the original on 2011-11-09. 5171:from the original on 2010-11-10. 4060:"An indomitable man (Part - II)" 3295: 3054:Defence Committee of the Cabinet 1740:and shifted its focused towards 1042:. The uneasy relationships with 979: 884:1971's Bangladesh Liberation War 482: 481: 37: 11179:Project Management Organization 9568: 9457:(Tarmuk missile mentioned here) 9418:from the original on 2012-06-06 9385:from the original on 2023-02-07 9341:from the original on 2013-11-03 9270:from the original on 2012-11-18 9186:from the original on 2023-02-07 9154:from the original on 2023-01-16 9079:from the original on 2013-10-03 9010:from the original on 2018-03-30 8981:from the original on 2017-12-28 8951:from the original on 2017-12-01 8921:from the original on 2019-04-22 8892:from the original on 2019-06-17 8863:from the original on 2019-03-27 8834:from the original on 2019-01-19 8805:from the original on 2011-11-11 8775:from the original on 2011-07-27 8750:from the original on 2017-09-09 8698:from the original on 2014-01-03 8637:"Pakistan's Nuclear Artillery?" 8617:from the original on 2012-01-02 8587:from the original on 2012-04-26 8575:Salman Masood (25 April 2012). 8532:from the original on 2014-01-03 8502:from the original on 2013-01-21 8467:from the original on 2014-01-03 8437:from the original on 2012-01-12 8386:from the original on 2016-04-25 8129:from the original on 2010-08-24 8104:from the original on 2016-04-13 8075:from the original on 2016-10-19 8050:from the original on 2023-02-07 8012:from the original on 2018-03-13 7982:from the original on 2012-06-28 7951:from the original on 2023-02-07 7901:from the original on 2013-03-07 7830:from the original on 2012-09-28 7776:from the original on 2012-09-16 7755:Professor Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan 7728:from the original on 2011-09-18 7669:from the original on 2014-01-03 7639:from the original on 2012-06-06 7583:from the original on 2021-09-14 7543:from the original on 2012-08-25 7509:from the original on 2012-07-06 7468:from the original on 2015-09-24 7367:from the original on 2011-06-13 7291:from the original on 2011-07-19 7254:from the original on 2011-05-05 7201:from the original on 2015-03-20 7195:"China, Pakistan, and the Bomb" 7126:from the original on 2011-06-13 7062:from the original on 2011-07-21 7050:Sanger, David E. (4 May 2009). 7032:from the original on 2009-10-15 6940:from the original on 2013-10-25 6910:from the original on 2010-10-31 6898:Anwar Iqbal (3 December 2007). 6848:from the original on 2013-03-10 6769:from the original on 2013-11-11 6732:from the original on 2022-01-28 6706:from the original on 2015-06-05 6676:from the original on 2016-01-08 6647:from the original on 2014-08-10 6617:from the original on 2016-01-08 6587:from the original on 2014-08-05 6433:from the original on 2012-06-09 6320:from the original on 2012-06-11 6289:from the original on 2012-10-25 6259:from the original on 2013-01-05 6229:from the original on 2015-09-09 6200:from the original on 2014-01-03 6175:from the original on 2023-02-07 6145:from the original on 2013-01-01 6078:from the original on 2014-01-03 6052:from the original on 2023-02-07 6025: 6014:from the original on 2014-01-04 6000: 5975: 5964:from the original on 2023-02-07 5937: 5926:from the original on 2012-03-30 5906: 5879: 5868:from the original on 2021-08-24 5850: 5839:from the original on 2016-05-09 5820: 5809:from the original on 2017-12-03 5794: 5783:from the original on 2013-01-09 5732: 5721:from the original on 2014-01-03 5707: 5692:. 25 April 2009. Archived from 5678: 5642:from the original on 2011-06-05 5623: 5612:from the original on 2018-11-04 5593: 5582:from the original on 2018-11-04 5563: 5552:from the original on 2018-11-04 5537: 5513: 5502:from the original on 2023-02-07 5484: 5473:from the original on 2011-07-27 5459: 5439: 5413: 5382: 5364: 5346: 5306: 5294: 5283:from the original on 2012-04-01 5269: 5197: 5175: 5121:from the original on 2009-04-22 5091: 5079: 5067: 5056:from the original on 2010-08-29 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4923:from the original on 2015-08-15 4913:"The Man who Designed the Bomb" 4889: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4790:. pp. 7–13. Archived from 4770: 4759:from the original on 2013-01-02 4753:"India's First Bomb: 1967–1974" 4745: 4734:from the original on 2011-08-24 4700:from the original on 2023-02-07 4619: 4608:from the original on 2010-08-30 4594: 4508:from the original on 2015-07-08 4493: 4482:from the original on 2015-09-09 4467: 4451: 4440:from the original on 2012-03-10 4407:from the original on 2017-02-18 4403:. Argonne National Laboratory. 4375: 4351:from the original on 2013-09-30 4302:from the original on 2012-06-09 4251: 4240:from the original on 2007-02-20 4215:from the original on 2022-03-19 4149: 4137: 4081: 4051: 3995:from the original on 2013-11-06 3935: 3915:from the original on 2016-03-04 3848:from the original on 2013-01-01 3822:from the original on 2010-10-23 3766:from the original on 2012-04-27 3512:is believed to have practiced " 3463:medium range ballistic missiles 3178:nuclear weapons is expanding." 3025:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 3012:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 2946:Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee 2560:A truck-mounted launch system ( 1886:Pakistan is not a party to the 1431:United Nations Security Council 919:United Nations Security Council 66:First thermonuclear weapon test 11131:Ministry of Defence Production 10862:Short Range Point Defence SAMs 10829:Medium Range Area Defence SAMs 10012:Institute of Power Engineering 9997:Centre for High Energy Physics 9065:Ghosh, Palash (4 April 2012). 8367:Congressional Research Service 7974:Abrar, Saeed (18 April 2012). 7570:South Asia Fellowships Project 7491:Narang, Vipin (January 2010). 6635:Warrick, Joby (24 July 2006). 6395:A. Q. Khan (20 October 2014). 6365:A. Q. Khan (13 October 2014). 6141:. Pakistan. 27 December 2011. 4211:(1). Islamabad, Pakistan: 16. 4058:A. Q. Khan (26 January 2015). 3987:Chaudhry, MA (10 June 2006) . 3954:A. Q. Khan (19 January 2015). 3926: 3897: 3883: 3869: 3859: 3833: 3619:Naval Strategic Forces Command 3447:Pakistan Machine Tools Factory 3395:Ministry of Defense Production 3280:Naval Strategic Forces Command 3191:Congressional Research Service 2942:Strategic Plans Division Force 2926:Congressional Research Service 2886:", but to follow a policy of " 2493:PAEC also created a separated 2094:Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty 1944: 1528:computerized numerical control 1371:Development of nuclear weapons 847:(secretary general, finance), 1: 11250:Precision Engineering Complex 11223:Pakistan Aeronautical Complex 11171:Maritime Technologies Complex 11020:Transporter erector launchers 10007:Centre for Earthquake Studies 9933:Facilities under construction 9871:Karachi Nuclear Power Complex 9859:Chashma Nuclear Power Complex 9647:Pakistan Institute of Physics 9337:. Arms Control Associations. 9260:"CTBT: Security Perspectives" 8036:. W. W. Norton. p. 209. 6096:Zulfqar Khan (January 2005). 5771:The Hindu (7 December 2012). 5416:"Pakistan: Biological Review" 5165:"Eye To Eye: An Islamic Bomb" 4566:(July/August 1999): 123–125. 