Affirmative action

2238:, and white women into management, professional, and technical occupations occurred primarily during the 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, contractors grew their shares of these groups more rapidly than non-contractors because of the implementation of affirmative action. But the positive effect of affirmative action vanished entirely in the late 1980s, which Kurtulus says may be due to the slowdown into advanced occupation for women and minorities because of the political shift of affirmative action that started with President Reagan. Becoming a federal contractor increased white women's share of professional occupations by 0.183 percentage points, or 9.3 percent, on average during these three decades, and increased black women's share by 0.052 percentage points (or by 3.9 percent). Becoming a federal contractor also increased Hispanic women's and black men's share of technical occupations on average by 0.058 percent and 0.109 percentage points respectively (or by 7.7 and 4.2 percent). These represent a substantial contribution of affirmative action to overall trends in the occupational advancement of women and minorities over the three decades under the study. A reanalysis of multiple scholarly studies, especially in Asia, considered the impact of four primary factors on support for affirmative action programs for women: gender; political factors; psychological factors; and social structure. Kim and Kim (2014) found that, "Affirmative action both corrects existing unfair treatment and gives women equal opportunity in the future." 2827:, which did not have the same treatment and Tamils learned English instead as there was no medium for Tamil until near independence. Tamils' knowledge of English and education came from the very American missionary activity by overseas Christians that the British were concerned will anger the Sinhalese and destroy their trading relationships, so they sent them to the Tamil areas instead to teach, thinking it would have no consequences and due to their small numbers. The British sending the missionaries to the north and east was for the protection of the Sinhalese and in fact, showed favouritism to the majority group instead of the minorities to maintain trading relationships and benefits from them. The Tamils, out of this random benefit from learning English and basic education excelled and flourished and were able to take many civil service jobs to the chagrin of the Sinhalese. The myth of Divide and Rule is untrue. The 'policy of standardisation' was typical of affirmative action policies, in that it required drastically lower standards for Sinhalese students than for the more academic Tamils who had to get about ten more marks to enter into universities. The policy in fact is an example of discrimination against the Tamil ethnic group. 2947:

proportion of boards led by a woman has increased from 3.4% to 4.3%. This suggests that the law has had a marginal effect on the sex of the chair and the boards remain internally segregated. Although at the beginning of our observation period, only 7 of 91 prominent directors were women. The gender balance among prominent directors has changed considerably throughout the period, and at the end of the period, 107 women and 117 men were prominent directors. By applying more restrictive definitions of prominence, the proportion of directors who are women generally increases. If only considering directors with at least three directorships, 61.4% of them are women. When considering directors with seven or more directorships, all of them are women. Thus, affirmative action increases the female population in the director position.

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Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator Hubert Humphrey, declared that the bill “would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group” adding “I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas.” However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups. Some state laws explicitly banned racial preferences, and in response some laws have failed attempting to explicitly legalize race preferences.

2442:(BEE) rose further in South Africa. The BEE was not a moral initiative to redress the wrongs of the past but to promote growth and strategies that aim to realize a country's full potential. The idea was targeting the weakest link in economics, which was inequality and which would help develop the economy. This is evident in the statement by the Department of Trade and Industry, "As such, this strategy stresses a BEE process that is associated with growth, development and enterprise development, and not merely the redistribution of existing wealth". Similarities between the BEE and affirmative action are apparent; however there is a difference. BEE focuses more on employment equality rather than taking wealth away from the skilled white labourers. 2527:

marginalization for coloured and Indian races in South Africa, as well as developing and aiding the middle and elite classes, leaving the lower class behind. This created a bigger gap between the lower and middle class, which led to class struggles and a greater segregation. Entitlement began to arise with the growth of the middle and elite classes, as well as race entitlement. Some assert that affirmative action is discrimination in reverse. Negative consequences of affirmative action, specifically the quota system, drove skilled labour away, resulting in bad economic growth. This is due to very few international companies wanting to invest in South Africa. As a result of the outcomes of affirmative action, the concept is continually evolving.

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culture of the men's club is seductive token women are under the pressure to become "social males" and prove that their competence as directors, meaning that they are not significantly different from men. In the negotiation for status as worthy peers, emphasizing gender signals that a woman is an "imposter", someone who does not rightfully belong in the position she is claiming to fill." And once affirmative action for women is fulfilled, and then affirmative action shares the element, as Izraeli put it, the "group equality discourse", making it easier for other groups to claim for a fairer distribution of resources. This suggests that affirmative action can have applications for different groups in Israel.

3253:) have passed constitutional amendments banning public institutions, including public schools, from practicing affirmative action within their respective states. In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court held that "States may choose to prohibit the consideration of racial preferences in governmental decisions". By that time eight states, Oklahoma, New Hampshire, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Michigan, Florida, Washington and California, had already banned affirmative action. Numerous critics report that colleges quietly use illegal quotas to discriminate against people of Asian, Jewish, and Caucasian backgrounds and have launched numerous lawsuits to stop them. 3056:

association, and while using public services, although exceptions exist, to wit: "Section 159 of the Equality Act 2010 allows an employer to treat an applicant or employee with a protected characteristic (eg race, sex or age) more favourably in connection with recruitment or promotion than someone without that characteristic who is as qualified for the role. The employer must reasonably think that people with the protected characteristic suffer a disadvantage or are under-represented in that particular activity. Taking the

2870:; for students admitted in these quotas, the education is partially arranged in Swedish. The purpose of the quotas is to guarantee that a sufficient number of professionals with skills in Swedish are educated for nationwide needs. The quota system has met with criticism from the Finnish speaking majority, some of whom consider the system unfair. In addition to these linguistic quotas, women may get preferential treatment in recruitment for certain public sector jobs if there is a gender imbalance in the field. 12502: 3497:

good chance of graduating. However, according to the mismatching hypothesis, affirmative action often places a student into a college that is too difficult, and this increases the student's chance of dropping out of the college or of their desired major. Thus, affirmative action hurts its intended beneficiaries, because it increases their dropout rates. Mismatching has also been cited as a contributing factor in lowered pursuit and completion of STEM degrees among certain populations.

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population prevent or impair their enjoyment of human rights, the State should take specific action to correct those conditions. Such action may involve granting for a time to the part of the population concerned certain preferential treatment in specific matters as compared with the rest of the population. However, as long as such action is needed to correct discrimination, in fact, it is a case of legitimate differentiation under the Covenant."

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individual hardships are also weighed. This policy made the four institutions, especially the echelons at the most selective departments, more diverse than they otherwise would have been. The rise in geographic, economic and demographic diversity of a student population suggests that the plan's focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends.

2894:), the driving license and rank plan was cancelled. After the Sarkozy election, a new attempt in favour of Arab-French students was made, but Sarkozy did not gain enough political support to change the French constitution. However, some French schools do implement affirmative action in that they are obligated to take a certain number of students from impoverished families. 3374:

action has sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging inequalities in employment and pay; increasing access to education; enriching state, institutional, and professional leadership with the full spectrum of society; redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances, in particular addressing the apparent social imbalance left in the wake of slavery and slave laws.

2729:) The mean income for Malays, Chinese and Indians in 1957/58 were 134, 288 and 228 respectively. In 1967/68 it was 154, 329 and 245, and in 1970 it was 170, 390 and 300. Mean income disparity ratio for Chinese/Malays rose from 2.1 in 1957/58 to 2.3 in 1970, whereas for Indians/Malays the disparity ratio also rose from 1.7 to 1.8 in the same period. 2882:. Since the 1980s, a French version of affirmative action based on neighborhood is in place for primary and secondary education. Some schools, in neighborhoods labeled "Priority Education Zones", are granted more funds than the others. Students from these schools also benefit from special policies in certain institutions (such as 3241:, 539 US 244 – Supreme Court 2003) permitted educational institutions to consider race as a factor when admitting students. Alternatively, some colleges use financial criteria to attract racial groups that have typically been under-represented and typically have lower living conditions. Some states such as California ( 2431:

implementation of employment equity to redress the effects of discrimination, to achieve a diverse workforce broadly representative of our people, to promote economic development and efficiency in the workforce and to give effects to the obligations of the Republic as a member of the International Labour Organisation.

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in state and university service as of 2007, typically using the phrase "We try to increase diversity in this line of work". In recent years, there has been a long public debate about whether to issue programs that would grant women a privileged access to jobs in order to fight discrimination. Germany's

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compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society. It is often implemented in governmental and educational settings to ensure that designated groups within a society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities.

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The Constitution of the Republic of Serbia from 2006 established the principles of equality and the prohibition of discrimination on any grounds. It also allows affirmative action as "special measures" for certain marginalized groups, such as national minorities, by specifically excluding it from the

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Greenlanders have special advantages when applying for university, college or vocation university degrees in Denmark. With these specific rules, Greenlanders can get into degrees without the required grade averages by fulfilling certain criteria. They need to have a grade average of over 6,0 and have

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scorecard: in a relatively complex scoring system, which allows for some flexibility in the manner in which each company meets its legal commitments, each company is required to meet minimum requirements in terms of representation by previously disadvantaged groups. The matters covered include equity

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in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has been justified by the idea that it may help with bridging inequalities in

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and Albert H. Yoon confirmed Sander's mismatch findings, but also found that eliminating affirmative action would "lead to a 63 percent decline in black matriculants at all law schools and a 90 percent decline at elite law schools". These high numbers predictions were doubted in a review of previous

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Critics of affirmative action suggest that programs may benefit the members of the targeted group that least need the benefit, that is those who have the greatest social, economic and educational advantages within the targeted group. Other beneficiaries may be described as wholly unqualified for the

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and section 19(2) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Affirmative action in New Zealand is most often done indirecttly by encouraging those in groups favored by affirmative action to get jobs in sectors they are underrepresented in. Diversity Awards NZ is an organization in New Zealand whose

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Seierstad & Opsahl in their study of the effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway found that there are few boards chaired by a woman, from the beginning of the implementation of the affirmative action policy period to August 2009, the

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provides for equal rights of all people regardless of sex, race or social background. There are programs stating that if men and women have equal qualifications, women have to be preferred for a job; moreover, the disabled should be preferred to non-disabled people. This is typical for all positions

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Pre-Democracy, the apartheid governments discriminated against non-white races, so with affirmative action, the country started to redress past discriminations. Affirmative action also focused on combating structural racism and racial inequality, hoping to maximize diversity in all levels of society

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The variation in skills and productivity between groups of people ultimately caused disparities in employment, occupation and income within labour markets, which provided advantages to certain groups and characteristics of people. This in due course was the motivation to introduce affirmative action

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states that "the principle of equality sometimes requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the Covenant. For example, in a State where the general conditions of a certain part of the

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descent are often afforded improved access to university courses, or have scholarships earmarked specifically for them. Such access to University courses have in the past faced criticism, particularly at the University of Auckland due to a phenomenon known as Mismatch theory, accusations of setting

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established the principles of equality and their implementation in the UK. In the UK, any discrimination, quotas or favouritism due to sex, race and ethnicity among other "protected characteristics" is illegal by default in education, employment, during commercial transactions, in a private club or

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Additionally, following the Norwegian example, after 27 January 2014, women must represent at least 20% of board members in all stock exchange listed or state-owned companies. After 27 January 2017, the proportion will increase to 40%. All appointments of men as directors will be invalid as long as

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Mismatching is the term given to the supposed negative effect that affirmative action has when it places a student into a college that is too difficult for them. For example, in the absence of affirmative action, a student will be admitted to a college that matches their academic ability and has a

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A 2017 study of temporary federal affirmative action regulation in the United States estimated that the regulation "increases the black share of employees over time: in 5 years after an establishment is first regulated, the black share of employees increases by an average of 0.8 percentage points.

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on 6 March 1961 and required that government employers "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without

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status, without regard to their performance, is illegal. However, the law in the United Kingdom does allow for membership in a protected and disadvantaged group to be considered in hiring and promotion when the group is under-represented in a given area and if the candidates are of equal merit (in

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announced in 2002 that Taiwanese Aboriginal students would have their high-school or undergraduate entrance exams boosted by 33% for demonstrating some knowledge of their tribal language and culture. The percentage of boost have been revised several times, and the latest percentage is 35% in 2013.

