2236:, and white women into management, professional, and technical occupations occurred primarily during the 1970s and early 1980s. During this period, contractors grew their shares of these groups more rapidly than non-contractors because of the implementation of affirmative action. But the positive effect of affirmative action vanished entirely in the late 1980s, which Kurtulus says may be due to the slowdown into advanced occupation for women and minorities because of the political shift of affirmative action that started with President Reagan. Becoming a federal contractor increased white women's share of professional occupations by 0.183 percentage points, or 9.3 percent, on average during these three decades, and increased black women's share by 0.052 percentage points (or by 3.9 percent). Becoming a federal contractor also increased Hispanic women's and black men's share of technical occupations on average by 0.058 percent and 0.109 percentage points respectively (or by 7.7 and 4.2 percent). These represent a substantial contribution of affirmative action to overall trends in the occupational advancement of women and minorities over the three decades under the study. A reanalysis of multiple scholarly studies, especially in Asia, considered the impact of four primary factors on support for affirmative action programs for women: gender; political factors; psychological factors; and social structure. Kim and Kim (2014) found that, "Affirmative action both corrects existing unfair treatment and gives women equal opportunity in the future."
2825:, which did not have the same treatment and Tamils learned English instead as there was no medium for Tamil until near independence. Tamils' knowledge of English and education came from the very American missionary activity by overseas Christians that the British were concerned will anger the Sinhalese and destroy their trading relationships, so they sent them to the Tamil areas instead to teach, thinking it would have no consequences and due to their small numbers. The British sending the missionaries to the north and east was for the protection of the Sinhalese and in fact, showed favouritism to the majority group instead of the minorities to maintain trading relationships and benefits from them. The Tamils, out of this random benefit from learning English and basic education excelled and flourished and were able to take many civil service jobs to the chagrin of the Sinhalese. The myth of Divide and Rule is untrue. The 'policy of standardisation' was typical of affirmative action policies, in that it required drastically lower standards for Sinhalese students than for the more academic Tamils who had to get about ten more marks to enter into universities. The policy in fact is an example of discrimination against the Tamil ethnic group.
2945:
proportion of boards led by a woman has increased from 3.4% to 4.3%. This suggests that the law has had a marginal effect on the sex of the chair and the boards remain internally segregated. Although at the beginning of our observation period, only 7 of 91 prominent directors were women. The gender balance among prominent directors has changed considerably throughout the period, and at the end of the period, 107 women and 117 men were prominent directors. By applying more restrictive definitions of prominence, the proportion of directors who are women generally increases. If only considering directors with at least three directorships, 61.4% of them are women. When considering directors with seven or more directorships, all of them are women. Thus, affirmative action increases the female population in the director position.
2183:
Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Neither executive order nor The Civil Rights Act authorized group preferences. The Senate floor manager of the bill, Senator Hubert
Humphrey, declared that the bill “would prohibit preferential treatment for any particular group” adding “I will eat my hat if this leads to racial quotas.” However affirmative action in practice would eventually become synonymous with preferences, goals and quotas as upheld or struck down by Supreme Court decisions even though no law had been passed explicitly permitting discrimination in favor of disadvantaged groups. Some state laws explicitly banned racial preferences, and in response some laws have failed attempting to explicitly legalize race preferences.
2440:(BEE) rose further in South Africa. The BEE was not a moral initiative to redress the wrongs of the past but to promote growth and strategies that aim to realize a country's full potential. The idea was targeting the weakest link in economics, which was inequality and which would help develop the economy. This is evident in the statement by the Department of Trade and Industry, "As such, this strategy stresses a BEE process that is associated with growth, development and enterprise development, and not merely the redistribution of existing wealth". Similarities between the BEE and affirmative action are apparent; however there is a difference. BEE focuses more on employment equality rather than taking wealth away from the skilled white labourers.
2525:
marginalization for coloured and Indian races in South Africa, as well as developing and aiding the middle and elite classes, leaving the lower class behind. This created a bigger gap between the lower and middle class, which led to class struggles and a greater segregation. Entitlement began to arise with the growth of the middle and elite classes, as well as race entitlement. Some assert that affirmative action is discrimination in reverse. Negative consequences of affirmative action, specifically the quota system, drove skilled labour away, resulting in bad economic growth. This is due to very few international companies wanting to invest in South Africa. As a result of the outcomes of affirmative action, the concept is continually evolving.
2594:
culture of the men's club is seductive token women are under the pressure to become "social males" and prove that their competence as directors, meaning that they are not significantly different from men. In the negotiation for status as worthy peers, emphasizing gender signals that a woman is an "imposter", someone who does not rightfully belong in the position she is claiming to fill." And once affirmative action for women is fulfilled, and then affirmative action shares the element, as
Izraeli put it, the "group equality discourse", making it easier for other groups to claim for a fairer distribution of resources. This suggests that affirmative action can have applications for different groups in Israel.
3251:) have passed constitutional amendments banning public institutions, including public schools, from practicing affirmative action within their respective states. In 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court held that "States may choose to prohibit the consideration of racial preferences in governmental decisions". By that time eight states, Oklahoma, New Hampshire, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, Michigan, Florida, Washington and California, had already banned affirmative action. Numerous critics report that colleges quietly use illegal quotas to discriminate against people of Asian, Jewish, and Caucasian backgrounds and have launched numerous lawsuits to stop them.
3054:
association, and while using public services, although exceptions exist, to wit: "Section 159 of the
Equality Act 2010 allows an employer to treat an applicant or employee with a protected characteristic (eg race, sex or age) more favourably in connection with recruitment or promotion than someone without that characteristic who is as qualified for the role. The employer must reasonably think that people with the protected characteristic suffer a disadvantage or are under-represented in that particular activity. Taking the
2868:; for students admitted in these quotas, the education is partially arranged in Swedish. The purpose of the quotas is to guarantee that a sufficient number of professionals with skills in Swedish are educated for nationwide needs. The quota system has met with criticism from the Finnish speaking majority, some of whom consider the system unfair. In addition to these linguistic quotas, women may get preferential treatment in recruitment for certain public sector jobs if there is a gender imbalance in the field.
12498:
3495:
good chance of graduating. However, according to the mismatching hypothesis, affirmative action often places a student into a college that is too difficult, and this increases the student's chance of dropping out of the college or of their desired major. Thus, affirmative action hurts its intended beneficiaries, because it increases their dropout rates. Mismatching has also been cited as a contributing factor in lowered pursuit and completion of STEM degrees among certain populations.
10608:
3363:
population prevent or impair their enjoyment of human rights, the State should take specific action to correct those conditions. Such action may involve granting for a time to the part of the population concerned certain preferential treatment in specific matters as compared with the rest of the population. However, as long as such action is needed to correct discrimination, in fact, it is a case of legitimate differentiation under the
Covenant."
2741:
64:
10618:
2458:
2586:
individual hardships are also weighed. This policy made the four institutions, especially the echelons at the most selective departments, more diverse than they otherwise would have been. The rise in geographic, economic and demographic diversity of a student population suggests that the plan's focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends.
2892:), the driving license and rank plan was cancelled. After the Sarkozy election, a new attempt in favour of Arab-French students was made, but Sarkozy did not gain enough political support to change the French constitution. However, some French schools do implement affirmative action in that they are obligated to take a certain number of students from impoverished families.
3372:
action has sought to achieve a range of goals: bridging inequalities in employment and pay; increasing access to education; enriching state, institutional, and professional leadership with the full spectrum of society; redressing apparent past wrongs, harms, or hindrances, in particular addressing the apparent social imbalance left in the wake of slavery and slave laws.
2727:) The mean income for Malays, Chinese and Indians in 1957/58 were 134, 288 and 228 respectively. In 1967/68 it was 154, 329 and 245, and in 1970 it was 170, 390 and 300. Mean income disparity ratio for Chinese/Malays rose from 2.1 in 1957/58 to 2.3 in 1970, whereas for Indians/Malays the disparity ratio also rose from 1.7 to 1.8 in the same period.
2880:. Since the 1980s, a French version of affirmative action based on neighborhood is in place for primary and secondary education. Some schools, in neighborhoods labeled "Priority Education Zones", are granted more funds than the others. Students from these schools also benefit from special policies in certain institutions (such as
3239:, 539 US 244 – Supreme Court 2003) permitted educational institutions to consider race as a factor when admitting students. Alternatively, some colleges use financial criteria to attract racial groups that have typically been under-represented and typically have lower living conditions. Some states such as California (
2429:
implementation of employment equity to redress the effects of discrimination, to achieve a diverse workforce broadly representative of our people, to promote economic development and efficiency in the workforce and to give effects to the obligations of the
Republic as a member of the International Labour Organisation.
2909:
in state and university service as of 2007, typically using the phrase "We try to increase diversity in this line of work". In recent years, there has been a long public debate about whether to issue programs that would grant women a privileged access to jobs in order to fight discrimination. Germany's
2187:
compensation for past discrimination, correction of current discrimination, and the diversification of society. It is often implemented in governmental and educational settings to ensure that designated groups within a society can participate in all promotional, educational, and training opportunities.
3012:
The
Constitution of the Republic of Serbia from 2006 established the principles of equality and the prohibition of discrimination on any grounds. It also allows affirmative action as "special measures" for certain marginalized groups, such as national minorities, by specifically excluding it from the
2855:
Greenlanders have special advantages when applying for university, college or vocation university degrees in
Denmark. With these specific rules, Greenlanders can get into degrees without the required grade averages by fulfilling certain criteria. They need to have a grade average of over 6,0 and have
2407:
scorecard: in a relatively complex scoring system, which allows for some flexibility in the manner in which each company meets its legal commitments, each company is required to meet minimum requirements in terms of representation by previously disadvantaged groups. The matters covered include equity
2068:
in various countries' laws and policies) refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to benefit marginalized groups. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative action has been justified by the idea that it may help with bridging inequalities in
3532:
and Albert H. Yoon confirmed Sander's mismatch findings, but also found that eliminating affirmative action would "lead to a 63 percent decline in black matriculants at all law schools and a 90 percent decline at elite law schools". These high numbers predictions were doubted in a review of previous
3481:
Critics of affirmative action suggest that programs may benefit the members of the targeted group that least need the benefit, that is those who have the greatest social, economic and educational advantages within the targeted group. Other beneficiaries may be described as wholly unqualified for the
3286:
and section 19(2) of the New
Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. Affirmative action in New Zealand is most often done indirecttly by encouraging those in groups favored by affirmative action to get jobs in sectors they are underrepresented in. Diversity Awards NZ is an organization in New Zealand whose
2944:
Seierstad & Opsahl in their study of the effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway found that there are few boards chaired by a woman, from the beginning of the implementation of the affirmative action policy period to August 2009, the
2908:
provides for equal rights of all people regardless of sex, race or social background. There are programs stating that if men and women have equal qualifications, women have to be preferred for a job; moreover, the disabled should be preferred to non-disabled people. This is typical for all positions
2517:
Pre-Democracy, the apartheid governments discriminated against non-white races, so with affirmative action, the country started to redress past discriminations. Affirmative action also focused on combating structural racism and racial inequality, hoping to maximize diversity in all levels of society
2355:
The variation in skills and productivity between groups of people ultimately caused disparities in employment, occupation and income within labour markets, which provided advantages to certain groups and characteristics of people. This in due course was the motivation to introduce affirmative action
3362:
states that "the principle of equality sometimes requires States parties to take affirmative action in order to diminish or eliminate conditions which cause or help to perpetuate discrimination prohibited by the
Covenant. For example, in a State where the general conditions of a certain part of the
3281:
descent are often afforded improved access to university courses, or have scholarships earmarked specifically for them. Such access to
University courses have in the past faced criticism, particularly at the University of Auckland due to a phenomenon known as Mismatch theory, accusations of setting
3053:
established the principles of equality and their implementation in the UK. In the UK, any discrimination, quotas or favouritism due to sex, race and ethnicity among other "protected characteristics" is illegal by default in education, employment, during commercial transactions, in a private club or
2895:
Additionally, following the Norwegian example, after 27 January 2014, women must represent at least 20% of board members in all stock exchange listed or state-owned companies. After 27 January 2017, the proportion will increase to 40%. All appointments of men as directors will be invalid as long as
3494:
Mismatching is the term given to the supposed negative effect that affirmative action has when it places a student into a college that is too difficult for them. For example, in the absence of affirmative action, a student will be admitted to a college that matches their academic ability and has a
3375:
A 2017 study of temporary federal affirmative action regulation in the United States estimated that the regulation "increases the black share of employees over time: in 5 years after an establishment is first regulated, the black share of employees increases by an average of 0.8 percentage points.
3201:
on 6 March 1961 and required that government employers "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed, color, or national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without
3045:
status, without regard to their performance, is illegal. However, the law in the United Kingdom does allow for membership in a protected and disadvantaged group to be considered in hiring and promotion when the group is under-represented in a given area and if the candidates are of equal merit (in
2841:
announced in 2002 that Taiwanese Aboriginal students would have their high-school or undergraduate entrance exams boosted by 33% for demonstrating some knowledge of their tribal language and culture. The percentage of boost have been revised several times, and the latest percentage is 35% in 2013.
2585:
during the early to mid-2000s. In evaluating the eligibility of applicants, neither their financial status nor their national or ethnic origins are considered. The emphasis, rather, is on structural disadvantages, especially neighborhood socioeconomic status and high school rigor, although several
2262:
Commission approved a plan for women to constitute 40% of non-executive board directorships in large listed companies in Europe by 2020. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 requires that EU member states adopt by 28 December 2024 laws to ensure that by 30 June 2026 members of the underrepresented sex hold at
2182:
which required government employers to "hire without regard to race, religion and national origin" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, religion, sex or national origin." The Civil
3354:
stipulates (in Article 2.2) that affirmative action programs may be required of countries that ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. It states, however, that such programs "shall in no case entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for
3152:
states that the equality provisions do "not preclude any law, program or activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or
2804:
universities was introduced as an affirmative action program for students from areas which had lower rates of education than other areas due to missionary activity in the north and east, which essentially were the Tamil areas. Successive governments cultivated a historical myth after the colonial
2593:
In her study of gender politics in Israel, Dafna Izraeli showed that the paradox of affirmative action for women directors is that the legitimation for legislating their inclusion on boards also resulted in the exclusion of women's interested as a legitimate issue on the boards' agendas. "The new
3371:
The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Often, these people are disadvantaged for historical reasons, such as oppression or slavery. Historically and internationally, support for affirmative
3116:
ruled that, while attempting to create a diverse force, the Cheshire Police had discriminated against a "well prepared" white heterosexual male. The ruling stated that "while positive action can be used to boost diversity, it should only be applied to distinguish between candidates who were all
3485:
Another criticism of affirmative action is that it may reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best. Beneficiaries of affirmative action may conclude that it is unnecessary to work as hard, and those who do not benefit may perceive hard work as futile.
3320:
Some Brazilian universities (state and federal) have created systems of preferred admissions (quotas) for racial minorities (blacks and Amerindians), the poor and people with disabilities. There are also quotas of up to 20% of vacancies reserved for people with disabilities in the civil public
2186:
Affirmative action is intended to alleviate under-representation and to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population. The philosophical basis of the policy has various rationales, including but not limited to
6522:
Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was
3452:
Critics of affirmative action offer a variety of arguments as to why it is counterproductive or should be discontinued. For example, critics may argue that affirmative action hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages
2428:
Affirmative action was introduced through the Employment Equality Act, 55 in 1998, 4 years after the end of apartheid. This act was passed to promote the constitutional right of equality and exercise true democracy. This idea was to eliminate unfair discrimination in employment, to ensure the
3394:
were more split. Men are only slightly more likely to support affirmative action for women, though a majority of both do. However, a slight majority of Americans do believe that affirmative action goes beyond ensuring access and goes into the realm of preferential treatment. More recently, a
3477:
Some argue that affirmative action policies create an opportunity for fraud, by encouraging non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups (that is, members of groups that benefit from affirmative action) in order to take advantage of group preference policies.
2524:
As with all policies, there have also been negative outcomes. A quota system was implemented, which aimed to achieve targets of diversity in a workforce. This target affected the hiring and level of skills in the workforce, ultimately impacting the free market. Affirmative action created
2996:
applied affirmative action to ethnic minorities. Quotas for access to university education, offices in the Soviet system and the Communist Party existed: for example, the position of First Secretary of a Soviet Republic's (or Autonomous Republic's) Party Committee was always filled by a
3537:
and Michael Lovenheim. Their 2016 article found a strong indication that affirmative action results in a mismatch effect. They argued that the attendance by some African-American students to less-selective schools would significantly improve the low first attempt rate at passing the
3170:
in the Canadian north, aboriginal people are given preference for jobs and education and are considered to have P1 status. Non-aboriginal people who were born in the NWT or have resided half of their life there are considered a P2, as well as women and people with disabilities.
2150:, that it tends to benefit the most privileged within minority groups at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups, or that—when applied to universities—it can hinder minority students by placing them in courses for which they have not been adequately prepared.
2589:
Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are supported by affirmative action in the civil service employment. Also Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are entitled to full university scholarships by the state.
2270:, the Supreme Court has ruled that "affirmative action" ethnic quotas in universities are discrimination and hence unlawful. It said that the requirements for the intake should be the same for all. The justice minister said that the decision left no room for uncertainty.
2231:
Several different studies investigated the effect of affirmative action on women. Kurtulus (2012) in her review of affirmative action and the occupational advancement of minorities and women during 1973–2003 showed that the effect of affirmative action on advancing black,
2690:, who together form a majority of the population. However, the indigenous people of Malaysia (Orang Asli) do not have the same special rights of the rest of the Bumiputera as granted under Article 153, as the Orang Asli are not referenced within the article 153 itself.
3433:
poll found 73% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions. A few years later in 2022, a Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Americans believe race or ethnicity should not factor into college admissions decisions.
3282:
the kids up to fail have been made due to a lack of transparency as to the preferred groups graduation rates and the university informing the students of such historical statistics dating back to the 1970s. Affirmative action is provided for under section 73 of the
3473:
Some critics of affirmative action argue that affirmative action devalues the actual accomplishments of people who are chosen based on the social group to which they belong rather than their qualifications, thus rendering affirmative action counterproductive.
2887:
The French Ministry of Defence tried in 1990 to make it easier for young French soldiers of North-African descent to be promoted in rank and obtain driving licenses. After a strong protest by a young French lieutenant in the Ministry of Defence newspaper
3376:
Strikingly, the black share continues to grow at a similar pace even after an establishment is deregulated. argue that this persistence is driven in part by affirmative action inducing employers to improve their methods for screening potential hires."