3738: 3475:Army Strategic Forces Command 3407:Pakistan Aeronautical Complex 3274:Army Strategic Forces Command 2914:Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 2863:American political scientist 2804:Pakistan refuses to adopt a " 2655:United States Central Command 2296:The televised screen-shot of 2225:under the aegis of the PAEC. 2154:militarisation of outer space 2099:In a recent statement at the 1809:fighters bombers escorted by 1698:. The DTD was established by 1510:Tedious mathematical work on 1284:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 901:, Austria. In December 1972, 11421:Defence industry of Pakistan 11379:List of missiles of Pakistan 11335:Pakistan and Nuclear weapons 11233:POF Metallurgical Laboratory 11120:Defence industry of Pakistan 10806:Long Range Area Defence SAMs 9876:Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex 9072:International Business Times 6870:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, 6726:"The Chagai Radiation Myths" 6694:Jane Perlez (23 June 2007). 6397:"Unsung heroes (Part - XVI)" 6196:. Arms Control Association. 6102:. Islamabad: Asia Printers. 5663:. 1913 Intel. Archived from 4205:Pakistan Military Consortium 3723:Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan 3708:List of missiles of Pakistan 3364:National Development Complex 3287:Weapons development agencies 2908:Pakistan has not signed the 2800:Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan 2770:In February 1990, President 2683:Alleged foreign co-operation 2673: 2535: 2373: 1778:Alleged Israeli interference 1603:Kahuta Research Laboratories 893:and Reactor Division of the 7: 10002:National Centre for Physics 9739:Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui 9657:National Centre for Physics 9409:The Nonproliferation Review 9166:Rehman, Shahid-ur- (1999). 7601:Khan, Feroz (Spring 2003). 6367:"Unsung heroes (Part - XV)" 6247:Crail, Peter (March 2011). 5950:. Oxford University Press. 5630:Mark Hibbs (17 July 1998). 4088:A. Q. Khan (11 July 2011). 4030:"A historic day (Part - I)" 3844:. Nuclear Weapon Archives. 3698:Weapons of mass destruction 3691: 3540:Air Force Strategic Command 3401:Pakistan Ordnance Factories 3379:National Centre for Physics 3268:Air Force Strategic Command 3221:National Defence University 2932:Nuclear Command and Control 2793: 2640:series ballistic missiles. 2263:High Commission of Pakistan 2156:, including development of 2130:weapons of mass destruction 2000:In an opinion published in 1969:Modernisation and expansion 1931:Chashma Nuclear Power Plant 1881:Chemical Weapons Convention 1819:Indian administered Kashmir 1730:on 11 March 1983, codename 1460:and the Manhattan Project. 1255:Central Treaty Organization 1106:made no efforts to acquire 940:. This operation was named 168:Weapons of mass destruction 10: 11452: 11195:Khan Research Laboratories 11073:Pakistani Defence industry 9992:Khan Research Laboratories 9922:Gadwal Enrichment Facility 9894: 9632:Khan Research Laboratories 7745:, we would not have lost 7657:ANI, ANI (22 March 2011). 7361:Dawn Archives January 2001 7287:. Geo Television Network. 7026:Dawn Archives January 2000 6993:. Pakistan. Archived from 6876:10.1057/9781137487728.0007 6868:Royal Court: International 5858:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 5328:Feroz Hassan Khan (2012). 5050:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 4234:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 4028:A. Q. Khan (26 May 2014). 3816:"Pakistan Nuclear Weapons" 3638:Agosta 90B class submarine 3248:National Command Authority 3067: 2981:Khan Research Laboratories 2935: 2832: 2797: 2401:Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood 2209:Khan Research Laboratories 2190: 1951:Prime Minister of Pakistan 1852: 1815:Udhampur Air Force Station 1781: 1532:high-performance computing 1381:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 1374: 1247:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 1153:nuclear reactor technology 1068:Nuclear energy in Pakistan 1065: 1027: 970: 46:Nuclear program start date 17: 11363: 11322: 11306: 11290: 11279: 11144: 11126: 11056: 11011: 10969: 10936: 10925: 10883: 10860: 10827: 10804: 10793: 10766: 10738: 10705: 10672: 10630: 10597: 10588: 10577: 10530: 10502: 10475: 10427: 10409: 10400: 10378: 10349: 10316: 10293: 10255: 10246: 10235: 10165: 10149: 10122: 10107:Energy policy of Pakistan 10099: 10068: 10056: 10030: 9979: 9932: 9905: 9851: 9838:Nuclear power in Pakistan 9798:Nuclear power in Pakistan 9792: 9706: 9665: 9617: 9576: 7978:. The Nations, Pakistan. 7622:10.1080/10736700308436917 7120:Dawn archives 2001 August 5715:"ISIS Online Jan 15 2011" 5187:archive.indianexpress.com 4680:Haqqani, Hussain (2005). 3713:Nuclear power in Pakistan 3603:Admiral Shahid Karimullah 3262:Strategic combat commands 3238:On 7 September 2013, the 3037:National Security Council 2916:(CTBT). According to the 2180:Conference on Disarmament 2101:Conference on Disarmament 1848: 1512:fast neutron calculations 1415:Bangladesh Liberation War 1377:Bangladesh liberation war 1349:with an agreement signed 1334:nuclear fuel reprocessing 1062:Initial non-weapon policy 149: 137: 126: 115: 107: 89: 77: 65: 54:First nuclear weapon test 53: 45: 36: 29: 20:Nuclear power in Pakistan 11167:National Defence Complex 10971:Within Visual Range AAMs 10938:Beyond Visual Range AAMs 10130:Pakistan Nuclear Society 9288:Pakistan: A Hard Country 9213:The Myth of Independence 8265:28 February 2017 at the 8178:19 February 2017 at the 7818:"Bare All and Be Damned" 7250:. Jang Media Group, Co. 6123:– via Ipripak.org. 5944:Arnett, Eric H. (1997). 4462:Abdus Salam and Pakistan 3510:Pakistan Air Force (PAF) 3486:tactical nuclear weapons 2962:Threat Matrix (database) 2954:Strategic Plans Division 2910:Non-Proliferation Treaty 2644:Second strike capability 2215:. Responding to India's 2008:Indian Foreign Secretary 1933:. In November 2006, The 1888:Non-Proliferation Treaty 1859:Pakistan acceded to the 1640:after India's test, the 1568:implosion nuclear weapon 1319:nuclear-weapon-free zone 1308:Indian nuclear programme 1177:The next landmark under 1082:Muhammad Zafarullah Khan 859:appointed Major General 11240:Heavy Industries Taxila 9774:Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi 9472:Robert Windrem (2013). 8338:9 November 2012 at the 8207:The Heritage Foundation 8201:3 February 2010 at the 7749:of our country after a 7610:Nonproliferation Review 6279:"Pakistan and the FMCT" 5521:"Security Verification" 4653:"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan" 4090:"Defenders of Pakistan" 4002:– via Owl's Tree. 3456: 3233:international community 3181:Nuclear weapons expert 3158:US Secretary of Defense 3116:The Heritage Foundation 2744:Indian parliamentarians 2470:directly. According to 2428:if it were loaded with 2396:Khushab Reactor Complex 2364:boosted fission devices 2205:highly enriched uranium 1634:weapons grade plutonium 1583:highly enriched uranium 1564:Gun-type fission weapon 1489:Quaid-e-Azam University 1458:British nuclear program 1435:Instrument of Surrender 1427:India's nuclear program 1407:highly enriched uranium 1265:(later Prime minister) 1224:Paradise Point, Karachi 1172:India's nuclear program 988:Some of this section's 965:Khushab Nuclear Complex 11436:Explosives engineering 9315:The News International 8611:The News International 8431:The News International 8361:30 August 2017 at the 8030:Richelson, J. (2009). 7283:The News International 7246:The News International 6401:The News International 6371:The News International 6163:APP (1 January 2011). 6074:. Globalsecurity.org. 5864:. GlobalSecurity.org. 5690:The New Indian Express 5548:. Arms Control Today. 