1690:, competition, and differential power. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture, and to downgrade all other groups outside one's own culture. Some sociologists, such as Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings, say the origin of ethnic stratification lies in individual dispositions of ethnic prejudice, which relates to the theory of ethnocentrism. Continuing with Noel's theory, some degree of differential power must be present for the emergence of ethnic stratification. In other words, an inequality of power among ethnic groups means "they are of such unequal power that one is able to impose its will upon another". In addition to differential power, a degree of competition structured along ethnic lines is a prerequisite to ethnic stratification as well. The different ethnic groups must be competing for some common goal, such as power or influence, or a material interest, such as wealth or territory. Lawrence Bobo and Vincent Hutchings propose that competition is driven by self-interest and hostility, and results in inevitable stratification and
6812:. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non-Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population – the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish – Latin – American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.
6446:
representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait
Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.
4069:
1841:
been dismantled, the problem of racism became the sole responsibility of already disadvantaged communities. It was assumed that if a Black or Latino community was not "making it" by the standards that had been set by whites, it was because that community did not hold the right values or beliefs, or were stubbornly resisting dominant norms because they did not want to fit in. Omi and Winant's critique of ethnicity theory explains how looking to cultural defect as the source of inequality ignores the "concrete sociopolitical dynamics within which racial phenomena operate in the U.S." It prevents critical examination of the structural components of racism and encourages a "benign neglect" of social inequality.
3802:
1667:" holds that nations and ethnic groups emerge, change and vanish through the course of history. This view holds that the concept of ethnicity is a tool used by political groups to manipulate resources such as wealth, power, territory or status in their particular groups' interests. Accordingly, ethnicity emerges when it is relevant as a means of furthering emergent collective interests and changes according to political changes in society. Examples of a perennialist interpretation of ethnicity are also found in Barth and Seidner who see ethnicity as ever-changing boundaries between groups of people established through ongoing social negotiation and interaction.
4504:' experiences. Members of the ethnic group see themselves as sharing cultural traditions and history that distinguish them from other groups. Ethnic group identity has a strong psychological or emotional component that divides the people of the world into opposing categories of 'us' and 'them'. In contrast to social stratification, which divides and unifies people along a series of horizontal axes based on socioeconomic factors, ethnic identities divide and unify people along a series of vertical axes. Thus, ethnic groups, at least theoretically, cut across socioeconomic class differences, drawing members from all strata of the population.
3334:
1653:" is an approach that is primarily concerned with nationhood but tends to see nations and ethnic communities as basically the same phenomenon. It holds that the nation, as a type of social and political organization, is of an immemorial or "perennial" character. Smith (1999) distinguishes two variants: "continuous perennialism", which claims that particular nations have existed for very long periods, and "recurrent perennialism", which focuses on the emergence, dissolution and reappearance of nations as a recurring aspect of human history.
6757:
Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the
Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations – some have been used effectively as prisons – but the official language on each is Spanish.
1818:
justify enslavement of
African Americans and genocide of Native Americans in a society that was officially founded on freedom for all. This was a notion that developed slowly and came to be a preoccupation with scientists, theologians, and the public. Religious institutions asked questions about whether there had been multiple creations of races (polygenesis) and whether God had created lesser races. Many of the foremost scientists of the time took up the idea of racial difference and found that white Europeans were superior.
1276:
1678:, meaning that ethnicity is the basis for a hierarchical arrangement of individuals. According to Donald Noel, a sociologist who developed a theory on the origin of ethnic stratification, ethnic stratification is a "system of stratification wherein some relatively fixed group membership (e.g., race, religion, or nationality) is used as a major criterion for assigning social positions". Ethnic stratification is one of many different types of social stratification, including stratification based on
3317:
they are upheld within the private, family sphere to a great extent. It is here that women act not just as biological reproducers but also as "cultural carriers", transmitting knowledge and enforcing behaviors that belong to a specific collectivity. Women also often play a significant symbolic role in conceptions of nation or ethnicity, for example in the notion that "women and children" constitute the kernel of a nation which must be defended in times of conflict, or in iconic figures such as
1549:
terms such as "cultural" or "tribal" when referring to smaller groups with shared cultural systems and shared heritage, but that "ethnicity" had the added value of being able to describe the commonalities between systems of group identity in both tribal and modern societies. Cohen also suggested that claims concerning "ethnic" identity (like earlier claims concerning "tribal" identity) are often colonialist practices and effects of the relations between colonized peoples and nation-states.
3787:
2568:
3775:
1523:, whose "Ethnic Groups and Boundaries" from 1969 has been described as instrumental in spreading the usage of the term in social studies in the 1980s and 1990s. Barth went further than Weber in stressing the constructed nature of ethnicity. To Barth, ethnicity was perpetually negotiated and renegotiated by both external ascription and internal self-identification. Barth's view is that ethnic groups are not discontinuous cultural isolates or logical
4273:
3625:
1516:(community). Secondly, this belief in shared Gemeinschaft did not create the group; the group created the belief. Third, group formation resulted from the drive to monopolize power and status. This was contrary to the prevailing naturalist belief of the time, which held that socio-cultural and behavioral differences between peoples stemmed from inherited traits and tendencies derived from common descent, then called "race".
3529:
3678:
1304:
1570:... can be narrowed or broadened in boundary terms in relation to the specific needs of political mobilization." This may be why descent is sometimes a marker of ethnicity, and sometimes not: which diacritic of ethnicity is salient depends on whether people are scaling ethnic boundaries up or down, and whether they are scaling them up or down depends generally on the political situation.
70:
3496:. Each promoted the pan-ethnic idea that these governments were acquiring only lands that had always been inhabited by ethnic Germans. The history of late-comers to the nation-state model, such as those arising in the Near East and south-eastern Europe out of the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires, as well as those arising out of the USSR, is marked by
1735:, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups. The process that results in emergence of such identification is called ethnogenesis. Members of an ethnic group, on the whole, claim cultural continuities over time, although
1605:", holds that ethnicity has existed at all times of human history and that modern ethnic groups have historical continuity into the far past. For them, the idea of ethnicity is closely linked to the idea of nations and is rooted in the pre-Weber understanding of humanity as being divided into primordially existing groups rooted by kinship and biological heritage.
6191:, 1978: "Il est interdit de collecter ou de traiter des données à caractère personnel qui font apparaître, directement ou indirectement, les origines raciales ou ethniques, les opinions politiques, philosophiques ou religieuses ou l'appartenance syndicale des personnes, ou qui sont relatives à la santé ou à la vie sexuelle de celles-ci."
3252:, however, invariably include populations who have been excluded from national life for one reason or another. Members of excluded groups, consequently, will either demand inclusion based on equality or seek autonomy, sometimes even to the extent of complete political separation in their nation-state. Under these conditions
1112:" nations in particular (whence the later meaning "heathen, pagan"). In the 19th century, the term came to be used in the sense of "peculiar to a tribe, race, people or nation", in a return to the original Greek meaning. The sense of "different cultural groups", and in American English "tribal, racial, cultural or national
3408:
insulating the higher echelons from competition from below. Capitalism did not create all the distinctions of ethnicity and race that function to set off categories of workers from one another. It is, nevertheless, the process of labor mobilization under capitalism that imparts to these distinctions their effective values.
6743:
1644:, argues that humans in general attribute an overwhelming power to primordial human "givens" such as blood ties, language, territory, and cultural differences. In Geertz' opinion, ethnicity is not in itself primordial but humans perceive it as such because it is embedded in their experience of the world.
3361:
is applied as a taxonomic grouping, based on physical similarities among groups. Race is a more controversial subject than ethnicity, due to common political use of the term. Ramón
Grosfoguel (University of California, Berkeley) argues that "racial/ethnic identity" is one concept and concepts of race
3228:
In some cases, especially those involving transnational migration or colonial expansion, ethnicity is linked to nationality. Anthropologists and historians, following the modernist understanding of ethnicity as proposed by Ernest
Gellner and Benedict Anderson see nations and nationalism as developing
1632:
ties where the choices of cultural signs (language, religion, traditions) are made exactly to show this biological affinity. In this way, the myths of common biological ancestry that are a defining feature of ethnic communities are to be understood as representing actual biological history. A problem
6445:
Britain's high commissioner in New
Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's
3397:
National, religious, geographic, linguistic and cultural groups do not necessarily coincide with racial groups: and the cultural traits of such groups have no demonstrated genetic connection with racial traits. Because serious errors of this kind are habitually committed when the term "race" is used
3316:
In recent decades, feminist scholars (most notably Nira Yuval-Davis) have drawn attention to the fundamental ways in which women participate in the creation and reproduction of ethnic and national categories. Though these categories are usually discussed as belonging to the public, political sphere,
1840:
Assimilation – shedding the particular qualities of a native culture for the purpose of blending in with a host culture – did not work for some groups as a response to racism and discrimination, though it did for others. Once the legal barriers to achieving equality had
1821:
The ethnicity theory was based on the assimilation model. Park outlined four steps to assimilation: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. Instead of attributing the marginalized status of people of color in the United States to their inherent biological inferiority, he attributed it to
1817:
was the dominant paradigm on race. Biological essentialism is the belief that some races, specifically white
Europeans in western versions of the paradigm, are biologically superior and other races, specifically non-white races in western debates, are inherently inferior. This view arose as a way to
1527:
to which people naturally belong. He wanted to part with anthropological notions of cultures as bounded entities, and ethnicity as primordialist bonds, replacing it with a focus on the interface between groups. "Ethnic Groups and
Boundaries", therefore, is a focus on the interconnectedness of ethnic
3971:
A sizeable number of people in the United States have mixed-race identities. In 2021, the number of
Americans who identified as non-Hispanic and more than one race was 13.5 million. The number of Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial was 20.3 million. Over the course of the 2010s decade,
3435:
The term "ethnic" popularly connotes "" in
Britain, only less precisely, and with a lighter value load. In North America, by contrast, "" most commonly means color, and "ethnics" are the descendants of relatively recent immigrants from non-English-speaking countries. "" is not a noun in Britain. In
4163:
were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans in the 16th century, with nothing to indicate prehistoric human activity by Indigenous peoples of the Americas or Oceania. Contemporary residents are mainly mestizos and Europeans from the Latin American countries whom administer them, although none of
3464:
and Bruce Barry, have argued that the legitimacy of modern states must be based on a notion of political rights of autonomous individual subjects. According to this view, the state should not acknowledge ethnic, national or racial identity but rather instead enforce political and legal equality of
1703:" sees both primordialist and perennialist views as basically flawed, and rejects the notion of ethnicity as a basic human condition. It holds that ethnic groups are only products of human social interaction, maintained only in so far as they are maintained as valid social constructs in societies.
974:
Although both organic and performative criteria characterise ethnic groups, debate in the past has dichotomised between primordialism and constructivism. Earlier 20th-century "Primordialists" viewed ethnic groups as real phenomena whose distinct characteristics have endured since the distant past.