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during the early to mid-2000s. In evaluating the eligibility of applicants, neither their financial status nor their national or ethnic origins are considered. The emphasis, rather, is on structural disadvantages, especially neighborhood socioeconomic status and high school rigor, although several

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Commission approved a plan for women to constitute 40% of non-executive board directorships in large listed companies in Europe by 2020. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 requires that EU member states adopt by 28 December 2024 laws to ensure that by 30 June 2026 members of the underrepresented sex hold at

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which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin." The Civil

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stipulates (in Article 2.2) that affirmative action programs may be required of countries that ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. It states, however, that such programs "shall in no case entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for

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states that the equality provisions do "not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or

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universities was introduced as an affirmative action program for students from areas which had lower rates of education than other areas due to missionary activity in the north and east, which essentially were the Tamil areas. Successive governments cultivated a historical myth after the colonial

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In her study of gender politics in Israel, Dafna Izraeli showed that the paradox of affirmative action for women directors is that the legitimation for legislating their inclusion on boards also resulted in the exclusion of women's interested as a legitimate issue on the boards' agendas. "The new

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The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative

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ruled that, while attempting to create a diverse force, the Cheshire Police had discriminated against a "well prepared" white heterosexual male. The ruling stated that "while positive action can be used to boost diversity, it should only be applied to distinguish between candidates who were all

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Another criticism of affirmative action is that it may reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best. Beneficiaries of affirmative action may conclude that it is unnecessary to work as hard, and those who do not benefit may perceive hard work as futile.

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Some Brazilian universities (state and federal) have created systems of preferred admissions (quotas) for racial minorities (blacks and Amerindians), the poor and people with disabilities. There are also quotas of up to 20% of vacancies reserved for people with disabilities in the civil public

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Affirmative action is intended to alleviate under-representation and to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population. The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to

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Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was

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Critics of affirmative action offer a variety of arguments as to why it is counterproductive or should be discontinued. For example, critics may argue that affirmative action hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages

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Affirmative action was introduced through the Employment Equality Act, 55 in 1998, 4 years after the end of apartheid. This act was passed to promote the constitutional right of equality and exercise true democracy. This idea was to eliminate unfair discrimination in employment, to ensure the

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were more split. Men are only slightly more likely to support affirmative action for women, though a majority of both do. However, a slight majority of Americans do believe that affirmative action goes beyond ensuring access and goes into the realm of preferential treatment. More recently, a

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Some argue that affirmative action policies create an opportunity for fraud, by encouraging non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups (that is, members of groups that benefit from affirmative action) in order to take advantage of group preference policies.

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As with all policies, there have also been negative outcomes. A quota system was implemented, which aimed to achieve targets of diversity in a workforce. This target affected the hiring and level of skills in the workforce, ultimately impacting the free market. Affirmative action created

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applied affirmative action to ethnic minorities. Quotas for access to university education, offices in the Soviet system and the Communist Party existed: for example, the position of First Secretary of a Soviet Republic's (or Autonomous Republic's) Party Committee was always filled by a

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and Michael Lovenheim. Their 2016 article found a strong indication that affirmative action results in a mismatch effect. They argued that the attendance by some African-American students to less-selective schools would significantly improve the low first attempt rate at passing the

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in the Canadian north, aboriginal people are given preference for jobs and education and are considered to have P1 status. Non-aboriginal people who were born in the NWT or have resided half of their life there are considered a P2, as well as women and people with disabilities.

2152:, that it tends to benefit the most privileged within minority groups at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups, or that—when applied to universities—it can hinder minority students by placing them in courses for which they have not been adequately prepared. 2591:

Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are supported by affirmative action in the civil service employment. Also Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are entitled to full university scholarships by the state.

2272:, the Supreme Court has ruled that "affirmative action" ethnic quotas in universities are discrimination and hence unlawful. It said that the requirements for the intake should be the same for all. The justice minister said that the decision left no room for uncertainty. 2233:

Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women. Kurtulus (2012) in her review of affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973–2003 showed that the effect of affirmative action on advancing black,

2692:, who together form a majority of the population. However, the indigenous people of Malaysia (Orang Asli) do not have the same special rights of the rest of the Bumiputera as granted under Article 153, as the Orang Asli are not referenced within the article 153 itself. 3435:

poll found 73% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions. A few years later in 2022, a Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions.

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the kids up to fail have been made due to a lack of transparency as to the preferred groups graduation rates and the university informing the students of such historical statistics dating back to the 1970s. Affirmative action is provided for under section 73 of the

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Some critics of affirmative action argue that affirmative action devalues the actual accomplishments of people who are chosen based on the social group to which they belong rather than their qualifications, thus rendering affirmative action counterproductive.

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The French Ministry of Defence tried in 1990 to make it easier for young French soldiers of North-African descent to be promoted in rank and obtain driving licenses. After a strong protest by a young French lieutenant in the Ministry of Defence newspaper

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Strikingly, the black share continues to grow at a similar pace even after an establishment is deregulated. argue that this persistence is driven in part by affirmative action inducing employers to improve their methods for screening potential hires."

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A 2011 study proposed that mismatch can only occur when a selective school possesses private information that, had this information been disclosed, would have changed the student's choice of school. The study found that this is in fact the case for

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which amended Executive Order 11246 on 13 October 1967, by adding "sex" to the list of protected categories. In the U.S. affirmative action's original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance with the nondiscrimination mandate of the

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The historical/common argument is that the Malays have lower incomes than the Chinese and Indians, who have traditionally been involved in businesses and industries, who were also general migrant workers. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country, with

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Act aim to promote and achieve equality in the workplace (in South Africa termed "equity"), by advancing people from designated groups. The designated groups who are to be advanced include all people of colour, women (including white women) and

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concluded that there were 7.9% fewer black attorneys than there would have been if there had been no affirmative action. The article also states that because of mismatching, blacks are more likely to drop out of law school and fail bar exams.

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There is affirmative action in education for minority nationalities in China, this may equate to lowering minimum requirements for the National University Entrance Examination, which is a mandatory exam for all students to enter university.

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by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination. More recently concepts have moved beyond discrimination to include diversity, equity and inclusion as motives for preferring historically underrepresented groups.

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The main goal of affirmative action is for the country to reach its full potential. This would result in a completely diverse workforce in economic and social sectors, thus broadening the economic base and stimulating economic growth.

2370:-led government chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous imbalances (a policy known as employment equity). As such, all employers were compelled by law to employ previously disenfranchised groups (blacks, 3427:

released a poll showing that 67% of Americans supported affirmative action programs aimed at increasing female representation, compared to 58% who supported such programs aimed at increasing the representation of racial minorities.

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poll found that 63% of Americans thought affirmative action programs aimed at increasing minority representation on college campuses were "a good thing", compared to 30% who thought they were "a bad thing". The following year,

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These laws cause disproportionally high costs for small companies and reduce economic growth and employment. The laws may give the black middle-class some advantage but can make the worse-off blacks even poorer. Moreover, the

2646:, many Papuan students chose to abandon their scholarship and return to their respective provinces. The program has been subject to criticism, with complaints made towards a lack of sufficient quotas and alleged corruption. 2950:

A 2016 study found no effect of the ASA representation requirement on either valuation or profits of the affected companies, and also no correlation between the requirement and the restructuring of companies away from ASA.

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least 40% of non-executive director positions and at least 33% of all director positions, including both executive and non-executive directors, for listed companies. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 expires on 31 December 2038.

3168:. Less than one-third of Canadian Universities offer alternative admission requirements for students of aboriginal descent. Some provinces and territories also have affirmative action-type policies. For example, in the 2398:(including white people). Employment Equity legislation requires companies employing more than 50 people to design and implement plans to improve the representativity of workforce demographics, and report them to the 2434:

Many embraced the act; however some concluded that the act contradicted itself. The act eliminates unfair discrimination in certain sectors of the national labour market by imposing similar constraints on another.

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Gururaj, Suchitra; Somers, Patricia; Fry, Jessica; Watson, Del; Cicero, Francesca; Morosini, Marilia; Zamora, Jennifer (January 2021). "Affirmative action policy: Inclusion, exclusion, and the global public good".

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for group outcomes and representation for groups, which are socio-economically disadvantaged or have faced historical discrimination or oppression. Opponents of affirmative action have argued that it is a form of

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The policies of Employment Equity and, particularly, Black Economic empowerment have been criticised both by those who view them as discriminatory against white people, and by those who view them as ineffectual.

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In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for example, targeted advertising campaigns to encourage ethnic minority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes called

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In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being

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Heriot, Gail L.; Somin, Alison (28 November 2011). "Affirmative Action for Men?: Strange Silences and Strange Bedfellows in the Public Debate Over Discrimination Against Women in College Admissions".

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opportunity made available through affirmative action. They may argue that at the same time the people who lose the most to affirmative action are the least fortunate members of non-preferred groups.

3228:. The Civil Rights Acts do not cover discrimination based on veteran status, disabilities, or age that is 40 years and older. These groups may be protected from discrimination under different laws. 2513:

Once applied within the country, many different outcomes arose, some positive and some negative. This depended on the approach to and the view of The Employment Equality Act and affirmative action.

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The nature of affirmative-action policies varies from region to region and exists on a spectrum from a hard quota to merely targeting encouragement for increased participation. Some countries use a

2715:(NEP) has been dubbed a failure as of recent years, as evidence has pointed to the ever-growing wealth disparity among Malays, that have widened the gap between the rich and poor Malays, while the 8677: 2351:, creating and extending the "colour bar" in South African labour. Then the whites successfully persuaded the government to enact laws that highly restricted the blacks employment opportunities. 6214:

Martin Klesmann (23 February 2009). "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien". Berliner Zeitung

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found that 12% of surveyed Indian households had received academic scholarships, with 94% being on account of SC/ST/OBC membership, 2% based on financial weakness and 0.7% based on merit.

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Seierstad, Cathrine; Opsahl, Tore (March 2011). "For the few not the many? The effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway".

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ownership, representation at employee and management level (up to the board of director level), procurement from black-owned businesses and social investment programs, amongst others.

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Since the 1960s the apartheid laws had been weakened. Consequently, from 1975 to 1990 the real wages of black manufacturing workers rose by 50%, while those of the whites rose by 1%.

7756: 6159: 4735:"Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures" 2530:

South African jurist Martin van Staden argues that the way affirmative action and transformation policies have been implemented in South Africa has eroded state institutions, grown

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Quinnipiac poll from June 2009 finds that 55% of Americans feel that affirmative action, in general, should be discontinued, though 55% support it for people with disabilities. A

2105:, affirmative action by executive order originally meant selection without regard to race but preferential treatment was widely used in college admissions, as upheld in the 2003 8225: 8211: 5474: 3466:, that any effort to cure discrimination through affirmative action is wrong because it, in turn, is another form of discrimination. Some critics claim that court cases such as 2335:-owned companies. The aforementioned policies achieved the desired results, but in the process, they marginalised and excluded black people. Skilled jobs were also reserved for 3401:

poll from 2005 showed that 72% of black Americans and 44% of white Americans supported racial affirmative action (with 21% and 49% opposing), with support and opposition among

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Twale, Darla J.; Douvanis, Costas J.; Sekula, Francis J. (September 1992). "Affirmative action strategies and professional schools: case illustrations of examplary programs".

3151: 7013: 5392: 2622:, up to 50% of all government-run higher education admissions and government job vacancies may be reserved for members of the SC/ST/OBC-NCL categories, and 10% for those in 3472:, which held that colleges have some discretion to consider race when making admissions decisions, demonstrate how discrimination occurs in the name of affirmative action. 7566: 4678: 3877: 2176:

to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". In 1965, President

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requires employers in federally-regulated industries to give preferential treatment to four designated groups: Women, persons with disabilities, aboriginal peoples, and

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or NEP is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action. Malaysia provides affirmative action to those that are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population,

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On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court ruled 6–2 that the use of race in college admissions is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment in

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Sher, George, "Preferential Hiring", in Tom Regan (ed.), Just Business: New Introductory Essays in Business Ethics, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1983, p. 40.

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falling between those of black people and white people. Support among black people, unlike among white people, had almost no correlation with political affiliation.

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The individuals or groups in question need (or may reasonably be supposed to need) assistance in order to achieve an equal place with other members of the community.

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A 2004 legislation requires that, for a firm with 100 employees or more wishing to compete for government contracts, at least 1 percent of its employees must be

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Franchi, V. (2003). "The racialization of affirmative action in organizational discourses: A case study of symbolic racism in post-apartheid South Africa".