5525:The News International 5279:. Defencejournal.com. 5228:The News International 5117:. globalsecurity.org. 4127:The News International 4094:The News International 4064:The News International 4034:The News International 3960:The News International 3842:"1998 Year of Testing" 3634:Hangor-class submarine 3613:on submarines but if " 3592: 3503: 3494:Davy Crockett launcher 3240:US Department of State 3154:Pakistani Armed Forces 3141:A report published by 3099:Permissive Action Link 3064:US security assistance 2759:Chinese Prime Minister 2593: 2588:defence exhibition in 2577: 2572:defence exhibition in 2553: 2548:defence exhibition in 2450:nuclear weapon designs 2360:nuclear chain reaction 2303: 2147:Anti-ballistic missile 2053:Arms control proposals 1821:and then fly low over 1794:Israeli secret service 1738:nuclear weapon designs 1626:boosted fission weapon 1463:In December 1972, Dr. 1410: 1282:nuclear programme and 1135: 11368:Pakistan Armed Forces 10837:Albatros NG (CAMM-ER) 10380:Anti-submarine weapon 9980:National laboratories 9749:Iqbal Hussain Qureshi 9004:The Financial Express 8553:. NTI. Archived from 8409:30 April 2011 at the 8315:13 April 2010 at the 8290:25 March 2017 at the 8155:27 April 2009 at the 7408:. NTI. Archived from 5638:. Boston University. 4686:. United Book Press. 4296:Dawn Newspapers, 1995 3991:. Posted by A. Gill. 3718:Pakistan Armed Forces 3467:Babur cruise missiles 3213:Chairman Joint Chiefs 3086:Megaports program at 2888:peaceful co-existence 2872:Pakistan Armed Forces 2728:Department of Defense 2583: 2566:Babur cruise missiles 2559: 2543: 2503:theoretical physicist 2314:. Producing HEU as a 2295: 1927:Nuclear proliferation 1753:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 1657:nuclear proliferation 1649:convicted in absentia 1638:weapons-grade uranium 1620:conducted in 1983 by 1611:electronic components 1454:theoretical physicist 1392: 1275:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 1253:, Pakistan solicited 1145:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 1127: 1104:Ishrat Hussain Usmani 138:Maximum missile range 10229:Missiles of Pakistan 9784:Ghulam Dastagir Alam 9683:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 9355:"Debating first use" 9311:"Nuclear compulsion" 9237:The idea of Pakistan 8258:Elisabeth Bumiller, 8100:. 18 November 2007. 6583:. Nuclearfiles.org. 5211:. 12 February 2004. 4917:newsweekpakistan.com 4911:(13 November 2013). 3956:"An indomitable man" 3607:Chief of Naval Staff 3548:Ashfaq Parvez Kayani 3319:improve this section 3189:A 2010 study by the 3077:night-vision goggles 2829:Theory of deterrence 2259:Electronic materials 1991:Khushab reactor hall 1898:of India signed the 1896:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1607:materials technology 1544:Cambridge University 1542:in mathematics from 1439:Treaty of Versailles 1425:was "obsessed" with 865:Zahid Ali Akbar Khan 660:Nuclear-armed states 11175:Air Weapons Complex 11136:Ministry of Defence 9754:Muneer Ahmad Rashid 9678:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 9673:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 9438:Why He Went Nuclear 9309:(6 November 2012). 9169:Long Road to Chagai 8830:. 10 January 2017. 8692:The Express Tribune 8496:Dawn Archives, 2010 7768:Hashimi, Shafik H. 7170:The Washington Post 6934:The Washington Post 6641:The Washington Post 6532:2008PhT....61i..40W 6504:, pp. 139–172) 6223:The Washington Post 5717:. Isis-online.org. 5088:, pp. 281–282) 5076:, pp. 184–183) 5039:, pp. 141–142) 5015:, pp. 177–176) 4955:, pp. 180–181) 4850:, pp. 177–178) 4782:"Who has the Bomb?" 4724:"The Wrath of Khan" 4709:, Chapter 3, p. 87. 4146:, pp. 174–178) 3657:nuclear naval mines 3653:nuclear depth bombs 2899:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 2892:Pakistan Government 2870:The strategists in 2852:'s position in the 2780:nuclear power plant 2772:François Mitterrand 2657:commander, General 2630:Dassault Mirage III 2109:nuclear disarmament 2039:forcible possession 1973:A Washington-based 1696:mechanical engineer 1675:subcritical testing 1587:Bashiruddin Mahmood 1423:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1304:conventional weapon 1267:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 1207:nuclear power plant 1157:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 959:under the codename 875:'s administration. 873:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq 806:Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 11405:Nuclear technology 11199:People Steel Mills 10674:Anti-Tank Missiles 10504:Anti-Tank Missiles 10477:Submarine-launched 10248:Ballistic Missiles 10237:Surface-to-Surface 10170:Electricity sector 10157:Nuclear Technology 10136:CANDU Owners Group 9779:Władysław Turowicz 9769:Noor Muhammad Butt 8917:. 9 January 2017. 8888:. 9 January 2017. 8859:. 9 January 2017. 8581:The New York Times 8490:Khan, Iftikhar A. 8369:, 23 February 2010 8272:The New York Times 8239:2023-02-07 at the 8184:The New York Times 8098:The New York Times 8006:The New York Times 7799:The Times Of India 7751:disgraceful defeat 7390:has generic name ( 7220:The Times of India 7149:has generic name ( 7056:The New York Times 6724:Imaan Zia (2019). 6700:The New York Times 6253:Arms Control Today 5779:. Chennai, India. 3794:. 11 December 2002 3559:Hans M. Kristensen 3373:Air Weapon Complex 3172:Harvard University 3029:Joint Headquarters 2880:Pakistan Air Force 2839:Nuclear deterrence 2724:Corps of Engineers 2594: 2578: 2568:on display at the 2554: 2488:ballistic missiles 2352:order of magnitude 2304: 2088:Disarmament policy 2021:, Saran said "the 1901:Lahore Declaration 1870:healthcare science 1835:1998 nuclear tests 1803:surprise airstrike 1757:nuclear capability 1748:fighter aircraft. 1746:Pakistan Air Force 1653:legal technicality 1647:In 1983, Khan was 1595:uranium enrichment 1591:gaseous centrifuge 1536:numerical analysis 1446:Raziuddin Siddiqui 1411: 1405:devices that used 1302:Pakistan's weaker 1149:nuclear technology 1136: 1108:nuclear fuel cycle 1036:Partition of India 90:Largest yield test 11386: 11385: 11086: 11085: 11052: 11051: 11007: 11006: 10999:Matra R.550 Magic 10921: 10920: 10885:Man Portable SAMs 10789: 10788: 10668: 10667: 10640:CM-400AKG Wrecker 10573: 10572: 10498: 10497: 10396: 10395: 10318:Battlefield Range 10188: 10187: 9804: 9803: 9744:Samar Mubarakmand 9719:Abdul Qadeer Khan 9693:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 9594:Kala Chitta Range 9505:Newsweek Pakistan 9444:Nuclear Files.org 9258:(27 March 2000). 9232:Cohen, Stephen P. 9210:(15 April 1969). 9006:. 30 March 2018. 8721:missilethreat.com 8382:. 25 April 2011. 8249:, 17 January 2010 8186:, 11 January 2009 8163:, 23 January 2008 8043:978-0-393-06515-2 7801:. 9 August 2012. 7772:. Pakistan Link. 7756: 7739:nuclear blackmail 7576:. pp. 6–15. 7086:Los Angeles Times 6541:10.1063/1.2982121 6453:, pp. 75–79) 6425:Albright, David. 6352:, pp. 74–76) 6340:, pp. 72–73) 5360:. 3 January 2022. 5315:, pp. 50–70) 5303:, pp. 19–22) 5248:"Science Odyssey" 5027:, pp. 72–80) 5003:, pp. 53–55) 4967:, pp. 44–45) 4943:, pp. 42–43) 4898:, pp. 41–42) 4886:, pp. 39–40) 4874:, pp. 38–39) 4826:, pp. 21–23) 4693:978-0-87003-214-1 4158:, pp. 16–17) 3676:nuclear submarine 3663:Nuclear submarine 3557:A 2016 report by 3471:Hatf-4 Shaheen-1A 3375:(AWC), Hasanabdal 3355: 3354: 3347: 3135:Anne W. Patterson 3041:Cabinet ministers 2997:Economic Minister 2989:Yusuf Raza Gilani 2846:Brigadier-General 2767:nuclear reactor. 