6756:
Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the
3365:
Before Weber (1864–1920), race and ethnicity were primarily seen as two aspects of the same thing. Around 1900 and before, the primordialist understanding of ethnicity predominated: cultural differences between peoples were seen as being the result of inherited traits and tendencies. With Weber's
1576:
rejects the expansive definitions of ethnic identity (such as those that include common culture, common language, common history and common territory), choosing instead to define ethnic identity narrowly as a subset of identity categories determined by the belief of common descent. Jóhanna Birnir
3444:
says the definition of race as used for the purposes of the US Census is not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference".
1548:
In this way, he pointed to the fact that identification of an ethnic group by outsiders, e.g. anthropologists, may not coincide with the self-identification of the members of that group. He also described that in the first decades of usage, the term ethnicity had often been used in lieu of older
1836:
that the ethnicity theory was exclusively based on the immigration patterns of the white population and did take into account the unique experiences of non-whites in the United States. While Park's theory identified different stages in the immigration process – contact, conflict,
1616:
fact of human existence, that ethnicity precedes any human social interaction and that it is unchanged by it. This theory sees ethnic groups as natural, not just as historical. It also has problems dealing with the consequences of intermarriage, migration and colonization for the composition of
1560:
Categorizations about identity, even when codified and hardened into clear typologies by processes of colonization, state formation or general modernizing processes, are always full of tensions and contradictions. Sometimes these contradictions are destructive, but they can also be creative and
3459:
Sometimes ethnic groups are subject to prejudicial attitudes and actions by the state or its constituents. In the 20th century, people began to argue that conflicts among ethnic groups or between members of an ethnic group and the state can and should be resolved in one of two ways. Some, like
3407:
The opposing interests that divide the working classes are further reinforced through appeals to "racial" and "ethnic" distinctions. Such appeals serve to allocate different categories of workers to rungs on the scale of labor markets, relegating stigmatized populations to the lower levels and
1589:
observes, World War II was a turning point in ethnic studies. The consequences of Nazi racism discouraged essentialist interpretations of ethnic groups and race. Ethnic groups came to be defined as social rather than biological entities. Their coherence was attributed to shared myths, descent,
1532:
categorical ethnic distinctions do not depend on an absence of mobility, contact, and information, but do entail social processes of exclusion and incorporation whereby discrete categories are maintained despite changing participation and membership in the course of individual life histories."
5663:
Patricia Engelhorn "Wie Wien mit Meersicht: Ein Tag in der Hafenstadt Triest" In: NZZ 15.2.2020; Roberto Scarciglia Trieste multiculturale: comunità e linguaggi di integrazione (2011); Ibanez B. Penas, Ma. Carmen López Sáenz. "Interculturalism: Between Identity and Diversity". (Bern) 2006. p
1718:, argue that ethnicity and notions of ethnic pride, such as nationalism, are purely modern inventions, appearing only in the modern period of world history. They hold that prior to this ethnic homogeneity was not considered an ideal or necessary factor in the forging of large-scale societies.
1565:
Social scientists have thus focused on how, when, and why different markers of ethnic identity become salient. Thus, anthropologist Joan Vincent observed that ethnic boundaries often have a mercurial character. Ronald Cohen concluded that ethnicity is "a series of nesting dichotomizations of
1452:
approach, on the other hand, treats ethnicity primarily as an ad hoc element of a political strategy, used as a resource for interest groups for achieving secondary goals such as, for instance, an increase in wealth, power, or status. This debate is still an important point of reference in
6791:
3473:, argue that the notion of the autonomous individual is itself a cultural construct. According to this view, states must recognize ethnic identity and develop processes through which the particular needs of ethnic groups can be accommodated within the boundaries of the nation-state.
6432:
1837:
struggle, and as the last and best response, assimilation – it did so only for white communities. The ethnicity paradigm neglected the ways in which race can complicate a community's interactions with social and political structures, especially upon contact.
3229:
with the rise of the modern state system in the 17th century. They culminated in the rise of "nation-states" in which the presumptive boundaries of the nation coincided (or ideally coincided) with state boundaries. Thus, in the West, the notion of ethnicity, like race and
3488:. Instances of societies focusing on ethnic ties, arguably to the exclusion of history or historical context, have resulted in the justification of nationalist goals. Two periods frequently cited as examples of this are the 19th-century consolidation and expansion of the
4894:
2.a. About race; peculiar to a specific tribe, race or nation; ethnological. Also, about or having common tribal, racial, cultural, religious, or linguistic characteristics, esp. designating a racial or other group within a larger system; hence (U.S. colloq.), foreign,
4192:
of Australia, is also believed to have been inhabited by Polynesians prior to its initial European discovery in the 18th century. Some of their residents are descended from mixed-race Pitcairn Islanders that were relocated onto Norfolk due to overpopulation in 1856.
4257:
The 2016 Census shows England and New Zealand are the next most common countries of birth after Australia, the proportion of people born in China and India has increased since 2011 (from 6.0 per cent to 8.3 per cent, and 5.6 per cent to 7.4 per cent, respectively).
4204:, have a small population consisting of Japanese mainlanders and descendants of early European settlers. Archeological findings from the 1990s suggested there was possible prehistoric human activity by Micronesians prior to European discovery in the 16th century.
3402:
In 1982, anthropologist David Craig Griffith summed up forty years of ethnographic research, arguing that racial and ethnic categories are symbolic markers for different ways people from different parts of the world have been incorporated into a global economy:
6552:
5856:, ed. Lester K. Little and Barbara H. Rosenwein, (Blackwell), 1998, pp 13–24, notes that historians have projected the 19th-century conceptions of the nation-state backward in time, employing biological metaphors of birth and growth: "that the peoples in the
6270:
3825:
within every state they inhabit (although they may form local regional majorities within a sub-national entity). The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people or 14% of 770 million Europeans.
1805:
argues that race is a social category and is only one of several factors in determining ethnicity. Other criteria include "religion, language, 'customs', nationality, and political identification". This theory was put forward by sociologist
3256:
when people moved from one state to another, or one state conquered or colonized peoples beyond its national boundaries – ethnic groups were formed by people who identified with one nation but lived in another state.
5860:
had little to do with those heroic (or sometimes brutish) clichés is now generally accepted among historians", he remarked. Early medieval peoples were far less homogeneous than often thought, and Pohl follows Reinhard Wenskus,
5414:"David Konstan, "Defining Ancient Greek Ethnicity", Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 6, 1 (1997), pp. 97–98. Overview of J.M. Hall's book "Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity", Cambridge University Press, 1997"
4253:
The first evident ethnic group to live in Australia were the Australian Aboriginals, a group considered related to the Melanesian Torres Strait Islander people. Europeans, primarily from England arrived first in 1770.
3290:, which were relatively ethnically homogeneous when they attained statehood but have received significant immigration in the 17th century and even more so in the second half of the 20th century. States such as the
1594:, a common place of origin, language, religion, customs, and national character. So, ethnic groups are conceived as mutable rather than stable, constructed in discursive practices rather than written in the genes.
6930:"Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific MPAs: Background: The Hui Panalāʻau Story of the Equatorial Pacific Islands of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis: 1935–1942: NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research"
6262:
3820:
has a large number of ethnic groups; Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute
1686:. According to Donald Noel, ethnic stratification will emerge only when specific ethnic groups are brought into contact with one another, and only when those groups are characterized by a high degree of
3696:, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia, which can be the Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or tropical. The ethnic groups have adapted to mountains, deserts, grasslands, and forests.
5943:
Under the terms of the Estonian Constitution and the 1925 law, a national minority was defined as a community of language and culture to which anyone could adhere, regardless of ethnic origin.
6591:
3500:. Such conflicts usually occur within multi-ethnic states, as opposed to between them, as in other regions of the world. Thus, the conflicts are often misleadingly labeled and characterized as
4902:, a group of people differentiated from the majority of the community by racial origin or cultural background, and usu. claiming or enjoying official recognition of their group identity. Also
1425:, do not consider ethnic identity to be universal. They regard ethnicity as a product of specific kinds of inter-group interactions, rather than an essential quality inherent to human groups.
1468:". Constructivists view national and ethnic identities as the product of historical forces, often recent, even when the identities are presented as old. Essentialists view such identities as
1633:
with this view on ethnicity is that it is more often than not the case that mythic origins of specific ethnic groups directly contradict the known biological history of an ethnic community.
1762:
or the United States. Current topics are in particular social and cultural differentiation, multilingualism, competing identity offers, multiple cultural identities and the formation of
1585:
Different approaches to understanding ethnicity have been used by different social scientists when trying to understand the nature of ethnicity as a factor in human life and society. As
6369:
4261:
The proportion of people identifying as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin increased from 2.5 per cent of the Australian population in 2011 to 2.8 per cent in 2016.
1484:, by scholars' attempts to respond to increasingly politicized forms of self-representation by members of different ethnic groups and nations. This is in the context of debates over
6142:
7226:
4188:
settlers in the 18th century. The islands were previously inhabited by Polynesians; they had long abandoned Pitcairn by the time the settlers had arrived. Norfolk Island, now an
4976:
3170:
6184:
5012:
3925:. During European colonization, Europeans arrived in North America. Most Native Americans died due to Spanish diseases and other European diseases such as smallpox during the
4953:
4768:
3707:(nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others becoming industrial/urban. Some groups/countries of Asia are completely urban, such as those in
1577:
similarly defines ethnicity as "group self-identification around a characteristic that is very difficult or even impossible to change, such as language, race, or location."
4808:
3964:. Ethnic groups that live in the Caribbean are: indigenous peoples, Africans, Indians, white Europeans, Chinese and Portuguese. The first white Europeans to arrive in the
2503:
1794:); ethnic identity is reinforced by reference to "boundary markers" – characteristics said to be unique to the group which set it apart from other groups.
6937:
5523:
Bobo, Lawrence; Hutchings, Vincent L. (1996). "Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer's Theory of Group Position to a Multiracial Social Context".
4473:
3260:
In the 1920s, Estonia introduced a flexible system of ethnicity/nationality self-choice for its citizens, which included Estonians Russians, Baltic Germans and Jews.
3266:
can be the result of two opposite events, either the recent creation of state borders at variance with traditional tribal territories, or the recent immigration of
4087:
In South America, although highly varying between regions, people are commonly mixed-race, indigenous, European, black African, and to a lesser extent also Asian.
1152:(cf. "an ethnic restaurant", etc.), generally related to cultures of more recent immigrants, who arrived after the dominant population of an area was established.
4524:
1674:", while seeing ethnicity primarily as a versatile tool that identified different ethnics groups and limits through time, explains ethnicity as a mechanism of
5420:
1128:
had been used as a stand-in for "paganism" in the 18th century, but now came to express the meaning of an "ethnic character" (first recorded 1953). The term
924:. Ethnic groups may share a narrow or broad spectrum of genetic ancestry, depending on group identification, with some groups having mixed genetic ancestry.