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In certain university education programs, including legal and medical education, there are quotas for persons who reach a certain standard of skills in the

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individuals to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within

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and Richard Brooks from Yale who argue that eliminating affirmative action would actually reduce the number of black lawyers by 12.7%. A 2008 study by

3006:

Russia retains this system partially. Quotas are abolished, but preferences for some ethnic minorities and inhabitants of certain territories remain.

2819:

in fact benefitted from trade and plantation cultivations over the rest of the other groups and their language and culture as well as the religion of

12601: 10496: 9879: 3103: 1906: 1269: 8658: 8231:

Condit, Deirdre M.; Condit, Celeste M.; Achter, Paul J. (Spring 2001). "Human equality, affirmative action, and genetic models of human variation".

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In some other jurisdictions where quotas are not used, minority-group members are given preference or special consideration in selection processes.

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declared in October 2005 that affirmative action i.e. "providing advantages for people of an ethnic or racial minority group" as being against its

2038: 698: 5843: 3015:

legal definition of discrimination. In Serbia the Roma national minority is enabled to enroll in public schools under more favorable conditions.

7501: 5697: 9237: 611: 4885: 2921:. According to Stefan Zillich, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working class children who did not do well in school gain access to a 6205:

Susanne Vieth-Entus (29. December 2008): "Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen". Der Tagesspiegel

3622: 2907: 2659: 8538:

Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts."

7486: 2618:(OBC), defined primarily by their caste. Members of these categories comprise about two-thirds of the population of India. According to the 9884: 8041: 6730: 5310: 4933: 4399: 3595: 2982:, which functioned until the 1930s as part of the international egalitarian and affirmative action movements. Quota systems existed in the 1274: 4219: 4073:

Gallagher, Charles A. (2003). "Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America".

9854: 9458: 8995: 6646: 5070: 3855: 3412:

survey found 65% of American voters opposed the application of affirmative action to homosexuals, with 27% indicating they supported it.

2520:

and sectors. Achieving this would elevate the status of the perpetual underclass and to restore equal access to the benefits of society.

1244: 840: 361: 7430: 6957: 5573: 4778: 4533:

Morgenroth, Thekla; Ryan, Michelle K. (March 2018). "Quotas and affirmative action: U nderstanding group-based outcomes and attitudes".

3219:, but continued to use the same terminology that did not require or permit group preferences. Affirmative action was extended to sex by 11483: 11461: 9142: 8215: 6317:

Eckbo, B. Espen; Nygaard, Knut; Thorburn, Karin S. (18 August 2021). "Valuation effects of Norway's board gender-quota law revisited".

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of the quotas the university reserves for minorities. The Supreme Court unanimously approved their constitutionality on 26 April 2012.

516: 8219: 7672:"Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: The Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-Blind Society" 5460: 5268: 4484: 12387: 8298: 7431:"U.S. Voters Disagree 3-1 With Sotomayor On Key Case, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Say Abolish Affirmative Action" 7202:"New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 19 Freedom from discrimination – New Zealand Legislation" 5857: 2422:

has ruled that in principle blacks may be favored, but in practice this should not lead to unfair discrimination against the others.

8460:

Parashar, Sakshi. "Affirmative Action and Social Discrimination: A Functional Comparative Study of India, USA and South Africa." in

6641: 6401:

These egalitarian and affirmative action movements—in other words, early "communism"—receive short shrift in most Western studies...

5648: 12596: 12231: 11793: 10908: 9077: 8965: 8708: 8271:(Princeton UP, 2009), scholarly history argues that Congress and the courts followed the lead of programs created by corporations. 8108:

Bernstein, David E. (2022) Classified: The untold story of racial classification in America. Bombardier Books, NY. ISBN 1637581734.

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in the hiring process, with the concept later expanded to address gender discrimination. Affirmative action was first created from

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A Leger poll taken in 2010 found 59% of Canadians opposed considering race, gender, or ethnicity when hiring for government jobs.

12412: 7875: 5984: 4612:

Rothman, Stanley; Lipset, S. M.; Nevitte, Neil (December 2002). "Diversity and affirmative action: The state of campus opinion".

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For the purpose of assisting individuals or groups with a characteristic pertaining to a prohibited ground of discrimination; and

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A class-based affirmative action policy was incorporated into the admission practices of the four most selective universities in

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must be a proportionate means of enabling or encouraging people to overcome the disadvantage or to take part in the activity.")

2192:

The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or

12283: 11729: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11022: 10597: 9321: 9087: 8915: 8900: 8895: 8741: 7118: 4692: 3885: 2390: 2128:, wherein equal opportunity is promoted by encouraging underrepresented groups into a field. This is often described as being " 2007: 703: 453: 281: 266: 261: 91: 6539:"Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923–1937" 4193: 4109: 10625: 9216: 9147: 8880: 8565: 8181: 8075: 6860: 6513: 6482: 6453: 5968: 5224: 4057: 3361: 3092: 2611: 590: 521: 246: 7226: 3191:

in the United States, 1863–1877. Current policy was introduced in the early 1960s in the United States, as a way to combat

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boards, either gender should be represented by at least 40%. This affects roughly 400 companies of over 300,000 in total.

10306: 9976: 9889: 9780: 9448: 9268: 8905: 8890: 8632: 8399: 8063: 7644: 4683: 3612: 3095:, in order to reduce any possible bias towards Protestants. This was later referred to as the '50:50' measure. (See also 2399: 1708: 1366: 1279: 1170: 830: 648: 271: 256: 7997: 7601:"The Myth of Reverse Racism: The idea of white victimhood is increasingly central to the debate over affirmative action" 6064: 9874: 9348: 8310:"Essence coloniale d'une politique contemporaine: pour une approche fanonienne de la discrimination positive en France" 7654: 7600: 7527: 7154: 6584: 5674: 4959: 4697: 3242: 3080: 2106: 1264: 730: 7180:"Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 73 Measures to ensure equality – New Zealand Legislation" 6932: 6569: 12525: 11700: 11488: 11456: 9522: 9353: 8844: 8822: 8288: 8135: 8098: 7587: 6731:"What "positive action" is permitted under discrimination legislation? | FAQs | Tools | XpertHR.co.uk" 5119: 4256: 3758: 2785: 2500: 904: 735: 202: 180: 7704: 6983: 5987:[Aboriginal Students Enrollment Guarantee and Public Funding for Aboriginal Study Abroad Act] (in Chinese). 5405:

Izraeli, Dafna (March–April 2003). "Gender Politics in Israel: The Case of Affirmative Action for Women Directors".

4660:

Fidan Ana Kurtulus, "Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973–2003",

12510: 10259: 10096: 9996: 9453: 9343: 6789: 6114:"Esencia colonial de una política contemporánea: Por un enfoque fanoniano de la discriminación positiva en Francia" 5750: 5621: 3629: 3246: 3024: 2655: 1661: 1492: 1386: 835: 725: 7841: 5188: 12520: 11600: 9849: 9360: 9117: 8920: 7449: 6702: 4800: 3509: 3137: 2752: 2651: 2639: 2024: 1239: 742: 491: 286: 6039: 5269:"Affirmative Action Act, 2024 (Gender Equity ) Passed by Parliament | Newsroom - Ministry of Information, Ghana" 4126:

selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity—affirmative action generates intense controversy.

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has been shown to benefit the existing rich Malays instead of achieving its intention of helping poor Malays.

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Boxill, Bernard; Boxill, Jan (2005), "Affirmative action", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.),

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Constructing affirmative action: federal contract compliance and the building construction trades, 1956–1973

7201: 7179: 5432: 12462: 11635: 10686: 9807: 9755: 8731: 8701: 8641: 7928:

Arcidiacono, Peter; Lovenheim, Michael (1 March 2016). "Affirmative Action and the Quality–Fit Trade-off".

6902:. Clinton Administration's Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President. 19 July 1995. Archived from 5988: 5496: 3570: 2478: 2281: 1197: 1145: 81: 5007: 12591: 12566: 12447: 11660: 10439: 10291: 9710: 9311: 9257: 8347: 7357:

Christophe Jaffrelot, India's Silent Revolution: The rise of lower castes in northern India, p. 321. 2003

5336:

Alon, Sigal (2011). "The Diversity Dividends of a Need-blind and Color-blind Affirmative Action Policy".

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regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" but did not require or permit group preferences.

2623: 2561: 2344: 1849: 1693: 1100: 693: 631: 17: 8279:

The next twenty-five years: affirmative action in higher education in the United States and South Africa

7553:"More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Colleges Considering Race, Ethnicity in Admissions Decisions" 6672: 6557:"Представители коренных малочисленных народов Севера имеют право получить бесплатную юридическую помощь" 5120:"Affirmative action and state capacity in a democratic South Africa. Policy: issues & actors, 20(4)" 4050:

Racism Without Racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States

3921: 2807:

powers had left that the British had practised communal favouritism towards Christians and the minority

12376: 12258: 11734: 11186: 10878: 10786: 10548: 9333: 9015: 8746: 8659:

An interview with Professor Randall Kennedy about the presidency of Barack Obama and affirmative action

8118:, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 4251:

Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press,

3607: 3585: 3544:, but they cautioned that such improvements could be outweighed by decreases in law school attendance. 3232: 3133: 2531: 2439: 2406: 2379: 2317: 1958: 715: 381: 96: 8448:

When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

7567:"As courts weigh affirmative action, grades and test scores seen as top factors in college admissions" 5818: 12540: 12535: 12356: 12030: 11941: 11820: 9901: 9715: 9617: 9502: 9164: 9132: 8802: 8736: 8478:

Pollak, Oliver B. (1983). "Antisemitism, the Harvard Plan, and the roots of reverse discrimination".

8336:"That's Not What We Meant to Do": Reform and Its Unintended Consequences in Twentieth-Century America 5803: 4324: 2799: 2367: 1291: 1105: 999: 884: 538: 506: 160: 86: 5253: 3328: 2662:, called ADik to the native Papuans and students from perhipery regions close to Indonesian border. 12545: 12515: 12206: 12008: 11767: 11724: 11690: 11191: 11181: 10863: 10651: 10161: 10049: 9896: 9665: 9602: 9430: 9385: 9247: 9127: 9109: 9045: 8975: 8859: 8334:

Gillon, Steven M. "The strange career of affirmative action: the Civil Rights Act of 1964" in his

7169:

Sowell, T. (1990). Preferential policies: An international perspective. William Morrow and Company.

6474: 4889: 4278:"Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer? An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances" 3743: 3679: 3225: 3028: 2858:

lived a certain number of years in Greenland. These rules have been in force since 1 January 2014.

2395: 1557: 1445: 1286: 1055: 984: 812: 767: 621: 501: 481: 411: 341: 217: 8616: 5074: 3231:

Affirmative action has been the subject of numerous court cases, and has been questioned upon its

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Schrand, Thomas G. (2002). "Socialism in One Gender: Masculine Values in the Stalin Revolution".

5214: 3795: 3647: 3575: 3552:, and that this information predicts the student's academic performance after beginning college. 3514: 3505: 3398: 2482: 1854: 1834: 1688: 1678: 1636: 1254: 1095: 949: 919: 914: 857: 792: 777: 710: 683: 668: 47: 9512: 6958:"Executive Order 10925 – Establishing The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity" 5314: 4407: 3235:

legitimacy. In 2003, a Supreme Court decision regarding affirmative action in higher education (

2339:, and black people were largely used as unskilled labour, enforced by legislation including the 2228: 894: 12326: 12278: 12248: 12085: 12053: 12043: 11860: 11845: 11825: 11707: 11478: 11473: 10748: 10543: 10516: 10506: 9986: 9966: 9829: 9700: 9597: 9547: 9517: 9497: 9425: 9405: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9281: 9252: 9225: 9196: 9191: 8787: 8777: 8119: 8113: 7014:"Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action « Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement" 4227: 4035: 3463: 3317: 2756: 2292: 2288: 2193: 2149: 2129: 1953: 1926: 1916: 1376: 1356: 1219: 1090: 979: 929: 899: 879: 807: 787: 762: 757: 752: 663: 626: 599: 570: 565: 145: 135: 8428: 7805: 7144: 5958: 4560: 4303: 3555:

A 2016 study on affirmative action in India finds no evidence for the mismatching hypothesis.