2714:Samar Mubarakmand 2699:Taiwan's military 2380:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2308:industrial levels 2247:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2235:gaseous diffusion 2023:Pakistan Military 1979:Boston University 1958:Abdul Qadeer Khan 1866:bio-technological 1688:chemical engineer 1575:Abdul Qadeer Khan 1524:quantum mechanics 1481:Manhattan Project 1450:Manhattan Project 1323:nuclear arms race 1087:pool-type reactor 1050:, and the former 1040:Jammu and Kashmir 1026: 1025: 1018: 849:Ghulam Ishaq Khan 826:Abdul Qadeer Khan 818:reactor physicist 788: 787: 552:Nuclear explosion 523: 522: 162: 161: 133: 127:Current stockpile 122: 78:Last nuclear test 11443: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11394: 11285: 11113: 11106: 11099: 11090: 11089: 11016: 11015: 10994:AIM-9 Sidewinder 10934: 10933: 10802: 10801: 10692:Barq-I / Barq-II 10595: 10594: 10586: 10585: 10407: 10406: 10351:Rocket Artillery 10253: 10252: 10244: 10243: 10227: 10226: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10192: 10191: 10057:Fuel extractions 9970: 9958: 9946: 9900: 9846: 9845: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9808: 9807: 9714:Munir Ahmad Khan 9563: 9556: 9549: 9540: 9539: 9525: 9491: 9426: 9424: 9423: 9417: 9406: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9366: 9361:. Archived from 9349: 9347: 9346: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9317:. Archived from 9302: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9251: 9227: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9162: 9160: 9159: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9097: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9043:. Archived from 9030: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8966: 8960: 8959: 8957: 8956: 8936: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8735: 8729: 8728: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8635:Lewis, Jeffrey. 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8572: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8487: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8423: 8417: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8376: 8370: 8353: 8347: 8330: 8324: 8307: 8301: 8282: 8276: 8256: 8250: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8216: 8210: 8193: 8187: 8170: 8164: 8147: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8071:. 24 June 2009. 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8027: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7971: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7932: 7923: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7890: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7835: 7829: 7822: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7765: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7734: 7733: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7698:. Archived from 7687: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7674: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7607: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7582: 7567: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7508: 7497: 7488: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7433:. Archived from 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7352: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7232: 7223: 7222:6 September 2008 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7172:. Archived from 7161: 7155: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7111: 7094: 7093: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7017: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6794:. Archived from 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6672:. 24 July 2006. 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6403:. Archived from 6392: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6373:. Archived from 6362: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6326: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6225:. 21 June 2004. 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6112:. Archived from 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5833:Business Insider 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5411: 5398: 5397: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5325: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5243: 5232: 5231: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5189:. Archived from 5179: 5173: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5111: 5102: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4909:Hoodbhoy, Pervez 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4778:Stengel, Richard 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4739: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4572:10.2307/20049374 4551: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4471: 4465: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4373: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4350: 4339: 4330: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4287: 4278: 4277: 4265: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4174:. Archived from 4168: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4129:. Archived from 4118: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4096:. Archived from 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4066:. Archived from 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4036:. Archived from 4025: 4016: 4013: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3962:. Archived from 3951: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3911:. 9 March 2015. 3901: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3812: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3752: 3674:, India's first 3452:Delivery systems 3390:(DESTO), Chattar 3381:(NCP), Islamabad 3366:(NDC), Islamabad 3350: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3299: 3291: 3150:Anti-Americanism 3001:nuclear strategy 2993:Foreign minister 2985:Asif Ali Zardari 2818:non-state actors 2752:Foreign Minister 2690:enriched uranium 2515:(PINSTECH) near 2508:New Laboratories 2484:nuclear warheads 2469: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2417: 2416: 2316:fissile material 2227:Physical chemist 2165:tactical weapons 2134:non-state actors 2019:nuclear doctrine 1894:of Pakistan and 1784:Operation Kahuta 1742:tactical designs 1724:implosion design 1712:explosive lenses 1700:Munir Ahmad Khan 1548:pure mathematics 1477:Munir Ahmad Khan 1395:Operation Shakti 1291:Dorchester Hotel 1263:Foreign minister 1168:nuclear engineer 1134: 1021: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1001: 983: 975: 926:Operation Shakti 822:fissile material 814:Munir Ahmad Khan 780: 773: 766: 717: 611:Target selection 539: 525: 524: 515: 508: 501: 485: 484: 466:List of treaties 178: 164: 163: 131: 120: 41: 27: 26: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11441: 11440: 11411: 11410: 11409: 11399: 11397: 11389: 11387: 11382: 11359: 11318: 11302: 11286: 11277: 11140: 11122: 11117: 11087: 11082: 11048: 11022: 11003: 10965: 10929: 10917: 10879: 10856: 10823: 10797: 10785: 10762: 10734: 10701: 10664: 10626: 10622:AGM-65 Maverick 10590:Cruise Missiles 10581: 10569: 10526: 10494: 10471: 10423: 10402:Cruise Missiles 10392: 10374: 10345: 10312: 10289: 10239: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10189: 10184: 10161: 10145: 10118: 10095: 10064: 10062:Fuel extraction 10052: 10026: 9975: 9966: 9954: 9942: 9928: 9901: 9892: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9805: 9800: 9788: 9702: 9698:Mubashir Hassan 9688:Rahimuddin Khan 9661: 9619: 9613: 9589:Chagai District 9572: 9567: 9498:(28 May 2020). 