1544:... the named ethnic identities we accept, often unthinkingly, as basic givens in the literature are often arbitrarily, or even worse inaccurately, imposed.
5630:
4427:
2856:
5034:"The kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of life."
5219:
T.H. Eriksen "Ethnic identity, national identity and intergroup conflict: The significance of personal experiences" in Ashmore, Jussim, Wilder (eds.):
839:
with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include a people of a common
6575:
4551:"Characterizing Race/Ethnicity and Genetic Ancestry for 100,000 Subjects in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging (GERA) Cohort"
4646:
1536:
In 1978, anthropologist Ronald Cohen claimed that the identification of "ethnic groups" in the usage of social scientists often reflected inaccurate
1488:
in countries, such as the United States and Canada, which have large immigrant populations from many different cultures, and post-colonialism in the
6343:
6458:
3215:
6416:
6661:
4996:
I. Polinskaya, "Shared sanctuaries and the gods of others: On the meaning Of 'common' in Herodotus 8.144", in R. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.),
3302:
comprised distinct ethnic groups from their formation and have likewise experienced substantial immigration, resulting in what has been termed "
4412:
2873:
6685:
Mountford, H. S.; Villanueva, P.; Fernández, M. A.; Jara, L.; De Barbieri, Z.; Carvajal-Carmona, L. G.; Cazier, J. B.; Newbury, D. F. (2020).
2598:
6365:
4696:
1782:, because they emerge and change over historical periods (centuries) in a process known as ethnogenesis, a period of several generations of
6240:
6536:
4973:
5009:
3357:
Ethnicity is used as a matter of cultural identity of a group, often based on shared ancestry, language, and cultural traditions, while
5066:
3143:
6310:
4950:
4765:
3539:
1743:
have documented that many of the values, practices, and norms that imply continuity with the past are of relatively recent invention.
7762:
6907:
3900:
3398:
in popular parlance, it would be better when speaking of human races to drop the term "race" altogether and speak of "ethnic groups".
2861:
6514:
6181:
4805:
8277:
6775:
3871:
identity. There are some 26 ethnic groups in the province, and six languages are in official use by the provincial administration.
1461:
7176:
6493:
7694:
6737:
3163:
757:
7009:
4076:
810:
6828:
5711:
1597:
Examples of various approaches are primordialism, essentialism, perennialism, constructivism, modernism, and instrumentalism.
872:
Ethnicity may be construed as an inherited or societally imposed construct. Ethnic membership tends to be defined by a shared
6853:
3926:
3904:
2904:
947:, individuals or groups may over time shift from one ethnic group to another. Ethnic groups may be divided into subgroups or
6929:
5392:
4105:
Nearly all states in Oceania have majority indigenous populations, with notable exceptions being Australia, New Zealand and
8220:
5885:
4500:
In essence, an ethnic group is a named social category of people based on perceptions of shared social experience or one's
3208:
6023:
3699:
On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport. Some groups are primarily
7699:
7286:
4596:
4189:
4176:, in addition to mixed-race individuals with Polynesian and mestizo/European ancestry. The British overseas territory of
4068:
782:
674:
3968:
were the Spanish in 1492. The Caribbean was also colonized and discovered by the Portuguese, English, Dutch and French.
1832:'s theory of racial formation directly confronts both the premises and the practices of ethnicity theory. They argue in
1213:, emphasizing a distinct local sense of belonging stemming from relative geographic isolation – example:
7679:
7674:
7655:
7650:
7637:
7102:
6785:
6647:
6585:
6546:
6426:
6219:
The Politics of Good Neighbourhood: State, civil society and the enhancement of cultural capital in East Central Europe
5605:
5386:
4516:
4459:
4367:
4362:
4168:
are the only oceanic island politically associated with Latin America to have an indigenous population, the Polynesian
3922:
3896:
3880:
1556:, formations of identity were often changed and distorted by colonization, but identities are not made out of nothing:
1822:
their failure to assimilate into American culture. They could become equal if they abandoned their inferior cultures.
5929:
3664:
3564:
3366:
introduction of the idea of ethnicity as a social construct, race and ethnicity became more divided from each other.
3137:
2591:
2347:
1357:. Herodotus (8.144.2) gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating
719:
632:
338:
6113:
7748:
7704:
7684:
3884:
3614:
1566:
inclusiveness and exclusiveness". He agrees with Joan Vincent's observation that (in Cohen's paraphrase) "Ethnicity
17:
5413:
4231:
in the early 20th century. The Jarvis settlers were relocated from the island due to Japanese advancements during
1724:
Ethnicity is an important means by which people may identify with a larger group. Many social scientists, such as
1448:
view, the participant perceives ethnic ties collectively, as an externally given, even coercive, social bond. The
1159:
is emphasized to define membership, the following types of (often mutually overlapping) groups can be identified:
8292:
7743:
7663:
7190:
4138:
3610:
3518:
3441:
3201:
5622:
4141:, and they originated from Asia. The Austronesians of Oceania are further broken up into three distinct groups;
2508:
7873:
7709:
7059:
6878:
5300:
4407:
4342:
4063:
3953:
and Native American ancestry. Some Hispanic and Latino Americans living in the United States are not mestizos.
3646:
2999:
1888:
739:
522:
6394:
4172:. Their current inhabitants include indigenous Polynesians and mestizo settlers from political administrators
3313:
were multi-ethnic from the onset, as they were formed as colonies imposed on existing indigenous populations.
1148:
literature since about 1950. The term may also be used with the connotation of something unique and unusually
1100:, the term took on a meaning comparable to the concept now expressed by "ethnic group", mostly translated as "
7786:
7733:
7723:
7689:
7259:
4545:
Banda, Yambazi; Kvale, Mark N.; Hoffmann, Thomas J.; Hesselson, Stephanie E.; Ranatunga, Dilrini; Tang, Hua;
4126:
4096:
3934:
3801:
3757:
2838:
1132:
was first recorded in 1935 and entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1972. Depending on context, the term
772:
762:
4080:
3719:. The colonization of Asia was largely ended in the 20th century, with national drives for independence and
1226:, emphasizing shared affiliation with a particular religion, denomination or sect – example:
8282:
6056:
A. Metraux (1950) "United Nations Economic and Security Council Statement by Experts on Problems of Race",
4054:
population is growing faster than the non-indigenous population. Most immigrants in Canada come from Asia.
4051:
3912:
3908:
3466:
3248:
In the 19th century, modern states generally sought legitimacy through their claim to represent "nations".
2709:
2584:
1120:
which had earlier taken this sense but was now becoming deprecated due to its association with ideological
767:
360:
5273:"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"
4618:
967:. Whether through division or amalgamation, the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as
7838:
7738:
7533:
7413:
6335:
3485:
3358:
2453:
2373:
1117:
622:
537:
450:
313:
5924:. Science and technique of democracy - issue 45. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing. p. 193.
7756:
7728:
7155:
Steele, Liza G.; Bostic, Amie; Lynch, Scott M.; Abdelaaty, Lamis (2022). "Measuring Ethnic Diversity".
7080:
4372:
4235:, while most of the settlers on Clipperton ended up dying from starvation and murdering one and other.
3731:
3642:
2540:
2438:
1763:
1628:" holds that ethnic communities are extensions of kinship units, basically being derived by kinship or
1245:
803:
777:
420:
400:
328:
31:
7115:
Morales-Díaz, Enrique; Gabriel Aquino; & Michael Sletcher, "Ethnicity", in Michael Sletcher, ed.,
4927:(Oxford English Dictionary Second edition, online version as of 2008-01-12, s.v. "ethnic, a. and n.")
8287:
7804:
7518:
6614:
6466:
4878:
3888:
3606:
2826:
2267:
2199:
2080:
1264:
921:
836:
493:
232:
167:
6687:"Frontiers | The Genetic Population Structure of Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile | Genetics"
6630:
2192:
7893:
4873:
4832:
4248:
2122:
2117:
1214:
956:
704:
694:
684:
659:
580:
410:
252:
227:
177:
4180:, to the west of Easter Island, have a population of approximately 50 people. They are mixed-race
1353:. The Greeks had developed a concept of their own ethnicity, which they grouped under the name of
998:
7775:
7767:
7612:
7279:
6983:
5079:
Ethnicity is a fundamental factor in human life: it is a phenomenon inherent in human experience.
4668:
3769:
3745:
3635:
3127:
2890:
2321:
729:
595:
527:
443:
323:
215:
152:
117:
107:
85:
80:
7007:"Another Look at Ethnicity as a Biological Concept: Moving Anthropology Beyond the Race Concept"
6292:
8013:
7913:
7356:
7040:
6625:
6232:
4352:
4244:
4130:
3892:
3735:
3117:
2694:
2625:
2616:
2428:
2418:
1507:
1477:
1429:
1210:
859:, history, or social treatment. The term ethnicity is often used interchangeably with the term
669:
470:
455:
395:
303:
242:
3382:
8038:
7823:
7717:
7324:
5918:(1 January 2011). "The revival of cultural autonomy in certain countries of eastern Europe".
5268:
4317:
4302:
3598:
3191:
2979:
2478:
2221:
2216:
2142:
2085:
2036:
1740:
1679:
1675:
1553:
1163:
796:
709:
689:
475:
415:
375:
345:
333:
283:
237:
187:
112:
53:
38:
5352:
5335:
5058:
3412:
According to Wolf, racial categories were constructed and incorporated during the period of
8251:
8175:
8083:
7908:
7791:
7543:
7513:
7508:
7346:
7341:
7334:
6306:
5046:
Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture, and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations
4840:
4382:
4134:
4109:, who have majority European populations. States with smaller European populations include
4100:
3957:
2984:
2959:
2714:
2403:
2311:
2272:
2262:
2226:
2187:
2137:
2100:
2058:
2041:
2014:
1913:
1863:
1335:
1223:
1036:
944:
699:
380:
350:
318:
293:
192:
182:
157:
147:
7150:
Nationalism and modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism
6899:
4719:"A new conceptualization of ethnicity for social epidemiologic and health equity research"
1414:
is to some extent dependent on the exact definition used. Many social scientists, such as
8:
8215:
8118:
8113:
8000:
7918:
7538:
7329:
6510:
4402:
4392:
3864:
3578:
3187:
2525:
2488:
2483:
2468:
2277:
2231:
2152:
2021:
1362:
1327:
1184:
1029:
714:
547:
430:
405:
308:
298:
278:
122:
7035:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
6134:
3956:
African slaves were brought to North America from the 16th to 19th centuries during the
1140:(in a sovereign state). The process that results in emergence of an ethnicity is called
8272:
8098:
8058:
8053:
7958:
7898:
7843:
7528:
7423:
7376:
7351:
7319:
7272:
7173:
6713:
6686:
6653:
6490:
6015:
5870:
5540:
5500:
5292:
4865:
4844:
4743:
4718:
4688:
4583:
4327:
4047:
3965:
3720:
3477:
3348:
3263:
3122:
3024:
2954:
2743:
2680:
2630:
2443:
2316:
2255:
2250:
2172:
2157:
2146:
2105:
2075:
2063:
2046:
2026:
1996:
1791:
1411:
1204:, emphasizing shared physical appearance based on phenotype – example:
866:
734:
425:
370:
142:
6511:"Australian Aboriginal peoples | History, Facts, & Culture | Britannica"
4549:; Croen, Lisa A.; Dispensa, Brad P.; Henderson, Mary; Iribarren, Carlos (2015-08-01).