12576: 12268: 12263: 12201: 12146: 12095: 11717: 11248: 11221: 10893: 10821: 10511: 10471: 10404: 10301: 10249: 10176: 9931: 9695: 9607: 9582: 9577: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9492: 9440: 9400: 9306: 9276: 9174: 8797: 8037: 7998:"Does Affirmative Action Work? Caste, Gender, College Quality, and Academic Success in India" 7769:

Hill, Andrew J. (1 April 2017). "State affirmative action bans and STEM degree completions".

7580:

Cultural Whiplash: Unforeseen Consequences of America's Crusade Against Racial Discrimination

7434: 6961: 6505: 5939: 5825: 4641: 4629: 3738: 3711: 3600: 3541: 3332: 3285: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3169: 3160: 3072: 2991: 2619: 2386: 2371: 2181: 2169: 2161: 1921: 1881: 1814: 1703: 1651: 1572: 1321: 1085: 989: 964: 959: 944: 939: 934: 874: 822: 782: 688: 658: 548: 155: 8503: 8384: 7963:

Arcidiacono, Peter; Aucejo, Esteban M.; Fang, Hanming; Spenner, Kenneth I. (November 2011).

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different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved".

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in education, government civil worker selection, and police & army selection. After the

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Under section 73 of the Human Rights Act 1993, affirmative action would be permissible if:

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Reservation in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well-being of

2605: 2254: 2144: 2133: 2111: 2095: 2084: 2072: 1792: 1306: 1180: 889: 847: 797: 772: 580: 543: 276: 130: 37: 8295: 6770: 2767: 8: 12586: 12241: 12236: 12174: 12122: 11840: 11808: 11798: 11680: 11670: 11201: 11196: 11017: 10997: 10918: 10838: 10816: 10796: 10644: 10558: 10419: 10054: 9956: 9936: 9725: 9633: 9592: 9572: 9542: 9435: 9230: 9040: 8646: 8627: 7744: 6224: 5773:"Mengenal ADik, Beasiswa Kuliah S1 dari Pemerintah RI untuk Generasi Papua dan Daerah 3T" 5289: 3947: 3432: 3419: 3115: 2940: 2931:

have objected, saying that this type of policy would "be a disservice" to poor children.

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making up the majority of close to 58% of the population. About 22% of the population is

2643: 2348: 2340: 1968: 1829: 1450: 1346: 1326: 1115: 1023: 974: 954: 924: 817: 604: 406: 8518:

Stohler, Stephan (January 2021). "Untangling the Partisan Roots of Affirmative Action".

7906: 6903: 6864: 6415:

Red 'Teaspoons of Charity': Zhenotdel, Russian Women, and the Communist Party, 1919–1930

4517: 4185: 4101: 3392:

in 2005, the majority of Americans support affirmative action for women, while views on

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To fulfill these rights: Political struggle over affirmative action and open admissions

8366:"Diversity within racial groups and the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions" 8256: 8248: 7945: 7856: 7253: 6392: 5600:"Afirmasi Pendidikan Tinggi – Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia" 5241: 4985: 4466: 4458: 4166: 4082: 3674: 3640: 3526:

Sander's paper on mismatching has been criticized by several law professors, including

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Affirmative Action, Mismatch, and Economic Mobility after California's Proposition 209

7068: 5418: 5101: 5045: 5008:"Manyi vows to get tough over BEE – Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source" 3146:

explicitly permits affirmative action type legislation, although the Charter does not

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The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939

6449: 5964: 5837: 5523:"Modi govt announces 10 per cent quota for economically backward in general category" 5349: 5220: 5049: 4470: 4450: 4299: 4252: 4170: 4053: 3973: 3721: 3667: 3652: 3536: 3336: 3208: 3052: 3000: 2987: 2701: 2177: 2000: 1911: 1839: 1824: 1609: 1552: 1351: 1259: 1150: 1070: 909: 185: 8469:

Racing for innocence: Whiteness, gender, and the backlash against affirmative action

8404:

Harper, Shannon, and Barbara Reskin. "Affirmative action at school and on the job."

7820: 7031: 5898:

Perumal, M. (1989). "Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Malaysia, 1957–1984".

12422: 12211: 12179: 12139: 12134: 11931: 11921: 11739: 11570: 11527: 11500: 11495: 11349: 11316: 11306: 11156: 11084: 10888: 10826: 10806: 10791: 10553: 10538: 10466: 10387: 10357: 10188: 10024: 9730: 9296: 9291: 9137: 9035: 8527: 8321: 8240: 8169: 8123: 8009: 7976: 7949: 7937: 7778: 7380: 7058:. Managing Diversity in Public Sector Workforces. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002 6591:(Regulation of the Ministry of Education on enrollment in secondary schools), 2021. 6441: 6418: 6384: 6334: 6326: 6277: 6125: 5414: 5345: 5097: 5041: 4621: 4594: 4542: 4442: 4289: 4156: 4148: 3783: 3716: 3689: 3446:

Affirmative action in the United States § Arguments against affirmative action

3424: 2867: 2816: 2705: 2647: 2572: 2212:

Marketing/advertising to groups that the affirmative action is intended to increase

2143:

on the subject is divided. Supporters of affirmative action argue that it promotes

2132:", but some American sociologists have argued that this is insufficient to achieve 2080: 1963: 1948: 1876: 1797: 1767: 1584: 1420: 1120: 678: 673: 511: 401: 7279: 2654:, has expressed that he will direct more effort towards recruiting Papuans to the 12482: 12417: 12226: 12196: 12184: 12048: 11946: 11813: 11146: 10913: 10716: 10691: 10681: 10568: 10476: 10372: 10321: 10181: 10166: 10146: 10111: 9824: 9735: 9670: 9470: 9420: 9201: 9060: 8681: 8623: 8302: 8277: 8161: 8149: 6653: 6588: 6499: 6281: 4873: 4734: 4704: 4355: 3699: 3684: 3662: 3590: 3549: 3531: 3402: 3289:

goal is to " celebrate excellence in workplace diversity, equity and inclusion."

3200: 3084: 3057: 3044: 2671: 2568: 2300: 2165: 2125: 1978: 1886: 1782: 1723: 1577: 1562: 1542: 1507: 1214: 1125: 1060: 852: 802: 575: 426: 33: 8548:

Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen

5917: 4633: 3276: 12467: 12216: 12117: 12070: 11772: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11431: 11359: 11116: 11074: 10758: 10726: 10563: 10521: 10491: 10481: 10399: 10392: 10377: 10367: 10203: 10139: 10081: 10076: 10061: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9720: 9655: 9179: 9152: 9005: 8717: 8652: 8212:"United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights" 8165: 6038:(in Finnish). Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki. 2011. Archived from 5465: 4679:"Exploring the effect of four factors on affirmative action programs for women" 3778: 3763: 3748: 3694: 3657: 3519: 3456: 3393: 3250: 3040: 2824: 2261: 2140: 1973: 1931: 1901: 1891: 1809: 1802: 1787: 1777: 1599: 1535: 1477: 1472: 1457: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1110: 1045: 553: 526: 371: 55: 8127: 7146:

The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law

6748: 6375:

Stites, Richard (1976). "Zhenotdel: Bolshevism and Russian Women, 1917–1930".

4625: 4446: 4030:

Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College

2763: 12560: 12442: 12361: 12346: 12331: 12102: 12080: 11986: 11870: 11803: 11777: 11712: 11555: 11512: 11507: 11354: 11238: 11136: 10858: 10711: 10696: 10575: 10198: 10134: 10119: 9981: 9946: 9926: 9797: 9740: 9675: 9082: 8985: 8508: 8355: 8199: 8173: 8153: 6445: 5053: 4454: 4152: 3088: 3076: 2995: 2990:, women and factory workers. Before 1934 ethnic minorities were described as 2971: 2959: 2547:

The Parliament of Ghana passed the Affirmative Action Bill on July 30, 2024.

2076: 1985: 1594: 1530: 1515: 1371: 1336: 1316: 1187: 1130: 1065: 448: 351: 6887:

The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History From Reconstruction to Today

6581: 6388: 6090: 4431:"The Parameters of Affirmative Action: Equity and Excellence in the Academy" 3048:

which case membership in a disadvantaged group can become a "tie-breaker").

2898:

the quota is not met, and monetary penalties may apply for other directors.

2291:", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in 12477: 12457: 12437: 12427: 12402: 12156: 11991: 11971: 11956: 11926: 11916: 11695: 11550: 11532: 11468: 11446: 11404: 11394: 11291: 11281: 11253: 10984: 10974: 10801: 10741: 10409: 10296: 10124: 10091: 10071: 10001: 9991: 9971: 9951: 9587: 9485: 9480: 9211: 9186: 9050: 8990: 8955: 8925: 8665:

Substantive Equality, Positive Action and Roma Rights in the European Union

8653:

Does the success of Barack Obama mean we no longer need affirmative action?

8207: 8145: 7119:"Of course legacy admissions should follow affirmative action to the grave" 6519: 6330: 6004:"Optagelse af grønlandske ansøgere — Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet" 5880: 3731: 3704: 2808: 2336: 1819: 1698: 1520: 1487: 1467: 1391: 1381: 1361: 1341: 969: 867: 862: 585: 560: 416: 356: 321: 291: 8326: 8309: 8244: 6130: 6113: 5130: 2994:, but in 1934 this term was found inappropriate. In 1920s and early 1930s 2962:

are allocated quotas for access to public schools and state universities.

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No distinctions based on race, religion or sex are allowed under the 1958

2331:

government, as a matter of state policy, favoured white-owned, especially

12090: 12013: 11981: 11441: 11384: 11002: 10959: 10934: 10903: 10898: 10853: 10778: 10768: 10753: 10706: 10311: 10271: 10239: 10106: 10066: 9906: 9819: 9770: 9745: 9645: 9338: 9072: 9055: 9010: 8930: 8013: 7385: 7368: 6339: 4294: 4277: 4273: 3790: 3580: 3501: 2883: 2535: 1713: 1673: 1641: 1502: 1462: 1296: 1209: 1160: 1135: 1035: 720: 438: 421: 376: 296: 8252: 7860: 6396: 4086: 12300: 12107: 12020: 11998: 11966: 11865: 11850: 11830: 11595: 11560: 11522: 11436: 11399: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11286: 11243: 11228: 11206: 11131: 10969: 10949: 10868: 10736: 10731: 10701: 10667: 10585: 10580: 10461: 10456: 10352: 10336: 10193: 10086: 10044: 10006: 9814: 9802: 9775: 9765: 9685: 9099: 9094: 9065: 9000: 8849: 8491: 7941: 7474: 6556: 5918:"Did the British Divide & Rule Ceylon? | Ilankai Tamil Sangam" 4832: 4760: 4598: 4546: 4462: 4430: 4161: 3948:"Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication" 2681: 1995: 1990: 1871: 1866: 1762: 1738: 1589: 1482: 1440: 1396: 1204: 1192: 1165: 1155: 1075: 465: 460: 431: 366: 207: 7092:"Supreme Court says states can ban affirmative action; 8 already have" 6498:

Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabrielle (23 December 2014).

6422: 6033:"Hakuopas 2011. Lääketieteen ja hammaslääketieteen opiskelijavalinnat" 4804: 2160:

The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "

12487: 12407: 12221: 11906: 11260: 11161: 11121: 11091: 11012: 10848: 10811: 10486: 10434: 10151: 9750: 8875: 6070:(in Finnish). Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki. 2011. p. 3 3527: 3388: 3280: 2979: 2812: 2803: 2725: 2375: 2332: 2328: 1896: 1844: 1547: 1140: 241: 27:

Policy of promoting members of groups that suffer from discrimination

7296: 6538: 6225:"LOV-1997-06-13-45 Lov om allmennaksjeselskaper (allmennaksjeloven)" 5290:"Graduate Student Admission Ordainment – Ministry of Education, PRC" 4717:"The EU's Boardroom Quota Battle Is Over, But Women Cannot Yet Rest" 12321: 11379: 11369: 11301: 11296: 11265: 11111: 11066: 10944: 10939: 10843: 10721: 10451: 10281: 10208: 9859: 9785: 9690: 9650: 9030: 9025: 9020: 8945: 8940: 8885: 8588: 8531: 7996:

Bagde, Surendrakumar; Epple, Dennis; Taylor, Lowell (1 June 2016).

7965:"Does affirmative action lead to mismatch? A new test and evidence" 7842:"A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools" 5960:

Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives

5165: 5032:

Bergmann, B. (1999). "The continuing need for affirmative action".