9496:Pervez Hoodbhoy 9434: 9429: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9404: 9388: 9386: 9375:"Tipping point" 9344: 9342: 9324: 9322: 9299: 9273: 9271: 9248: 9224: 9202: 9200:Further reading 9197: 9189: 9187: 9180: 9157: 9155: 9148: 9124: 9123: 9114: 9112: 9099: 9098: 9091: 9082: 9080: 9063: 9059: 9050: 9048: 9031: 9022: 9013: 9011: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8984: 8982: 8967: 8963: 8954: 8952: 8937: 8933: 8924: 8922: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8895: 8893: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8866: 8864: 8851: 8850: 8846: 8837: 8835: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8808: 8806: 8791: 8787: 8778: 8776: 8767: 8766: 8762: 8753: 8751: 8736: 8732: 8715: 8714: 8710: 8701: 8699: 8684: 8680: 8671: 8669: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8646: 8644: 8633: 8629: 8620: 8618: 8603: 8599: 8590: 8588: 8573: 8569: 8560: 8558: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8535: 8533: 8518: 8514: 8505: 8503: 8488: 8479: 8470: 8468: 8453: 8449: 8440: 8438: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8411:Wayback Machine 8402: 8398: 8389: 8387: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8363:Wayback Machine 8354: 8350: 8346:, 13 April 2010 8340:Wayback Machine 8331: 8327: 8323:, 12 April 2010 8317:Wayback Machine 8308: 8304: 8300:, 12 April 2010 8292:Wayback Machine 8283: 8279: 8267:Wayback Machine 8257: 8253: 8241:Wayback Machine 8232: 8228: 8217: 8213: 8203:Wayback Machine 8194: 8190: 8180:Wayback Machine 8171: 8167: 8157:Wayback Machine 8148: 8141: 8132: 8130: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8107: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8078: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8062: 8053: 8051: 8044: 8028: 8024: 8015: 8013: 7998: 7994: 7985: 7983: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7952: 7945: 7930: 7924: 7913: 7904: 7902: 7891: 7874: 7865: 7863: 7850: 7849: 7845: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7793: 7792: 7788: 7779: 7777: 7766: 7762: 7731: 7729: 7718: 7714: 7705: 7703: 7688: 7684: 7672: 7670: 7663:The Yahoo News! 7655: 7651: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7565: 7559: 7555: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7495: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7458: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7440: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7415: 7413: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7387: 7386: 7377: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7353: 7346: 7337: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7294: 7292: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7255: 7238:(30 May 1998). 7233: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7204: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7179: 7177: 7162: 7158: 7146: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7112: 7097: 7078: 7074: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7044: 7035: 7033: 7018: 7009: 7000: 6998: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6971: 6969: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6943: 6941: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6911: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6866:"Royal Court", 6865: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6801: 6799: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6735: 6733: 6722: 6718: 6709: 6707: 6692: 6688: 6679: 6677: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6650: 6648: 6633: 6629: 6620: 6618: 6603: 6599: 6590: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6436: 6434: 6423: 6419: 6410: 6408: 6393: 6389: 6380: 6378: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6292: 6290: 6275: 6271: 6262: 6260: 6245: 6241: 6232: 6230: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6203: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6178: 6176: 6161: 6157: 6148: 6146: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6119: 6117: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6079: 6068: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5895:, 3 June 1998, 5885: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5869: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5842: 5840: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5810: 5799: 5795: 5786: 5784: 5777:The Hindu, 2012 5769: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5724: 5722: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5697: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5670: 5668: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5613: 5598: 5594: 5585: 5583: 5568: 5564: 5555: 5553: 5542: 5538: 5529: 5527: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5498:. 29 May 2009. 5490: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5451: 5449: 5438: 5434: 5425: 5423: 5412: 5401: 5394:The Irish Times 5388: 5387: 5383: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5261: 5259: 5244: 5235: 5224: 5220: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5137: 5133: 5124: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5105: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4780:(3 June 1985). 4775: 4771: 4762: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4720: 4713: 4703: 4701: 4694: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4560:Foreign Affairs 4552: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4426: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4392: 4385: 4374: 4363: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4318: 4305: 4303: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4256: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4123:"Unsung heroes" 4119: 4112: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4041: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3996: 3985: 3978: 3969: 3967: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3838: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3694: 3667:In response to 3665: 3611:nuclear weapons 3595: 3587:missile defence 3518:fighter-bombers 3506: 3459: 3454: 3435: 3416: 3397: 3360: 3351: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3316: 3300: 3289: 3264: 3251: 3161:Robert M. Gates 3111: 3072: 3066: 3021:dedicated force 2964: 2936:Main articles: 2934: 2841: 2833:Main articles: 2831: 2825:report claims. 2802: 2796: 2685: 2676: 2646: 2626:fighter-bombers 2564:) armed with 4 2538: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2376: 2328:gas centrifuges 2302:on 28 May 1998. 