3545:
A 2011 study proposed that mismatch can only occur when a selective school possesses private information that, had this information been disclosed, would have changed the student's choice of school. The study found that this is in fact the case for
3221:
which amended Executive Order 11246 on 13 October 1967, by adding "sex" to the list of protected categories. In the U.S. affirmative action's original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance with the nondiscrimination mandate of the
2693:
The historical/common argument is that the Malays have lower incomes than the Chinese and Indians, who have traditionally been involved in businesses and industries, who were also general migrant workers. Malaysia is a multi-ethnic country, with
2391:
Act aim to promote and achieve equality in the workplace (in South Africa termed "equity"), by advancing people from designated groups. The designated groups who are to be advanced include all people of colour, women (including white women) and
3979:
3520:
concluded that there were 7.9% fewer black attorneys than there would have been if there had been no affirmative action. The article also states that because of mismatching, blacks are more likely to drop out of law school and fail bar exams.
2564:
There is affirmative action in education for minority nationalities in China, this may equate to lowering minimum requirements for the National University Entrance Examination, which is a mandatory exam for all students to enter university.
9634:
2194:
by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination. More recently concepts have moved beyond discrimination to include diversity, equity and inclusion as motives for preferring historically underrepresented groups.
1026:
6182:
2443:
The main goal of affirmative action is for the country to reach its full potential. This would result in a completely diverse workforce in economic and social sectors, thus broadening the economic base and stimulating economic growth.
2368:-led government chose to implement affirmative action legislation to correct previous imbalances (a policy known as employment equity). As such, all employers were compelled by law to employ previously disenfranchised groups (blacks,
3425:
released a poll showing that 67% of Americans supported affirmative action programs aimed at increasing female representation, compared to 58% who supported such programs aimed at increasing the representation of racial minorities.
3420:
poll found that 63% of Americans thought affirmative action programs aimed at increasing minority representation on college campuses were "a good thing", compared to 30% who thought they were "a bad thing". The following year,
2415:
These laws cause disproportionally high costs for small companies and reduce economic growth and employment. The laws may give the black middle-class some advantage but can make the worse-off blacks even poorer. Moreover, the
2644:, many Papuan students chose to abandon their scholarship and return to their respective provinces. The program has been subject to criticism, with complaints made towards a lack of sufficient quotas and alleged corruption.
2948:
A 2016 study found no effect of the ASA representation requirement on either valuation or profits of the affected companies, and also no correlation between the requirement and the restructuring of companies away from ASA.
2263:
least 40% of non-executive director positions and at least 33% of all director positions, including both executive and non-executive directors, for listed companies. Directive (EU) 2022/2381 expires on 31 December 2038.
3166:. Less than one-third of Canadian Universities offer alternative admission requirements for students of aboriginal descent. Some provinces and territories also have affirmative action-type policies. For example, in the
2396:(including white people). Employment Equity legislation requires companies employing more than 50 people to design and implement plans to improve the representativity of workforce demographics, and report them to the
2432:
Many embraced the act; however some concluded that the act contradicted itself. The act eliminates unfair discrimination in certain sectors of the national labour market by imposing similar constraints on another.
4136:
Gururaj, Suchitra; Somers, Patricia; Fry, Jessica; Watson, Del; Cicero, Francesca; Morosini, Marilia; Zamora, Jennifer (January 2021). "Affirmative action policy: Inclusion, exclusion, and the global public good".
2145:
for group outcomes and representation for groups, which are socio-economically disadvantaged or have faced historical discrimination or oppression. Opponents of affirmative action have argued that it is a form of
2411:
The policies of Employment Equity and, particularly, Black Economic empowerment have been criticised both by those who view them as discriminatory against white people, and by those who view them as ineffectual.
2296:
In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuring equal opportunity and, for example, targeted advertising campaigns to encourage ethnic minority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes called
5520:
4027:
2284:
In some countries that have laws on racial equality, affirmative action is rendered illegal because it does not treat all races equally. This approach of equal treatment is sometimes described as being
6352:
8413:
Heriot, Gail L.; Somin, Alison (28 November 2011). "Affirmative Action for Men?: Strange Silences and Strange Bedfellows in the Public Debate Over Discrimination Against Women in College Admissions".
3482:
opportunity made available through affirmative action. They may argue that at the same time the people who lose the most to affirmative action are the least fortunate members of non-preferred groups.
3226:. The Civil Rights Acts do not cover discrimination based on veteran status, disabilities, or age that is 40 years and older. These groups may be protected from discrimination under different laws.
2511:
Once applied within the country, many different outcomes arose, some positive and some negative. This depended on the approach to and the view of The Employment Equality Act and affirmative action.
2088:
The nature of affirmative-action policies varies from region to region and exists on a spectrum from a hard quota to merely targeting encouragement for increased participation. Some countries use a
2713:(NEP) has been dubbed a failure as of recent years, as evidence has pointed to the ever-growing wealth disparity among Malays, that have widened the gap between the rich and poor Malays, while the
8675:
2349:, creating and extending the "colour bar" in South African labour. Then the whites successfully persuaded the government to enact laws that highly restricted the blacks employment opportunities.
6212:
Martin Klesmann (23 February 2009). "'Kinder aus Neukölln würden sich nicht integrieren lassen' – Ein Politiker und ein Schulleiter streiten über Sozialquoten an Gymnasien". Berliner Zeitung
2628:
found that 12% of surveyed Indian households had received academic scholarships, with 94% being on account of SC/ST/OBC membership, 2% based on financial weakness and 0.7% based on merit.
9608:
992:
7550:
3351:
6266:
Seierstad, Cathrine; Opsahl, Tore (March 2011). "For the few not the many? The effects of affirmative action on presence, prominence, and social capital of women directors in Norway".
2408:
ownership, representation at employee and management level (up to the board of director level), procurement from black-owned businesses and social investment programs, amongst others.
2352:
Since the 1960s the apartheid laws had been weakened. Consequently, from 1975 to 1990 the real wages of black manufacturing workers rose by 50%, while those of the whites rose by 1%.
7754:
6157:
4733:"Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures"
2528:
South African jurist Martin van Staden argues that the way affirmative action and transformation policies have been implemented in South Africa has eroded state institutions, grown
6647:
3845:
3395:
Quinnipiac poll from June 2009 finds that 55% of Americans feel that affirmative action, in general, should be discontinued, though 55% support it for people with disabilities. A
2103:, affirmative action by executive order originally meant selection without regard to race but preferential treatment was widely used in college admissions, as upheld in the 2003
8223:
8209:
5472:
3464:, that any effort to cure discrimination through affirmative action is wrong because it, in turn, is another form of discrimination. Some critics claim that court cases such as
2333:-owned companies. The aforementioned policies achieved the desired results, but in the process, they marginalised and excluded black people. Skilled jobs were also reserved for
3399:
poll from 2005 showed that 72% of black Americans and 44% of white Americans supported racial affirmative action (with 21% and 49% opposing), with support and opposition among
6631:
4583:
Twale, Darla J.; Douvanis, Costas J.; Sekula, Francis J. (September 1992). "Affirmative action strategies and professional schools: case illustrations of examplary programs".
3149:
7011:
5390:
2620:, up to 50% of all government-run higher education admissions and government job vacancies may be reserved for members of the SC/ST/OBC-NCL categories, and 10% for those in
3470:, which held that colleges have some discretion to consider race when making admissions decisions, demonstrate how discrimination occurs in the name of affirmative action.
7564:
4676:
3875:
2174:
to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". In 1965, President
3162:
requires employers in federally-regulated industries to give preferential treatment to four designated groups: Women, persons with disabilities, aboriginal peoples, and
2678:
or NEP is a form of ethnicity-based affirmative action. Malaysia provides affirmative action to those that are deemed "Bumiputera", which includes the Malay population,
3254:
On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court ruled 6–2 that the use of race in college admissions is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment in
7622:
Sher, George, "Preferential Hiring", in Tom Regan (ed.), Just Business: New Introductory Essays in Business Ethics, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1983, p. 40.
7319:
3751:
3443:
3403:
falling between those of black people and white people. Support among black people, unlike among white people, had almost no correlation with political affiliation.
3300:
The individuals or groups in question need (or may reasonably be supposed to need) assistance in order to achieve an equal place with other members of the community.
10097:
8387:
8368:
1495:
4953:
4698:
8407:
6923:
3094:
2833:
A 2004 legislation requires that, for a firm with 100 employees or more wishing to compete for government contracts, at least 1 percent of its employees must be
8054:
11641:
9160:
536:
6989:
4645:
6001:
5086:
Franchi, V. (2003). "The racialization of affirmative action in organizational discourses: A case study of symbolic racism in post-apartheid South Africa".
2864:
In certain university education programs, including legal and medical education, there are quotas for persons who reach a certain standard of skills in the
6030:
9363:
6293:
5770:
5721:
5546:
5361:
2625:
2092:, reserving a certain percentage of government jobs, political positions, and school vacancies for members of a certain group; an example of this is the
747:
8672:
7089:
4851:
3453:
individuals to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within
8662:
6833:
3528:
and Richard Brooks from Yale who argue that eliminating affirmative action would actually reduce the number of black lawyers by 12.7%. A 2008 study by
3004:
Russia retains this system partially. Quotas are abolished, but preferences for some ethnic minorities and inhabitants of certain territories remain.
2817:
in fact benefitted from trade and plantation cultivations over the rest of the other groups and their language and culture as well as the religion of
12597:
10492:
9875:
3101:
1904:
1267:
8656:
8229:
Condit, Deirdre M.; Condit, Celeste M.; Achter, Paul J. (Spring 2001). "Human equality, affirmative action, and genetic models of human variation".
4315:
2099:
In some other jurisdictions where quotas are not used, minority-group members are given preference or special consideration in selection processes.
9314:
4714:
3447:
3025:
declared in October 2005 that affirmative action i.e. "providing advantages for people of an ethnic or racial minority group" as being against its
2036:
698:
5841:
3013:
legal definition of discrimination. In Serbia the Roma national minority is enabled to enroll in public schools under more favorable conditions.
7499:
5695:
9235:
611:
4883:
2919:. According to Stefan Zillich, quotas should be "a possibility" to help working class children who did not do well in school gain access to a
6203:
Susanne Vieth-Entus (29. December 2008): "Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen". Der Tagesspiegel
3620:
2905:
2657:
8536:
Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts."
7484:
2616:(OBC), defined primarily by their caste. Members of these categories comprise about two-thirds of the population of India. According to the
9880:
8039:
6728:
5308:
4931:
4397:
3593:
2980:, which functioned until the 1930s as part of the international egalitarian and affirmative action movements. Quota systems existed in the
1272:
4217:
4071:
Gallagher, Charles A. (2003). "Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America".
9850:
9456:
8998:
6644:
5068:
3853:
3410:
survey found 65% of American voters opposed the application of affirmative action to homosexuals, with 27% indicating they supported it.
2518:
and sectors. Achieving this would elevate the status of the perpetual underclass and to restore equal access to the benefits of society.
1242:
840:
366:
7428:
6955:
5571:
4776:
4531:
Morgenroth, Thekla; Ryan, Michelle K. (March 2018). "Quotas and affirmative action: U nderstanding group-based outcomes and attitudes".
3217:, but continued to use the same terminology that did not require or permit group preferences. Affirmative action was extended to sex by
11479:
11457:
9145:
8213:
6315:
Eckbo, B. Espen; Nygaard, Knut; Thorburn, Karin S. (18 August 2021). "Valuation effects of Norway's board gender-quota law revisited".
4867:
4663:
3337:
of the quotas the university reserves for minorities. The Supreme Court unanimously approved their constitutionality on 26 April 2012.
521:
8217:
7670:"Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: The Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-Blind Society"
5458:
5266:
4482:
12383:
8296:
7429:"U.S. Voters Disagree 3-1 With Sotomayor On Key Case, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Most Say Abolish Affirmative Action"
7200:"New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 No 109 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 19 Freedom from discrimination – New Zealand Legislation"
5855:
2420:
has ruled that in principle blacks may be favored, but in practice this should not lead to unfair discrimination against the others.
8458:
Parashar, Sakshi. "Affirmative Action and Social Discrimination: A Functional Comparative Study of India, USA and South Africa." in
6639:
6399:
These egalitarian and affirmative action movements—in other words, early "communism"—receive short shrift in most Western studies...
5646:
12592:
12227:
11789:
10904:
9080:
8968:
8706:
8269:(Princeton UP, 2009), scholarly history argues that Congress and the courts followed the lead of programs created by corporations.
8106:
Bernstein, David E. (2022) Classified: The untold story of racial classification in America. Bombardier Books, NY. ISBN 1637581734.
8028:
7896:
7015:
3193:
in the hiring process, with the concept later expanded to address gender discrimination. Affirmative action was first created from
448:
336:
7726:
6897:
3413:
A Leger poll taken in 2010 found 59% of Canadians opposed considering race, gender, or ethnicity when hiring for government jobs.
12408:
7873:
5982:
4610:
Rothman, Stanley; Lipset, S. M.; Nevitte, Neil (December 2002). "Diversity and affirmative action: The state of campus opinion".
3407:
3297:
For the purpose of assisting individuals or groups with a characteristic pertaining to a prohibited ground of discrimination; and
3256:
3180:
3141:
2581:
A class-based affirmative action policy was incorporated into the admission practices of the four most selective universities in
2417:
2115:
2100:
7296:
4979:
3058:
must be a proportionate means of enabling or encouraging people to overcome the disadvantage or to take part in the activity.")
2190:
The stated justification for affirmative action by its proponents is to help compensate for past discrimination, persecution or
12279:
11725:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11018:
10593:
9319:
9090:
8913:
8898:
8893:
8739:
7116:
4690:
3883:
2388:
2126:, wherein equal opportunity is promoted by encouraging underrepresented groups into a field. This is often described as being "
2005:
703:
458:
281:
266:
261:
91:
6537:"Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923–1937"
4191:
4107:
10621:
9150:
8878:
8563:
8179:
8073:
6858:
6511:
6480:
6451:
5966:
5222:
4055:
3359:
3090:
2609:
526:
246:
7224:
3189:
in the United States, 1863–1877. Current policy was introduced in the early 1960s in the United States, as a way to combat
12284:
11172:
10654:
9656:
8973:
8790:
3563:
3466:
2029:
1048:
341:
150:
7669:
7344:
2941:
boards, either gender should be represented by at least 40%. This affects roughly 400 companies of over 300,000 in total.
10302:
9972:
9885:
9776:
9446:
9266:
8903:
8888:
8630:
8397:
8061:
7642:
4681:
3610:
3093:, in order to reduce any possible bias towards Protestants. This was later referred to as the '50:50' measure. (See also
2397:
1706:
1364:
1277:
1168:
830:
648:
271:
256:
7995:
7599:"The Myth of Reverse Racism: The idea of white victimhood is increasingly central to the debate over affirmative action"
6062:
9870:
9346:
8308:"Essence coloniale d'une politique contemporaine: pour une approche fanonienne de la discrimination positive en France"
7652:
7598:
7525:
7152:
6582:
5672:
4957:
4695:
3240:
3078:
2104:
1262:
730:
7178:"Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as of 1 July 2013), Public Act 73 Measures to ensure equality – New Zealand Legislation"
6930:
6567:
12521:
11696:
11484:
11452:
9518:
9351:
8842:
8820:
8286:
8133:
8096:
7585:
6729:"What "positive action" is permitted under discrimination legislation? | FAQs | Tools | XpertHR.co.uk"
5117:
4254:
3756:
2783:
2498:
902:
735:
202:
180:
7702:
6981:
5985:[Aboriginal Students Enrollment Guarantee and Public Funding for Aboriginal Study Abroad Act] (in Chinese).
5403:
Izraeli, Dafna (March–April 2003). "Gender Politics in Israel: The Case of Affirmative Action for Women Directors".
4658:
Fidan Ana Kurtulus, "Affirmative Action and the Occupational Advancement of Minorities and Women During 1973–2003",
12506:
10255:
10092:
9992:
9451:
9341:
6787:
6112:"Esencia colonial de una política contemporánea: Por un enfoque fanoniano de la discriminación positiva en Francia"
5748:
5619:
3627:
3244:
3022:
2653:
1659:
1490:
1384:
835:
725:
7839:
5186:
12516:
11596:
9845:
9358:
9120:
8918:
7447:
6700:
4798:
3507:
3135:
2750:
2649:
2637:
2022:
1237:
742:
496:
286:
6037:
5267:"Affirmative Action Act, 2024 (Gender Equity ) Passed by Parliament | Newsroom - Ministry of Information, Ghana"
4124:
selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity—affirmative action generates intense controversy.
12526:
12289:
11661:
11613:
10879:
10827:
8983:
8470:
8044:
6627:
6244:
3066:
351:
9125:
5369:
5159:
3817:
2717:
has been shown to benefit the existing rich Malays instead of achieving its intention of helping poor Malays.
501:
12377:
12269:
11681:
11229:
10524:
10240:
8963:
8110:
Boxill, Bernard; Boxill, Jan (2005), "Affirmative action", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.),
7050:
5468:
4349:
2838:
2714:
2710:
2675:
1936:
1644:
331:
8342:
Constructing affirmative action: federal contract compliance and the building construction trades, 1956–1973
7199:
7177:
5430:
12458:
11631:
10682:
9803:
9751:
8729:
8699:
8639:
7926:
Arcidiacono, Peter; Lovenheim, Michael (1 March 2016). "Affirmative Action and the Quality–Fit Trade-off".
6900:. Clinton Administration's Affirmative Action Review: Report to the President. 19 July 1995. Archived from
5986:
5494:
3568:
2476:
2279:
1195:
1143:
81:
5005:
12587:
12562:
12443:
11656:
10435:
10287:
9706:
9309:
9255:
8345:
7355:
Christophe Jaffrelot, India's Silent Revolution: The rise of lower castes in northern India, p. 321. 2003
5334:
Alon, Sigal (2011). "The Diversity Dividends of a Need-blind and Color-blind Affirmative Action Policy".
4375:
3615:
3202:
regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin" but did not require or permit group preferences.