4177: 3773: 3726: 3354:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

2820: 2247: 2235: 2091: 1861: 1683: 1604: 1249: 1175: 1080: 1040: 396: 391: 386: 311: 306: 251: 8275:

Featherman, David L.; Hall, Martin; Krislov, Marvin, eds. (2010).

8191: 7322:"Supremo decide pro unanimidade pela constiucionalidade das cotas" 4348: 2124:

A variant of affirmative action more common in Europe is known as

2071:

employment and pay, increasing access to education, and promoting

11951: 11901: 11640: 11590: 11374: 11079: 10763: 8950: 8854: 8834: 8807: 8782: 8686: 7981: 7964: 5956: 5395:

Council for Higher Education (in Hebrew). Retrieved 31 March 2023

4982:"Business Report – Home – Motlanthe warns BEE council has failed" 2689: 2083:

and redressing alleged wrongs, harms, or hindrances, also called

316: 212: 192: 165: 140: 63: 8575:

Weiss, Robert J. (1987). "Affirmative Action: A Brief History".

6602: 6355:"Romii – PROGRESE ÎNREGISTRATE ÎN ROMÂNIA ÎN PERIOADA 2007–2008" 5599: 4378:"Today's racial quotas? Senator Humphrey would've eaten his hat" 3462:

Some opponents of affirmative action argue that it is a form of

12075: 11423: 11062: 9911: 8935: 8839: 8817: 8812: 8762: 8070:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334. 6931:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from 6668: 5311:"Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guangdong Province" 4323:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from 3500:

Evidence in support of the mismatching theory was presented by

3150:

legislation that gives preferential treatment. Subsection 2 of

2584: 2269: 2215:

Specific training or emulation actions for identified audiences

1301: 301: 197: 175: 170: 120: 6960:. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from 6926:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action" 6787: 6628: 5620:

Debora, Yantina (4 February 2020). Hartanto, Agung Dwi (ed.).

4318:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action" 3459:

at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups.

2218:

Relaxation of selection criteria applied to a target audiences

2139:

In the United States, affirmative action is controversial and

11936: 10636: 9921: 8767: 7502:"Public strongly backs affirmative action programs on campus" 7351: 6543:

Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal

5675:"Gercin Minta Kapolri Akomodir OAP Masuk Akpol | Papua Today" 5622:"Seleksi CPNS KKP 2019–2020: Ada Kekhususan Bagi Orang Papua" 4485:"Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement" 4220:"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black" 2975: 2685: 2361: 1311: 125: 7962: 5858:"Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth"" 4358:, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015) 4052:(4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 101–102. 4002: 2250:

and affirmative action varies widely from nation to nation.

11976: 11419: 10533: 10362: 8064:"'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit" 5574:"777 Putra Asli Papua Lolos Program Beasiswa ADIK dan ADEM" 2983: 1943: 1772: 8439:

Affirmative action : the law and politics of equality

5649:"OAP calon siswa Bintara Noken di Papua capai 2.407 orang" 3920:

Jenkins, Laura Dudley; Moses, Michele S. (8 August 2017).

3754:

Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations

2209:

Specific scholarships and financial aid for certain groups

10954: 7899:"Attacking the 'Mismatch' Critique of Affirmative Action" 7433:. Quinnipiac University Poll. 3 June 2009. Archived from 5724:"Prabowo Disebut Bakal Perbanyak Prajurit TNI Asal Papua" 5647:

Rumagit, Alfian (25 February 2020). Jauhary, Andi (ed.).

5497:"Govt OKs 10% job quota for economically weaker sections" 3632:, the successor policy which replaced Affirmative Action 2253:

Caste-based and other group-based quotas are used in the

32:"Mismatch" redirects here. For the 2019 Indian film, see 8390:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

8371:

University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law

8089:

The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action

7618: 7528:"Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race" 6525:

rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance'

6501:

Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies

5751:"Beasiswa ADik untuk Pelajar Papua dan 3T • INDBeasiswa" 3974:"Flexible learning pathways in Finnish higher education" 2823:

was fostered and made into mediums for schools over the

8512:

Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study

8031:

Diversity, equity, and inclusion § Further reading

7573: 7369:"The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action" 6582:

Pravilnik ministarstva prosvete o upisu u srednje škole

3910:. Oxford University Press, March 2023. Web. 6 May 2023. 3097:

Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland

11646:

List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents

8042:"Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny" 7347:

General Comment 18 on Non-discrimination, Paragraph 10

7061: 6836:"Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms" 6696: 6694: 5963:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 295. 4662:

Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society

4561:"What Is Affirmative Action? How It Works and Example" 4137: 2917:

brought up the discussion about affirmative action in

8675:

Affirmative Action on Campus Does More Harm than Good

8274: 7297:

Por Rodrigo Haidar e Filipe Coutinho (20 July 2009).

6976: 6088: 5698:"Siswa SMA Penerima Beasiswa Memilih Pulang ke Papua" 5549:"Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarships" 5216:

The Constitution and the Rule of Law: An Introduction

4512: 4510: 4072: 2978:'s secretary and lover, was instrumental in creating 7927: 7450:"Race, Ideology, and Support for Affirmative Action" 6984:"Executive Order 11246—Equal employment opportunity" 6316: 6296:"Studie: Kjønnskvotering ingen effekt på lønnsomhet" 6091:"The French Constitution of 1958 and its Amendments" 4956:"'SAB deal to enrich black elite': Fin24: Companies" 4611: 4522:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 April 2009. 8464:(Springer Nature Singapore, 2023) pp. 171–187. 7227:"Is positive discrimination lawful in New Zealand?" 7024: 6691: 5957:Donald B. Holsinger; W. James Jacob (29 May 2009). 5881:"The real issue is intra-Malay economic inequality" 4584: 4009:, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 2626:(EWS), with the remaining unreserved. In 2014, the 2366:Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the 8514:(Yale University Press) analysis by a conservative 8276: 8086: 8068:Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice 7053:Indy fire-fighters sue city, charge bias; also see 6892: 6497: 5950: 5313:. Mzzjw.gd.gov.cn. 15 October 2007. Archived from 4507: 3331:for "resurrecting Nazist ideals", appealed to the 2571:refers a policy in China on affirmative action in 10497:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8617:"Affirmative Action: History and Analysis" (2003) 6725: 6723: 5162:"Culture, Communication and Media Studies - Home" 4646:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3104:Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002 2405:Employment Equity also forms part of a company's 2358:in South Africa, following the end of apartheid. 2168:on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that 1907:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 12558: 7995: 7738: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7069:"Highlights of the 2002–2003 Supreme Court Term" 6788:Richard Kelly and Isobel White (29 April 2009). 6640:. Commission for Racial Equality. Archived from 5090:International Journal of Intercultural Relations 4803:. Sahistory.org.za. 3 April 2011. Archived from 3450:Resistance to diversity efforts in organizations 2927:(University-preparatory school). Headmasters of 10157:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 8667:, Report by Minority Rights Group International 8604:Affirmative action : a documentary history 8558:'We Want Jobs': A History of Affirmative Action 7149:. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–37. 7142: 6572:(Constitution of The Republic of Serbia), 2006. 6267: 6027: 6025: 4984:. Busrep.co.za. 9 February 2010. Archived from 1553:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 9639:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 7896: 6720: 6703:"Is there a case for positive discrimination?" 6065:"Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta. Hakuopas 2011" 5800:The 'Bumiputera Policy': Dynamics and Dilemmas 4532: 3342: 3327:party, accusing the board of directors of the 3187:The policy of affirmative action dates to the 1029:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 10652: 8702: 7425: 7423: 7393: 7341: 7339: 7319: 7046: 6861:"GNWT – Human Resources – Affirmative Action" 6413:Patterson, Michelle Jane (29 February 2012). 6144:Jean-Pierre Steinhofer, "Beur ou ordinaire", 5356: 5157:A critique of affirmative action: The concept 5034:The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 4833:Race, law and poverty in the new South Africa 4047: 3623:Religious discrimination in the United States 2811:for the entire 200 years they had controlled 2638:Indonesia has offered affirmative action for 2438:With the introduction of Affirmative Action, 2425: 2032: 8093:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. 7722: 7373:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6863:. Hr.gov.nt.ca. 3 April 2012. Archived from 6438:Russian Masculinities in History and Culture 6057: 6022: 4342: 3919: 3596:History of civil rights in the United States 3110:to select more women as election candidates. 2200: 9855:List of people killed for being transgender 8545: 8414: 8283:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 6900:"Affirmative Action: History and Rationale" 6158:Eeckhout, Laetitia Van (17 December 2008). 5842:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5819:"Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia" 5748: 5393:החלטות ישיבת הוועדה לתכנון ולתקצוב מס'1)100 5335: 4183: 4099: 3971: 3820:"The Equality Act 2010 and positive action" 3512:, in a 24 August 2007 article published in 1245:List of people killed for being transgender 10659: 10645: 8709: 8695: 8500:A History of Affirmative Action, 1619-2000 7757:The Painful Truth About Affirmative Action 7699: 7697: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7630: 7420: 7345:United Nations Committee on Human Rights, 7336: 7251: 5879:Ahmad, Nik Nazmi Nik (18 September 2019). 5386: 5212: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 2965: 2766:. Please do not remove this message until 2362:Post-apartheid – the Employment Equity Act 2115:, until 2023, when this was overturned in 2039: 2025: 12388:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act 8546:Vieth-Entus, Susanne (29 December 2008). 8325: 7980: 7384: 7299:"DEM entra com ADPF contra cotas raciais" 6663: 6661: 6600: 6412: 6338: 6129: 6089:Jonathan D. Mott, PhD (7 February 1992). 5797: 4948: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4535:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4293: 4160: 3884:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 3854:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 3043:, hiring someone simply because of their 2786:Learn how and when to remove this message 2501:Learn how and when to remove this message 12602:Industrial and organizational psychology 12232:Job losses caused by the Great Recession 10909:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates 8966:Social determinants of health in poverty 8502:(University Press of Mississippi, 2001) 8462:Comparative Approaches in Law and Policy 8084: 8061: 7729:Does affirmative action hurt minorities? 7089: 7032:"Federal Employment Discrimination Laws" 6833: 6817:"Force discriminated against white male" 6157: 5770: 5117: 5031: 4677:Kim, Sunhee; Kim, Seoyong (March 2014). 2762:Relevant discussion may be found on the 332:Social determinants of health in poverty 12413:Credentialism and educational inflation 8661:Clifford Armion for La Clé des langues. 8517: 8435: 8341: 8206: 7833: 7795: 7694: 7627: 7598: 7525: 7277: 6797:. House of Commons Library. SN/PC/05057 6624: 6622: 6620: 6603:"Slovakia bans positive discrimination" 6435: 6111: 5985:"原住民學生升學保障及原住民公費留學辦法(民國 102 年08月19 日 )" 5897: 5695: 5672: 5646: 5453: 5404: 5140: 5087: 5065: 5063: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4428: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4003:Nicole Richardt; Torrey Shanks (2008), 3945: 3817: 3410:Quinnipiac University Polling Institute 3259:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 3183:Affirmative action in the United States 3144:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 2118:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard 14: 12559: 12284:List of countries by unemployment rate 8144: 7873: 7839: 7818: 7642: 7366: 7221: 7219: 6834:Heritage, Canadian (23 October 2017). 6700: 6667: 6658: 6570:Constitution of The Republic of Serbia 6468: 6374: 5816: 5798:Mason, Richard; Omar, Ariffin (2004). 5619: 5213:van Staden, Martin (8 February 2019). 5113: 5111: 5027: 5025: 4851: 4819: 4761:"Uppsala discriminated against Swedes" 4676: 4380:. Family News Network. 20 January 2022 4272: 2391:Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment 2378:). A related, but distinct concept is 2275: 10640: 8690: 8574: 8555: 8314:Culture & History Digital Journal 7499: 7489:from the original on 4 November 2012. 7479:"Canadians against job hiring quotas" 7447: 7278:Plummer, Robert (25 September 2006). 7116: 7071:. Supct.law.cornell.edu. 27 June 2002 6634:"Affirmative action around the world" 6601:Goldirova, Renata (19 October 2005). 6462: 6118:Culture & History Digital Journal 5878: 5771:Nasikhah, Nunung (10 December 2019). 5461:"OBCs form 41% of population: Survey" 5433:"2011 Census Primary Census Abstract" 5266: 4854:"The problem with affirmative action" 4349:A Brief History of Affirmative Action 4247: 4245: 4213: 4211: 4184:Fullinwider, Robert (9 April 2018) . 4100:Fullinwider, Robert (9 April 2018) . 3996: 3922:"Affirmative action around the world" 3362:United Nations Human Rights Committee 2708:comprise about 6% of the population. 2612:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 11177:Practice-based professional learning 10621: 9661:Capital punishment for homosexuality 8971:Social determinants of mental health 7768: 7669: 7473: 7448:Jones, Jeffrey M. (23 August 2005). 7280:"Black Brazil Seeks a Better Future" 7083: 6771:"Police recruitment 'will be 50:50'" 6617: 5186: 5071:"Black economic empowerment. (n.d.)" 5060: 4838: 4406:. Harvard Law School. Archived from 4261: 4217: 3566:Achievement gap in the United States 3318:Vestibular exam § Racial quotas 3119:equally well qualified for a role". 2986:for various social groups including 2736: 2453: 1051:Capital punishment for homosexuality 337:Social determinants of mental health 11730:Workers' right to access the toilet 9781:Genital modification and mutilation 8633:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7897:Jaschik, Scott (3 September 2008). 7646:Affirmative Action Around the World 7526:Riffkin, Rebecca (26 August 2015). 7519: 7216: 6701:Millar, Michael (17 January 2006). 5944:Minority Rights Group International 5407:Women's Studies International Forum 5108: 5022: 4190:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4106:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4021: 3613:Discrimination in the United States 3083:to recruit 50% of numbers from the 2999:representative of this republic's " 1171:Genital modification and mutilation 24: 8716: 8596: 8471:(Stanford University Press, 2012). 8383:Harpalani, Vinay (February 2013). 8364:Harpalani, Vinay (November 2012). 8338:WW Norton, 2000) pp. 120–162. 8158:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 8024: 7747:, by Thomas Sowell, 8 January 2003 7599:Newkirk, Vann R. 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Archived from 4835:, The Economist, 30 September 1999 4801:"White Workers and the Colour Bar" 4242: 4208: 4196:from the original on 12 March 2022 4112:from the original on 12 March 2022 3984:from the original on 22 April 2024 3243:California Civil Rights Initiative 3081:Police Service of Northern Ireland 25: 12613: 8644:collected news and commentary at 8622: 8610: 6536: 5696:Yunelia, Intan (3 October 2019). 3870: 3840: 3759:Strong-basis-in-evidence standard 3347: 3034: 2660:Ministry of Education and Culture 2347:, the Apprenticeship Act and the 12501: 12500: 11794:Corporate collapses and scandals 10620: 10611: 10610: 10260:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 10097:Law for Protection of the Nation 9997:White genocide conspiracy theory 8619:for secondary and middle schools 8342:Golland, David Hamilton (2008). 7989: 7956: 7921: 7890: 7867: 7812: 7789: 7783:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.01.003 7762: 7750: 7676:Michigan Journal of Race and Law 7663: 7592: 7559: 7545: 7493: 7467: 7441: 7360: 7313: 7290: 7271: 7245: 7194: 7172: 7163: 7136: 7110: 7090:DeSilver, Drew (22 April 2014). 7006: 6950: 6918: 6879: 6853: 6827: 6809: 6781: 6763: 6741: 6594: 6575: 6563: 6549: 6530: 6491: 6429: 6406: 6247:"27.000 flere bedrifter i Norge" 5350:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.005 4684:Asian Journal of Women's Studies 3946:Jeenger, Kailash (18 May 2020). 3818:Jarrett, Tim (24 October 2011). 3630:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 3306: 3247:Michigan Civil Rights Initiative 3207:On 24 September 1965, President 3199:, which was signed by President 3176: 3122: 2970:Soon after the 1918 revolution, 2741: 2656:Indonesian National Armed Forces 2458: 2343:, the Job Reservations Act, the 1662:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1493:Law for Protection of the Nation 1387:White genocide conspiracy theory 62: 36:. For the Indian TV series, see 10102:MSM blood donation restrictions 9850:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 8577:Journal of Intergroup Relations 7819:Heriot, Gail (24 August 2007). 7320:Débora Santos (26 April 2012). 6368: 6347: 6310: 6288: 6261: 6239: 6217: 6208: 6199: 6187:. 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Conjur.com.br 6630:Commission for Racial Equality 5471:Bennett, Coleman & Company 4628:(inactive 10 September 2024). 4435:Review of Educational Research 3965: 3939: 3913: 3900: 3811: 3491: 3270: 3069:Northern Ireland Peace Process 1511:(as religious or racial quota) 13: 1: 12382:Works Progress Administration 12274:Unemployment Convention, 1919 11686:Personal protective equipment 11234:Occupational Outlook Handbook 10529:Second-generation gender bias 10245:Constitutional colorblindness 8961:Social determinants of health 8385:"Fisher's fishing expedition" 8233:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8160:. Thousand Oaks, California: 8115:A companion to applied ethics 8062:Anderson, Kristin J. (2010). 7874:Fisman, Ray (29 April 2005). 7771:Economics of Education Review 7324:(in Portuguese). g1.globo.com 7117:Soave, Robby (29 June 2023). 5419:10.1016/S0277-5395(03)00043-8 5102:10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00091-3 5046:10.1016/S1062-9769(99)00027-7 3804: 3469:Fisher v. University of Texas 3386:According to a poll taken by 3063:Specific exemptions include: 2841:Council of Aboriginal Affairs 2717:Malaysian New Economic Policy 2713:Malaysian New Economic Policy 2678:Malaysian New Economic Policy 2628:Indian National Sample Survey 2481:and discuss the issue on the 1939:Second-generation gender bias 1647:Constitutional colorblindness 327:Social determinants of health 12463:Psychopathy in the workplace 11636:Human factors and ergonomics 6282:10.1016/j.scaman.2010.10.002 6249:. nettavisen.no. 27 May 2004 5989:Ministry of Justice (Taiwan) 5940:"Taiwan: Indigenous peoples" 5010:. Mg.co.za. 20 November 2009 4852:Stokes, G. (15 March 2010). 4429:Tierney, William G. (1997). 4017:– via Encyclopedia.com 3571:Affirmative action bake sale 3504:, a professor of law at the 3439: 3142:The equality section of the 3138:Federal Contractors' Program 2941:public stock companies (ASA) 2839:. Ministry of Education and 2732: 2633: 2624:Economically Weaker Sections 2322: 2282:Reserved political positions 2229:Women in government (quotas) 7: 12597:Majority–minority relations 12448:Narcissism in the workplace 11661:Occupational exposure limit 10440:Medical model of disability 10292:Hate speech laws by country 8348:City University of New York 8269:Inventing equal opportunity 8085:Anderson, Terry H. (2004). 7840:Sander, Richard H. (2004). 7709:Southern Poverty Law Center 7408:. Usatoday.Com. 20 May 2005 7098:. The Pew Charitable Trusts 6677:Discrimination: your rights 6469:Martin, Terry Dean (2001). 5749:INDBeasiswa (10 May 2019). 4914:. Mg.co.za. 3 February 2010 4141:Policy Futures in Education 3618:Racism in the United States 3558: 3343:International organizations 3087:community and 50% from the 3018: 2768:conditions to do so are met 2665: 2658:. Education scholarship by 2562:Affirmative action in China 2345:Native Building Workers Act 2136:of outcomes based on race. 2096:reservation system in India 1850:Medical model of disability 1694:Hate speech laws by country 10: 12618: 12377:Civil Works Administration 12259:Technological unemployment 11735:Workplace health promotion 11187:Professional certification 10884:Personality–job fit theory 10549:Social model of disability 9016:Discrimination against men 8406:Annual Review of Sociology 8028: 6298:. e24.no. 2 September 2016 4934:"BEE: A man made disaster" 4691:(1): 30–69. Archived from 3608:Disability rights movement 3586:Civil and political rights 3443: 3368: 3315: 3265: 3180: 3134:Employment equity (Canada) 3131: 2954: 2901: 2861: 2852: 2669: 2603: 2559: 2449: 2440:black economic empowerment 2426:Affirmative action purpose 2407:Black Economic Empowerment 2380:Black Economic Empowerment 2318:Black Economic Empowerment 2315: 2279: 2226: 2155: 1959:Social model of disability 382:Discrimination against men 31: 12496: 12395: 12357:Guaranteed minimum income 12314: 12155: 12029: 11942:Organizational commitment 11894: 11786: 11753: 11616: 11541: 11418: 11340: 11274: 11061: 10983: 10927: 10777: 10674: 10606: 10345: 10222: 10015: 9902:Opposition to immigration 9626: 9266: 9108: 8868: 8818:Race / Ethnicity 8755: 8724: 8556:Weiss, Robert J. (1997). 8540:Journal of Policy History 8128:10.1002/9780470996621.ch9 7796:Bleemer, Zachary (2020). 7649:. Yale University Press. 6673:"Types of discrimination" 5900:Singapore Economic Review 5860:. Nationsencyclopedia.com 5804:Universiti Sains Malaysia 5673:Redaksi (22 March 2019). 