3461:
932:
8180:
8093:
8078:
8063:
8023:
8018:
8008:
7943:
7828:
7818:
7548:
7098:
7055:
7006:
6964:
6781:
6718:
6643:
6581:
6542:
6422:
6019:
5980:
Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval-Davis "Woman–Nation-State" (London: Macmillan, 1989), p.
5925:
5915:
5876:("a people is a multitude stemming from one origin") which continues in the original
5601:
5382:
5357:
5296:
5206:
4748:
4692:
4638:
4588:
4570:
4465:
4455:
4357:
4347:
4337:
4212:
3992:
3988:
3938:
3794:
3756:, 3.8 percent. Many of the smaller groups are found in the Asian part of Russia (see
3602:
3374:
3333:
2949:
2934:
2929:
2423:
2408:
2383:
2238:
2204:
2182:
2090:
2068:
2053:
2031:
1963:
1938:
1933:
1537:
1454:
1260:
1205:
1192:
1105:
959:
from the parent group. Conversely, formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a
873:
542:
532:
510:
257:
247:
5996:"Race and Ethnicity or Racialized Ethnicities? Identities within Global Coloniality"
5849:
4734:
4207:
Several political entities associated with Oceania are still uninhabited, including
8150:
8145:
8028:
7587:
7570:
7560:
7456:
7137:
6975:
6824:
6708:
6698:
6635:
6007:
5857:
5707:
5532:
5492:
5347:
5284:
4738:
4730:
4680:
4630:
4578:
4562:
4422:
4297:
4228:
4177:
3972:
there was a 127% increase in non-Hispanic Americans who identified as multiracial.
3916:
3868:
3546:
3094:
3084:
3064:
3054:
2493:
2393:
2378:
2368:
2331:
2326:
2177:
1903:
1586:
1485:
1179:
480:
460:
197:
172:
6849:
3377:", signed by some of the internationally renowned scholars of the time (including
8185:
8131:
8103:
8043:
7978:
7933:
7868:
7602:
7597:
7575:
7503:
7221:
7013:
6497:
6188:
5919:
5889:
5866:
5376:
5288:
5016:
4980:
4957:
4812:
4772:
4417:
4387:
4169:
4008:
3984:
3942:
3930:
3849:
3822:
3700:
3681:
3454:
3423:
Writing in 1977 about the usage of the term "ethnic" in the ordinary language of
3267:
3242:
3132:
3089:
3044:
3029:
2974:
2724:
2656:
2651:
2572:
2498:
2398:
2167:
2162:
2127:
2095:
1958:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1759:
1747:
1660:" holds that specific ethnic groups have existed continuously throughout history.
1641:
1573:
1449:
1441:
1308:
1097:
975:
Perspectives that developed after the 1960s increasingly viewed ethnic groups as
724:
664:
641:
390:
7204:
6135:"The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland"
5673:
Camoroff, John L. and Jean Camoroff 2009: Ethnicity Inc. Chicago: Chicago Press.
4831:
Second edition, online version as of 2008-01-12, "ethnic, a. and n.". Cites Sir
4669:"Reconsidering primordialism: an alternative approach to the study of ethnicity"
4566:
8210:
8200:
8170:
8108:
8088:
8033:
7622:
7592:
7451:
7418:
7371:
7366:
7361:
6850:"Norfolk Island | History, Population, Map, & Facts | Britannica"
5995:
5132:
Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in a Yoruba Town
4634:
4546:
4377:
4312:
4278:
4216:
4156:
4106:
4028:
4024:
3378:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3004:
2797:
2388:
2110:
1948:
1854:
1807:
1775:
1691:
1432:, the study of ethnicity was dominated by two distinct debates until recently.
1343:
1175:
1156:
1113:
1073:
928:
679:
385:
202:
162:
7067:
Race, ethnicity, gender, and class: The sociology of group conflict and change
6657:
4684:
4550:
3790:
3577:
Ethnic groups in Africa number in the hundreds, each generally having its own
8266:
8190:
8155:
7948:
7888:
7863:
7858:
7627:
7582:
7476:
7403:
7383:
7216:
7072:
6703:
6580:. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13.
6011:
5361:
4642:
4574:
4469:
4397:
4220:
4197:
4165:
4160:
4118:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3845:
3489:
3470:
3428:
3424:
3390:
3386:
3303:
3278:
inherited arbitrary colonial borders, but also in European countries such as
3270:
into a former nation-state. Examples for the first case are found throughout
3074:
3009:
2969:
2964:
2944:
2832:
2792:
2787:
2773:
2763:
2758:
2661:
2413:
2304:
1943:
1923:
1918:
1829:
1787:
1751:
1728:
1715:
1687:
1520:
1445:
1437:
1418:
1077:
994:
960:
936:
557:
552:
500:
222:
6928:
US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
6391:"21.9% of Canadians are immigrants, the highest share in 85 years: StatsCan"
6204:
The Routledge Handbook to Regional Development in Central and Eastern Europe
5598:
The Evolution of New York City's Multiculturalism: Melting Pot or Salad Bowl
5095:
Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference
3945:
have immigrated to the United States recently. In Mexico, most Mexicans are
3837:, do not collect information on the ethnicity of their resident population.
1275:
1244:, often overlapping with other forms of ethnicity – example:
8225:
8165:
8048:
7990:
7983:
7938:
7878:
7809:
7617:
7607:
7555:
7493:
7481:
7471:
7461:
7446:
7398:
7314:
7240:
7000:
Ethnic groups and boundaries. The social organization of culture difference
6722:
5483:
Noel, Donald L. (1968). "A Theory of the Origin of Ethnic Stratification".
4938:
4792:(London 1989), pp. 11–17 (quoted in J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.),
4752:
4592:
4232:
4208:
4146:
4020:
3806:
3786:
3704:
3493:
3413:
3249:
3234:
3049:
3039:
3034:
2994:
2989:
2939:
2738:
2719:
2535:
2363:
1986:
1953:
1928:
1850:
1814:
1779:
1725:
1711:
1512:
1481:
1465:
1415:
1201:
1141:
968:
913:
465:
355:
61:
3848:, pejoratively known as Gypsies. They originated from India and speak the
1291:. The Bengalis form the third-largest ethnic group in the world after the
1051:(in the sense of disparate "nations" which did not yet participate in the
1044:
8160:
7968:
7953:
7928:
7853:
7523:
7498:
7488:
7466:
7393:
6900:"Education Resources: Regional Information, Jarvis Island | PacIOOS"
6109:
5865:. (Cologne and Graz) 1961, whose research into the "ethnogenesis" of the
4307:
4150:
4142:
4032:
3834:
3734:
recognized by the government, which are located on 17,000 islands in the
3481:
3299:
3287:
3019:
3014:
2458:
2448:
2287:
1871:
1825:
1786:
resulting in common ancestry (which is then sometimes cast in terms of a
1767:
1714:
beginning in the early modern period. Proponents of this theory, such as
1469:
1384:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1292:
1251:
In many cases, more than one aspect determines membership: for instance,
1218:
1137:
1133:
1052:
964:
877:
637:
505:
262:
135:
102:
7246:
2567:
1813:
This theory was preceded by more than 100 years during which biological
1101:
1024:
989:
8235:
8230:
8205:
8140:
8073:
7963:
7408:
7231:
6336:"Behind the Surprising Jump in Multiracial Americans, Several Theories"
6263:"Beogradski centar za ljudska prava – Belgrade Centre for Human Rights"
5884:("or distinguished from another people by its properties") was a myth.
5544:
5145:
Two-Dimensional Man: An essay on power and symbolism in complex society
4181:
4016:
3649: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3497:
3417:
3238:
2911:
2704:
2699:
2552:
2520:
2473:
2132:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1771:
1493:
1388:
1288:
1109:
1108:
did the term tend to become further narrowed to refer to "foreign" or "
1059:
617:
6639:
5869:
peoples convinced him that the idea of common origin, as expressed by
5504:
4860:
Cohen, Ronald. (1978) "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology",
1048:
951:, which over time may become separate ethnic groups themselves due to
8195:
8068:
7973:
7565:
7438:
7028:
Understanding 'race' and ethnicity: theory, history, policy, practice
5182:
Ernest Gellner (1997) Nationalism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4449:
4332:
4322:
4185:
4040:
3961:
3950:
3860:
3774:
3727:
3716:
3708:
3501:
3318:
3310:
3241:
were promoting global movements of populations at the same time that
3099:
2671:
2433:
1736:
1732:
1499:
1489:
1422:
1339:
1312:
1252:
1241:
1196:
1149:
1145:
1116:" arises in the 1930s to 1940s, serving as a replacement of the term
897:
852:
590:
517:
6874:
6165:
Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen
5536:
5272:
3624:
3362:
and ethnicity cannot be used as separate and autonomous categories.
1136:
may be used either synonymously with ethnicity or synonymously with
1018:
7883:
7848:
6615:"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific"
6390:
6043:
Banton, Michael. (2007) "Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique",
5522:
5496:
5232:
Banton, Michael. (2007) "Weber on Ethnic Communities: A critique",
4501:
4292:
4287:
4224:
4122:
4036:
3996:
3980:
3749:
3712:
3322:
2753:
2547:
2530:
2463:
2243:
1783:
1373:
1354:
1280:
1167:
1055:
952:
940:
901:
889:
885:
856:
848:
840:
5734:
Ethnicity, Language, and Power from a Psycholinguistic Perspective
5254:
Ronald Cohen 1978 "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology",
4272:
3782:
constitute an indigenous ethnic minority in both France and Spain.
3476:
The 19th century saw the development of the political ideology of
1710:" correlates the emergence of ethnicity with the movement towards
7903:
7833:
6966:
Racial Formation in the United States from the 1960s to the 1980s
3976:
3946:
3841:
3810:
3779:
3677:
3586:
3582:
3436:
effect there are no "ethnics"; there are only "ethnic relations".
3279:
2675:
2282:
2209:
1755:
1618:
1591:
1256:
1237:
1227:
1171:
909:
893:
881:
844:
627:
607:
575:
365:
6684:
3233:, developed in the context of European colonial expansion, when
1457:, although most scholars' approaches fall between the two poles.