2279:Muammar Gaddafi 2201:gas centrifuges 2193: 2188: 2090: 2055: 1977:think tank of 1971: 1947: 1907:nuclear testing 1861:Geneva Protocol 1857: 1851: 1788:In 1981, three 1786: 1780: 1403:boosted fission 1387: 1375:Main articles: 1373: 1271:Muhammad Shoaib 1211:science advisor 1179:Dr. Abdus Salam 1128: 1096:Atoms for Peace 1074:Atoms for Peace 1070: 1064: 1032: 1022: 1011: 1005: 1002: 999: 984: 973: 952:Rahimuddin Khan 934:Chagai district 799:nuclear weapons 784: 735: 715: 705: 674: 529:Nuclear weapons 519: 132:(2024 estimate) 121:(2024 estimate) 98: 49:20 January 1972 23: 12: 11: 5: 11449: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11408: 11407: 11384: 11383: 11371: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11332: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11303: 11301: 11300: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11287: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11275: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11236: 11235: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11205: 11200: 11197: 11192: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11177: 11172: 11169: 11159: 11154: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11127: 11124: 11123: 11116: 11115: 11108: 11101: 11093: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11030: 11028: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10956:AIM-120 AMRAAM 10953: 10948: 10942: 10940: 10931: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10910: 10908:FIM-92 Stinger 10905: 10900: 10895: 10889: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10866: 10864: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10799: 10795:Surface-to-Air 10791: 10790: 10787: 10786: 10784: 10783: 10778: 10772: 10770: 10768:Anti-Radiation 10764: 10763: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10711: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10660:AGM-84 Harpoon 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10636: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10603: 10601: 10592: 10583: 10579:Air-to-Surface 10575: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10452:AGM-84 Harpoon 10449: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10415: 10413: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10384: 10382: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10369: 10366: 10361: 10355: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10305: 10299: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10250: 10241: 10233: 10232: 10218: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10087: 10081: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10048:Paradise Point 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9949: 9948: 9947: 9936: 9934: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9915: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9895: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9888: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9834: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9811: 9802: 9801: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9669: 9667: 9666:Administrators 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9623: 9621: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9566: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9492: 9469: 9463: 9458: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9433: 9432:External links 9430: 9428: 9427: 9394: 9371:Saleem, Farukh 9367: 9365:on 2013-06-20. 9350: 9330: 9303: 9298:978-1610390231 9297: 9283:Lieven, Anatol 9279: 9252: 9247:978-0815715023 9246: 9228: 9223:978-0192151674 9222: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9179:978-9698500009 9178: 9163: 9147:978-0804776011 9146: 9130: 9122: 9121: 9089: 9057: 9020: 8991: 8969:Panda, Ankit. 8961: 8939:Panda, Ankit. 8931: 8915:Tribune.com.pk 8902: 8873: 8844: 8815: 8785: 8760: 8730: 8727:on 2009-10-14. 8708: 8678: 8653: 8627: 8597: 8567: 8542: 8512: 8477: 8447: 8418: 8396: 8380:"Tehran Times" 8371: 8348: 8325: 8302: 8277: 8251: 8226: 8211: 8188: 8165: 8139: 8114: 8085: 8060: 8042: 8022: 7992: 7976:"No diversion" 7961: 7944:978-0804776011 7943: 7911: 7872: 7843: 7808: 7786: 7760: 7712: 7682: 7649: 7593: 7574:Stimson Center 7553: 7519: 7478: 7447: 7422: 7397: 7344: 7319: 7301: 7275:(3 May 2004). 7264: 7224: 7211: 7186: 7156: 7095: 7072: 7042: 7007: 6978: 6950: 6920: 6890: 6884: 6858: 6833: 6808: 6779: 6754: 6742: 6716: 6686: 6657: 6627: 6597: 6572: 6547: 6506: 6494: 6492:, p. 177) 6482: 6455: 6443: 6417: 6387: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6299: 6269: 6239: 6210: 6185: 6155: 6126: 6108: 6088: 6062: 6044: 6024: 5999: 5983:"Introduction" 5974: 5956: 5936: 5905: 5878: 5849: 5819: 5793: 5760: 5731: 5706: 5677: 5652: 5622: 5592: 5576:New York Times 5562: 5536: 5512: 5483: 5458: 5432: 5399: 5396:. 3 June 1998. 5381: 5378:. 28 May 2021. 5363: 5358:Jerusalem Post 5345: 5339:978-0804776011 5338: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5268: 5233: 5218: 5196: 5193:on 2012-01-13. 5174: 5156: 5149: 5131: 5103: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5041: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4981: 4979:, p. 180) 4969: 4957: 4945: 4933: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4862:, p. 178) 4852: 4840: 4828: 4816: 4814:, p. 404) 4804: 4769: 4744: 4711: 4692: 4669: 4643: 4618: 4593: 4543: 4540:on 2012-04-25. 4518: 4492: 4466: 4450: 4417: 4383: 4361: 4316: 4279: 4273:978-0231512824 4272: 4250: 4225: 4188: 4160: 4148: 4136: 4133:on 2014-08-04. 4110: 4080: 4050: 4017: 4005: 3976: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3896: 3882: 3868: 3858: 3832: 3804: 3776: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3664: 3661: 3623:Hatf VII Babur 3594: 3591: 3567:cruise missile 3524:Black Panthers 3505: 3502: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3303: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3183:David Albright 3110: 3107: 3068:Main article: 3065: 3062: 3049:Prime minister 3033:Prime Minister 2972:Prime minister 2933: 2930: 2830: 2827: 2795: 2792: 2776:Benazir Bhutto 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2645: 2642: 2537: 2534: 2525:New York Times 2465: 2457: 2442: 2434: 2422: 2414: 2375: 2372: 2348:hydrodynamical 2324:nuclear states 2312:military-grade 2271:Syed Ali Nawab 2231:Khalil Qureshi 2192: 2189: 2187: 2186:Infrastructure 2184: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2150: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2126: 2115: 2112: 2089: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2054: 2051: 2027:civilian elite 1970: 1967: 1962:nuclear safety 1946: 1943: 1853:Main article: 1850: 1847: 1782:Main article: 1779: 1776: 1720:atomic weapons 1692:Hafeez Qureshi 1669:gas centrifuge 1642:Smiling Buddha 1505:Faheem Hussain 1372: 1369: 1314:Smiling Buddha 1117:, in the then 1066:Main article: 1063: 1060: 1024: 1023: 990:listed sources 987: 985: 978: 972: 969: 915:Smiling Buddha 834:Kahuta Project 803:Prime Minister 786: 785: 783: 782: 775: 768: 760: 757: 756: 755: 754: 749: 744: 739: 729: 728: 723: 718: 709: 699: 698: 693: 688: 686:United Kingdom 683: 678: 663: 662: 656: 655: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 602: 601: 596: 591: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 546: 545: 541: 540: 532: 531: 521: 520: 518: 517: 510: 503: 495: 492: 491: 490: 489: 476: 475: 474: 473: 470:treaty parties 460: 459: 455: 454: 453: 452: 447: 442: 434: 433: 429: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 414:United Kingdom 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 218: 217: 211: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 185: 184: 180: 179: 171: 170: 160: 159: 154: 147: 146: 139: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 117: 116:Peak stockpile 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 91: 87: 86: 79: 75: 74: 67: 63: 62: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 34: 33: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11448: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11406: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11284: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11114: 11109: 11107: 11102: 11100: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11060: 11055: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11034:TA580/TAS5380 11032: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11010: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10682:Baktar-Shikan 