4626:10.1007/s12129-002-1045-8 4447:10.3102/00346543067002165 3848:"positive discrimination" 3311: 3127: 3009: 2934: 2873: 2847: 2830: 2578: 2368:African National Congress 2306: 2241: 2201:Methods of implementation 2162:Executive Order No. 10925 1292:Opposition to immigration 176:Race / Ethnicity 12526:Aspects of organizations 12207:Involuntary unemployment 11768:Equal pay for equal work 11691:Repetitive strain injury 11192:Professional development 11182:Professional association 10864:Letter of recommendation 9897:Occupational segregation 9666:Compulsory sterilization 8174:10.4135/9781412965811.n5 8002:American Economic Review 7143:Steven M. Teles (2010). 6475:Cornell University Press 6446:10.1057/9780230501799_11 4664:(2012) 51#2 pp 213–246. 4153:10.1177/1478210320940139 4075:Race, Gender & Class 3906:"positive, adj. and n." 3744:Reasonable accommodation 3381: 3226:Civil Rights Act of 1964 2599: 2555: 2396:people with disabilities 2222: 1287:Occupational segregation 1056:Compulsory sterilization 12511:Aspects of corporations 12473:Slow movement (culture) 12352:Employer of last resort 12254:Structural unemployment 12192:Frictional unemployment 11631:Epilepsy and employment 11518:Performance-related pay 11452:National average salary 11365:996 working hour system 10425:Internalized oppression 10287:Fighting Discrimination 10277:Fat acceptance movement 10235:Anti-discrimination law 9875:Native American mascots 8655:NOW on PBS investigates 8638:, for graduate students 8308:Ghorbal, Karim (2015). 7903:Inside Higher Education 7826:The Wall Street Journal 7643:Sowell, Thomas (2004). 7582:/ Patrick Garry (2006) 7367:Miller, Conrad (2017). 6652:14 October 2016 at the 6389:10.1163/187633176X00107 6112:Ghorbal, Karim (2015). 5338:Social Science Research 5267:admin (8 August 2024). 5189:"A government unhinged" 4958:. Fin24. Archived from 4886:"Employment Equity FAQ" 4192:. Stanford University. 4108:. Stanford University. 3796:Reparations for slavery 3648:Economic discrimination 3576:Anti-discrimination law 3515:The Wall Street Journal 3506:University of San Diego 2966:Soviet Union and Russia 2919:Germany's school system 2706:those of Indian descent 2550: 2164:", signed by President 2064:positive discrimination 2054:(also sometimes called 1835:Internalized oppression 1689:Fighting Discrimination 1679:Fat acceptance movement 1637:Anti-discrimination law 1265:Native American mascots 12521:Aspects of occupations 12327:Unemployment insurance 12279:Unemployment extension 12249:Reserve army of labour 12054:Constructive dismissal 11861:Sleeping while on duty 11826:Exploitation of labour 11708:Sick building syndrome 10879:Person–environment fit 10749:Independent contractor 10544:Social identity threat 10517:Reverse discrimination 10507:Racial color blindness 9987:Violence against women 9967:Sex-selective abortion 8602:Robinson, Jo Ann, ed. 8408:. 31 (2005): 357-379. 8038:Anderson, Elizabeth S. 7969:Quantitative Economics 7670:Yang, Tseming (2006). 7254:"Diversity Awards NZ™" 6331:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4031 5364:"משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה" 4779:"Job Reservations Act" 3464:reverse discrimination 3329:University of Brasília 3155:physical disability". 2800:Standardization policy 2616:Other Backward Classes 2293:reverse discrimination 2170:government contractors 2150:reverse discrimination 1954:Social identity threat 1927:Reverse discrimination 1917:Racial color blindness 1377:Violence against women 1357:Sex-selective abortion 12531:Aspects of workplaces 12269:Unemployment benefits 12264:Types of unemployment 12202:Graduate unemployment 12096:Letter of resignation 11725:Workers' compensation 11718:Occupational fatality 11222:Vocational university 10822:Employment counsellor 10512:Religious intolerance 10472:Political correctness 10302:Intersex human rights 10250:Cultural assimilation 9932:Religious persecution 9696:Disability hate crime 9481:Jewish / Antisemitism 8542:18.4 (2006): 446-476. 8480:Jewish Social Studies 8327:10.3989/chdj.2015.016 8245:10.1353/rap.2001.0003 8224:E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/21 8029:Further information: 6632:(29 September 2006). 6587:6 August 2020 at the 6506:Bloomsbury Publishing 6131:10.3989/chdj.2015.016 5826:Georgetown University 5118:Edigheji, O. (2006). 4912:"BEE's Glass Slipper" 4872:18 March 2014 at the 4367:Executive Order 11246 3739:Race and intelligence 3712:Political correctness 3680:Men's rights movement 3601:Civil rights movement 3333:Supreme Federal Court 3316:Further information: 3286:Human Rights Act 1993 3221:Executive Order 11375 3217:Executive Order 10925 3213:Executive Order 11246 3197:Executive Order 10925 3193:racial discrimination 3170:Northwest Territories 3161:Employment Equity Act 3132:Further information: 3073:Good Friday Agreement 2620:Constitution of India 2534:, and undermined the 2387:Employment Equity Act 2182:Executive Order 11246 1922:Religious intolerance 1882:Political correctness 1704:Intersex human rights 1652:Cultural assimilation 1322:Religious persecution 1086:Disability hate crime 863:Jewish / Antisemitism 12337:Job creation program 12113:Mandatory retirement 12066:Employee offboarding 11886:Workplace incivility 11881:Workplace harassment 11656:Occupational disease 11651:Occupational burnout 11566:Disability insurance 11410:Workweek and weekend 11390:Retroactive overtime 11212:Vocational education 11127:Continuing education 10965:Permanent employment 9917:Political repression 8921:Anti-left handedness 8911:Anti-intellectualism 8680:23 July 2016 at the 8671:Intelligence Squared 8628:"Affirmative Action" 8457:(Columbia UP, 2019). 8450:(W. W. Norton, 2006) 8360:Order No. DA3325474. 8150:"Affirmative Action" 8014:10.1257/aer.20140783 7386:10.1257/app.20160121 7034:. EmployeeIssues.com 6988:The Federal Register 6885:Melvin I. Urofsky, 6791:All-women shortlists 6777:. 12 September 2001. 6751:. Legislation.gov.uk 6440:. pp. 194–209. 5830:University of Malaya 5817:Ravallion1, Martin. 5473:. 1 September 2007. 5368:משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה 4703:24 June 2015 at the 4695:on 4 September 2015. 4400:"Affirmative Action" 4295:10.2139/ssrn.3112683 4186:"Affirmative Action" 4122:When steps involve 4102:"Affirmative Action" 4036:600 U.S. ___ 3972:UNESCO IIEP (2021). 3878:"affirmative action" 3769:Substantive equality 3636:Diversity (business) 3508:and a member of the 3238:Grutter v. Bollinger 3215:, thereby replacing 3108:all-women shortlists 3025:Constitutional Court 2892:Armées d'aujourd'hui 2837:Taiwanese aborigines 2606:Reservation in India 2400:Department of Labour 2145:substantive equality 2134:substantive equality 2112:Grutter v. Bollinger 2103:In the United States 2085:substantive equality 1307:Political repression 287:Anti-left handedness 277:Anti-intellectualism 38:Mismatch (TV series) 12242:Recession-proof job 12237:Lists of recessions 12175:Economic depression 12123:Retirement planning 12004:Work–life interface 11841:Employee monitoring 11809:Corporate behaviour 11799:Accounting scandals 11681:Occupational stress 11671:Occupational injury 11202:Reflective practice 11197:Professional school 10919:Work-at-home scheme 10839:Induction programme 10817:Employment contract 10797:Business networking 10420:Historical eugenics 9957:Segregation academy 9937:Religious terrorism 9726:Enemy of the people 9634:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 9148:Jehovah's Witnesses 9041:Perpetual foreigner 8647:The Washington Post 8301:7 June 2010 at the 8222:on 16 October 2015. 7909:on 13 December 2017 7849:Stanford Law Review 7735:, 26 September 2007 7506:Pew Research Center 7096:Pew Research Center 7020:on 19 October 2014. 6823:. 22 February 2019. 6749:"Equality Act 2010" 6644:on 25 January 2007. 6559:. 18 February 2016. 5077:on 1 November 2012. 4767:. 21 December 2006. 4354:12 May 2015 at the 3888:on 23 February 2014 3882:Oxford Dictionaries 3858:on 23 February 2014 3852:Oxford Dictionaries 3433:Pew Research Center 3420:Pew Research Center 3296:Done in good faith; 3249:), and Washington ( 3116:employment tribunal 3106:allowed the use of 2992:culturally backward 2880:French Constitution 2755:of this article is 2644:2019 Papua protests 2475:improve the section 2349:Bantu Education Act 2341:Mines and Works Act 2276:National approaches 1830:Historical eugenics 1347:Segregation academy 1327:Religious terrorism 1116:Enemy of the people 1024:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 522:Jehovah's Witnesses 407:Perpetual foreigner 12592:Left-wing politics 12567:Affirmative action 12505:See also templates 12342:Job creation index 12306:Youth unemployment 12170:Discouraged worker 12059:Wrongful dismissal 12039:At-will employment 11912:Civil conscription 11876:Workplace bullying 11763:Affirmative action 11745:Workplace wellness 11676:Occupational noise 11312:Long service leave 11172:Overspecialization 11152:Induction training 11107:Career development 10332:Social integration 10327:Self-determination 10317:Racial integration 10265:Diversity training 10255:Cultural pluralism 10230:Affirmative action 10130:Racial segregation 10040:Crime of apartheid 9942:Religious violence 9445:Indigenous people 8845:Sexual orientation 8642:Affirmative Action 8467:Pierce, Jennifer. 8453:Okechukwu, Amaka. 7942:10.1257/jel.54.1.3 7477:(12 August 2010). 6319:Management Science 6146:Armée d'ajourd'hui 5527:The Economic Times 5440:Censusindia.gov.in 5374:on 1 February 2013 4781:. South End Museum 4614:Academic Questions 4599:10.1007/BF00129440 4547:10.1111/spc3.12374 4519:Affirmative Action 4330:on 27 October 2020 3675:Legacy preferences 3641:Diversity training 3352:The International 3189:Reconstruction Era 3166:visible minorities 3075:and the resulting 2702:of Chinese descent 2479:encyclopedic style 2255:reservation system 2174:affirmative action 2060:alternative access 2052:Affirmative action 1734:Social integration 1729:Self-determination 1719:Racial integration 1667:Diversity training 1657:Cultural pluralism 1633:Affirmative action 1526:Racial segregation 1436:Crime of apartheid 1332:Religious violence 827:Indigenous people 203:Sexual orientation 12554: 12553: 12453:Post-work society 12433:Kiss up kick down 12165:Barriers to entry 12130:Severance package 11962:Human trafficking 11856:Sexual harassment 11836:Employee handbook 11755:Equal opportunity 11618:Safety and health 11608:Take-home vehicle 11217:Vocational school 11167:Lifelong learning 11142:Further education 11102:Career counseling 11097:Career assessment 10874:Overqualification 10634: 10633: 10502:Racism by country 10430:Intersectionality 10415:Heteronormativity 10214:Voter suppression 9962:Sexual harassment 9761:Forced conversion 9681:Cultural genocide 9344:African Americans 9158:post–Cold War era 9143:Eastern Orthodoxy 8906:Anti-drug addicts 8901:Anti-homelessness 8828:Scientific racism 8567:978-0-8153-2750-9 8498:Rubio, Philip F. 8446:Katznelson, Ira. 8183:978-1-4129-6580-4 8077:978-0-52-187835-7 7733:Los Angeles Times 7437:on 24 April 2021. 7056:Norma M. Riccucci 6735:www.xperthr.co.uk 6515:978-0-85773-896-7 6484:978-0-8014-8677-7 6473:. United States: 6455:978-1-349-42592-1 6160:"Le Plan Sarkozy" 6045:on 2 October 2011 5970:978-90-481-2652-1 5777:www.urbanasia.com 5317:on 5 January 2009 5226:978-0-9921788-6-4 5159:. Retrieved from 5155:Goga, F. (n.d.). 4962:on 3 October 2011 4741:. 7 December 2022 4276:(December 2010). 4230:on 28 August 2020 4059:978-1-4422-2055-3 4006:Equal Opportunity 3722:Progressive stack 3653:Equal opportunity 3537:Peter Arcidiacono 3337:constitutionality 3209:Lyndon B. Johnson 3093:other communities 3053:Equality Act 2010 3001:titular ethnicity 2988:ethnic minorities 2906:Article 3 of the 2796: 2795: 2788: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2178:Lyndon B. Johnson 2049: 2048: 1912:Racism by country 1840:Intersectionality 1825:Heteronormativity 1610:Voter suppression 1352:Sexual harassment 1151:Forced conversion 1071:Cultural genocide 726:African Americans 532:post–Cold War era 517:Eastern Orthodoxy 272:Anti-drug addicts 267:Anti-homelessness 186:Scientific racism 16:(Redirected from 12609: 12541:Critique of work 12536:Corporate titles 12504: 12503: 12423:Evil corporation 12289:Employment rates 12212:Jobless recovery 12180:Great Depression 12140:Golden parachute 12135:Golden handshake 11932:Job satisfaction 11922:Critique of work 11740:Workplace phobia 11571:Health insurance 11528:Wage compression 11496:Progressive wage 11350:35-hour workweek 11317:No call, no show 11307:Leave of absence 11157:Knowledge worker 11085:Master craftsman 10889:Personality hire 10827:Executive search 10807:Curriculum vitae 10792:Background check 10661: 10654: 10647: 10638: 10637: 10624: 10623: 10614: 10613: 10554:Social privilege 10539:Social exclusion 10467:Police brutality 10388:Multiculturalism 10358:Amatonormativity 10189:Social exclusion 10025:Age of candidacy 9825:Homeless dumping 9731:Ethnic cleansing 8711: 8704: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8637: 8624:Zalta, Edward N. 8592: 8571: 8552:Der Tagesspiegel 8551: 8535: 8495: 8443: 8432: 8398: 8379: 8359: 8331: 8329: 8294: 8282: 8264: 8223: 8218:. 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Garland Pub. 8509:Sowell, Thomas. 8477: 8382: 8363: 8307: 8303:Wayback Machine 8291: 8267:Dobbin, Frank. 8230: 8184: 8138: 8111: 8101: 8078: 8036: 8033: 8027: 8025:Further reading 8022: 8021: 7994: 7990: 7961: 7957: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7872: 7868: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7817: 7813: 7794: 7790: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7745:Quotas on trial 7743: 7739: 7727: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7703: 7702: 7695: 7685: 7683: 7668: 7664: 7657: 7641: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7597: 7593: 7578: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7498: 7494: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7446: 7442: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7404: 7403: 7394: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7295: 7291: 7276: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7234: 7233:. 13 April 2022 7225: 7224: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7099: 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6938:on 4 March 2016 6935: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6909: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6884: 6880: 6870: 6868: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6832: 6828: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6729: 6728: 6721: 6711: 6709: 6707:Personnel Today 6699: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6666: 6659: 6654:Wayback Machine 6627: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6599: 6595: 6589:Wayback Machine 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6535: 6531: 6516: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6434: 6430: 6411: 6407: 6377:Russian History 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6315: 6311: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6156: 6152: 6143: 6139: 6110: 6106: 6096: 6094: 6087: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6023: 6013: 6011: 6000: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5946:. 19 June 2015. 5938: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5896: 5892: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5835: 5834: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5779:(in Indonesian) 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5730:(in Indonesian) 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5704:(in Indonesian) 5694: 5690: 5680: 5678: 5677:(in Indonesian) 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5628:(in Indonesian) 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5580:(in Indonesian) 5572: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5249: 5248: 5239: 5238: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5168:on 22 June 2012 5160: 5154: 5141: 5136:on 19 May 2014. 