2621:
2559:
2342:
1847:
1691:
1098:
693:
631:
8277:
The next twenty-five years: affirmative action in higher education in the United States and South Africa
7551:"More Americans Disapprove Than Approve of Colleges Considering Race, Ethnicity in Admissions Decisions"
6670:
6555:"Представители коренных малочисленных народов Севера имеют право получить бесплатную юридическую помощь"
5118:"Affirmative action and state capacity in a democratic South Africa. Policy: issues & actors, 20(4)"
4048:
Racism Without Racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in the United States
3919:
2805:
powers had left that the British had practised communal favouritism towards Christians and the minority
12372:
12254:
11730:
11182:
10874:
10782:
10544:
9331:
9018:
8744:
8657:
An interview with Professor Randall Kennedy about the presidency of Barack Obama and affirmative action
8116:, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp.
4249:
Sowell, Thomas (2004). Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, Yale University Press,
3605:
3583:
3542:, but they cautioned that such improvements could be outweighed by decreases in law school attendance.
3230:
3131:
2529:
2437:
2404:
2377:
2315:
1956:
715:
386:
96:
8446:
When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America
7565:"As courts weigh affirmative action, grades and test scores seen as top factors in college admissions"
5816:
12536:
12531:
12352:
12026:
11937:
11816:
9897:
9711:
9613:
9498:
9167:
9135:
8800:
8734:
8476:
Pollak, Oliver B. (1983). "Antisemitism, the Harvard Plan, and the roots of reverse discrimination".
8334:"That's Not What We Meant to Do": Reform and Its Unintended Consequences in Twentieth-Century America
5801:
4322:
2797:
2365:
1289:
1103:
997:
882:
543:
511:
160:
86:
5251:
3326:
2660:, called ADik to the native Papuans and students from perhipery regions close to Indonesian border.
12541:
12511:
12202:
12004:
11763:
11720:
11686:
11187:
11177:
10859:
10647:
10157:
10045:
9892:
9661:
9598:
9428:
9383:
9245:
9130:
9112:
9048:
8978:
8857:
8332:
Gillon, Steven M. "The strange career of affirmative action: the Civil Rights Act of 1964" in his
7167:
Sowell, T. (1990). Preferential policies: An international perspective. William Morrow and Company.
6472:
4887:
4276:"Want to Be a Doctor? A Scientist? An Engineer? An Affirmative Action Leg Up May Hurt Your Chances"
3741:
3677:
3223:
3026:
2856:
lived a certain number of years in Greenland. These rules have been in force since 1 January 2014.
2393:
1555:
1443:
1284:
1053:
982:
812:
767:
621:
506:
486:
416:
346:
217:
17:
8614:
5072:
3229:
Affirmative action has been the subject of numerous court cases, and has been questioned upon its
12577:
12567:
12468:
12347:
12249:
12187:
11999:
11626:
11513:
11447:
11360:
10611:
10440:
10420:
10282:
10272:
10230:
9860:
9701:
9563:
9533:
9528:
9478:
9408:
9393:
9326:
9299:
9284:
8692:
7823:
7476:
7451:
6434:
Schrand, Thomas G. (2002). "Socialism in One Gender: Masculine Values in the Stalin Revolution".
5212:
3793:
3645:
3573:
3550:, and that this information predicts the student's academic performance after beginning college.
3512:
3503:
3396:
2480:
1852:
1832:
1686:
1676:
1634:
1252:
1093:
947:
917:
912:
862:
792:
777:
710:
683:
668:
47:
9508:
6956:"Executive Order 10925 – Establishing The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity"
5312:
4405:
3233:
legitimacy. In 2003, a Supreme Court decision regarding affirmative action in higher education (
2337:, and black people were largely used as unskilled labour, enforced by legislation including the
2226:
892:
12322:
12274:
12244:
12081:
12049:
12039:
11856:
11841:
11821:
11703:
11474:
11469:
10744:
10539:
10512:
10502:
9982:
9962:
9825:
9696:
9593:
9543:
9513:
9493:
9423:
9403:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9279:
9250:
9223:
9199:
9194:
8785:
8775:
8117:
8111:
7012:"Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action « Publishing the Long Civil Rights Movement"
4225:
4033:
3461:
3315:
2754:
2290:
2286:
2191:
2147:
2127:
1951:
1924:
1914:
1374:
1354:
1217:
1088:
977:
927:
897:
877:
807:
787:
762:
757:
752:
663:
626:
599:
575:
570:
145:
135:
8426:
7803:
7142:
5956:
4558:
4301:
3553:
A 2016 study on affirmative action in India finds no evidence for the mismatching hypothesis.
12572:
12264:
12259:
12197:
12142:
12091:
11713:
11244:
11217:
10889:
10817:
10507:
10467:
10400:
10297:
10245:
10172:
9927:
9691:
9603:
9578:
9573:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9488:
9438:
9398:
9304:
9274:
9177:
8795:
8035:
7996:"Does Affirmative Action Work? Caste, Gender, College Quality, and Academic Success in India"
7767:
Hill, Andrew J. (1 April 2017). "State affirmative action bans and STEM degree completions".
7578:
Cultural Whiplash: Unforeseen Consequences of America's Crusade Against Racial Discrimination
7432:
6959:
6503:
5937:
5823:
4639:
4627:
3736:
3709:
3598:
3539:
3330:
3283:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3194:
3190:
3167:
3158:
3070:
2989:
2617:
2384:
2369:
2179:
2167:
2159:
1919:
1879:
1812:
1701:
1649:
1570:
1319:
1083:
987:
962:
957:
942:
937:
932:
872:
822:
782:
688:
658:
553:
155:
8501:
8382:
7961:
Arcidiacono, Peter; Aucejo, Esteban M.; Fang, Hanming; Spenner, Kenneth I. (November 2011).
6814:
4909:
4864:
3355:
different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved".
2640:
in education, government civil worker selection, and police & army selection. After the
2472:
12332:
12108:
12061:
11881:
11876:
11651:
11646:
11621:
11561:
11405:
11385:
11337:
11207:
11122:
10960:
10378:
9912:
9786:
9503:
9463:
9413:
9388:
9209:
9172:
8908:
8770:
8668:
8435:
7403:
5827:
4490:
4002:
3766:
3633:
3290:
Under section 73 of the Human Rights Act 1993, affirmative action would be permissible if:
3235:
3105:
2916:
2834:
2695:
2613:
2608:
Reservation in India is a form of affirmative action designed to improve the well-being of
2603:
2252:
2142:
2131:
2109:
2093:
2082:
2070:
1790:
1304:
1178:
887:
847:
797:
772:
585:
548:
276:
130:
37:
8293:
6768:
2765:
8:
12582:
12237:
12232:
12170:
12118:
11836:
11804:
11794:
11676:
11666:
11197:
11192:
11013:
10993:
10914:
10834:
10812:
10792:
10640:
10554:
10415:
10050:
9952:
9932:
9721:
9629:
9588:
9568:
9538:
9433:
9228:
9043:
8644:
8625:
7742:
6222:
5771:"Mengenal ADik, Beasiswa Kuliah S1 dari Pemerintah RI untuk Generasi Papua dan Daerah 3T"
5287:
3945:
3430:
3417:
3113:
2938:
2929:
have objected, saying that this type of policy would "be a disservice" to poor children.
2921:
2877:
2698:
making up the majority of close to 58% of the population. About 22% of the population is
2641:
2346:
2338:
1966:
1827:
1448:
1344:
1324:
1113:
1021:
972:
952:
922:
817:
604:
411:
8516:
Stohler, Stephan (January 2021). "Untangling the Partisan Roots of Affirmative Action".
7904:
6901:
6862:
6413:
Red 'Teaspoons of Charity': Zhenotdel, Russian Women, and the Communist Party, 1919–1930
4515:
4183:
4099:
3390:
in 2005, the majority of Americans support affirmative action for women, while views on
12337:
12301:
12165:
12054:
12034:
11907:
11871:
11740:
11671:
11307:
11167:
11147:
11102:
11003:
10988:
10327:
10322:
10312:
10260:
10250:
10167:
10125:
10035:
10030:
10025:
9937:
9240:
8485:
8453:
To fulfill these rights: Political struggle over affirmative action and open admissions
8364:"Diversity within racial groups and the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions"
8254:
8246:
7943:
7854:
7251:
6390:
5598:"Afirmasi Pendidikan Tinggi – Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia"
5239:
4983:
4464:
4456:
4164:
4080:
3672:
3638:
3524:
Sander's paper on mismatching has been criticized by several law professors, including
3322:
3186:
3163:
2911:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1664:
1654:
1565:
1523:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1329:
616:
7796:
Affirmative Action, Mismatch, and Economic Mobility after California's Proposition 209
7066:
5416:
5099:
5043:
5006:"Manyi vows to get tough over BEE – Mail & Guardian Online: The smart news source"
3144:
explicitly permits affirmative action type legislation, although the Charter does not
12448:
12428:
12160:
12125:
11957:
11851:
11831:
11750:
11603:
11538:
11212:
11162:
11137:
11097:
11092:
11023:
10869:
10586:
10497:
10425:
10410:
10209:
10152:
9957:
9865:
9756:
9676:
9523:
8825:
8582:
8559:
8422:
8363:
8349:
8282:
8258:
8193:
8185:
8175:
8129:
8092:
8085:
8069:
7799:
7780:
7648:
7581:
7148:
7053:
6507:
6476:
6469:
The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
6447:
5962:
5835:
5521:"Modi govt announces 10 per cent quota for economically backward in general category"
5347:
5218:
5047:
4468:
4448:
4297:
4250:
4168:
4051:
3971:
3719:
3665:
3650:
3534:
3334:
3206:
3050:
2998:
2985:
2699:
2175:
1998:
1909:
1837:
1822:
1607:
1550:
1349:
1257:
1148:
1068:
907:
185:
8467:
Racing for innocence: Whiteness, gender, and the backlash against affirmative action
8402:
Harper, Shannon, and Barbara Reskin. "Affirmative action at school and on the job."
7818:
7029:
5896:
Perumal, M. (1989). "Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Malaysia, 1957–1984".
12418:
12207:
12175:
12135:
12130:
11927:
11917:
11735:
11566:
11523:
11496:
11491:
11345:
11312:
11302:
11152:
11080:
10884:
10822:
10802:
10787:
10549:
10534:
10462:
10383:
10353:
10184:
10020:
9726:
9294:
9289:
9140:
9038:
8525:
8319:
8238:
8167:
8121:
8007:
7974:
7947:
7935:
7776:
7378:
7056:. Managing Diversity in Public Sector Workforces. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2002
6589:(Regulation of the Ministry of Education on enrollment in secondary schools), 2021.
6439:
6416:
6382:
6332:
6324:
6275:
6123:
5412:
5343:
5095:
5039:
4619:
4592:
4540:
4440:
4287:
4154:
4146:
3781:
3714:
3687:
3444:
Affirmative action in the United States § Arguments against affirmative action
3422:
2865:
2814:
2703:
2645:
2570:
2210:
Marketing/advertising to groups that the affirmative action is intended to increase
2141:
on the subject is divided. Supporters of affirmative action argue that it promotes
2130:", but some American sociologists have argued that this is insufficient to achieve
2078:
1961:
1946:
1874:
1795:
1765:
1582:
1418:
1118:
678:
673:
516:
406:
7277:
2652:, has expressed that he will direct more effort towards recruiting Papuans to the
12478:
12413:
12222:
12192:
12180:
12044:
11942:
11809:
11142:
10909:
10712:
10687:
10677:
10564:
10472:
10368:
10317:
10177:
10162:
10142:
10107:
9820:
9731:
9666:
9473:
9418:
9204:
9063:
8679:
8621:
8300:
8275:
8159:
8147:
6651:
6586:
6497:
6279:
4871:
4732:
4702:
4353:
3697:
3682:
3660:
3588:
3547:
3529:
3400:
3287:
goal is to " celebrate excellence in workplace diversity, equity and inclusion."
3198:
3082:
3055:
3042:
2669:
2566:
2298:
2163:
2123:
1976:
1884:
1780:
1721:
1575:
1560:
1540:
1505:
1212:
1123:
1058:
857:
802:
580:
431:
33:
8546:
Sozialquote: Berliner Gymnasien sollen mehr Schüler aus armen Familien aufnehmen
5915:
4631:
3274:
12463:
12212:
12113:
12066:
11768:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11427:
11355:
11112:
11070:
10754:
10722:
10559:
10517:
10487:
10477:
10395:
10388:
10373:
10363:
10199:
10135:
10077:
10072:
10057:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9716:
9651:
9182:
9155:
9008:
8715:
8650:
8210:"United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights"
8163:
6036:(in Finnish). Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki. 2011. Archived from
5463:
4677:"Exploring the effect of four factors on affirmative action programs for women"
3776:
3761:
3746:
3692:
3655:
3517:
3454:
3391:
3248:
3038:
2822:
2259:
2138:
1971:
1929:
1899:
1889:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1775:
1597:
1533:
1475:
1470:
1455:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1108:
1043:
558:
531:
376:
55:
8125:
7144:
The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law
6746:
6373:
Stites, Richard (1976). "Zhenotdel: Bolshevism and Russian Women, 1917–1930".
4623:
4444:
4028:
Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
2761:
12556:
12438:
12357:
12342:
12327:
12098:
12076:
11982:
11866:
11799:
11773:
11708:
11551:
11508:
11503:
11350:
11234:
11132:
10854:
10707:
10692:
10571:
10194:
10130:
10115:
9977:
9942:
9922:
9793:
9736:
9671:
9085:
8988:
8506:
8353:
8197:
8171:
8151:
6443:
5051:
4452:
4150:
3086:
3074:
2993:
2988:, women and factory workers. Before 1934 ethnic minorities were described as
2969:
2957:
2545:
The Parliament of Ghana passed the Affirmative Action Bill on July 30, 2024.
2074:
1983:
1592:
1528:
1513:
1369:
1334:
1314:
1185:
1128:
1063:
453:
356:
6885:
The Affirmative Action Puzzle: A Living History From Reconstruction to Today
6579:
6386:
6088:
4429:"The Parameters of Affirmative Action: Equity and Excellence in the Academy"
3046:
which case membership in a disadvantaged group can become a "tie-breaker").
2896:
the quota is not met, and monetary penalties may apply for other directors.
2289:", in hopes that it is effective against discrimination without engaging in
12473:
12453:
12433:
12423:
12398:
12152:
11987:
11967:
11952:
11922:
11912:
11691:
11546:
11528:
11464:
11442:
11400:
11390:
11287:
11277:
11249:
10980:
10970:
10797:
10737:
10405:
10292:
10120:
10087:
10067:
9997:
9987:
9967:
9947:
9583:
9483:
9468:
9214:
9189:
9053:
8993:
8958:
8928:
8923:
8663:
Substantive Equality, Positive Action and Roma Rights in the European Union
8651:
Does the success of Barack Obama mean we no longer need affirmative action?
8205:
8143:
7117:"Of course legacy admissions should follow affirmative action to the grave"
6517:
6328:
6002:"Optagelse af grønlandske ansøgere — Uddannelses- og Forskningsministeriet"
5878:
3729:
3702:
2806:
2334:
1817:
1696:
1518:
1485:
1465:
1389:
1379:
1359:
1339:
967:
867:
852:
590:
565:
421:
361:
326:
296:
291:
8324:
8307:
8242:
6128:
6111:
5128:
2992:, but in 1934 this term was found inappropriate. In 1920s and early 1930s
2960:
are allocated quotas for access to public schools and state universities.
2876:
No distinctions based on race, religion or sex are allowed under the 1958
2329:
government, as a matter of state policy, favoured white-owned, especially
12086:
12009:
11977:
11437:
11380:
10998:
10955:
10930:
10899:
10894:
10849:
10774:
10764:
10749:
10702:
10307:
10267:
10235:
10102:
10062:
9902:
9815:
9766:
9741:
9641:
9336:
9075:
9058:
9013:
8933:
8011:
7383:
7366:
6337:
4292:
4275:
4271:
3788:
3578:
3499:
2881:
2533:
1711:
1671:
1639:
1500:
1460:
1294:
1207:
1158:
1133:
1033:
720:
443:
426:
381:
301:
8250:
7858:
6394:
4084:
12296:
12103:
12016:
11994:
11962:
11861:
11846:
11826:
11591:
11556:
11518:
11432:
11395:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11282:
11239:
11224:
11202:
11127:
10965:
10945:
10864:
10732:
10727:
10697:
10663:
10581:
10576:
10457:
10452:
10348:
10332:
10189:
10082:
10040:
10002:
9810:
9798:
9771:
9761:
9681:
9102:
9097:
9068:
9003:
8847:
8489:
7939:
7472:
6554:
5916:"Did the British Divide & Rule Ceylon? | Ilankai Tamil Sangam"
4830:
4758:
4596:
4544:
4460:
4428:
4159:
3946:"Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication"
2679:
1993:
1988:
1869:
1864:
1760:
1736:
1587:
1480:
1438:
1394:
1202:
1190:
1163:
1153:
1073:
470:
465:
436:
371:
207:
7090:"Supreme Court says states can ban affirmative action; 8 already have"
6496:
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabrielle (23 December 2014).
6420:
6031:"Hakuopas 2011. Lääketieteen ja hammaslääketieteen opiskelijavalinnat"
4802:
2158:
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in "
12483:
12403:
12217:
11902:
11256:
11157:
11117:
11087:
11008:
10844:
10807:
10482:
10430:
10147:
9746:
8873:
6068:(in Finnish). Faculty of Law, University of Helsinki. 2011. p. 3
3525:
3386:
3278:
2977:
2810:
2801:
2723:
2373:
2330:
2326:
1894:
1842:
1545:
1138:
241:
27:
Policy of promoting members of groups that suffer from discrimination
7294:
6536:
6223:"LOV-1997-06-13-45 Lov om allmennaksjeselskaper (allmennaksjeloven)"
5288:"Graduate Student Admission Ordainment – Ministry of Education, PRC"
4715:"The EU's Boardroom Quota Battle Is Over, But Women Cannot Yet Rest"
12317:
11375:
11365:
11297:
11292:
11261:
11107:
11062:
10940:
10935:
10839:
10717:
10447:
10277:
10204:
9855:
9781:
9686:
9646:
9033:
9028:
9023:
8948:
8943:
8883:
8586:
8529:
7994:
Bagde, Surendrakumar; Epple, Dennis; Taylor, Lowell (1 June 2016).
7963:"Does affirmative action lead to mismatch? A new test and evidence"
7840:"A Systemic Analysis of Affirmative Action in American Law Schools"
5958:
Inequality in Education: Comparative and International Perspectives
5163:
5030:
Bergmann, B. (1999). "The continuing need for affirmative action".
4175:
3771:
3724:
3352:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
2818:
2245:
2233:
2089:
1859:
1681:
1602:
1247:
1173:
1078:
1038:
401:
396:
391:
316:
311:
251:
8273:
Featherman, David L.; Hall, Martin; Krislov, Marvin, eds. (2010).