1072:"the foreign nations, non-Hebrews, non-Jews". The Greek term in
27:
Socially defined category of people who identify with each other
7388:
7235:
6825:"History of Pitcairn Island | Pitcairn Island Immigration"
5113:
4114:
3856:
3830:
3817:
3753:
3741:
3370:
3295:
3271:
3230:
2515:
2297:
2292:
1880:
1683:
1303:
1188:
1121:
905:
861:
832:
602:
6366:"Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States"
3504:
when they are inter-ethnic conflicts in a multi-ethnic state.
7923:
7428:
4201:
4173:
4075:, an 1899 allegorical painting depicting Brazilian statesman
2748:
2666:
1399:
1296:
1284:
1231:
1068:
1009:
948:
7264:
7124:
Why Suyá Sing: A Musical Anthropology of an Amazonian People
5277:
Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies
5221:
Social identity, intergroup conflict, and conflict reduction
4941:
2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth).
37:"Ethnicities" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
7309:
5882:"sive ab Alia national Secundum program collection distinct
5117:
4544:
4110:
3693:
3685:
3338:
1629:
1510:) because they were based on a subjective belief in shared
1391:(Greek: θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι –
1016:). The inherited English language term for this concept is
612:
7253:
6620:. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.).
6073:, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1993, p.222
5112:
Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in
4716:
4498:(9th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage learning. p. 389.
1770:. Ethnic groups differ from other social groups, such as
1259:
citizenship, having Armenian heritage, native use of the
917:
5901:
Aihway Ong 1996 "Cultural Citizenship in the Making" in
3245:
boundaries were being more clearly and rigidly defined.
1797:
1580:
69:
7045:
Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives
4079:, one of the founding fathers of the country, with the
3929:. The largest pan-ethnic group in the United States is
3901:
Indigenous peoples of the Americas § North America
3813:
of which 70–80 million people worldwide claim ancestry.
5320:
Vincent, Joan (1974), "The Structure of Ethnicity" in
4837:
The archæology and prehistoric annals of Scotland 1851
4223:. There were brief attempts to settle Clipperton with
1810:
in the 1920s. It is based on the notion of "culture".
6927:
6739:
Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania
3286:. Examples for the second case are countries such as
1270:
6071:
Jones's minimal: low-wage labor in the United States
5850:"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies"
4428:
Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
4268:
1480:, these debates have been superseded, especially in
7095:
Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook
6086:, Berkeley: University of California Press. 380–381
4184:who descended from an initial group of British and
3975:The largest ethnic groups in the United States are
6963:
5223:, pp. 42–70. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001
4496:Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
1519:Another influential theoretician of ethnicity was
5914:
5806:
5804:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5621:Levine, Randy; Serbeh-Dunn, Gifty (Spring 1999).
5620:
5531:(6). American Sociological Association: 951–972.
8264:
6904:Pacific Islands Ocean Observing System (PacIOOS)
4870:Ethnicity – Theory and Experience
4616:
6577:Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West
5971:(London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997) pp. 12–13
5482:
5258:7: 383–384 Palo Alto: Stanford University Press
5089:
5087:
4617:Salter, Frank; Harpending, Henry (2013-07-01).
7164:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
6451:
6112:. American Anthropological Association. 1997.
5921:The Participation of Minorities in Public Life
5801:
5772:
4413:Race and ethnicity in the United States census
3684:are one of the indigenous peoples of Northern
7280:
6408:
6095:Wallman, S. "Ethnicity research in Britain",
5854:Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings
5336:"What is Ethnic Identity and Does it Matter?"
4717:Chandra Ford; Nina T Harawa (29 April 2010).
4050:are the largest ethnic group. In Canada, the
3507:
3346:
3209:
2592:
804:
6612:
6567:
6233:"Serbian Government – Official Presentation"
5084:
4493:
3416:, and ethnic groupings during the period of
1844:
1004:(more precisely, from the adjective ἐθνικός
979:, with identity assigned by societal rules.
6742:. the University of Michigan. p. 950.
6421:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347.
5518:
5516:
5514:
5478:
5476:
5065:. The Government of Canada. April 1, 1992.
4919:3 A member of an ethnic group or minority.
4454:. Oxford University Press. pp. 69–70.
4083:and the three major ethnic groups in Brazil
3921:The indigenous people in North America are
1750:in a society. That could be in a city like
7287:
7273:
7088:The Russian empire: A multi-ethnic history
6970:. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Inc.
6541:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
6201:
5993:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5381:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
5048:, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 115
4788:ThiE. Tonkin, M. McDonald and M. Chapman,
4619:"J.P. Rushton's theory of ethnic nepotism"
4451:Constructivist theories of ethnic politics
4164:these islands have extensive populations.
3829:A number of European countries, including
3448:
3216:
3202:
3144:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems
2599:
2585:
811:
797:
6961:
6712:
6702:
6629:
6333:
6110:"A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15"
5810:
5795:
5783:
5766:
5754:
5676:
5351:
5059:"Challenges of measuring an ethnic world"
4742:
4582:
3665:Learn how and when to remove this message
3565:Learn how and when to remove this message
3306:" societies, especially in large cities.
1104:, tribe, a unique people group"; only in
7225:) is being considered for deletion. See
7126:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
6921:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6573:
5874:Gens est multitudo ab uno principio orta
5511:
5473:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
4073:The Founding of the Brazilian Fatherland
4067:
3800:
3785:
3773:
3676:
3332:
1302:
1274:
1066:("the nations") to translate the Hebrew
7065:Healey, Joseph F., and Eileen O'Brien.
6534:
6418:France and the South Pacific Since 1940
6414:
5699:
5437:
5353:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170715
5333:
5156:J. Hutchinson & A.D. Smith (eds.),
5069:from the original on September 20, 2016
4494:People, James; Bailey, Garrick (2010).
4447:
3480:, when the concept of race was tied to
3164:Political and Legal Anthropology Review
1402:(Greek: ἤθεα ὁμότροπα –
14:
8265:
6780:. Angus & Robertson. p. 190.
6735:
6491:Census shows Hawaii is becoming whiter
5705:
5374:
5019:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4983:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4960:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4864:. 1978. 7:379–403; Glazer, Nathan and
4815:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4775:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
4759:
4623:Personality and Individual Differences
3692:Ethnic groups are abundant throughout
3484:, first by German theorists including
2820:Societies without hierarchical leaders
1758:, but also the fallen monarchy of the
1640:", notably espoused by anthropologist
7268:
7136:
7097:, Greenwood Publishing Group (1998),
6974:
6962:Omi, Michael; Winant, Howard (1986).
6762:
6606:
6334:Tavernise, Sabrina (13 August 2021).
6329:
6327:
6216:
6084:Europe and the People Without History
5958:(London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997)
5739:
5558:
5449:
5267:
5239:
5147:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5134:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
5099:Europe and the People Without History
4998:Valuing others in Classical Antiquity
4876:. The modern usage definition of the
4666:
3927:European colonization of the Americas
3905:Native Americans in the United States
3536:This section may contain information
3328:
1834:Racial Formation in the United States
1798:Ethnicity theory in the United States
1612:" further holds that ethnicity is an
1581:Approaches to understanding ethnicity
1346:and ethnography of the ancient world
7249:– American Psychological Association
6773:
6729:
6613:Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008).
6594:from the original on 9 February 2022
6206:. Taylor & Francis. p. 190.
6163:Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,
5994:Grosfoguel, Ramán (September 2004).
5714:from the original on 5 December 2012
5595:
4200:, later politically integrated into
3647:adding citations to reliable sources
3618:
3522:
3341:'s ethnic groups (original caption:
1393:theōn hidrumata te koina kai thusiai
1080:) could refer to any large group, a
7177:State & County QuickFacts: Race
7169:
7133:(Cambridge University Press, 1993).
6221:. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.
6202:Lux, Gábor; Horváth, Gyula (2017).
6102:
4521:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
3752:majority. The largest group is the
1502:maintained that ethnic groups were
1236:Ethno-cultural, emphasizing shared
24:
7254:Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) Atlas
7002:, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969
6991:
6346:from the original on 26 March 2022
6324:
6273:from the original on 7 August 2018
6243:from the original on 8 August 2018
6167:(2002)., English translation 2004.
5652:The Habsburg Empire. A New History
5340:Annual Review of Political Science
5160:(Oxford 1996), "Introduction", 8–9
5044:Athena S. Leoussi, Steven Grosby,
4368:List of countries by ethnic groups
4363:List of contemporary ethnic groups
3897:Ethnic groups in the United States
3881:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
1472:categories defining social actors.
1271:Definitions and conceptual history
25:
8304:
7247:Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs
7229:to help reach a consensus. ›
7184:
6794:from the original on 18 June 2022
6746:from the original on 30 July 2022
6555:from the original on 30 July 2022
6538:Prehistory in the Pacific Islands
6435:from the original on 30 July 2022
6293:"Native Peoples of North America"
6145:from the original on 30 July 2022
6099:, v. 18, n. 3, 1977, pp. 531–532.
4517:"Insight into Ethnic Differences"
4441:
4077:José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
3274:, where countries created during
3138:Political economy in anthropology
2348:List of nationalist organizations
1410:Whether ethnicity qualifies as a
7260:List of ethnic groups by country
7110:Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples
7052:Race, Education and Intelligence
6980:Myths and memories of the Nation
6892:
6867:
6777:Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama
5378:Ethnicity and Electoral Politics
5375:Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín (2006).
4271:
4057:
3960:. Many of them were sent to the
3885:Ethnic groups in Central America
3874:
3623:
3615:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
3527:
2566:
1540:more than indigenous realities:
1380:, "speaking the same language"),
1039:and until the mid-19th century,
68:
7075:, and Terence Ranger, editors,
6940:from the original on 2022-06-01
6910:from the original on 2022-05-10
6881:from the original on 2019-09-09
6856:from the original on 2020-11-17
6842:
6831:from the original on 2022-04-22
6817:
6678:
6667:from the original on 2021-12-31
6624:. ANU Press. pp. 281–300.