5133: 5122: 5116: 5109: 5086: 5082: 5069: 5068: 5061: 5030: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4892:on 1 April 2012 4884: 4883: 4879: 4874:Wayback Machine 4865: 4861: 4856:. Fanews.co.za. 4850: 4839: 4831: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4705:Wayback Machine 4675: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4639: 4638: 4610: 4606: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4531: 4527: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4356:Wayback Machine 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4274:Heriot, Gail L. 4271: 4262: 4250: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4182: 4178: 4136: 4132: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4094: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4046: 4042: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3914: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3700:Numerus clausus 3685:Minority rights 3663:Gender equality 3591:Civil liberties 3561: 3550:Duke University 3532:Jesse Rothstein 3494: 3457:minority groups 3452: 3442: 3403:Hispanic people 3394:minority groups 3384: 3371: 3350: 3345: 3320: 3314: 3309: 3275:Individuals of 3273: 3268: 3201:John F. Kennedy 3185: 3179: 3140: 3130: 3125: 3058:positive action 3045:protected-group 3037: 3021: 3012: 2968: 2957: 2937: 2904: 2876: 2864: 2855: 2850: 2833: 2815:. However, the 2809:Tamil community 2792: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2761: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2674: 2672:Ketuanan Melayu 2668: 2636: 2608: 2602: 2581: 2569:Liangshaoyikuan 2564: 2558: 2553: 2541: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2472: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2428: 2364: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2309: 2301:positive action 2284: 2278: 2244: 2231: 2225: 2203: 2166:John F. Kennedy 2158: 2126:positive action 2068:positive action 2045: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 1887:Polyculturalism 1783:Civil liberties 1755: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1724:Reappropriation 1626: 1625:Countermeasures 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1543:Racial steering 1509:Numerus clausus 1413: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1126:Ethnic conflict 1061:Corrective rape 1016: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 651: 640: 639: 638: 637: 636: 591:minority Muslim 484: 474: 473: 472: 471: 470: 362:HIV/AIDS stigma 234: 226: 225: 224: 223: 222: 171:Mental disorder 113: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 74: 41: 34:Mismatch (film) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12615: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12582:Social justice 12579: 12574: 12572:Discrimination 12569: 12552: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12468:Sunday scaries 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12399: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12385: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12318: 12316: 12312: 12311: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12219: 12217:Phillips curve 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12172: 12167: 12161: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12120: 12118:Retirement age 12115: 12105: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12071:Exit interview 12068: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12011: 12001: 11996: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11821:Discrimination 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11790: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11773:Gender pay gap 11770: 11765: 11759: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11721: 11720: 11710: 11705: 11704: 11703: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11622: 11620: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11593: 11588: 11586:Parental leave 11583: 11581:Marriage leave 11578: 11576:Life insurance 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11547: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11503: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11459: 11449: 11444: 11439: 11434: 11432:Income bracket 11428: 11426: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11360:Eight-hour day 11357: 11352: 11346: 11344: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11278: 11276: 11272: 11271: 11269: 11268: 11263: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11119: 11117:Creative class 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11088: 11087: 11077: 11075:Apprenticeship 11071: 11069: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11043:Scarlet-collar 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10759:Temporary work 10756: 10751: 10746: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10727:Skilled worker 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10641: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10618: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10522:Reverse racism 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:Prisoner abuse 10489: 10484: 10482:Power distance 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10400:Ethnic penalty 10397: 10396: 10395: 10393:Neurodiversity 10390: 10380: 10378:Dehumanization 10375: 10370: 10368:Cisnormativity 10365: 10360: 10355: 10349: 10347: 10346:Related topics 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10204:State religion 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10140:Nuremberg Laws 10137: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10082:Ghetto benches 10079: 10077:Gerrymandering 10074: 10069: 10064: 10062:Gender pay gap 10059: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10016:Discriminatory 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9893: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9845:Lavender scare 9842: 9840:Kill Haole Day 9837: 9835:Indian rolling 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9721:Eliminationism 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9656:Cancel culture 9653: 9648: 9643: 9642: 9641: 9630: 9628: 9627:Manifestations 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9523:Middle Eastern 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9273: 9271: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9258:Zoroastrianism 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9184: 9183: 9182: 9180:Untouchability 9177: 9167: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9006:Leprosy stigma 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8718:Discrimination 8714: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8639: 8620: 8612: 8611:External links 8609: 8608: 8607: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8593: 8572: 8566: 8553: 8543: 8536: 8532:10.1086/712211 8515: 8506: 8496: 8475: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8433: 8412: 8402: 8380: 8361: 8346:(PhD thesis). 8339: 8332: 8305: 8289: 8272: 8265: 8228: 8204: 8182: 8166:Cato Institute 8154:Hamowy, Ronald 8142: 8136: 8109: 8106: 8099: 8082: 8076: 8059: 8047:NYU Law Review 8026: 8023: 8020: 8019: 7988: 7975:(3): 303–333. 7955: 7920: 7889: 7866: 7855:(2): 367–483. 7832: 7811: 7788: 7761: 7749: 7737: 7721: 7693: 7662: 7656:978-0300107753 7655: 7626: 7617: 7591: 7572: 7558: 7555:. 8 June 2023. 7544: 7518: 7492: 7466: 7440: 7419: 7406:"Usatoday.Com" 7392: 7379:(3): 152–190. 7359: 7350: 7335: 7312: 7289: 7270: 7258:DiversityWorks 7244: 7215: 7193: 7171: 7162: 7156:978-1400829699 7155: 7135: 7109: 7082: 7060: 7045: 7023: 7005: 6975: 6964:on 27 May 2010 6949: 6917: 6906:on 27 May 2011 6891: 6878: 6852: 6826: 6808: 6780: 6762: 6740: 6719: 6690: 6657: 6616: 6593: 6574: 6562: 6548: 6537:Chang, Jon K. 6529: 6514: 6490: 6483: 6461: 6454: 6428: 6405: 6383:(1): 174–193. 6367: 6346: 6309: 6287: 6260: 6238: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6185:"Vie Publique" 6176: 6150: 6137: 6104: 6081: 6056: 6021: 5994: 5976: 5969: 5949: 5931: 5909: 5890: 5871: 5849: 5809: 5790: 5763: 5741: 5715: 5688: 5665: 5639: 5612: 5591: 5565: 5540: 5514: 5488: 5466:Times of India 5452: 5424: 5413:(2): 109–128. 5397: 5385: 5355: 5328: 5302: 5281: 5259: 5250:|website= 5225: 5205: 5179: 5139: 5107: 5096:(2): 157–187. 5080: 5059: 5040:(5): 757–768. 5021: 4999: 4988:on 16 May 2016 4973: 4947: 4925: 4903: 4877: 4859: 4837: 4818: 4792: 4770: 4752: 4726: 4708: 4669: 4653: 4604: 4593:(2): 177–191. 4577: 4552: 4525: 4506: 4476: 4441:(2): 165–196. 4421: 4410:on 18 May 2015 4391: 4369: 4360: 4341: 4309: 4260: 4241: 4207: 4176: 4130: 4092: 4065: 4058: 4040: 4020: 3995: 3964: 3938: 3912: 3899: 3869: 3839: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3779:White backlash 3776: 3771: 3766: 3764:Social justice 3761: 3756: 3751: 3749:Reverse racism 3746: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3697: 3695:Multiracialism 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3668:Women's rights 3660: 3658:Ethnic penalty 3655: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3520:Richard Sander 3493: 3490: 3441: 3438: 3383: 3380: 3370: 3367: 3349: 3348:United Nations 3346: 3344: 3341: 3323:services. The 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3251:Initiative 200 3233:constitutional 3181:Main article: 3178: 3175: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3100: 3041:United Kingdom 3036: 3035:United Kingdom 3033: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2953: 2936: 2933: 2903: 2900: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2832: 2829: 2825:Tamil language 2794: 2793: 2749: 2747: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2640:native Papuans 2635: 2632: 2604:Main article: 2601: 2598: 2580: 2577: 2560:Main article: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2509: 2508: 2477:by writing in 2466: 2464: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2427: 2424: 2363: 2360: 2324: 2321: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2277: 2274: 2262:European Union 2246:Law regarding 2243: 2240: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2199: 2157: 2154: 2141:public opinion 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2004: 2003: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1932:Reverse racism 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1902:Prisoner abuse 1899: 1894: 1892:Power distance 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1810:Ethnic penalty 1807: 1806: 1805: 1803:Neurodiversity 1800: 1790: 1788:Dehumanization 1785: 1780: 1778:Cisnormativity 1775: 1770: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1754:Related topics 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1600:State religion 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1536:Nuremberg Laws 1533: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1478:Ghetto benches 1475: 1473:Gerrymandering 1470: 1465: 1460: 1458:Gender pay gap 1455: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1235:Lavender scare 1232: 1230:Kill Haole Day 1227: 1225:Indian rolling 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111:Eliminationism 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046:Cancel culture 1043: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1015:Manifestations 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 905:Middle Eastern 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 871: 870: 860: 855: 850: 845: 844: 843: 838: 833: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 739: 738: 733: 728: 718: 713: 708: 707: 706: 701: 696: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 655: 654: 653: 652: 646: 645: 642: 641: 635: 634: 632:Zoroastrianism 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 608: 607: 597: 596: 595: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 558: 557: 556: 554:Untouchability 551: 541: 536: 535: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 504: 499: 494: 488: 487: 486: 485: 480: 479: 476: 475: 469: 468: 463: 458: 457: 456: 451: 446: 436: 435: 434: 429: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 372:Leprosy stigma 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 238: 237: 236: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 221: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 189: 188: 183: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 117: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 106: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 59: 58: 56:Discrimination 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12614: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12443:Make-work job 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12389: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12362:Right to work 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12347:Job guarantee 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12332:Make-work job 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12148: 12145: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12103:Restructuring 12101: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12081:Notice period 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12028: 12022: 12019: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11987:Unfree labour 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11957:Bonded labour 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11871:Whistleblower 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11804:Control fraud 11802: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11785: 11779: 11778:Glass ceiling 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11714: 11713:Work accident 11711: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11701:United States 11699: 11698: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11601:United States 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11556:Casual Friday 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11513:Paid time off 11511: 11509: 11508:Overtime rate 11506: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11489:United States 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11471: 11470: 11467: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11427: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11355:Four-day week 11353: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11239:Practice firm 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11137:Employability 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11038:Orange-collar 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10985:Working class 10982: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10926: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10859:Job interview 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10712:Part-time job 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10697:Full-time job 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10662: 10657: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10627: 10619: 10617: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10576:Social stigma 10574: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10199:State atheism 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10135:Jim Crow laws 10133: 10132: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10120:One-drop rule 10118: 10116: 10114: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Blood quantum 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9982:Victimisation 9980: 9978: 9977:Trans bashing 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9947:Religious war 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9927:Racialization 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9798:Glass ceiling 9796: 9792: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9741:Ethnic hatred 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9676:Counter-jihad 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9459:United States 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9322:United States 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243:Protestantism 9241: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9153:LDS or Mormon 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9083:Transmisogyny 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Gerontophobia 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916:Anti-intersex 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Anti-albinism 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8871: 8867: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8732:Institutional 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8707: 8705: 8700: 8698: 8693: 8692: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8486:(2): 113–22. 8485: 8481: 8476: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8378:(2): 463–537. 8377: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8337: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8292: 8290:9780472033775 8286: 8281: 8280: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8239:(1): 85–108. 8238: 8234: 8229: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8208:Bossuyt, Marc 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8146:Bolick, Clint 8143: 8139: 8137:9781405133456 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8102: 8100:9780195157642 8096: 8091: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8060: 8058: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7753: 7746: 7741: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7710: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7681: 7677: 7673: 7666: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7621: 7606: 7602: 7595: 7589: 7588:1-58182-569-2 7585: 7581: 7576: 7568: 7562: 7554: 7548: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7348: 7342: 7340: 7323: 7316: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7259: 7255: 7248: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7220: 7203: 7197: 7181: 7175: 7166: 7158: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7139: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7070: 7064: 7057: 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