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10512:Baktar-Shikan 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10225: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10202: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10164: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123:Organizations 10121: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100:Public policy 10098: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9931: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9899: 9887:Research-only 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9839: 9832: 9827: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9799: 9796: 9791: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9604:Kharan Desert 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9584:Ras Koh Hills 9582: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9564: 9559: 9557: 9552: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9541: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9414: 9410: 9403: 9399: 9398:Sattar, Abdul 9395: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9321:on 2013-10-30 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9307:Lodhi, Maliha 9304: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9215: 9214: 9209: 9205: 9204: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9164: 9153: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9111:on 2013-04-18 9110: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9061: 9047:on 2013-08-13 9046: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8965: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8789: 8774: 8770: 8764: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8682: 8668:on 2015-12-22 8667: 8663: 8657: 8643:on 2012-01-29 8642: 8638: 8631: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8601: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8557:on 2012-06-29 8556: 8552: 8546: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8451: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8400: 8385: 8381: 8375: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8334: 8329: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8281: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8255: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8230: 8222: 8215: 8209:, 6 July 2007 8208: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8192: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8169: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8146: 8144: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7996: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7950: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7931:(google book) 7929: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7900: 7896: 7893:IISS Report. 7889: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7862:on 2017-04-26 7861: 7857: 7853: 7847: 7840: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7702:on 2007-07-12 7701: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7539: 7536:. p. 8. 7532: 7531: 7523: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7464: 7457: 7451: 7437:on 2012-06-28 7436: 7432: 7426: 7412:on 2010-11-08 7411: 7407: 7401: 7393: 7381: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7349: 7334:on 2012-03-12 7333: 7329: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7268: 7253: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7221: 7215: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7176:on 2013-10-23 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7140: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7076: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6997:on 2009-07-21 6996: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6968:on 2010-12-05 6967: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6894: 6887: 6885:9781137487728 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6823:on 2006-10-06 6822: 6818: 6812: 6798:on 2006-10-25 6797: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6631: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6562:on 2006-09-23 6561: 6557: 6551: 6542: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6520:Physics Today 6517: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6447: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6407:on 2015-06-27 6406: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6377:on 2015-06-27 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6359: 6351: 6346: 6339: 6334: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6116:on 2012-06-04 6115: 6111: 6109:969-8721-10-X 6105: 6101: 6100: 6092: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6051: 6047: 6045:9780295802527 6041: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5989:on 2013-05-08 5988: 5984: 5978: 5963: 5959: 5957:9780198292814 5953: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5922: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5750:on 2013-05-10 5749: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5696:on 2014-01-04 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5667:on 2011-07-07 5666: 5662: 5656: 5641: 5637: 5636:Nuclear Watch 5633: 5626: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5448:on 2011-05-07 5447: 5443: 5436: 5422:on 2011-05-07 5421: 5417: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5395: 5391: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5309: 5302: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5258:on 2015-06-26 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5150:9781586421373 5146: 5142: 5135: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4966: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4813: 4808: 4794:on 2011-05-19 4793: 4789: 4788: 4787:Time magazine 4783: 4779: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4633:on 2016-03-03 4632: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4458:Duff, Michael 4454: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4422: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4313: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4254: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4193: 4178:on 2012-03-14 4177: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4157: 4152: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4100:on 2015-07-01 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4070:on 2015-07-26 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4040:on 2014-08-10 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3966:on 2015-07-25 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3938: 3929: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3862: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3680:Pakistan Navy 3677: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3630:second-strike 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3599:Pakistan Navy 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536:JF-17 Thunder 3533: 3532: 3531:Black Spiders 3526: 3525: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3479:Pakistan Army 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3349: 3346: 3338: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3304:This section 3302: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3225:nuclear power 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2912:(NPT) or the 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2858:Indian forces 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706:putative