8189:
7320:"Supremo decide pro unanimidade pela constiucionalidade das cotas"
4346:
2122:
A variant of affirmative action more common in Europe is known as
2069:
employment and pay, increasing access to education, and promoting
11947:
11897:
11636:
11586:
11370:
11075:
10759:
8953:
8852:
8832:
8805:
8780:
8684:
7979:
7962:
5954:
5393:
Council for Higher Education (in Hebrew). Retrieved 31 March 2023
4980:"Business Report – Home – Motlanthe warns BEE council has failed"
2687:
2081:
and redressing alleged wrongs, harms, or hindrances, also called
321:
212:
192:
165:
140:
63:
8573:
Weiss, Robert J. (1987). "Affirmative Action: A Brief History".
6600:
6353:"Romii – PROGRESE ÎNREGISTRATE ÎN ROMÂNIA ÎN PERIOADA 2007–2008"
5597:
4376:"Today's racial quotas? Senator Humphrey would've eaten his hat"
3460:
Some opponents of affirmative action argue that it is a form of
12071:
11419:
11058:
9907:
8938:
8837:
8815:
8810:
8760:
8068:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–334.
6929:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from
6666:
5309:"Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission of Guangdong Province"
4321:. Society for History in the Federal Government. Archived from
3498:
Evidence in support of the mismatching theory was presented by
3148:
legislation that gives preferential treatment. Subsection 2 of
2582:
2267:
2213:
Specific training or emulation actions for identified audiences
1299:
306:
197:
175:
170:
120:
6958:. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Archived from
6924:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action"
6785:
6626:
5618:
Debora, Yantina (4 February 2020). Hartanto, Agung Dwi (ed.).
4316:"President Kennedy's E.O.10925: Seedbed of Affirmative Action"
3457:
at the expense of the least fortunate within majority groups.
2216:
Relaxation of selection criteria applied to a target audiences
2137:
In the United States, affirmative action is controversial and
11932:
10632:
9917:
8765:
7500:"Public strongly backs affirmative action programs on campus"
7349:
6541:
Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal
5673:"Gercin Minta Kapolri Akomodir OAP Masuk Akpol | Papua Today"
5620:"Seleksi CPNS KKP 2019–2020: Ada Kekhususan Bagi Orang Papua"
4483:"Equal Opportunity & Affirmative Action Policy Statement"
4218:"Reverse Racism, or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black"
2973:
2683:
2359:
1309:
125:
7960:
5856:"Encyclopedia of the Nations, "Malaysia Poverty and Wealth""
4356:, University of California, Irvine (access date 16 May 2015)
4050:(4th ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 101–102.
4000:
2248:
and affirmative action varies widely from nation to nation.
11972:
11415:
10529:
10358:
8062:"'Affirmative Action is reverse racism': The myth of merit"
5572:"777 Putra Asli Papua Lolos Program Beasiswa ADIK dan ADEM"
2981:
1941:
1770:
8437:
Affirmative action : the law and politics of equality
5647:"OAP calon siswa Bintara Noken di Papua capai 2.407 orang"
3918:
Jenkins, Laura Dudley; Moses, Michele S. (8 August 2017).
3752:
Special measures for gender equality in the United Nations
2207:
Specific scholarships and financial aid for certain groups
10950:
7897:"Attacking the 'Mismatch' Critique of Affirmative Action"
7431:. Quinnipiac University Poll. 3 June 2009. Archived from
5722:"Prabowo Disebut Bakal Perbanyak Prajurit TNI Asal Papua"
5645:
Rumagit, Alfian (25 February 2020). Jauhary, Andi (ed.).
5495:"Govt OKs 10% job quota for economically weaker sections"
3630:, the successor policy which replaced Affirmative Action
2251:
Caste-based and other group-based quotas are used in the
32:"Mismatch" redirects here. For the 2019 Indian film, see
8388:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
8369:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
8087:
The pursuit of fairness: a history of affirmative action
7616:
7526:"Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race"
6523:
rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance'
6499:
Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies
5749:"Beasiswa ADik untuk Pelajar Papua dan 3T • INDBeasiswa"
3972:"Flexible learning pathways in Finnish higher education"
2821:
was fostered and made into mediums for schools over the
8510:
Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study
8029:
Diversity, equity, and inclusion § Further reading
7571:
7367:"The Persistent Effect of Temporary Affirmative Action"
6580:
Pravilnik ministarstva prosvete o upisu u srednje škole
3908:. Oxford University Press, March 2023. Web. 6 May 2023.
3095:
Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland
11642:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
8040:"Integration, affirmative action, and strict scrutiny"
7345:
General Comment 18 on Non-discrimination, Paragraph 10
7059:
6834:"Guide to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms"
6694:
6692:
5961:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 295.
4660:
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society
4559:"What Is Affirmative Action? How It Works and Example"
4135:
2915:
brought up the discussion about affirmative action in
8673:
Affirmative Action on Campus Does More Harm than Good
8272:
7295:
Por Rodrigo Haidar e Filipe Coutinho (20 July 2009).
6974:
6086:
5696:"Siswa SMA Penerima Beasiswa Memilih Pulang ke Papua"
5547:"Guess how many Indians get merit-based scholarships"
5214:
The Constitution and the Rule of Law: An Introduction
4510:
4508:
4070:
2976:'s secretary and lover, was instrumental in creating
7925:
7448:"Race, Ideology, and Support for Affirmative Action"
6982:"Executive Order 11246—Equal employment opportunity"
6314:
6294:"Studie: Kjønnskvotering ingen effekt på lønnsomhet"
6089:"The French Constitution of 1958 and its Amendments"
4954:"'SAB deal to enrich black elite': Fin24: Companies"
4609:
4520:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 April 2009.
8462:(Springer Nature Singapore, 2023) pp. 171–187.
7225:"Is positive discrimination lawful in New Zealand?"
7022:
6689:
5955:Donald B. Holsinger; W. James Jacob (29 May 2009).
5879:"The real issue is intra-Malay economic inequality"
4582:
4007:, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
2624:(EWS), with the remaining unreserved. In 2014, the
2364:Following the transition to democracy in 1994, the
8512:(Yale University Press) analysis by a conservative
8274:
8084:
8066:Benign Bigotry: The Psychology of Subtle Prejudice
7051:Indy fire-fighters sue city, charge bias; also see
6890:
6495:
5948:
5311:. Mzzjw.gd.gov.cn. 15 October 2007. Archived from
4505:
3329:for "resurrecting Nazist ideals", appealed to the
2569:refers a policy in China on affirmative action in
10493:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
8615:"Affirmative Action: History and Analysis" (2003)
6723:
6721:
5160:"Culture, Communication and Media Studies - Home"
4644:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3102:Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002
2403:Employment Equity also forms part of a company's
2356:in South Africa, following the end of apartheid.
2166:on 6 March 1961, which included a provision that
1905:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
12554:
7993:
7736:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7067:"Highlights of the 2002–2003 Supreme Court Term"
6786:Richard Kelly and Isobel White (29 April 2009).
6638:. Commission for Racial Equality. Archived from
5088:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
4801:. Sahistory.org.za. 3 April 2011. Archived from
3448:Resistance to diversity efforts in organizations
2925:(University-preparatory school). Headmasters of
10153:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
8665:, Report by Minority Rights Group International
8602:Affirmative action : a documentary history
8556:'We Want Jobs': A History of Affirmative Action
7147:. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–37.
7140:
6570:(Constitution of The Republic of Serbia), 2006.
6265:
6025:
6023:
4982:. Busrep.co.za. 9 February 2010. Archived from
1551:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
9635:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
7894:
6718:
6701:"Is there a case for positive discrimination?"
6063:"Oikeustieteellinen tiedekunta. Hakuopas 2011"
5798:The 'Bumiputera Policy': Dynamics and Dilemmas
4530:
3340:
3325:party, accusing the board of directors of the
3185:The policy of affirmative action dates to the
1027:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
10648:
8700:
7423:
7421:
7391:
7339:
7337:
7317:
7044:
6859:"GNWT – Human Resources – Affirmative Action"
6411:Patterson, Michelle Jane (29 February 2012).
6142:Jean-Pierre Steinhofer, "Beur ou ordinaire",
5354:
5155:A critique of affirmative action: The concept
5032:The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance
4831:Race, law and poverty in the new South Africa
4045:
3621:Religious discrimination in the United States
2809:for the entire 200 years they had controlled
2636:Indonesia has offered affirmative action for
2436:With the introduction of Affirmative Action,
2423:
2030:
8091:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
7720:
7371:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
6861:. Hr.gov.nt.ca. 3 April 2012. Archived from
6436:Russian Masculinities in History and Culture
6055:
6020:
4340:
3917:
3594:History of civil rights in the United States
3108:to select more women as election candidates.
2198:
9851:List of people killed for being transgender
8543:
8412:
8281:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
6898:"Affirmative Action: History and Rationale"
6156:Eeckhout, Laetitia Van (17 December 2008).
5840:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5817:"Ethnic Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia"
5746:
5391:החלטות ישיבת הוועדה לתכנון ולתקצוב מס'1)100
5333:
4181:
4097:
3969:
3818:"The Equality Act 2010 and positive action"
3510:, in a 24 August 2007 article published in
1243:List of people killed for being transgender
10655:
10641:
8707:
8693:
8498:A History of Affirmative Action, 1619-2000
7755:The Painful Truth About Affirmative Action
7697:
7695:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7418:
7343:United Nations Committee on Human Rights,
7334:
7249:
5877:Ahmad, Nik Nazmi Nik (18 September 2019).
5384:
5210:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
2963:
2764:. Please do not remove this message until
2360:Post-apartheid – the Employment Equity Act
2113:, until 2023, when this was overturned in
2037:
2023:
12384:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
8544:Vieth-Entus, Susanne (29 December 2008).
8323:
7978:
7382:
7297:"DEM entra com ADPF contra cotas raciais"
6661:
6659:
6598:
6410:
6336:
6127:
6087:Jonathan D. Mott, PhD (7 February 1992).
5795:
4946:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4533:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
4291:
4158:
3882:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3852:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
3041:, hiring someone simply because of their
2784:Learn how and when to remove this message
2499:Learn how and when to remove this message
12598:Industrial and organizational psychology
12228:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
10905:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
8969:Social determinants of health in poverty
8500:(University Press of Mississippi, 2001)
8460:Comparative Approaches in Law and Policy
8082:
8059:
7727:Does affirmative action hurt minorities?
7087:
7030:"Federal Employment Discrimination Laws"
6831:
6815:"Force discriminated against white male"
6155:
5768:
5115:
5029:
4675:Kim, Sunhee; Kim, Seoyong (March 2014).
2760:Relevant discussion may be found on the
337:Social determinants of health in poverty
12409:Credentialism and educational inflation
8659:Clifford Armion for La Clé des langues.
8515:
8433:
8339:
8204:
7831:
7793:
7692:
7625:
7596:
7523:
7275:
6795:. House of Commons Library. SN/PC/05057
6622:
6620:
6618:
6601:"Slovakia bans positive discrimination"
6433:
6109:
5983:"原住民學生升學保障及原住民公費留學辦法(民國 102 年08月19 日 )"
5895:
5693:
5670:
5644:
5451:
5402:
5138:
5085:
5063:
5061:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4426:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4001:Nicole Richardt; Torrey Shanks (2008),
3943:
3815:
3408:Quinnipiac University Polling Institute
3257:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
3181:Affirmative action in the United States
3142:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2116:Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard
14:
12555:
12280:List of countries by unemployment rate
8142:
7871:
7837:
7816:
7640:
7364:
7219:
7217:
6832:Heritage, Canadian (23 October 2017).
6698:
6665:
6656:
6568:Constitution of The Republic of Serbia
6466:
6372:
5814:
5796:Mason, Richard; Omar, Ariffin (2004).
5617:
5211:van Staden, Martin (8 February 2019).
5111:
5109:
5025:
5023:
4849:
4817:
4759:"Uppsala discriminated against Swedes"
4674:
4378:. Family News Network. 20 January 2022
4270:
2389:Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment
2376:). A related, but distinct concept is
2273:
10636:
8688:
8572:
8553:
8312:Culture & History Digital Journal
7497:
7487:from the original on 4 November 2012.
7477:"Canadians against job hiring quotas"
7445:
7276:Plummer, Robert (25 September 2006).
7114:
7069:. Supct.law.cornell.edu. 27 June 2002
6632:"Affirmative action around the world"
6599:Goldirova, Renata (19 October 2005).
6460:
6116:Culture & History Digital Journal
5876:
5769:Nasikhah, Nunung (10 December 2019).
5459:"OBCs form 41% of population: Survey"
5431:"2011 Census Primary Census Abstract"
5264:
4852:"The problem with affirmative action"
4347:A Brief History of Affirmative Action
4245:
4243:
4211:
4209:
4182:Fullinwider, Robert (9 April 2018) .
4098:Fullinwider, Robert (9 April 2018) .
3994:
3920:"Affirmative action around the world"
3360:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2706:comprise about 6% of the population.
2610:Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
11173:Practice-based professional learning
10617:
9657:Capital punishment for homosexuality
8974:Social determinants of mental health
7766:
7667:
7471:
7446:Jones, Jeffrey M. (23 August 2005).
7278:"Black Brazil Seeks a Better Future"
7081:
6769:"Police recruitment 'will be 50:50'"
6615:
5184:
5069:"Black economic empowerment. (n.d.)"
5058:
4836:
4404:. Harvard Law School. Archived from
4259:
4215:
3564:Achievement gap in the United States
3316:Vestibular exam § Racial quotas
3117:equally well qualified for a role".
2984:for various social groups including
2734:
2451:
1049:Capital punishment for homosexuality
342:Social determinants of mental health
11726:Workers' right to access the toilet
9777:Genital modification and mutilation
8631:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7895:Jaschik, Scott (3 September 2008).
7644:Affirmative Action Around the World
7524:Riffkin, Rebecca (26 August 2015).
7517:
7214:
6699:Millar, Michael (17 January 2006).
5942:Minority Rights Group International
5405:Women's Studies International Forum
5106:
5020:
4188:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4104:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4019:
3611:Discrimination in the United States
3081:to recruit 50% of numbers from the
2997:representative of this republic's "
1169:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
8714:
8594:
8469:(Stanford University Press, 2012).
8381:Harpalani, Vinay (February 2013).
8362:Harpalani, Vinay (November 2012).
8336:WW Norton, 2000) pp. 120–162.
8156:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
8022:
7745:, by Thomas Sowell, 8 January 2003
7597:Newkirk, Vann R. (5 August 2017).
7202:. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 July 2013
7180:. Legislation.govt.nz. 1 July 2013
6992:from the original on 30 March 2010
6268:Scandinavian Journal of Management
5475:from the original on 17 April 2020
5185:Ryan, Ciaran (16 September 2019).
5178:
5071:. Southafrica.info. Archived from
4886:. Southafrica.info. Archived from
4833:, The Economist, 30 September 1999
4799:"White Workers and the Colour Bar"
4240:
4206:
4194:from the original on 12 March 2022
4110:from the original on 12 March 2022
3982:from the original on 22 April 2024
3241:California Civil Rights Initiative
3079:Police Service of Northern Ireland
25:
12609:
8642:collected news and commentary at
8620:
8608:
6534:
5694:Yunelia, Intan (3 October 2019).
3868:
3838:
3757:Strong-basis-in-evidence standard
3345:
3032:
2658:Ministry of Education and Culture
2345:, the Apprenticeship Act and the
12497:
12496:
11790:Corporate collapses and scandals
10616:
10607:
10606:
10256:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
10093:Law for Protection of the Nation
9993:White genocide conspiracy theory
8617:for secondary and middle schools
8340:Golland, David Hamilton (2008).
7987:
7954:
7919:
7888:
7865:
7810:
7787:
7781:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.01.003
7760:
7748:
7674:Michigan Journal of Race and Law
7661:
7590:
7557:
7543:
7491:
7465:
7439:
7358:
7311:
7288:
7269:
7243:
7192:
7170:
7161:
7134:
7108:
7088:DeSilver, Drew (22 April 2014).
7004:
6948:
6916:
6877:
6851:
6825:
6807:
6779:
6761:
6739:
6592:
6573:
6561:
6547:
6528:
6489:
6427:
6404:
6245:"27.000 flere bedrifter i Norge"
5348:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.05.005
4682:Asian Journal of Women's Studies
3944:Jeenger, Kailash (18 May 2020).
3816:Jarrett, Tim (24 October 2011).
3628:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
3304:
3245:Michigan Civil Rights Initiative
3205:On 24 September 1965, President
3197:, which was signed by President
3174:
3120:
2968:Soon after the 1918 revolution,
2739:
2654:Indonesian National Armed Forces
2456:
2341:, the Job Reservations Act, the
1660:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1491:Law for Protection of the Nation
1385:White genocide conspiracy theory
62:
36:. For the Indian TV series, see
10098:MSM blood donation restrictions
9846:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
8575:Journal of Intergroup Relations
7817:Heriot, Gail (24 August 2007).
7318:Débora Santos (26 April 2012).
6366:
6345:
6308:
6286:
6259:
6237:
6215:
6206:
6197:
6185:. Vie-publique.fr. 25 June 2002
6175:
6149:
6136:
6103:
6080:
5999:
5993:
5975:
5930:
5908:
5889:
5870:
5848:
5808:
5789:
5762:
5740:
5714:
5687:
5664:
5638:
5611:
5590:
5564:
5539:
5513:
5487:
5423:
5396:
5327:
5301:
5280:
5258:
5204:
5079:
4998:
4972:
4924:
4902:
4876:
4858:
4791:
4769:
4751:
4725:
4707:
4668:
4652:
4603:
4576:
4551:
4524:
4475:
4420:
4390:
4368:
4359:
4308:
4216:Fish, Stanley (November 1993).
4129:
4091:
4064:
4046:Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (2014).
4039:
3508:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
2682:, and the indigenous people of
2465:This section is written like a
2309:
1496:MSM blood donation restrictions
1238:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
12290:Employment-to-population ratio
11662:Occupational health psychology
10662:
10111:(as religious or racial quota)
8434:Hubbard, William Gary (1978).
8214:UN Economic and Social Council
8103:, a standard scholarly history
7928:Journal of Economic Literature
7819:"Affirmative Action Backfires"
7757:, The Atlantic, 2 October 2012
7498:Drake, Bruce (22 April 2014).