6528:
6517:from the original on 2022-03-26
6503:
6484:
6397:from the original on 2022-05-30
6383:
6372:from the original on 2022-05-09
6358:
6313:from the original on 2021-03-29
6299:
6285:
6255:
6225:
6210:
6195:
6170:
6157:
6127:
6116:from the original on 2012-04-19
6089:
6076:
6063:
6050:
6037:
6026:from the original on 2013-02-06
5987:
5974:
5961:
5948:
5908:
5895:
5842:
5829:
5816:
5789:
5760:
5748:
5726:
5687:
5667:
5657:
5644:
5633:from the original on 2020-11-12
5614:
5589:
5576:
5564:
5551:
5464:
5455:
5426:from the original on 2018-04-17
5406:
5395:from the original on 2022-04-22
5368:
5327:
5314:
5303:from the original on 2021-08-17
5261:
5226:
5213:
5198:
5185:
5176:
5163:
5150:
5137:
5124:
5104:
5051:
5038:
5026:
5003:
4990:
4967:
4944:
4937:roughly 300 million worldwide (
4931:
4854:
4822:
4799:
4735:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.008
4699:from the original on 2022-03-03
4649:from the original on 2021-08-02
4599:from the original on 2021-08-02
4527:from the original on 2021-08-02
4476:from the original on 2022-07-30
3634:needs additional citations for
3611:Ethnic groups of Southeast Asia
3519:List of ethnic groups of Africa
965:merge into one single ethnicity
7054:(London: Temple Smith, 1971) (
7005:Billinger, Michael S. (2007),
6736:Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971).
4782:
4710:
4660:
4610:
4538:
4509:
4487:
4408:Race and ethnicity in censuses
4343:Human Genome Diversity Project
4159:South Pacific islands nearing
4121:(whose Europeans are known as
4064:Ethnic groups in South America
3844:ethnic group in Europe is the
3465:all individuals. Others, like
3000:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges
2439:Historiography and nationalism
1889:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
1528:identities. Barth writes: "...
1460:The second debate is between "
1022:, used alongside the latinate
982:
758:Anthropologists by nationality
13:
1:
7294:
7214:
7142:The Ethnic Origins of Nations
5863:Stammesbildung und Verfassung
5256:Annual Review of Anthropology
5193:The Ethnic Origins of Nations
5110:Geertz, Clifford, ed. (1967)
5000:(Leiden: Brill, 2010), 43–70.
4434:
4127:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
4097:Indigenous peoples of Oceania
3935:Hispanic and Latino Americans
3758:Indigenous peoples of Siberia
3414:European mercantile expansion
3171:Journal of Legal Anthropology
2839:The Art of Not Being Governed
2531:Seasonal or cultural festival
1406:, "customs of like fashion").
1376:(ὁμόγλωσσον –
1347:
1155:Depending on which source of
6804:can further define the word
6182:loi Informatique et libertés
5570:Hobsbawm and Ranger (1983),
5525:American Sociological Review
5289:10.1080/1369801X.2014.993332
4238:
4081:flag of the Empire of Brazil
3913:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
3909:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1672:Instrumentalist perennialism
1342:laid the foundation of both
1255:ethnicity can be defined by
1178:) – example:
7:
8278:Majority–minority relations
7162:Thernstrom, Stephan A. ed.
5629:. Vol. 1, no. 4.
5121:. New York: The Free Press.
4872:, Cambridge, Massachusetts
4667:Bayar, Murat (2009-10-14).
4567:10.1534/genetics.115.178616
4264:
3748:besides the eighty percent
3730:alone, there are more than
3486:Johann Gottfried von Herder
2374:Anti-globalization movement
1330:; after early authors like
1195: – example:
865:, particularly in cases of
10:
8309:
7656:Countries by ethnic groups
7651:Contemporary ethnic groups
7157:Annual Review of Sociology
7148:Smith, Anthony D. (1998).
7108:Magocsi, Paul Robert, ed.
7081:Cambridge University Press
7077:The Invention of Tradition
7026:Craig, Gary, et al., eds.
6955:
5683:The Invention of Tradition
5572:The Invention of Tradition
5234:Nations and Nationalism 13
4635:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.014
4373:List of Indigenous peoples
4242:
4094:
4090:
4061:
3878:
3767:
3596:
3516:
3508:Ethnic groups by continent
3452:
3177:Journal of Law and Society
2897:Colonialism and resistance
2504:Principle of nationalities
1848:
1610:Essentialist primordialism
1365:(ὅμαιμον –
778:List of indigenous peoples
36:
32:Ethnicity (disambiguation)
29:
8244:
8127:
7999:
7802:
7636:
7437:
7302:
7205:Resources in your library
7069:(Sage Publications, 2014)
6535:Terrell, John E. (1988).
5600:. BoD – Books on Demand.
5334:Chandra, Kanchan (2006).
5210:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
5191:Smith, Anthony D. (1986)
5158:Oxford readers: Ethnicity
4879:Oxford English Dictionary
4829:Oxford English Dictionary
4796:(Oxford 1996), pp. 18–24)
4794:Oxford readers: Ethnicity
4685:10.1080/01419870902763878
4673:Ethnic and Racial Studies
4448:Chandra, Kanchan (2012).
3889:Demographics of Greenland
3809:are an ethnic group from
3763:
3607:South Asian ethnic groups
3542:to the article's subject.
3512:
2851:Non-western state systems
2827:African Political Systems
2081:Constitutional patriotism
1845:Ethnicity and nationality
1746:Ethnic groups can form a
1265:Armenian Apostolic Church
1088:of comrades as well as a
523:Cross-cultural comparison
7227:templates for discussion
7018:Critique of Anthropology
6704:10.3389/fgene.2020.00669
6697:. Frontiersin.org: 669.
6574:Crocombe, R. G. (2007).
6415:Aldrich, Robert (1993).
6012:10.1177/1468796804045237
5623:"Mosaic vs. Melting Pot"
5093:Fredrik Barth, ed. 1969
4874:Harvard University Press
4249:Native white Australians
3863:is recognizable for its
3840:An example of a largely
3746:recognized ethnic groups
3337:The racial diversity of
1741:cultural anthropologists
1708:Modernist constructivism
1665:Situational perennialism
1617:modern-day multi-ethnic
1008:, which was loaned into
695:Historical particularism
7768:Torres Strait Islanders
7613:Ethnopsychopharmacology
7357:In-group and out-groups
7131:Lumbee Indian Histories
7041:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland
6984:Oxford University Press
6069:Griffith, David Craig,
6058:American Anthropologist
6045:Nations and Nationalism
5824:Nations and Nationalism
5695:Lumbee Indian Histories
5584:Lumbee Indian Histories
5171:Nations and Nationalism
5169:Gellner, Ernest (1983)
5021:A Greek-English Lexicon
4985:A Greek-English Lexicon
4962:A Greek-English Lexicon
4900:ethnic minority (group)
4817:A Greek-English Lexicon
4777:A Greek-English Lexicon
3770:Ethnic groups in Europe
3592:
3449:Ethno-national conflict
2876:and the State in Africa
1760:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1369:, "of the same blood"),
1263:, or membership of the
1187:, emphasizing a shared
528:Participant observation
8293:Political anthropology
8014:Cultural appropriation
7914:Lineage-bonded society
7119:, (Westport, CT, 2004)
6934:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
4925:
4353:Ingroups and outgroups
4245:Indigenous Australians
4131:Australian Aboriginals
4084:
3893:Demographics of Mexico
3814:
3798:
3783:
3736:Indonesian archipelago
3723:across the continent.
3689:
3498:inter-ethnic conflicts
3438:
3410:
3400:
3354:
3347:
3118:Circumscription theory
2905:Europe and the People
2874:Technology, Tradition,
2429:Gender and nationalism
1658:Perpetual perennialism
1638:Geertz's primordialism
1563:
1546:
1430:Thomas Hylland Eriksen
1320:
1300:
670:Cross-cultural studies
8039:Ethnic interest group
7874:Ethnicity in censuses
7824:Cultural assimilation
7325:Ethnolinguistic group
7047:, London: Pluto Press
6998:Barth, Fredrik (ed).
6691:Frontiers in Genetics
5811:Omi & Winant 1986
5796:Omi & Winant 1986
5784:Omi & Winant 1986
5767:Omi & Winant 1986
5755:Omi & Winant 1986
5708:"Nature of Ethnicity"
5204:Anthony Smith (1991)
4883:
4790:History and Ethnicity
4318:Ethnocultural empathy
4303:Ethnic interest group
4196:The once uninhabited
4071:
3979:, African Americans,
3804:
3789:
3777:
3680:
3599:Ethnic groups in Asia
3540:important or relevant
3492:and the 20th century
3453:Further information:
3433:
3405:
3395:
3336:
3192:cultural anthropology
2980:E. E. Evans-Pritchard
2833:Papuan Big man system
2479:National indifference
1849:Further information:
1680:socio-economic status
1676:social stratification
1626:Kinship primordialism
1558:
1542:
1306:
1278:
1166:, emphasizing shared
8252:Minzu (anthropology)
8221:Separatist movements
8084:Ethnographic village
7909:Legendary progenitor
7544:Transidioethnography
7347:Hyphenated ethnicity
7342:Ethnographic realism
7335:Ethnoreligious group
7030:(Policy Press, 2012)
6217:Filep, Béla (2016).
6097:Current Anthropology
6047:13 (1), 2007, 19–35.
5903:Current Anthropology
5837:Imagined Communities
5826:Blackwell Publishing
5745:Smith 1987 pp. 21–22
5195:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5173:. Oxford: Blackwell.
5130:Cohen, Abner (1969)
5032:Herodotus, 8.144.2:
4862:Annu. Rev. Anthropol
4383:Minzu (anthropology)
4101:Europeans in Oceania
4011:, Native Americans,
3958:Atlantic slave trade
3643:improve this article
3547:improve this section
3418:capitalist expansion
2985:Wolfgang Fikentscher
2960:Henri J. M. Claessen
2715:Pantribal sodalities
2404:Cultural nationalism
2273:National syndicalist
1506:(artificial, i.e. a
1336:Hecataeus of Miletus
1037:Early Modern English
993:is derived from the
945:religious conversion
763:Anthropology by year
700:Boasian anthropology
675:Cultural materialism
660:Actor–network theory
258:Paleoanthropological
30:For other uses, see
8283:Multiracial affairs
8119:Multinational state
8114:Model minority myth
8001:Multiethnic society
7919:Linguistic homeland
7330:Ethnonational group
7243:at EScholarship.org
7086:Kappeler, Andreas.
6472:on 25 December 2018
5969:Gender & Nation
5956:Gender & Nation
5710:. Palomar College.
5143:Abner Cohen (1974)
4403:Population genetics
4393:Passing (sociology)
3941:in particular) and
3732:1,300 ethnic groups
3585:of a language) and
3383:Claude Lévi-Strauss
3264:Multi-ethnic states
3128:Left–right paradigm
2573:Politics portal
2526:Right-wing populism
2484:Nationalism studies
1328:classical antiquity
1144:, a term in use in
1030:late Middle English
963:and may eventually
922:physical appearance
715:Performance studies
608:Kinship and descent
548:Cultural relativism
198:Paleoethnobotanical
173:Ethnoarchaeological
8099:Middleman minority
8059:Ethnic pornography
8054:Ethnic nationalism
7959:Pantribal sodality
7899:Imagined community
7424:Symbolic ethnicity
7352:Indigenous peoples
7320:Ethnographic group
7174:U.S. Census Bureau
7033:Danver, Steven L.