test 2702: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2680: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2659:Anthony Zinni 2656: 2651: 2650:second strike 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472:J. Cirincione 2451: 2447: 2427: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378:In July 1976 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:nuclear power 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207:(HEU) at the 2206: 2202: 2198: 2183: 2181: 2173: 2172:proliferation 2169: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2043:nuclear power 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Nuclear Watch 1966: 1963: 1960:, Pakistan's 1959: 1955: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:the Himalayas 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:hydrodynamics 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:theoreticians 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1321:to prevent a 1320: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1273:and chairman 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:CANDU reactor 1217: 1216:Canadian firm 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1163:where he met 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1132: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1119:East Pakistan 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1059: 1057: 1056:nuclear power 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1020: 1017: 1009: 1006:November 2011 997: 996: 991: 986: 982: 977: 976: 968: 966: 962: 958: 957:Kharan Desert 953: 949: 945: 944: 939: 935: 931: 930:Ras Koh Hills 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 891:nuclear power 887: 885: 881: 880:East Pakistan 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804: 800: 797:that possess 796: 792: 781: 776: 774: 769: 767: 762: 761: 759: 758: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 734: 731: 730: 727: 724: 722: 719: 713: 710: 708: 704: 701: 700: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 676:United States 673: 671: 667: 666: 665: 664: 661: 658: 657: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 631:Proliferation 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 603: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 543: 542: 538: 534: 533: 530: 527: 526: 516: 511: 509: 504: 502: 497: 496: 494: 493: 488: 480: 479: 478: 477: 471: 467: 464: 463: 462: 461: 457: 456: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 436: 435: 432:Proliferation 431: 430: 425: 422: 420: 419:United States 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 219: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186: 182: 181: 177: 173: 172: 169: 166: 165: 158: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 130:170 warheads 129: 125: 119:170 warheads 118: 114: 111:6 detonations 110: 106: 102: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81:30 May 1998 ( 80: 76: 72: 69:28 May 1998 ( 68: 64: 60: 57:28 May 1998 ( 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 35: 32: 28: 25: 21: 16: 11372: 11355:Project ROSE 11347: 11334: 11078:Hatf Program 11062: 11058: 11024: 11012:Transporters 10457:Zarb (C-602) 10257:Medium Range 10031:Reservations 9852:Power plants 9794: 9764:Asghar Qadir 9734:Ishfaq Ahmad 9620:institutions 9599:Kirana Hills 9503: 9477: 9420:. Retrieved 9408: 9387:. Retrieved 9378: 9363:the original 9358: 9343:. Retrieved 9323:. Retrieved 9319:the original 9314: 9286: 9272:. Retrieved 9266:. Pakistan. 9263: 9236: 9212: 9188:. Retrieved 9168: 9156:. Retrieved 9136: 9127:Bibliography 9126: 9125: 9113:. Retrieved 9109:the original 9081:. Retrieved 9070: 9060: 9049:. Retrieved 9045:the original 9040:Defense News 9038: 9012:. Retrieved 9003: 8994: 8983:. Retrieved 8975:The Diplomat 8974: 8964: 8953:. Retrieved 8945:The Diplomat 8944: 8934: 8923:. Retrieved 8914: 8905: 8894:. Retrieved 8885: 8876: 8865:. Retrieved 8856: 8847: 8836:. Retrieved 8827: 8818: 8807:. Retrieved 8798: 8788: 8777:. Retrieved 8763: 8752:. Retrieved 8743: 8733: 8725:the original 8720: 8711: 8700:. Retrieved 8691: 8681: 8670:. Retrieved 8666:the original 8656: 8645:. Retrieved 8641:the original 8630: 8619:. Retrieved 8610: 8600: 8589:. Retrieved 8580: 8570: 8559:. Retrieved 8555:the original 8545: 8534:. Retrieved 8528:. Pakistan. 8525: 8515: 8504:. Retrieved 8495: 8469:. Retrieved 8461:The Atlantic 8460: 8450: 8439:. Retrieved 8430: 8421: 8415:Tehran Times 8414: 8399: 8388:. Retrieved 8374: 8351: 8328: 8305: 8297:The Guardian 8295: 8280: 8270: 8254: 8244: 8229: 8221:The Guardian 8220: 8214: 8191: 8168: 8131:. Retrieved 8125:. Iiss.org. 8117: 8106:. Retrieved 8097: 8088: 8077:. Retrieved 8063: 8052:. Retrieved 8032: 8025: 8014:. Retrieved 8005: 7995: 7984:. Retrieved 7953:. Retrieved 7934: 7903:. Retrieved 7864:. Retrieved 7860:the original 7855: 7846: 7838: 7832:. Retrieved 7811: 7798: 7789: 7778:. Retrieved 7763: 7738: 7736: 7730:. Retrieved 7715: 7704:. Retrieved 7700:the original 7695: 7685: 7677: 7671:. Retrieved 7662: 7652: 7641:. Retrieved 7613: 7609: 7596: 7585:. Retrieved 7569: 7556: 7545:. Retrieved 7529: 7522: 7511:. Retrieved 7499: 7470:. Retrieved 7450: 7439:. Retrieved 7435:the original 7425: 7414:. Retrieved 7410:the original 7400: 7369:. Retrieved 7360: 7336:. Retrieved 7332:the original 7322: 7304: 7293:. Retrieved 7280: 7267: 7256:. Retrieved 7243: 7236:Khan, Kamran 7214: 7203:. Retrieved 7189: 7178:. Retrieved 7174:the original 7169: 7159: 7128:. Retrieved 7119: 7085: 7075: 7064:. Retrieved 7055: 7045: 7034:. Retrieved 7025: 6999:. Retrieved 6995:the original 6990: 6981: 6970:. Retrieved 6966:the original 6942:. Retrieved 6933: 6923: 6912:. Retrieved 6906:. Pakistan. 6903: 6893: 6867: 6861: 6850:. Retrieved 6836: 6825:. Retrieved 6821:the original 6811: 6800:. Retrieved 6796:the original 6791: 6782: 6771:. Retrieved 6757: 6745: 6734:. Retrieved 6719: 6708:. Retrieved 6699: 6689: 6678:. Retrieved 6669: 6660: 6649:. Retrieved 6640: 6630: 6619:. Retrieved 6610: 6600: 6589:. Retrieved 6575: 6564:. Retrieved 6560:the original 6550: 6526:(9): 40–45. 6523: 6519: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6451:Rehman (1999 6446: 6435:. Retrieved 6420: 6409:. Retrieved 6405:the original 6400: 6390: 6379:. Retrieved 6375:the original 6370: 6350:Rehman (1999 6345: 6338:Rehman (1999 6333: 6322:. Retrieved 6302: 6291:. 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Retrieved 5420:the original 5393: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5329: 5308: 5301:Rehman (1999 5296: 5285:. Retrieved 5271: 5260:. Retrieved 5256:the original 5251: 5227: 5221: 5208: 5199: 5191:the original 5186: 5177: 5167:. CBS News. 5159: 5140: 5134: 5123:. Retrieved 5098: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5058:. Retrieved 5044: 5032: 5025:Rehman (1999 5020: 5008: 5001:Rehman (1999 4996: 4989:Rehman (1999 4984: 4972: 4965:Rehman (1999 4960: 4948: 4941:Rehman (1999 4936: 4925:. Retrieved 4916: 4903: 4896:Rehman (1999 4891: 4884:Rehman (1999 4879: 4872:Rehman (1999 4867: 4855: 4843: 4836:Rehman (1999 4831: 4824:Rehman (1999 4819: 4807: 4796:. Retrieved 4792:the original 4785: 4772: 4761:. Retrieved 4747: 4736:. Retrieved 4728:The Atlantic 4727: 4702:. Retrieved 4682: 4661:. Retrieved 4656: 4646: 4635:. Retrieved 4631:the original 4621: 4610:. Retrieved 4596: 4587: 4563: 4559: 4535:the original 4521: 4510:. Retrieved 4495: 4484:. Retrieved 4469: 4461: 4453: 4442:. Retrieved 4433: 4409:. 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