7299:(in Portuguese). Conjur.com.br
6628:Commission for Racial Equality
5469:Bennett, Coleman & Company
4626:(inactive 10 September 2024).
4433:Review of Educational Research
3963:
3937:
3911:
3898:
3809:
3489:
3268:
3067:Northern Ireland Peace Process
1509:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
12378:Works Progress Administration
12270:Unemployment Convention, 1919
11682:Personal protective equipment
11230:Occupational Outlook Handbook
10525:Second-generation gender bias
10241:Constitutional colorblindness
8964:Social determinants of health
8383:"Fisher's fishing expedition"
8231:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
8158:. Thousand Oaks, California:
8113:A companion to applied ethics
8060:Anderson, Kristin J. (2010).
7872:Fisman, Ray (29 April 2005).
7769:Economics of Education Review
7322:(in Portuguese). g1.globo.com
7115:Soave, Robby (29 June 2023).
5417:10.1016/S0277-5395(03)00043-8
5100:10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00091-3
5044:10.1016/S1062-9769(99)00027-7
3802:
3467:Fisher v. University of Texas
3384:According to a poll taken by
3061:Specific exemptions include:
2839:Council of Aboriginal Affairs
2715:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2711:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2676:Malaysian New Economic Policy
2626:Indian National Sample Survey
2479:and discuss the issue on the
1937:Second-generation gender bias
1645:Constitutional colorblindness
332:Social determinants of health
12459:Psychopathy in the workplace
11632:Human factors and ergonomics
6280:10.1016/j.scaman.2010.10.002
6247:. nettavisen.no. 27 May 2004
5987:Ministry of Justice (Taiwan)
5938:"Taiwan: Indigenous peoples"
5008:. Mg.co.za. 20 November 2009
4850:Stokes, G. (15 March 2010).
4427:Tierney, William G. (1997).
4015:– via Encyclopedia.com
3569:Affirmative action bake sale
3502:, a professor of law at the
3437:
3140:The equality section of the
3136:Federal Contractors' Program
2939:public stock companies (ASA)
2837:. Ministry of Education and
2730:
2631:
2622:Economically Weaker Sections
2320:
2280:Reserved political positions
2227:Women in government (quotas)
7:
12593:Majority–minority relations
12444:Narcissism in the workplace
11657:Occupational exposure limit
10436:Medical model of disability
10288:Hate speech laws by country
8346:City University of New York
8267:Inventing equal opportunity
8083:Anderson, Terry H. (2004).
7838:Sander, Richard H. (2004).
7707:Southern Poverty Law Center
7406:. Usatoday.Com. 20 May 2005
7096:. The Pew Charitable Trusts
6675:Discrimination: your rights
6467:Martin, Terry Dean (2001).
5747:INDBeasiswa (10 May 2019).
4912:. Mg.co.za. 3 February 2010
4139:Policy Futures in Education
3616:Racism in the United States
3556:
3341:International organizations
3085:community and 50% from the
3016:
2766:conditions to do so are met
2663:
2656:. Education scholarship by
2560:Affirmative action in China
2343:Native Building Workers Act
2134:of outcomes based on race.
2094:reservation system in India
1848:Medical model of disability
1692:Hate speech laws by country
10:
12614:
12373:Civil Works Administration
12255:Technological unemployment
11731:Workplace health promotion
11183:Professional certification
10880:Personality–job fit theory
10545:Social model of disability
9019:Discrimination against men
8404:Annual Review of Sociology
8026:
6296:. e24.no. 2 September 2016
4932:"BEE: A man made disaster"
4689:(1): 30–69. Archived from
3606:Disability rights movement
3584:Civil and political rights
3441:
3366:
3313:
3263:
3178:
3132:Employment equity (Canada)
3129:
2952:
2899:
2859:
2850:
2667:
2601:
2557:
2447:
2438:black economic empowerment
2424:Affirmative action purpose
2405:Black Economic Empowerment
2378:Black Economic Empowerment
2316:Black Economic Empowerment
2313:
2277:
2224:
2153:
1957:Social model of disability
387:Discrimination against men
31:
12492:
12391:
12353:Guaranteed minimum income
12310:
12151:
12025:
11938:Organizational commitment
11890:
11782:
11749:
11612:
11537:
11414:
11336:
11270:
11057:
10979:
10923:
10773:
10670:
10602:
10341:
10218:
10011:
9898:Opposition to immigration
9622:
9264:
9111:
8866:
8816:Race / Ethnicity
8753:
8722:
8554:Weiss, Robert J. (1997).
8538:Journal of Policy History
8126:10.1002/9780470996621.ch9
7794:Bleemer, Zachary (2020).
7647:. Yale University Press.
6671:"Types of discrimination"
5898:Singapore Economic Review
5858:. Nationsencyclopedia.com
5802:Universiti Sains Malaysia
5671:Redaksi (22 March 2019).
4624:10.1007/s12129-002-1045-8
4445:10.3102/00346543067002165
3846:"positive discrimination"
3309:
3125:
3007:
2932:
2871:
2845:
2828:
2576:
2366:African National Congress
2304:
2239:
2199:Methods of implementation
2160:Executive Order No. 10925
1290:Opposition to immigration
176:Race / Ethnicity
12522:Aspects of organizations
12203:Involuntary unemployment
11764:Equal pay for equal work
11687:Repetitive strain injury
11188:Professional development
11178:Professional association
10860:Letter of recommendation
9893:Occupational segregation
9662:Compulsory sterilization
8172:10.4135/9781412965811.n5
8000:American Economic Review
7141:Steven M. Teles (2010).
6473:Cornell University Press
6444:10.1057/9780230501799_11
4662:(2012) 51#2 pp 213–246.
4151:10.1177/1478210320940139
4073:Race, Gender & Class
3904:"positive, adj. and n."
3742:Reasonable accommodation
3379:
3224:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2597:
2553:
2394:people with disabilities
2220:
1285:Occupational segregation
1054:Compulsory sterilization
12507:Aspects of corporations
12469:Slow movement (culture)
12348:Employer of last resort
12250:Structural unemployment
12188:Frictional unemployment
11627:Epilepsy and employment
11514:Performance-related pay
11448:National average salary
11361:996 working hour system
10421:Internalized oppression
10283:Fighting Discrimination
10273:Fat acceptance movement
10231:Anti-discrimination law
9871:Native American mascots
8653:NOW on PBS investigates
8636:, for graduate students
8306:Ghorbal, Karim (2015).
7901:Inside Higher Education
7824:The Wall Street Journal
7641:Sowell, Thomas (2004).
7580:/ Patrick Garry (2006)
7365:Miller, Conrad (2017).
6650:14 October 2016 at the
6387:10.1163/187633176X00107
6110:Ghorbal, Karim (2015).
5336:Social Science Research
5265:admin (8 August 2024).
5187:"A government unhinged"
4956:. Fin24. Archived from
4884:"Employment Equity FAQ"
4190:. Stanford University.
4106:. Stanford University.
3794:Reparations for slavery
3646:Economic discrimination
3574:Anti-discrimination law
3513:The Wall Street Journal
3504:University of San Diego
2964:Soviet Union and Russia
2917:Germany's school system
2704:those of Indian descent
2548:
2162:", signed by President
2062:positive discrimination
2052:(also sometimes called
1833:Internalized oppression
1687:Fighting Discrimination
1677:Fat acceptance movement
1635:Anti-discrimination law
1263:Native American mascots
12517:Aspects of occupations
12323:Unemployment insurance
12275:Unemployment extension
12245:Reserve army of labour
12050:Constructive dismissal
11857:Sleeping while on duty
11822:Exploitation of labour
11704:Sick building syndrome
10875:Person–environment fit
10745:Independent contractor
10540:Social identity threat
10513:Reverse discrimination
10503:Racial color blindness
9983:Violence against women
9963:Sex-selective abortion
8600:Robinson, Jo Ann, ed.
8406:. 31 (2005): 357-379.
8036:Anderson, Elizabeth S.
7967:Quantitative Economics
7668:Yang, Tseming (2006).
7252:"Diversity Awards NZ™"
6329:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4031
5362:"משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה"
4777:"Job Reservations Act"
3462:reverse discrimination
3327:University of Brasília
3153:physical disability".
2798:Standardization policy
2614:Other Backward Classes
2291:reverse discrimination
2168:government contractors
2148:reverse discrimination
1952:Social identity threat
1925:Reverse discrimination
1915:Racial color blindness
1375:Violence against women
1355:Sex-selective abortion
12527:Aspects of workplaces
12265:Unemployment benefits
12260:Types of unemployment
12198:Graduate unemployment
12092:Letter of resignation
11721:Workers' compensation
11714:Occupational fatality
11218:Vocational university
10818:Employment counsellor
10508:Religious intolerance
10468:Political correctness
10298:Intersex human rights
10246:Cultural assimilation
9928:Religious persecution
9692:Disability hate crime
8540:18.4 (2006): 446-476.
8478:Jewish Social Studies
8325:10.3989/chdj.2015.016
8243:10.1353/rap.2001.0003
8222:E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/21
8027:Further information:
6630:(29 September 2006).
6585:6 August 2020 at the
6504:Bloomsbury Publishing
6129:10.3989/chdj.2015.016
5824:Georgetown University
5116:Edigheji, O. (2006).
4910:"BEE's Glass Slipper"
4870:18 March 2014 at the
4365:Executive Order 11246
3737:Race and intelligence
3710:Political correctness
3678:Men's rights movement
3599:Civil rights movement
3331:Supreme Federal Court
3314:Further information:
3284:Human Rights Act 1993
3219:Executive Order 11375
3215:Executive Order 10925
3211:Executive Order 11246
3195:Executive Order 10925
3191:racial discrimination
3168:Northwest Territories
3159:Employment Equity Act
3130:Further information:
3071:Good Friday Agreement
2618:Constitution of India
2532:, and undermined the
2385:Employment Equity Act
2180:Executive Order 11246
1920:Religious intolerance
1880:Political correctness
1702:Intersex human rights
1650:Cultural assimilation
1320:Religious persecution
1084:Disability hate crime
12333:Job creation program
12109:Mandatory retirement
12062:Employee offboarding
11882:Workplace incivility
11877:Workplace harassment
11652:Occupational disease
11647:Occupational burnout
11562:Disability insurance
11406:Workweek and weekend
11386:Retroactive overtime
11208:Vocational education
11123:Continuing education
10961:Permanent employment
9913:Political repression
8919:Anti-left handedness
8909:Anti-intellectualism
8678:23 July 2016 at the
8669:Intelligence Squared
8626:"Affirmative Action"
8455:(Columbia UP, 2019).
8448:(W. W. Norton, 2006)
8358:Order No. DA3325474.
8148:"Affirmative Action"
8012:10.1257/aer.20140783
7384:10.1257/app.20160121
7032:. EmployeeIssues.com
6986:The Federal Register
6883:Melvin I. Urofsky,
6789:All-women shortlists
6775:. 12 September 2001.
6749:. Legislation.gov.uk
6438:. pp. 194–209.
5828:University of Malaya
5815:Ravallion1, Martin.
5471:. 1 September 2007.
5366:משרד הכלכלה והתעשייה
4701:24 June 2015 at the
4693:on 4 September 2015.
4398:"Affirmative Action"
4293:10.2139/ssrn.3112683
4184:"Affirmative Action"
4120:When steps involve
4100:"Affirmative Action"
4034:600 U.S. ___
3970:UNESCO IIEP (2021).
3876:"affirmative action"
3767:Substantive equality
3634:Diversity (business)
3506:and a member of the
3236:Grutter v. Bollinger
3213:, thereby replacing
3106:all-women shortlists
3023:Constitutional Court
2890:Armées d'aujourd'hui
2835:Taiwanese aborigines
2604:Reservation in India
2398:Department of Labour
2143:substantive equality
2132:substantive equality
2110:Grutter v. Bollinger
2101:In the United States
2083:substantive equality
1305:Political repression
287:Anti-left handedness
277:Anti-intellectualism
38:Mismatch (TV series)
12238:Recession-proof job
12233:Lists of recessions
12171:Economic depression
12119:Retirement planning
12000:Work–life interface
11837:Employee monitoring
11805:Corporate behaviour
11795:Accounting scandals
11677:Occupational stress
11667:Occupational injury
11198:Reflective practice
11193:Professional school
10915:Work-at-home scheme
10835:Induction programme
10813:Employment contract
10793:Business networking
10416:Historical eugenics
9953:Segregation academy
9933:Religious terrorism
9722:Enemy of the people
9630:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
9151:Jehovah's Witnesses
9044:Perpetual foreigner
8645:The Washington Post
8299:7 June 2010 at the
8220:on 16 October 2015.
7907:on 13 December 2017
7847:Stanford Law Review
7733:, 26 September 2007
7504:Pew Research Center
7094:Pew Research Center
7018:on 19 October 2014.
6821:. 22 February 2019.
6747:"Equality Act 2010"
6642:on 25 January 2007.
6557:. 18 February 2016.
5075:on 1 November 2012.
4765:. 21 December 2006.
4352:12 May 2015 at the
3886:on 23 February 2014
3880:Oxford Dictionaries
3856:on 23 February 2014
3850:Oxford Dictionaries
3431:Pew Research Center
3418:Pew Research Center
3294:Done in good faith;
3247:), and Washington (
3114:employment tribunal
3104:allowed the use of
2990:culturally backward
2878:French Constitution
2753:of this article is
2642:2019 Papua protests
2473:improve the section
2347:Bantu Education Act
2339:Mines and Works Act
2274:National approaches
1828:Historical eugenics
1345:Segregation academy
1325:Religious terrorism
1114:Enemy of the people
1022:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
527:Jehovah's Witnesses
412:Perpetual foreigner
12588:Left-wing politics
12563:Affirmative action
12501:See also templates
12338:Job creation index
12302:Youth unemployment
12166:Discouraged worker
12055:Wrongful dismissal
12035:At-will employment
11908:Civil conscription
11872:Workplace bullying
11759:Affirmative action
11741:Workplace wellness
11672:Occupational noise
11308:Long service leave
11168:Overspecialization
11148:Induction training
11103:Career development
10328:Social integration
10323:Self-determination
10313:Racial integration
10261:Diversity training
10251:Cultural pluralism
10226:Affirmative action
10126:Racial segregation
10036:Crime of apartheid
9938:Religious violence
9443:Indigenous people
8843:Sexual orientation
8640:Affirmative Action
8465:Pierce, Jennifer.
8451:Okechukwu, Amaka.
7940:10.1257/jel.54.1.3
7475:(12 August 2010).
6317:Management Science
6144:Armée d'ajourd'hui
5525:The Economic Times
5438:Censusindia.gov.in
5372:on 1 February 2013
4779:. South End Museum
4612:Academic Questions
4597:10.1007/BF00129440
4545:10.1111/spc3.12374
4517:Affirmative Action
4328:on 27 October 2020
3673:Legacy preferences
3639:Diversity training
3350:The International
3187:Reconstruction Era
3164:visible minorities
3073:and the resulting
2700:of Chinese descent
2477:encyclopedic style
2253:reservation system
2172:affirmative action
2058:alternative access
2050:Affirmative action
1732:Social integration
1727:Self-determination
1717:Racial integration
1665:Diversity training
1655:Cultural pluralism
1631:Affirmative action
1524:Racial segregation
1434:Crime of apartheid
1330:Religious violence
827:Indigenous people
203:Sexual orientation
12550:
12549:
12449:Post-work society
12429:Kiss up kick down
12161:Barriers to entry
12126:Severance package
11958:Human trafficking
11852:Sexual harassment
11832:Employee handbook
11751:Equal opportunity
11614:Safety and health
11604:Take-home vehicle
11213:Vocational school
11163:Lifelong learning
11138:Further education
11098:Career counseling
11093:Career assessment
10870:Overqualification
10630:
10629:
10498:Racism by country
10426:Intersectionality
10411:Heteronormativity
10210:Voter suppression
9958:Sexual harassment
9757:Forced conversion
9677:Cultural genocide
9342:African Americans
9161:post–Cold War era
9146:Eastern Orthodoxy
8904:Anti-drug addicts
8899:Anti-homelessness
8826:Scientific racism
8565:978-0-8153-2750-9
8496:Rubio, Philip F.
8444:Katznelson, Ira.
8181:978-1-4129-6580-4
8075:978-0-52-187835-7
7731:Los Angeles Times
7435:on 24 April 2021.
7054:Norma M. Riccucci
6733:www.xperthr.co.uk
6513:978-0-85773-896-7
6482:978-0-8014-8677-7
6471:. United States:
6453:978-1-349-42592-1
6158:"Le Plan Sarkozy"
6043:on 2 October 2011
5968:978-90-481-2652-1
5775:www.urbanasia.com
5315:on 5 January 2009
5224:978-0-9921788-6-4
5157:. Retrieved from
5153:Goga, F. (n.d.).
4960:on 3 October 2011
4739:. 7 December 2022
4274:(December 2010).
4228:on 28 August 2020
4057:978-1-4422-2055-3
4004:Equal Opportunity
3720:Progressive stack
3651:Equal opportunity
3535:Peter Arcidiacono
3335:constitutionality
3207:Lyndon B. Johnson
3091:other communities
3051:Equality Act 2010
2999:titular ethnicity
2986:ethnic minorities
2904:Article 3 of the
2794:
2793:
2786:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2176:Lyndon B. Johnson
2047:
2046:
1910:Racism by country
1838:Intersectionality
1823:Heteronormativity
1608:Voter suppression
1350:Sexual harassment
1149:Forced conversion
1069:Cultural genocide
726:African Americans
537:post–Cold War era
522:Eastern Orthodoxy
272:Anti-drug addicts
267:Anti-homelessness
186:Scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
12605:
12537:Critique of work
12532:Corporate titles
12500:
12499:
12419:Evil corporation
12285:Employment rates
12208:Jobless recovery
12176:Great Depression
12136:Golden parachute
12131:Golden handshake
11928:Job satisfaction
11918:Critique of work
11736:Workplace phobia
11567:Health insurance
11524:Wage compression
11492:Progressive wage
11346:35-hour workweek
11313:No call, no show
11303:Leave of absence
11153:Knowledge worker
11081:Master craftsman
10885:Personality hire
10823:Executive search
10803:Curriculum vitae
10788:Background check
10657:
10650:
10643:
10634:
10633:
10620:
10619:
10610:
10609:
10550:Social privilege
10535:Social exclusion
10463:Police brutality
10384:Multiculturalism
10354:Amatonormativity
10185:Social exclusion
10021:Age of candidacy
9821:Homeless dumping
9727:Ethnic cleansing
8709:
8702:
8695:
8686:
8685:
8635:
8622:Zalta, Edward N.