7012:2009-07-09 at the
6774:Todd, Ian (1974).
6622:Islands of Inquiry
6500:, starbulletin.com
6496:2008-08-29 at the
6340:The New York Times
6187:2019-03-20 at the
5967:Nira Yuval-Davis,
5954:Nira Yuval-Davis,
5888:2015-04-23 at the
5871:Isidore of Seville
5596:Kolb, Eva (2009).
5461:Smith (1998), 159.
5322:Human Organization
5063:Publications.gc.ca
5015:2021-02-25 at the
4979:2021-02-25 at the
4956:2021-02-25 at the
4866:Daniel P. Moynihan
4811:2021-02-24 at the
4771:2021-02-25 at the
4328:Ethnographic group
4190:external territory
4085:
4048:European Canadians
3966:Dominican Republic
3815:
3799:
3784:
3744:has more than 185
3721:self-determination
3690:
3478:ethnic nationalism
3355:
3349:Nordisk familjebok
3329:Ethnicity and race
3309:The states of the
3123:Legal anthropology
3025:Thomas Blom Hansen
2955:Robert L. Carneiro
2744:Segmentary lineage
2681:Leveling mechanism
2631:legal anthropology
2444:Imagined community
2278:National Bolshevik
1997:Self-determination
1412:cultural universal
1321:
1301:
1279:A group of ethnic
957:physical isolation
867:ethnic nationalism
735:Post-structuralism
494:Research framework
8260:
8259:
8181:Ethnic stereotype
8094:Indigenous rights
8079:Ethnographic film
8064:Ethnic theme park
8024:Dominant minority
8019:Diaspora politics
8009:Consociationalism
7944:National language
7829:Cultural identity
7819:Cross-race effect
7763:Aboriginal groups
7191:Library resources
7138:Smith, Anthony D.
7122:Seeger, A. 1987.
7093:Levinson, David,
7090:(Routledge, 2014)
6976:Smith, Anthony D.
6459:"ISEE – Salaires"
6269:. 29 March 2015.
6082:Eric Wolf, 1982,
5916:Council of Europe
5732:Seidner, (1982),
5650:Pieter M. Judson
5236:(1), 2007, 19–35.
5207:National Identity
5097:; Eric Wolf 1982
4358:Intersectionality
4348:Identity politics
4338:Genetic genealogy
4213:Clipperton Island
3939:Mexican Americans
3823:ethnic minorities
3675:
3674:
3667:
3603:East Asian people
3575:
3574:
3567:
3440:In the U.S., the
3375:The Race Question
3268:ethnic minorities
3226:
3225:
2950:Jeremy Boissevain
2935:Georges Balandier
2930:E. Adamson Hoebel
2609:
2608:
2424:Gastronationalism
2409:Diaspora politics
2384:Banal nationalism
1455:Political science
1261:Armenian language
1206:African Americans
1193:national identity
1106:Hellenistic Greek
1043:was used to mean
977:social constructs
874:cultural heritage
847:, common sets of
821:
820:
720:Political economy
543:Thick description
340:Political economy
203:Zooarchaeological
163:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
8300:
8288:1930s neologisms
8151:Ethnic cleansing
8146:Ethnic bioweapon
8029:Ethnic democracy
7638:Groups by region
7588:Ethnomethodology
7571:Ethnomathematics
7561:Ethnolinguistics
7457:Ethnoarchaeology
7289:
7282:
7275:
7266:
7265:
7172:
7145:
6987:
6971:
6969:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6861:
6846:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6821:
6815:
6814:
6801:
6799:
6771:
6760:
6759:
6753:
6751:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6716:
6706:
6682:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6666:
6633:
6619:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6507:
6501:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6471:
6465:. Archived from
6455:
6449:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6368:. 18 July 2019.
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6289:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6199:
6193:
6180:article 8 de la
6178:
6174:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6106:
6100:
6093:
6087:
6080:
6074:
6067:
6061:
6054:
6048:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5965:
5959:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5858:Migration Period
5846:
5840:
5833:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5737:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5706:O'Neil, Dennis.
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5593:
5587:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5562:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5520:
5509:
5508:
5480:
5471:
5470:Smith (1999), 5.
5468:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5446:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5418:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5355:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5265:
5259:
5252:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5202:
5196:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5154:
5148:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5122:
5108:
5102:
5091:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5074:
5055:
5049:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5007:
5001:
4994:
4988:
4971:
4965:
4948:
4942:
4935:
4929:
4858:
4852:
4826:
4820:
4803:
4797:
4786:
4780:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4679:(9): 1639–1657.
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4586:
4561:(4): 1285–1295.
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4445:
4423:Stateless nation
4298:Ethnic cleansing
4281:
4276:
4275:
4229:Native Hawaiians
4227:and Jarvis with
4178:Pitcairn Islands
3923:Native Americans
3917:Caribbean people
3797:of Finland, 1936
3703:, some practice
3701:hunter-gatherers
3670:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3627:
3619:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3431:, Wallman noted
3352:
3255:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3112:Related articles
3095:Douglas R. White
3085:Jonathan Spencer
3065:Marshall Sahlins
3055:Sally Falk Moore
2611:
2610:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2571:
2570:
2512:
2494:Plurinationalism
2454:Internationalism
2394:Communitarianism
2379:Anti-imperialism
2369:Anti-nationalism
2358:Related concepts
1859:
1858:
1803:Ethnicity theory
1587:Jonathan M. Hall
1569:
1531:
1508:social construct
1486:multiculturalism
1436:One is between "
1352:
1349:
1315:are the largest
1180:French Canadians
1164:Ethno-linguistic
813:
806:
799:
341:
223:Anthrozoological
72:
49:
48:
21:
18:Ethnic subgroups
8308:
8307:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8240:
8186:Ethnic violence
8134:
8132:ethnic conflict
8130:
8123:
8104:Minority rights
8044:Ethnic majority
7995:
7979:Detribalization
7934:Nation-building
7869:Ethnic religion
7812:
7808:
7798:
7705:Central America
7632:
7603:Ethnophilosophy
7598:Ethnomusicology
7576:Ethnostatistics
7534:Person-centered
7504:Autoethnography
7433:
7298:
7293:
7230:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7199:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7182:
7129:Sider, Gerald,
7050:Eysenck, H.J.,
7014:Wayback Machine
6994:
6992:Further reading
6958:
6953:
6952:
6943:
6941:
6926:
6922:
6913:
6911:
6898:
6897:
6893:
6884:
6882:
6877:(in Japanese).
6873:
6872:
6868:
6859:
6857:
6848:
6847:
6843:
6834:
6832:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6797:
6795:
6788:
6772:
6763:
6749:
6747:
6734:
6730:
6683:
6679:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6650:
6631:10.1.1.593.8988
6617:
6611:
6607:
6597:
6595:
6588:
6572:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6549:
6533:
6529:
6520:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6498:Wayback Machine
6489:
6485:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6438:
6436:
6429:
6413:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6375:
6373:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6332:
6325:
6316:
6314:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6291:
6290:
6286:
6276:
6274:
6267:bgcentar.org.rs
6261:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6244:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6215:
6211:
6200:
6196:
6189:Wayback Machine
6176:
6175:
6171:
6162:
6158:
6148:
6146:
6141:. 29 May 2009.
6133:
6132:
6128:
6119:
6117:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6094:
6090:
6081:
6077:
6068:
6064:
6060:53(1): 142–145)
6055:
6051:
6042:
6038:
6029:
6027:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5966:
5962:
5953:
5949:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5913:
5909:
5900:
5896:
5890:Wayback Machine
5847:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5821:
5817:
5809:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5782:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5731:
5727:
5717:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5649:
5645:
5636:
5634:
5619:
5615:
5608:
5594:
5590:
5581:
5577:
5569:
5565:
5556:
5552:
5537:10.2307/2096302
5521:
5512:
5485:Social Problems
5481:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5447:
5438:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5373:
5369:
5332:
5328:
5319:
5315:
5306:
5304:
5266:
5262:
5253:
5240:
5231:
5227:
5218:
5214:
5203:
5199:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5164:
5155:
5151:
5142:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5109:
5105:
5092:
5085:
5072:
5070:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5017:Wayback Machine
5008:
5004:
4995:
4991:
4981:Wayback Machine
4972:
4968:
4958:Wayback Machine
4949:
4945:
4936:
4932:
4859:
4855:
4827:
4823:
4813:Wayback Machine
4804:
4800:
4787:
4783:
4773:Wayback Machine
4764:
4760:
4715:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4665:
4661:
4652:
4650:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4547:Sabatti, Chiara
4543:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4462:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4418:Race and health
4388:National symbol
4277:
4270:
4267:
4251:
4243:Main articles:
4241:
4170:Rapa Nui people
4103:
4095:Main articles:
4093:
4066:
4060:
3949:, a mixture of
3943:Asian Americans
3931:White Americans
3919:
3879:Main articles:
3877:
3850:Romani language
3772:
3766:
3671:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3640:
3628:
3617:
3597:Main articles:
3595:
3571:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3515:
3510:
3462:Jürgen Habermas
3457:
3455:Ethnic conflict
3451:
3393:, etc.), said:
3331:
3253:
3222:
3182:
3181:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3133:State formation
3113:
3105:
3104:
3090:Bjorn Thomassen
3045:Elizabeth Mertz
3030:Ted C. Lewellen
2975:Pierre Clastres
2925:
2924:Major theorists
2917:
2916:
2907:Without History
2906:
2875:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2725:Paramount chief
2657:Achieved status
2652:Ascribed status
2644:Status and rank
2640:
2629:
2605:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2506:
2399:Cosmopolitanism
2359:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2017:
2007:
2006:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1884:
1857:
1847:
1800:
1792:founding figure
1790:narrative of a
1776:interest groups
1748:cultural mosaic
1726:anthropologists
1642:Clifford Geertz
1583:
1574:Kanchan Chandra
1567:
1529:
1450:instrumentalist
1442:instrumentalism
1416:anthropologists
1404:ēthea homotropa
1350:
1309:Javanese people
1273:
1224:Ethno-religious
1215:South Islanders
1124:. The abstract
1098:Classical Greek
1096:of animals. In
1074:early antiquity
985:
817:
788:
787:
753:
745:
744:
725:Practice theory
665:Alliance theory
655:
647:
646:
642:Postcolonialism
571:
563:
562:
496:
486:
485:
451:Anthropological
446:
436:
435:
339:
289:
288:
268:
267:
218:
208:
207:
138:
128:
127:
98:
90:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8306:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8248:
8246:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8211:Indigenization
8208:
8203:
8201:Ethnosymbolism
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8171:Ethnic penalty
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8137:
8135:
8128:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8109:Model minority
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8089:Ethnopluralism
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8034:Ethnic enclave
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8005:
8003:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7815:
7813:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7779:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7744:Southeast Asia
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7667:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7642:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7625:
7623:Ethnosemiotics
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:Ethnomuseology
7590:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7578:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7459:
7454:
7452:Ethnic studies
7449:
7443:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7419:Supraethnicity
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7372:Minority group
7369:
7367:Metroethnicity
7364:
7362:Meta-ethnicity
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7292:
7291:
7284:
7277:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7250:
7244:
7238:
7208:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:External links
7183:
7181:
7180:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7146:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7103:978-1573560191
7091:
7084:
7079:. (Cambridge:
7073:Hobsbawm, Eric
7070:
7063:
7048:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7003:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6972:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6920:
6891:
6866:
6841:
6816:
6787:978-0207127618
6786:
6761:
6728:
6677:
6658:j.ctt24h8gp.20
6649:978-1921313899
6648:
6605:
6587:978-9820203884
6586:
6566:
6548:978-0521369565
6547:
6527:
6502:
6483:
6450:
6428:978-0824815585
6427:
6407:
6382:
6357:
6323:
6298:
6284:
6254:
6224:
6209:
6194:
6169:
6156:
6126:
6101:
6088:
6075:
6062:
6049:
6036:
5986:
5973:
5960:
5947:
5930:
5907:
5894:
5841:
5835:Anderson 2006
5828:
5815:
5800:
5788:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5738:
5725:
5698:
5686:
5675:
5666:
5656:
5654:(Harvard 2016)
5643:
5613:
5607:978-3837093032
5606:
5588:
5575:
5563:
5550:
5510:
5497:10.2307/800001
5491:(2): 157–172.