8590:
8569:
8550:Der Tagesspiegel
8549:
8533:
8493:
8441:
8430:
8396:
8377:
8357:
8329:
8327:
8292:
8280:
8262:
8221:
8216:. Archived from
8208:(17 June 2002).
8201:
8166:. pp. 6–8.
8139:
8102:
8090:
8079:
8053:
8016:
8015:
8006:(6): 1495–1521.
7991:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7903:. Archived from
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7869:
7863:
7862:
7844:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7814:
7808:
7807:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7764:
7758:
7752:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7703:"Charles Murray"
7699:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7638:
7623:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7594:
7588:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7567:. 26 April 2022.
7561:
7555:
7554:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7536:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7512:
7510:
7495:
7489:
7488:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7425:
7416:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7400:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7347:
7341:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7315:
7309:
7308:
7306:
7304:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7273:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7250:DiversityWorks.
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7221:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7101:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7063:
7057:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7014:. Archived from
7008:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6935:
6928:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6894:
6888:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6865:on 3 August 2012
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6783:
6777:
6776:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6725:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6696:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6669:(4 April 2013).
6663:
6654:
6643:
6624:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6603:. Euobserver.com
6596:
6590:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6464:
6458:
6457:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6323:(6): 4112–4134.
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6219:
6213:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6153:
6147:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6091:. Thisnation.com
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6035:
6027:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5852:
5846:
5845:
5839:
5831:
5821:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5527:. 7 January 2019
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5501:. 7 January 2019
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5435:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5368:. Archived from
5358:
5352:
5351:
5342:(6): 1494–1505.
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5162:. Archived from
5151:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5127:. Archived from
5122:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5027:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4934:. Moneyweb.co.za
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4880:
4874:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4847:
4834:
4828:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4805:on 19 March 2014
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4711:
4705:
4694:
4672:
4666:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4635:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4585:Higher Education
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4489:. Archived from
4479:
4473:
4472:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4357:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4268:
4257:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4224:. Archived from
4213:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4162:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3924:The Conversation
3915:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3782:Angry white male
3715:Positive liberty
3688:Multiculturalism
2906:German Basic Law
2866:Swedish language
2789:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2743:
2742:
2735:
2650:defense minister
2646:Prabowo Subianto
2571:criminal justice
2536:in the country.
2504:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2079:social inclusion
2039:
2032:
2025:
1962:Social privilege
1947:Social exclusion
1875:Police brutality
1796:Multiculturalism
1766:Amatonormativity
1583:Social exclusion
1419:Age of candidacy
1213:Homeless dumping
1119:Ethnic cleansing
66:
43:
42:
21:
12613:
12612:
12608:
12607:
12606:
12604:
12603:
12602:
12553:
12552:
12551:
12546:
12542:Organized labor
12512:Aspects of jobs
12488:
12479:Toxic workplace
12414:Emotional labor
12387:
12311:Public programs
12306:
12223:Great Recession
12193:Full employment
12181:Long Depression
12147:
12045:Banishment room
12021:
11943:Refusal of work
11886:
11810:Corporate crime
11778:
11745:
11608:
11533:
11410:
11332:
11266:
11143:Graduate school
11053:
10975:
10919:
10910:Underemployment
10769:
10713:Self-employment
10688:Contingent work
10678:Academic tenure
10671:Classifications
10666:
10661:
10631:
10626:
10598:
10473:Polyculturalism
10369:Civil liberties
10337:
10318:Reappropriation
10219:Countermeasures
10214:
10143:Racial steering
10109:Numerus clausus
10013:
10007:
9732:Ethnic conflict
9667:Corrective rape
9618:
9260:
9107:
8999:HIV/AIDS stigma
8862:
8811:Mental disorder
8749:
8718:
8713:
8680:Wayback Machine
8611:
8597:
8595:Primary sources
8566:
8558:. Garland Pub.
8507:Sowell, Thomas.
8475:
8380:
8361:
8305:
8301:Wayback Machine
8289:
8265:Dobbin, Frank.
8228:
8182:
8136:
8109:
8099:
8076:
8034:
8031:
8025:
8023:Further reading
8020:
8019:
7992:
7988:
7959:
7955:
7924:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7893:
7889:
7879:
7877:
7870:
7866:
7842:
7836:
7832:
7815:
7811:
7792:
7788:
7765:
7761:
7753:
7749:
7743:Quotas on trial
7741:
7737:
7725:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7701:
7700:
7693:
7683:
7681:
7666:
7662:
7655:
7639:
7626:
7621:
7617:
7607:
7605:
7595:
7591:
7576:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7549:
7548:
7544:
7534:
7532:
7522:
7518:
7508:
7506:
7496:
7492:
7470:
7466:
7456:
7454:
7444:
7440:
7427:
7426:
7419:
7409:
7407:
7402:
7401:
7392:
7363:
7359:
7354:
7350:
7342:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7316:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7293:
7289:
7274:
7270:
7260:
7258:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7231:. 13 April 2022
7223:
7222:
7215:
7205:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7123:
7113:
7109:
7099:
7097:
7086:
7082:
7072:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7049:
7045:
7035:
7033:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7010:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6993:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6965:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6936:on 4 March 2016
6933:
6926:
6922:
6921:
6917:
6907:
6905:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6882:
6878:
6868:
6866:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6842:
6840:
6830:
6826:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6780:
6767:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6727:
6726:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6705:Personnel Today
6697:
6690:
6680:
6678:
6664:
6657:
6652:Wayback Machine
6625:
6616:
6606:
6604:
6597:
6593:
6587:Wayback Machine
6578:
6574:
6566:
6562:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6533:
6529:
6514:
6494:
6490:
6483:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6432:
6428:
6409:
6405:
6375:Russian History
6371:
6367:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6264:
6260:
6250:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6166:
6164:
6154:
6150:
6141:
6137:
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6033:
6029:
6028:
6021:
6011:
6009:
5998:
5994:
5981:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5953:
5949:
5944:. 19 June 2015.
5936:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5894:
5890:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5833:
5832:
5819:
5813:
5809:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5777:(in Indonesian)
5767:
5763:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5728:(in Indonesian)
5720:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5702:(in Indonesian)
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5675:(in Indonesian)
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5626:(in Indonesian)
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5578:(in Indonesian)
5570:
5569:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5476:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5440:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5401:
5397:
5389:
5385:
5375:
5373:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5332:
5328:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5247:
5246:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5183:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5166:on 22 June 2012
5158:
5152:
5139:
5134:on 19 May 2014.
5131:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5084:
5080:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5028:
5021:
5011:
5009:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4890:on 1 April 2012
4882:
4881:
4877:
4872:Wayback Machine
4863:
4859:
4854:. Fanews.co.za.
4848:
4837:
4829:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4703:Wayback Machine
4673:
4669:
4657:
4653:
4637:
4636:
4608:
4604:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4529:
4525:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4496:
4494:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4409:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4354:Wayback Machine
4345:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4272:Heriot, Gail L.
4269:
4260:
4248:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4180:
4176:
4134:
4130:
4113:
4111:
4096:
4092:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3952:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3698:Numerus clausus
3683:Minority rights
3661:Gender equality
3589:Civil liberties
3559:
3548:Duke University
3530:Jesse Rothstein
3492:
3455:minority groups
3450:
3440:
3401:Hispanic people
3392:minority groups
3382:
3369:
3348:
3343:
3318:
3312:
3307:
3273:Individuals of
3271:
3266:
3199:John F. Kennedy
3183:
3177:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3056:positive action
3043:protected-group
3035:
3019:
3010:
2966:
2955:
2935:
2902:
2874:
2862:
2853:
2848:
2831:
2813:. However, the
2807:Tamil community
2790:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2759:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2672:
2670:Ketuanan Melayu
2666:
2634:
2606:
2600:
2579:
2567:Liangshaoyikuan
2562:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2505:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2426:
2362:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2299:positive action
2282:
2276:
2242:
2229:
2223:
2201:
2164:John F. Kennedy
2156:
2124:positive action
2066:positive action
2043:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1885:Polyculturalism
1781:Civil liberties
1753:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1722:Reappropriation
1624:
1623:Countermeasures
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1541:Racial steering
1507:Numerus clausus
1411:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1124:Ethnic conflict
1059:Corrective rape
1014:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
651:
640:
639:
638:
637:
636:
489:
479:
478:
477:
476:
475:
367:HIV/AIDS stigma
234:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
171:Mental disorder
113:
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
74:
41:
34:Mismatch (film)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12611:
12601:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12580:
12578:Social justice
12575:
12570:
12568:Discrimination
12565:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12503:
12502:
12493:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12464:Sunday scaries
12461:
12456:
12451:
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12401:
12395:
12393:
12389:
12388:
12381:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12314:
12312:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12293:
12292:
12287:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12241:
12240:
12235:
12230:
12225:
12215:
12213:Phillips curve
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12184:
12183:
12178:
12168:
12163:
12157:
12155:
12149:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12140:
12139:
12138:
12133:
12123:
12122:
12121:
12116:
12114:Retirement age
12111:
12101:
12096:
12095:
12094:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12067:Exit interview
12064:
12059:
12058:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12037:
12031:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12020:
12019:
12014:
12013:
12012:
12007:
11997:
11992:
11991:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11894:
11892:
11888:
11887:
11885:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11817:Discrimination
11814:
11813:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11786:
11784:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11776:
11771:
11769:Gender pay gap
11766:
11761:
11755:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11717:
11716:
11706:
11701:
11700:
11699:
11689:
11684:
11679:
11674:
11669:
11664:
11659:
11654:
11649:
11644:
11639:
11634:
11629:
11624:
11618:
11616:
11610:
11609:
11607:
11606:
11601:
11600:
11599:
11589:
11584:
11582:Parental leave
11579:
11577:Marriage leave
11574:
11572:Life insurance
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11543:
11541:
11535:
11534:
11532:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11506:
11501:
11500:
11499:
11489:
11488:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11462:
11461:
11460:
11455:
11445:
11440:
11435:
11430:
11428:Income bracket
11424:
11422:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11408:
11403:
11398:
11393:
11388:
11383:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11356:Eight-hour day
11353:
11348:
11342:
11340:
11334:
11333:
11331:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11253:
11252:
11247:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11222:
11221:
11220:
11215:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11145:
11140:
11135:
11130:
11125:
11115:
11113:Creative class
11110:
11105:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11084:
11083:
11073:
11071:Apprenticeship
11067:
11065:
11055:
11054:
11052:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11039:Scarlet-collar
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10985:
10983:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10958:
10953:
10948:
10943:
10938:
10933:
10927:
10925:
10921:
10920:
10918:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10831:
10830:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10779:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10755:Temporary work
10752:
10747:
10742:
10741:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10723:Skilled worker
10720:
10715:
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10674:
10672:
10668:
10667:
10660:
10659:
10652:
10645:
10637:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10614:
10603:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10596:
10591:
10590:
10589:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10521:
10520:
10518:Reverse racism
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10488:Prisoner abuse
10485:
10480:
10478:Power distance
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10396:Ethnic penalty
10393:
10392:
10391:
10389:Neurodiversity
10386:
10376:
10374:Dehumanization
10371:
10366:
10364:Cisnormativity
10361:
10356:
10351:
10345:
10343:
10342:Related topics
10339:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10222:
10220:
10216:
10215:
10213:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10200:State religion
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10139:
10138:
10136:Nuremberg Laws
10133:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10078:Ghetto benches
10075:
10073:Gerrymandering
10070:
10065:
10060:
10058:Gender pay gap
10055:
10054:
10053:
10048:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10017:
10015:
10012:Discriminatory
10009:
10008:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9841:Lavender scare
9838:
9836:Kill Haole Day
9833:
9831:Indian rolling
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9796:
9791:
9790:
9789:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9717:Eliminationism
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9652:Cancel culture
9649:
9644:
9639:
9638:
9637:
9626:
9624:
9623:Manifestations
9620:
9619:
9617:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9519:Middle Eastern
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9441:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9271:
9269:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9258:
9256:Zoroastrianism
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9232:
9231:
9221:
9220:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9183:Untouchability
9180:
9170:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9094:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9009:Leprosy stigma
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8870:
8868:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8829:
8828:
8823:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8757:
8755:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8719:
8716:Discrimination
8712:
8711:
8704:
8697:
8689:
8683:
8682:
8666:
8660:
8654:
8648:
8637:
8618:
8610:
8609:External links
8607:
8606:
8605:
8596:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8570:
8564:
8551:
8541:
8534:
8530:10.1086/712211
8513:
8504:
8494:
8473:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8431:
8410:
8400:
8378:
8359:
8344:(PhD thesis).
8337:
8330:
8303:
8287:
8270:
8263:
8226:
8202:
8180:
8164:Cato Institute
8152:Hamowy, Ronald
8140:
8134:
8107:
8104:
8097:
8080:
8074:
8057:
8045:NYU Law Review
8024:
8021:
8018:
8017:
7986:
7973:(3): 303–333.
7953:
7918:
7887:
7864:
7853:(2): 367–483.
7830:
7809:
7786:
7759:
7747:
7735:
7719:
7691:
7660:
7654:978-0300107753
7653:
7624:
7615:
7589:
7570:
7556:
7553:. 8 June 2023.
7542:
7516:
7490:
7464:
7438:
7417:
7404:"Usatoday.Com"
7390:
7377:(3): 152–190.
7357:
7348:
7333:
7310:
7287:
7268:
7256:DiversityWorks
7242:
7213:
7191:
7169:
7160:
7154:978-1400829699
7153:
7133:
7107:
7080:
7058:
7043:
7021:
7003:
6973:
6962:on 27 May 2010
6947:
6915:
6904:on 27 May 2011
6889:
6876:
6850:
6824:
6806:
6778:
6760:
6738:
6717:
6688:
6655:
6614:
6591:
6572:
6560:
6546:
6535:Chang, Jon K.
6527:
6512:
6488:
6481:
6459:
6452:
6426:
6403:
6381:(1): 174–193.
6365:
6344:
6307:
6285:
6258:
6236:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6183:"Vie Publique"
6174:
6148:
6135:
6102:
6079:
6054:
6019:
5992:
5974:
5967:
5947:
5929:
5907:
5888:
5869:
5847:
5807:
5788:
5761:
5739:
5713:
5686:
5663:
5637:
5610:
5589:
5563:
5538:
5512:
5486:
5464:Times of India
5450:
5422:
5411:(2): 109–128.
5395:
5383:
5353:
5326:
5300:
5279:
5257:
5248:|website=
5223:
5203:
5177:
5137:
5105:
5094:(2): 157–187.
5078:
5057:
5038:(5): 757–768.
5019:
4997:
4986:on 16 May 2016
4971:
4945:
4923:
4901:
4875:
4857:
4835:
4816:
4790:
4768:
4750:
4724:
4706:
4667:
4651:
4602:
4591:(2): 177–191.
4575:
4550:
4523:
4504:
4474:
4439:(2): 165–196.
4419:
4408:on 18 May 2015
4389:
4367:
4358:
4339:
4307:
4258:
4239:
4205:
4174:
4128:
4090:
4063:
4056:
4038:
4018:
3993:
3962:
3936:
3910:
3897:
3867:
3837:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3777:White backlash
3774:
3769:
3764:
3762:Social justice
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Reverse racism
3744:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3693:Multiracialism
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3666:Women's rights
3658:
3656:Ethnic penalty
3653:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3518:Richard Sander
3491:
3488:
3439:
3436:
3381:
3378:
3368:
3365:
3347:
3346:United Nations
3344:
3342:
3339:
3321:services. The
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3249:Initiative 200
3231:constitutional
3179:Main article:
3176:
3173:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3098:
3039:United Kingdom
3034:
3033:United Kingdom
3031:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3006:
2965:
2962:
2954:
2951:
2934:
2931:
2901:
2898:
2873:
2870:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2830:
2827:
2823:Tamil language
2792:
2791:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2668:Main article:
2665:
2662:
2638:native Papuans
2633:
2630:
2602:Main article:
2599:
2596:
2578:
2575:
2558:Main article:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2507:
2506:
2475:by writing in
2464:
2462:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2425:
2422:
2361:
2358:
2322:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2275:
2272:
2260:European Union
2244:Law regarding
2241:
2238:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2155:
2152:
2139:public opinion
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1930:Reverse racism
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1900:Prisoner abuse
1897:
1892:
1890:Power distance
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Ethnic penalty
1805:
1804:
1803:
1801:Neurodiversity
1798:
1788:
1786:Dehumanization
1783:
1778:
1776:Cisnormativity
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:Related topics
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:State religion
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:Nuremberg Laws
1531:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:Ghetto benches
1473:
1471:Gerrymandering
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:Gender pay gap
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Lavender scare
1230:
1228:Kill Haole Day
1225:
1223:Indian rolling
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:Eliminationism
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1044:Cancel culture
1041:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:Manifestations
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
903:Middle Eastern
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
718:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
696:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
654:
653:
652:
646:
645:
642:
641:
635:
634:
632:Zoroastrianism
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
563:
562:
561:
559:Untouchability
556:
546:
541:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
509:
504:
499:
493:
492:
491:
490:
485:
484:
481:
480:
474:
473:
468:
463:
462:
461:
456:
451:
441:
440:
439:
434:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Leprosy stigma
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
237:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
189:
188:
183:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
77:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
56:Discrimination
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12610:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12560:
12558:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12504:
12495:
12494:
12491:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12439:Make-work job
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12396:
12394:
12390:
12386:
12385:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12359:
12358:Right to work
12356:
12354:
12351:
12349:
12346:
12344:
12343:Job guarantee
12341:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12329:
12328:Make-work job
12326:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12313:
12309:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12282:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12239:
12236:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12220:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12186:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12173:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12150:
12144:
12141:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12124:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12099:Restructuring
12097:
12093:
12090:
12089:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12077:Notice period
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12042:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12018:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11983:Unfree labour
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11953:Bonded labour
11951:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11895:
11893:
11889:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11867:Whistleblower
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11800:Control fraud
11798:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11791:
11788:
11787:
11785:
11781:
11775:
11774:Glass ceiling
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11748:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11715:
11712:
11711:
11710:
11709:Work accident
11707:
11705:
11702:
11698:
11697:United States
11695:
11694:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11683:
11680:
11678:
11675:
11673:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11663:
11660:
11658:
11655:
11653:
11650:
11648:
11645:
11643:
11640:
11638:
11635:
11633:
11630:
11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11611:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11597:United States
11595:
11594:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11552:Casual Friday
11550:
11548:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11536:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11509:Paid time off
11507:
11505:
11504:Overtime rate
11502:
11498:
11495:
11494:
11493:
11490:
11486:
11485:United States
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11466:
11463:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11434:
11431:
11429:
11426:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11417:
11413:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11351:Four-day week
11349:
11347:
11344:
11343:
11341:
11339:
11335:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11235:Practice firm
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11219:
11216:
11214:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11133:Employability
11131:
11129:
11126:
11124:
11121:
11120:
11119:
11116:
11114:
11111:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11082:
11079:
11078:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11034:Orange-collar
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10982:
10981:Working class
10978:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10947:
10944:
10942:
10939:
10937:
10934:
10932:
10929:
10928:
10926:
10922:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10855:Job interview
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10772:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10721:
10719:
10716:
10714:
10711:
10709:
10708:Part-time job
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10693:Full-time job
10691:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10658:
10653:
10651:
10646:
10644:
10639:
10638:
10635:
10623:
10615:
10613:
10605:
10604:
10601:
10595:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10572:Social stigma
10570:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10519:
10516:
10515:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10442:
10439:
10438:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10340:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10262:
10259:
10258:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10217:
10211:
10208:
10206:
10203:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10195:State atheism
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10160:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10131:Jim Crow laws
10129:
10128:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10116:One-drop rule
10114:
10112:
10110:
10106:
10104:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10031:Blood quantum
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10016:
10010:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9978:Victimisation
9976:
9974:
9973:Trans bashing
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9943:Religious war
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9923:Racialization
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9805:
9802:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9794:Glass ceiling
9792:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9737:Ethnic hatred
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9672:Counter-jihad
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9636:
9633:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9458:
9457:United States
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9321:
9320:United States
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9263:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9241:Protestantism
9239:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9169:
9166:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9156:LDS or Mormon
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9086:Transmisogyny
9084:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8989:Gerontophobia
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8914:Anti-intersex
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8889:Anti-albinism
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8758:
8756:
8752:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8730:Institutional
8728:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8710:
8705:
8703:
8698:
8696:
8691:
8690:
8687:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8670:
8667:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8641:
8638:
8633:
8632:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8588:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8484:(2): 113–22.
8483:
8479:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8399:
8394:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8376:(2): 463–537.
8375:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8338:
8335:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8295:
8290:
8288:9780472033775
8284:
8279:
8278:
8271:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8237:(1): 85–108.
8236:
8232:
8227:
8225:
8219:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8206:Bossuyt, Marc
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8144:Bolick, Clint
8141:
8137:
8135:9781405133456
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8100:
8098:9780195157642
8094:
8089:
8088:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7981:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7922:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7891:
7875:
7868:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7826:
7825:
7820:
7813:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7790:
7782:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7756:
7751:
7744:
7739:
7732:
7728:
7723:
7708:
7704:
7698:
7696:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7664:
7656:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7633:
7631:
7629:
7619:
7604:
7600:
7593:
7587:
7586:1-58182-569-2
7583:
7579:
7574:
7566:
7560:
7552:
7546:
7531:
7527:
7520:
7505:
7501:
7494:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7468:
7453:
7449:
7442:
7434:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7405:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7361:
7352:
7346:
7340:
7338:
7321:
7314:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7272:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7230:
7226:
7220:
7218:
7201:
7195:
7179:
7173:
7164:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7137:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7095:
7091:
7084:
7068:
7062:
7055:
7052:
7047:
7031:
7025:
7017:
7013:
7007:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6932:
6925:
6919:
6903:
6899:
6893:
6886:
6880:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6839:
6838:www.canada.ca
6835:
6828:
6820:
6816:
6810:
6791:
6790:
6782:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6748:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6693:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6662:
6660:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6569:
6564:
6556:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6463:
6455:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6354:
6348:
6339:
6338:11250/3046314
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6295:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6246:
6240:
6224:
6218:
6209:
6200:
6184:
6178:
6163:
6159:
6152:
6145:
6139:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6090:
6083:
6064:
6058:
6039:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5978:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5917:
5911:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5857:
5851:
5843:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5750:
5743:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5674:
5667:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5500:
5499:Deccan Herald
5496:
5490:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5439:
5432:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5387:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5289:
5283:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5241:
5226:
5220:
5217:. FMF Books.
5216:
5215:
5207:
5192:
5188:
5181:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5110:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5007:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4933:
4927:
4911:
4905:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:Archived copy
4861:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4778:
4772:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4647:
4641:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4509:
4493:on 1 May 2015
4492:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4407:
4403:
4402:Harvard Blogs
4399:
4393:
4377:
4371:
4362:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4324:
4317:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4256:
4255:0-300-10199-6
4252:
4246:
4244:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4094:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3826:
3825:UK Parliament
3819:
3812:
3808:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3305:South America
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:), Michigan (
3242:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3175:United States
3172:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3156:The Canadian
3154:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3121:North America
3118:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:required the
3076:
3075:Patten report
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2994:Korenizatsiia
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:Inessa Armand
2961:
2959:
2958:Romani people
2950:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2857:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:, Indonesian
2647:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:(SC/ST), and
2611:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2500:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2418:Supreme Court
2413:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2317:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2258:In 2012, the
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:Supreme Court
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:social equity
2072:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Social stigma
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:State atheism
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Jim Crow laws
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:One-drop rule
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Blood quantum
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Victimisation
1368:
1366:
1365:Trans bashing
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Religious war
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:Racialization
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Glass ceiling
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Ethnic hatred
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Counter-jihad
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1010:
1009:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
842:
841:United States
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
705:
704:United States
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
650:
644:
643:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:Protestantism
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
533:
532:LDS or Mormon
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
488:
483:
482:
472:
469:
467:
464:
460:
457:
455:
454:Transmisogyny
452:
450:
447:
446:
445:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Gerontophobia
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:Anti-intersex
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Anti-albinism
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
230:
229:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
109:
108:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
82:Institutional
80:
79:
70:
69:
65:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
12573:Race and law
12474:Toxic leader
12454:Presenteeism
12434:Labor rights
12424:Going postal
12399:Bullshit job
12382:
12367:
12362:
12153:Unemployment
12005:Downshifting
11988:Wage slavery
11968:Penal labour
11923:Dead-end job
11913:Conscription
11758:
11692:Right to sit
11547:Annual leave
11529:Working poor
11465:Minimum wage
11443:Maximum wage
11401:Working time
11391:Six-hour day
11288:Career break
11250:Professional
11044:Black-collar
11014:White-collar
10994:Green-collar
10971:Volunteering
10808:Drug testing
10798:Cover letter
10738:Tradesperson
10406:Gender-blind
10293:Human rights
10225:
10121:Racial quota
10108:
10088:Jewish quota
10068:Gerontocracy
10063:Gender roles
10041:Disabilities
10026:Blood purity
9998:Wife selling
9988:White flight
9968:Slut-shaming
9948:Scapegoating
9866:Murder music
9539:Palestinians
9352:South Africa
9337:Black people
9315:South Africa
9136:Christianity
9126:Baháʼí Faith
9054:Sectarianism
8994:Heterosexism
8959:Ephebiphobia
8929:Antisemitism
8924:Anti-Masonry
8791:Hair texture
8643:
8629:
8601:
8581:(2): 40–53.
8578:
8574:
8555:
8545:
8537:
8524:(1): 41–74.
8521:
8517:
8509:
8497:
8481:
8477:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8436:
8418:
8414:
8403:
8392:
8386:
8373:
8367:
8341:
8333:
8315:
8311:
8276:
8266:
8234:
8230:
8218:the original
8155:
8112:
8086:
8065:
8049:
8043:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7980:10.3982/QE83
7970:
7966:
7956:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7909:. Retrieved
7905:the original
7900:
7890:
7878:. Retrieved
7867:
7850:
7846:
7833:
7822:
7812:
7795:
7789:
7772:
7768:
7762:
7750:
7738:
7730:
7722:
7710:. Retrieved
7706:
7682:. Retrieved
7677:
7673:
7663:
7643:
7618:
7606:. Retrieved
7603:The Atlantic
7602:
7592:
7577:
7573:
7559:
7545:
7533:. Retrieved
7529:
7519:
7507:. Retrieved
7503:
7493:
7480:
7467:
7455:. Retrieved
7441:
7433:the original
7408:. Retrieved
7374:
7370:
7360:
7351:
7324:. Retrieved
7313:
7301:. Retrieved
7290:
7284:. São Paulo.
7281:
7271:
7259:. Retrieved
7255:
7245:
7233:. Retrieved
7228:
7204:. Retrieved
7194:
7182:. Retrieved
7172:
7163:
7143:
7136:
7124:. Retrieved
7120:
7110:
7098:. Retrieved
7093:
7083:
7071:. Retrieved
7061:
7046:
7034:. Retrieved
7024:
7016:the original
7006:
6994:. Retrieved
6985:
6976:
6964:. Retrieved
6960:the original
6950:
6940:27 September
6938:. Retrieved
6931:the original
6918:
6906:. Retrieved
6902:the original
6892:
6884:
6879:
6867:. Retrieved
6863:the original
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6837:
6827:
6818:
6809:
6797:. Retrieved
6788:
6781:
6772:
6763:
6751:. Retrieved
6741:
6732:
6708:. Retrieved
6704:
6679:. Retrieved
6674:
6640:the original
6635:
6605:. Retrieved
6594:
6575:
6563:
6549:
6540:
6530:
6521:
6518:Google Books
6516:– via
6498:
6491:
6468:
6462:
6435:
6429:
6412:
6406:
6398:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6356:. Retrieved
6347:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6298:. Retrieved
6288:
6274:(1): 44–54.
6271:
6267:
6261:
6249:. Retrieved
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6225:. Lovdata.no
6217:
6208:
6199:
6187:. Retrieved
6177:
6165:. Retrieved
6161:
6151:
6143:
6138:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6093:. Retrieved
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6038:the original
6010:. Retrieved
6005:
5995:
5977:
5957:
5950:
5941:
5932:
5920:. Retrieved
5918:. Sangam.org
5910:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5883:Malaysiakini
5882:
5872:
5860:. Retrieved
5850:
5810:
5800:. Malaysia:
5797:
5791:
5779:. Retrieved
5774:
5764:
5752:. Retrieved
5742:
5730:. Retrieved
5725:
5716:
5704:. Retrieved
5699:
5689:
5677:. Retrieved
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5650:
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5623:
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5575:
5566:
5554:. Retrieved
5550:
5541:
5529:. Retrieved
5524:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5498:
5489:
5477:. Retrieved
5462:
5453:
5441:. Retrieved
5437:
5425:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5386:
5374:. Retrieved
5370:the original
5365:
5356:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5317:. Retrieved
5313:the original
5303:
5291:. Retrieved
5282:
5270:. Retrieved
5260:
5230:17 September
5228:. Retrieved
5213:
5206:
5196:17 September
5194:. Retrieved
5190:
5180:
5168:. Retrieved
5164:the original
5154:
5129:the original
5124:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5073:the original
5035:
5031:
5010:. Retrieved
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4984:the original
4974:
4962:. Retrieved
4958:the original
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4888:the original
4878:
4860:
4807:. Retrieved
4803:the original
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4771:
4762:
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4691:the original
4686:
4680:
4670:
4659:
4654:
4640:cite journal
4618:(4): 52–66.
4615:
4611:
4605:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4563:Investopedia
4562:
4553:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4516:
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4486:
4477:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4410:. Retrieved
4406:the original
4401:
4392:
4380:. Retrieved
4370:
4361:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4323:the original
4310:
4286:(3): 18–25.
4283:
4279:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:the original
4222:The Atlantic
4221:
4196:. Retrieved
4187:
4177:
4145:(1): 63–83.
4142:
4138:
4131:
4122:preferential
4121:
4119:
4112:. Retrieved
4103:
4093:
4079:(4): 22–37.
4076:
4072:
4066:
4047:
4041:
4036: (2023).
4026:
4021:
4011:12 September
4009:, retrieved
4003:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3975:
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3884:the original
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3854:the original
3849:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3824:
3811:
3730:Racial quota
3703:Jewish quota
3552:
3544:
3523:
3511:
3497:
3493:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3451:
3428:
3415:
3412:
3405:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3357:
3349:
3333:against the
3319:
3289:
3272:
3255:
3253:
3234:
3228:
3204:
3184:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3112:In 2019, an
3111:
3065:Part of the
3060:
3048:
3036:
3027:Constitution
3020:
3011:
3003:
2967:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2926:
2920:
2910:
2903:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2875:
2863:
2854:
2832:
2796:In 1981 the
2795:
2780:
2771:
2749:
2721:
2719:
2708:
2692:
2673:
2635:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2563:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2495:
2486:
2471:Please help
2466:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2382:
2363:
2354:
2351:
2335:white people
2324:
2310:South Africa
2295:
2283:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2230:
2192:exploitation
2189:
2185:
2171:
2157:
2136:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2098:
2090:quota system
2087:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:reservations
2053:
2049:
2048:
1818:Gender-blind
1697:Human rights
1519:Racial quota
1506:
1486:Jewish quota
1466:Gerontocracy
1461:Gender roles
1439:Disabilities
1424:Blood purity
1390:Wife selling
1380:White flight
1360:Slut-shaming
1340:Scapegoating
1258:Murder music
923:Palestinians
736:South Africa
721:Black people
699:South Africa
512:Christianity
502:Baháʼí Faith
422:Sectarianism
362:Heterosexism
327:Ephebiphobia
297:Antisemitism
292:Anti-Masonry
151:Hair texture
29:
12363:Historical:
12087:Resignation
12027:Termination
12010:Slow living
11978:Truck wages
11963:Labour camp
11891:Willingness
11783:Infractions
11438:Living wage
11381:Remote work
11049:Gold-collar
11004:Pink-collar
10999:Grey-collar
10989:Blue-collar
10956:Labour hire
10931:Cooperative
10895:Recruitment
10850:Job hunting
10783:Application
10765:Wage labour
10750:Labour hire
10703:Job sharing
10308:Nonviolence
10303:LGBT rights
10268:Empowerment
10236:Anti-racism
10158:Segregation
10103:No kid zone
9903:Persecution
9816:Hate speech
9767:Gay bashing
9742:Ethnic joke
9697:Dog whistle
9642:Blood libel
9332:Azerbaijani
9236:Neopaganism
9229:Persecution
9195:Persecution
9178:Persecution
9141:Catholicism
9076:Transphobia
9059:Supremacism
9014:Lesbophobia
8934:Aporophobia
8894:Anti-autism
8745:Taste-based
8740:Statistical
8395:(1): 57–74.
8318:(2): e016.
8052:: 1195–271.
7934:(1): 3–51.
7876:. Slate.com
7874:"Slate.com"
7481:Toronto Sun
7473:Akin, David
7261:26 November
7235:26 November
7206:1 September
7184:1 September
7073:1 September
6122:(2): e016.
6008:(in Danish)
5922:1 September
5904:(2): 33–46.
5781:24 February
5754:24 February
5651:Antara News
5479:21 November
5272:9 September
4743:26 February
4487:chatham.edu
4160:10923/19826
3986:20 February
3955:20 February
3929:20 February
3890:13 February
3860:13 February
3789:White guilt
3579:Anti-racism
3533:studies by
3500:Gail Heriot
3490:Mismatching
3269:New Zealand
2882:Sciences Po
2534:rule of law
2287:color blind
2128:color blind
1712:Nonviolence
1707:LGBT rights
1672:Empowerment
1640:Anti-racism
1556:Segregation
1501:No kid zone
1295:Persecution
1208:Hate speech
1159:Gay bashing
1134:Ethnic joke
1089:Dog whistle
1034:Blood libel
716:Azerbaijani
612:Neopaganism
605:Persecution
571:Persecution
554:Persecution
517:Catholicism
444:Transphobia
427:Supremacism
382:Lesbophobia
302:Aporophobia
262:Anti-autism
97:Taste-based
92:Statistical
12583:Liberalism
12557:Categories
12297:Wage curve
12104:Retirement
12017:Workaholic
11995:Work ethic
11862:Wage theft
11847:Labour law
11842:Evaluation
11827:Dress code
11592:Sick leave
11557:Child care
11519:Salary cap
11433:Income tax
11396:Shift work
11328:Time clock
11323:Sick leave
11318:Sabbatical
11283:Break room
11271:Attendance
11240:Profession
11225:Mentorship
11203:Retraining
11128:E-learning
11024:New-collar
11019:Red-collar
10966:Supervisor
10946:Internship
10865:Onboarding
10733:Technician
10728:Journeyman
10698:Gig worker
10664:Employment
10582:Stereotype
10577:Speciesism
10458:Oppression
10453:Oikophobia
10349:Allophilia
10333:Toleration
10190:Sodomy law
10083:Internment
10003:Witch-hunt
9881:Blackhawks
9811:Hate group
9799:Hate crime
9772:Gendercide
9762:Freak show
9752:Excellence
9712:Employment
9682:Defamation
9614:Vietnamese
9609:Venezuelan
9499:Lithuanian
9168:Falun Gong
9103:Xenophobia
9098:Vegaphobia
9081:Non-binary
9039:Pedophobia
9004:Homophobia
8821:Skin color
8781:Disability
8754:Attributes
8735:Structural
8190:2008009151
7911:27 January
7798:(Thesis).
7229:Lane Neave
7121:Reason.com
7100:24 October
6996:5 February
6966:5 February
6908:6 December
6843:7 February
6421:1807/32159
6415:(Thesis).
6358:30 January
5376:22 October
5170:5 November
5125:cps.org.za
4719:Forbes.com
4198:30 October
4114:30 October
3906:OED Online
3803:References
3442:See also:
3279:Polynesian
3150:Section 15
3087:Protestant
2912:Left Party
2802:Sri Lankan
2751:neutrality
2680:Orang Asli
2530:corruption
2314:See also:
2278:See also:
2225:See also:
1994:Stereotype
1989:Speciesism
1870:Oppression
1865:Oikophobia
1761:Allophilia
1737:Toleration
1588:Sodomy law
1481:Internment
1395:Witch-hunt
1273:Blackhawks
1203:Hate group
1191:Hate crime
1164:Gendercide
1154:Freak show
1144:Excellence
1104:Employment
1074:Defamation
998:Vietnamese
993:Venezuelan
883:Lithuanian
544:Falun Gong
471:Xenophobia
466:Vegaphobia
449:Non-binary
407:Pedophobia
372:Homophobia
181:Skin color
141:Disability
112:Attributes
87:Structural
12484:Workhouse
12404:Busy work
12218:Recession
12082:Pink slip
12040:Dismissal
11903:Careerism
11497:Singapore
11475:Hong Kong
11338:Schedules
11257:Tradesman
11158:Licensure
11118:Education
11088:Avocation
11029:No-collar
11009:Precariat
10890:Probation
10845:Job fraud
10555:Christian
10483:Prejudice
10431:Masculism
10379:Diversity
10173:religious
10148:Redlining
9747:Ethnocide
9707:Education
9599:Ukrainian
9534:Pakistani
9524:Mongolian
9447:Australia
9429:Hungarian
9384:Colombian
9364:Bulgarian
9246:Rastafari
9200:Ahmadiyya
9113:Religious
9091:Trans men
9049:Pregnancy
8984:Gayphobia
8979:Fatphobia
8879:Acephobia
8874:Arophobia
8858:Viewpoint
8440:(Thesis).
8354:279305174
8259:144851327
8198:750831024
7775:: 31–40.
6012:29 August
5700:medcom.id
5556:3 January
5531:7 January
5505:7 January
5443:1 October
5250:ignored (
5240:cite book
5052:1062-9769
4763:The Local
4632:603595788
4469:146578304
4453:0034-6543
4332:20 August
4169:225376002
3540:state bar
3526:Ian Ayres
3438:Criticism
3387:USA Today
3323:Democrats
3277:or other
2978:Zhenotdel
2927:Gymnasien
2922:Gymnasium
2815:Sinhalese
2811:Sri Lanka
2774:June 2023
2762:talk page
2731:Sri Lanka
2724:Bumiputra
2722:See also
2632:Indonesia
2522:Negative:
2515:Positive:
2481:talk page
2374:Coloureds
2331:Afrikaner
2327:apartheid
2321:Apartheid
2071:diversity
1967:Christian
1895:Prejudice
1843:Masculism
1791:Diversity
1571:religious
1546:Redlining
1139:Ethnocide
1099:Education
983:Ukrainian
918:Pakistani
908:Mongolian
831:Australia
813:Hungarian
768:Colombian
748:Bulgarian
622:Rastafari
576:Ahmadiyya
487:Religious
459:Trans men
417:Pregnancy
352:Gayphobia
347:Fatphobia
247:Acephobia
242:Arophobia
218:Viewpoint
12392:See also
12318:Workfare
12143:Turnover
11539:Benefits
11420:salaries
11376:Overtime
11366:Flextime
11298:Gap year
11293:Furlough
11262:Vocation
11245:Operator
11108:Coaching
11063:training
10941:Employer
10936:Employee
10840:Job fair
10718:Side job
10612:Category
10594:The talk
10530:Snobbery
10448:Net bias
10278:Feminism
10205:Ugly law
10046:Catholic
10014:policies
9861:Mortgage
9856:Lynching
9787:examples
9782:Genocide
9702:Economic
9687:Democide
9647:Bullying
9564:Romanian
9529:Nigerian
9479:Japanese
9409:Georgian
9394:Filipino
9327:Assyrian
9300:Armenian
9290:American
9285:Albanian
9267:National
9251:Yazidism
9173:Hinduism
9131:Buddhism
9034:Nepotism
9029:Misogyny
9024:Misandry
8949:Clannism
8944:Biphobia
8884:Adultism
8801:Language
8676:Archived
8671:debate:
8587:EJ360259
8297:Archived
8294:Details.
8251:41939651
8146:(2008).
8038:(2002).
7880:11 April
7859:40040209
7535:16 March
7509:16 March
7485:Archived
7457:11 March
7410:28 April
7303:11 April
7282:BBC News
6990:Archived
6869:11 April
6819:BBC News
6773:BBC News
6753:11 April
6677:. GOV.UK
6648:Archived
6636:Catalyst
6607:11 April
6583:Archived
6395:24649711
6189:11 April
6167:11 April
6162:Le Monde
6095:28 April
5862:11 April
5836:cite web
5732:6 August
5726:nasional
5706:6 August
5679:6 August
5656:6 August
5630:6 August
5624:tirto.id
5603:6 August
5582:6 August
5576:kumparan
5473:Archived
5319:11 April
5293:31 March
5191:Moneyweb
4938:11 April
4916:11 April
4894:11 April
4868:Archived
4783:31 March
4699:Archived
4628:ProQuest
4497:30 April
4412:30 April
4350:Archived
4192:Archived
4108:Archived
4085:41675099
3980:Archived
3950:The Wire
3830:31 March
3772:Tokenism
3725:Quotaism
3557:See also
3083:Catholic
3017:Slovakia
2819:Buddhism
2755:disputed
2702:, while
2664:Malaysia
2489:May 2018
2387:and the
2234:Hispanic
2006:The talk
1942:Snobbery
1860:Net bias
1682:Feminism
1603:Ugly law
1444:Catholic
1410:Policies
1253:Mortgage
1248:Lynching
1179:examples
1174:Genocide
1094:Economic
1079:Democide
1039:Bullying
948:Romanian
913:Nigerian
863:Japanese
793:Georgian
778:Filipino
711:Assyrian
684:Armenian
674:American
669:Albanian
649:national
627:Yazidism
549:Hinduism
507:Buddhism
402:Nepotism
397:Misogyny
392:Misandry
317:Clannism
312:Biphobia
252:Adultism
161:Language
48:a series
46:Part of
18:Mismatch
12368:U.S.A.:
11973:Peonage
11948:Slavery
11898:Boreout
11637:Karoshi
11587:Pension
11371:On-call
11076:Artisan
10760:Laborer
10622:Commons
10401:Figleaf
9826:Housing
9594:Turkish
9544:Pashtun
9514:Mexican
9494:Kurdish
9474:Italian
9469:Israeli
9419:Haitian
9404:Finnish
9379:Chinese
9374:Chechen
9369:Catalan
9359:Bengali
9280:African
9265:Ethnic/
9224:Judaism
9215:Sunnism
9205:Shi'ism
9121:Atheism
8954:Elitism
8848:Species
8786:Genetic
8776:Dialect
8624:(ed.).
8490:4467214
8427:2891107
8154:(ed.).
7948:1876963
7804:3484530
7712:2 March
7684:2 March
7608:2 March
6887:(2020).
6799:23 June
6710:13 July
6681:7 April
6645:Alt URL
6229:29 July
6146:, 1991.
5012:29 July
4990:29 July
4964:29 July
4737:EUR-Lex
4461:1170625
4382:17 July
4302:3112683
4232:2 March
3429:A 2019
3416:A 2014
3406:A 2009
3367:Support
3264:Oceania
3209:signed
3146:require
3037:In the
2953:Romania
2937:In all
2900:Germany
2860:Finland
2851:Denmark
2688:Sarawak
2448:Outcome
2370:Indians
2178:issued
2154:Origins
1813:Figleaf
1218:Housing
978:Turkish
928:Pashtun
898:Mexican
878:Kurdish
858:Italian
853:Israeli
803:Haitian
788:Finnish
763:Chinese
758:Chechen
753:Catalan
743:Bengali
664:African
647:Ethnic/
600:Judaism
591:Sunnism
581:Shi'ism
497:Atheism
322:Elitism
208:Species
146:Genetic
136:Dialect
12072:Layoff
11622:Crunch
11480:Europe
11470:Canada
11458:Europe
11059:Career
10900:Résumé
10775:Hiring
10683:Casual
10587:threat
10441:autism
10178:sexual
10168:racial
10051:Jewish
9908:Pogrom
9886:Chiefs
9876:Braves
9604:Uyghur
9579:Somali
9574:Slavic
9559:Romani
9554:Quebec
9549:Polish
9489:Korean
9484:Jewish
9452:Canada
9439:Indian
9424:Hazara
9399:Fulani
9310:France
9275:Afghan
9210:Sufism
8939:Audism
8867:Social
8796:Height
8604:(2001)
8585:
8562:
8518:Polity
8502:online
8488:
8471:online
8425:
8415:Engage
8408:online
8352:
8285:
8257:
8249:
8196:
8188:
8178:
8132:
8118:89–101
8095:
8072:
7946:
7857:
7802:
7651:
7584:
7530:Gallup
7452:Gallup
7326:3 June
7151:
7126:1 July
7036:18 May
6667:GOV.UK
6510:
6479:
6450:
6393:
6300:5 June
6251:31 May
6072:4 June
6047:4 June
6006:ufm.dk
5965:
5551:Rediff
5221:
5050:
4809:31 May
4664:online
4630:
4568:2 June
4467:
4459:
4451:
4300:
4280:Engage
4253:
4167:
4083:
4054:
4032:,
3976:UNESCO
3446:, and
3423:Gallup
3397:Gallup
3310:Brazil
3126:Canada
3069:, the
3008:Serbia
2933:Norway
2872:France
2846:Europe
2829:Taiwan
2696:Malays
2583:Israel
2577:Israel
2467:debate
2372:, and
2305:Africa
2268:Sweden
2246:quotas
2240:Quotas
2204:Quotas
2170:"take
2077:, and
1999:threat
1853:autism
1576:sexual
1566:racial
1449:Jewish
1300:Pogrom
1278:Chiefs
1268:Braves
988:Uyghur
963:Somali
958:Slavic
943:Romani
938:Quebec
933:Polish
873:Korean
868:Jewish
836:Canada
823:Indian
808:Hazara
783:Fulani
694:France
659:Afghan
586:Sufism
307:Audism
233:Social
156:Height
11933:McJob
11453:World
11416:Wages
11278:Break
10924:Roles
10565:white
9918:Purge
9584:Tatar
9509:Māori
9504:Malay
9464:Irish
9414:Greek
9389:Croat
9347:China
9305:Asian
9190:Islam
9064:White
8806:Looks
8771:Class
8766:Caste
8723:Forms
8486:JSTOR
8421:(3).
8255:S2CID
8247:JSTOR
8150:. In
7944:S2CID
7855:JSTOR
7843:(PDF)
7680:: 367
6934:(PDF)
6927:(PDF)
6793:(PDF)
6391:JSTOR
6066:(PDF)
6041:(PDF)
6034:(PDF)
6000:lok.
5820:(PDF)
5434:(PDF)
5132:(PDF)
5121:(PDF)
4539:(3).
4465:S2CID
4457:JSTOR
4326:(PDF)
4319:(PDF)
4165:S2CID
4081:JSTOR
3821:(PDF)
3380:Polls
3275:Māori
2974:Lenin
2684:Sabah
2598:India
2554:China
2541:Ghana
2221:Women
2107:case
1977:white
1310:Purge
968:Tatar
893:Māori
888:Malay
848:Irish
798:Greek
773:Croat
731:China
689:Asian
566:Islam
432:White
166:Looks
131:Class
126:Caste
73:Forms
11418:and
11061:and
10828:list
10560:male
10359:Bias
9804:LGBT
9589:Thai
9569:Serb
9434:Igbo
9295:Arab
9069:Male
8853:Size
8833:Rank
8583:ERIC
8560:ISBN
8423:SSRN
8350:OCLC
8283:ISBN
8224:Pdf.
8194:OCLC
8186:LCCN
8176:ISBN
8160:Sage
8130:ISBN
8093:ISBN
8070:ISBN
8055:Pdf.
7913:2016
7882:2012
7800:SSRN
7714:2019
7686:2019
7649:ISBN
7610:2019
7582:ISBN
7537:2017
7511:2017
7459:2013
7412:2014
7328:2012
7305:2012
7263:2023
7237:2023
7208:2013
7186:2013
7149:ISBN
7128:2023
7102:2021
7075:2013
7038:2010
6998:2010
6968:2010
6942:2015
6910:2018
6871:2012
6845:2024
6801:2009
6755:2012
6712:2022
6683:2013
6609:2012
6508:ISBN
6477:ISBN
6448:ISBN
6360:2013
6302:2018
6253:2015
6231:2010
6191:2012
6169:2012
6097:2014
6074:2011
6049:2011
6014:2020
5963:ISBN
5924:2013
5864:2012
5842:link
5783:2021
5756:2021
5734:2020
5708:2020
5681:2020
5658:2020
5632:2020
5605:2020
5584:2020
5558:2018
5533:2019
5507:2019
5481:2020
5445:2017
5378:2017
5321:2012
5295:2023
5274:2024
5252:help
5232:2019
5219:ISBN
5198:2019
5172:2012
5048:ISSN
5014:2010
4992:2010
4966:2010
4940:2012
4918:2012
4896:2012
4811:2015
4785:2011
4745:2024
4696:Pdf.
4646:link
4570:2024
4499:2015
4449:ISSN
4414:2015
4384:2023
4334:2020
4298:SSRN
4251:ISBN
4234:2019
4200:2022
4116:2022
4052:ISBN
4013:2011
3988:2024
3957:2024
3931:2024
3892:2014
3862:2014
3832:2023
3358:The
3134:and
3100:The
3089:and
3049:The
3021:The
2982:USSR
2748:The
2709:The
2686:and
2674:The
2549:Asia
2383:The
2325:The
1972:male
1771:Bias
1196:LGBT
973:Thai
953:Serb
818:Igbo
679:Arab
437:Male
213:Size
193:Rank
10951:Job
10163:age
8838:Sex
8761:Age
8526:doi
8398:Pdf
8320:doi
8239:doi
8168:doi
8122:doi
8008:doi
8004:106
7975:doi
7936:doi
7777:doi
7379:doi
6440:doi
6417:hdl
6383:doi
6333:hdl
6325:doi
6276:doi
6124:doi
5413:doi
5344:doi
5096:doi
5040:doi
4620:doi
4593:doi
4541:doi
4441:doi
4288:doi
4155:hdl
4147:doi
3001:".
2884:).
2800:of
2266:In
2064:or
1561:age
198:Sex
121:Age
12559::
8628:.
8579:15
8577:.
8522:53
8520:.
8482:45
8480:.
8419:12
8417:.
8393:15
8391:.
8385:.
8374:15
8372:.
8366:.
8348:.
8314:.
8310:.
8253:.
8245:.
8233:.
8212:.
8192:.
8184:.
8174:.
8162:;
8128:,
8120:,
8064:.
8050:77
8048:.
8042:.
8002:.
7998:.
7969:.
7965:.
7942:.
7932:54
7930:.
7899:.
7851:57
7849:.
7845:.
7821:.
7773:57
7771:.
7729:,
7705:.
7694:^
7678:11
7676:.
7672:.
7627:^
7601:.
7528:.
7502:.
7483:.
7479:.
7450:.
7420:^
7393:^
7373:.
7369:.
7336:^
7280:.
7254:.
7227:.
7216:^
7119:.
7092:.
6988:.
6984:.
6836:.
6817:.
6771:.
6731:.
6720:^
6703:.
6691:^
6673:.
6658:^
6634:.
6617:^
6539:.
6520:.
6506:.
6502:.
6475:.
6446:.
6397:.
6389:.
6377:.
6331:.
6321:68
6319:.
6272:27
6270:.
6160:.
6118:.
6114:.
6022:^
6004:.
5940:.
5902:34
5900:.
5881:.
5838:}}
5834:{{
5826:,
5822:.
5773:.
5724:.
5698:.
5649:.
5622:.
5574:.
5549:.
5523:.
5497:.
5467:.
5461:.
5436:.
5409:26
5407:.
5364:.
5340:40
5338:.
5244::
5242:}}
5238:{{
5189:.
5140:^
5123:.
5108:^
5092:27
5090:.
5060:^
5046:.
5036:39
5034:.
5022:^
4838:^
4819:^
4761:.
4735:.
4717:.
4687:20
4685:.
4679:.
4642:}}
4638:{{
4616:15
4614:.
4589:24
4587:.
4561:.
4537:12
4535:.
4507:^
4485:.
4463:.
4455:.
4447:.
4437:67
4435:.
4431:.
4400:.
4296:.
4284:11
4282:.
4278:.
4261:^
4242:^
4220:.
4208:^
4186:.
4163:.
4153:.
4143:19
4141:.
4118:.
4102:.
4077:10
4075:.
3978:.
3974:.
3948:.
3922:.
3878:.
3848:.
3823:.
3516:.
3260:.
3097:.)
3029:.
2972:,
2573:.
2400:.
2380:.
2301:.
2293:.
2255:.
2096:.
2085:.
2073:,
2060:,
2056:,
50:on
10656:e
10649:t
10642:v
8708:e
8701:t
8694:v
8634:.
8589:.
8568:.
8548:.
8532:.
8528::
8492:.
8429:.
8356:.
8328:.
8322::
8316:4
8291:.
8261:.
8241::
8235:4
8200:.
8170::
8138:.
8124::
8101:.
8078:.
8014:.
8010::
7983:.
7977::
7971:2
7950:.
7938::
7915:.
7884:.
7861:.
7827:.
7806:.
7783:.
7779::
7716:.
7688:.
7657:.
7612:.
7539:.
7513:.
7461:.
7414:.
7387:.
7381::
7375:9
7330:.
7307:.
7265:.
7239:.
7210:.
7188:.
7157:.
7130:.
7104:.
7077:.
7040:.
7000:.
6970:.
6944:.
6912:.
6873:.
6847:.
6803:.
6757:.
6735:.
6714:.
6685:.
6611:.
6543:.
6485:.
6456:.
6442::
6423:.
6419::
6385::
6379:3
6362:.
6341:.
6335::
6327::
6304:.
6282:.
6278::
6255:.
6233:.
6193:.
6171:.
6132:.
6126::
6120:4
6099:.
6076:.
6051:.
6016:.
5989:.
5971:.
5926:.
5885:.
5866:.
5844:)
5830:.
5804:.
5785:.
5758:.
5736:.
5710:.
5683:.
5660:.
5634:.
5607:.
5586:.
5560:.
5535:.
5509:.
5483:.
5447:.
5419:.
5415::
5380:.
5350:.
5346::
5323:.
5297:.
5276:.
5254:)
5234:.
5200:.
5174:.
5102:.
5098::
5054:.
5042::
5016:.
4994:.
4968:.
4942:.
4920:.
4898:.
4813:.
4787:.
4747:.
4721:.
4648:)
4634:.
4622::
4599:.
4595::
4572:.
4547:.
4543::
4501:.
4471:.
4443::
4416:.
4386:.
4336:.
4304:.
4290::
4236:.
4202:.
4171:.
4157::
4149::
4087:.
4060:.
3990:.
3959:.
3933:.
3894:.
3864:.
3834:.
2888:(
2787:)
2781:(
2776:)
2772:(
2768:.
2758:.
2720:(
2502:)
2496:(
2491:)
2487:(
2483:.
2469:.
2285:"
2118:.
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.