5472:
5463:
5454:
5436:
5405:
5388:978-1139462600
5387:
5367:
5346:(1): 397–424.
5326:
5324:33(4): 375–379
5313:
5283:(2): 174–195.
5260:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5197:
5184:
5175:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5103:
5083:
5050:
5037:
5025:
5002:
4989:
4966:
4943:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4896:
4892:
4853:
4821:
4798:
4781:
4758:
4729:(2): 251–258.
4709:
4659:
4629:(3): 256–260.
4609:
4537:
4523:. 2015-05-25.
4508:
4486:
4461:978-0199893157
4460:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4378:Meta-ethnicity
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4313:Ethnic penalty
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:Society portal
4266:
4263:
4240:
4237:
4217:Howland Island
4107:Norfolk Island
4092:
4089:
4062:Main article:
4059:
4056:
4029:Chinese people
4025:Swedish people
3876:
3873:
3869:multi-cultural
3768:Main article:
3765:
3762:
3750:ethnic Russian
3673:
3672:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3594:
3591:
3573:
3572:
3535:
3533:
3526:
3517:Main article:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3467:Charles Taylor
3450:
3447:
3379:Ashley Montagu
3343:Asiatiska folk
3330:
3327:
3292:United Kingdom
3284:United Kingdom
3276:decolonization
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Aidan Southall
3077:
3072:
3070:James C. Scott
3067:
3062:
3060:Rodney Needham
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:Ernest Gellner
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:Ritual warfare
2795:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:Law and custom
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2639:Basic concepts
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2621:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:in Catholicism
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Civil religion
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:Ethnopluralism
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1855:minority group
1846:
1843:
1808:Robert E. Park
1799:
1796:
1780:social classes
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1701:Constructivism
1697:
1696:
1695:
1668:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1634:
1622:
1582:
1579:
1474:
1473:
1462:constructivism
1458:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1381:
1370:
1344:historiography
1272:
1269:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1221:
1211:Ethno-regional
1208:
1199:
1185:Ethno-national
1182:
1174:(and possibly
1157:group identity
1114:minority group
984:
981:
929:language shift
914:dressing style
831:is a group of
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
801:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
740:Systems theory
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Culture theory
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
599:
598:
588:
583:
578:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
503:
497:
492:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
281:
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
263:Primatological
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:Archaeological
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Archaeological
99:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8305:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8243:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8191:Ethnocentrism
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8156:Ethnic hatred
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8126:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7989:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7949:National myth
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7889:Folk religion
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7864:Ethnic origin
7862:
7860:
7859:Ethnic option
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7734:Northern Asia
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7710:South America
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7695:United States
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7629:
7628:Ethnotaxonomy
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7583:Ethnomedicine
7581:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7519:Institutional
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7477:Ethnomycology
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7404:Polyethnicity
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7384:Monoethnicity
7382:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7290:
7285:
7283:
7278:
7276:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7046:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6959:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6855:
6851:
6845:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6758:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6732:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6681:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6578:
6570:
6554:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6531:
6516:
6512:
6506:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6487:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6454:
6447:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6411:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6294:
6288:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6242:
6238:
6237:serbia.gov.rs
6234:
6228:
6220:
6213:
6205:
6198:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6183:
6173:
6166:
6160:
6144:
6140:
6139:www2.gov.scot
6136:
6130:
6115:
6111:
6105:
6098:
6092:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6059:
6053:
6046:
6040:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5977:
5970:
5964:
5957:
5951:
5944:
5933:
5931:9789287169402
5927:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5904:
5898:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5848:Walter Pohl,
5845:
5838:
5832:
5825:
5822:Gellner 2006
5819:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5768:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5742:
5735:
5729:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5679:
5670:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5560:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5467:
5458:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5422:
5415:
5409:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5371:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5317:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5188:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5153:
5146:
5140:
5133:
5127:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5054:
5047:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:, on Perseus)
5022:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4851:, pp. 136,181
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4833:Daniel Wilson
4830:
4825:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Polyethnicity
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4221:Jarvis Island
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:Bonin Islands
4194:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4166:Easter Island
4162:
4161:Latin America
4158:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4135:Austronesians
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:New Caledonia
4116:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4058:South America
4055:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4013:Puerto Ricans
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3875:North America
3872:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3666:
3658:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3632:This section
3630:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3569:
3566:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3490:German Empire
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3471:Will Kymlicka
3468:
3463:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3429:United States
3426:
3425:Great Britain
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3391:Julian Huxley
3388:
3387:Gunnar Myrdal
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369:In 1950, the
3367:
3363:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3304:multicultural
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3251:
3250:Nation-states
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Elman Service
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3010:David Graeber
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:John Comaroff
2968:
2966:
2965:Jean Comaroff
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Fredrik Barth
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:Legal systems
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Legal culture
2791:
2789:
2788:Customary law
2786:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:Theatre state
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:House society
2762:
2760:
2759:Petty kingdom
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Social status
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Ethnocentrism
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:Organizations
2341:
2340:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Technological
2315:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:Ethnocacerism
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:Revolutionary
2266:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:Howard Winant
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:New York City
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:Fredrik Barth
1727:
1717:
1716:Eric Hobsbawm
1713:
1712:nation states
1709:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1688:ethnocentrism
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:Primordialism
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1552:According to
1550:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1521:Fredrik Barth
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:According to
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1446:primordialist
1443:
1439:
1438:primordialism
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1428:According to
1426:
1424:
1420:
1419:Fredrik Barth
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1351: 480 BC
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:ethnic group.
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Homeric Greek
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
991:
980:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:pan-ethnicity
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:acculturation
934:
933:intermarriage
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
814:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
794:
792:
791:
784:
783:Organizations
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
749:
748:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:Structuralism
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Functionalism
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
651:
650:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
597:
596:sociocultural
594:
593:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
567:
566:
559:
558:Emic and etic
556:
554:
553:Ethnocentrism
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
502:
501:Anthropometry
499:
498:
495:
490:
489:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Ethnopoetical
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Transpersonal
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:Psychological
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Institutional
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Environmental
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
271:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
217:
212:
211:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:Environmental
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
132:
131:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
94:
93:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
41:
33:
19:
8226:Xenocentrism
8176:Ethnic slurs
8166:Ethnic party
8129:Ideology and
8049:Ethnic media
7991:White ethnic
7984:Neotribalism
7939:Nation state
7879:Ethnofiction
7810:ethnogenesis
7781:
7774:
7755:
7724:Central Asia
7716:
7669:
7662:
7645:
7618:Ethnoscience
7608:Ethnopoetics
7556:Ethnohistory
7494:Ethnogeology
7482:Ethnozoology
7472:Ethnoecology
7462:Ethnobiology
7447:Anthropology
7399:Panethnicity
7315:Ethnic group
7295:
7252:
7220:
7195:
7170:
7163:
7156:
7152:. Routledge.
7149:
7144:. Blackwell.
7141:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7094:
7087:
7076:
7066:
7051:
7044:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7017:
6999:
6979:
6965:
6942:. Retrieved
6933:
6923:
6912:. Retrieved
6903:
6894:
6883:. Retrieved
6869:
6858:. Retrieved
6844:
6833:. Retrieved
6819:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6796:. Retrieved
6776:
6755:
6748:. Retrieved
6738:
6731:
6694:
6690:
6680:
6669:. Retrieved
6621:
6608:
6596:. Retrieved
6576:
6569:
6557:. Retrieved
6537:
6530:
6519:. Retrieved
6505:
6486:
6474:. Retrieved
6467:the original
6462:
6453:
6444:
6437:. Retrieved
6417:
6410:
6399:. Retrieved
6385:
6374:. Retrieved
6360:
6348:. Retrieved
6339:
6315:. Retrieved
6307:"Our People"
6301:
6287:
6275:. Retrieved
6266:
6257:
6245:. Retrieved
6236:
6227:
6218:
6212:
6203:
6197:
6179:
6172:
6164:
6159:
6147:. Retrieved
6138:
6129:
6118:. Retrieved
6104:
6096:
6091:
6083:
6078:
6070:
6065:
6057:
6052:
6044:
6039:
6028:. Retrieved
6003:
5999:
5989:
5976:
5968:
5963:
5955:
5950:
5942:
5935:. Retrieved
5920:
5910:
5902:
5897:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5862:
5853:
5844:
5836:
5831:
5823:
5818:
5813:, p. 21
5798:, p. 19
5791:
5786:, p. 17
5769:, p. 58
5762:
5757:, p. 15
5750:
5741:
5733:
5728:
5716:. Retrieved
5701:
5694:
5689:
5682:
5678:
5669:
5659:
5651:
5646:
5635:. Retrieved
5626:
5616:
5597:
5591:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5553:
5528:
5524:
5488:
5484:
5466:
5457:
5428:. Retrieved
5408:
5397:. Retrieved
5377:
5370:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5321:
5316:
5305:. Retrieved
5280:
5276:
5263:
5255:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5205:
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768:Bibliography
710:Interpretive
685:Diffusionism
654:Key theories
640: /
585:
570:Key concepts
481:Sociological
461:Ethnological
248:Neurological
233:Evolutionary
178:Experiential
62:Anthropology
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8161:Ethnic joke
7969:Tribal name
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7929:Mythomoteur
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7839:Development
7524:Netnography
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7489:Ethnocinema
7467:Ethnobotany
7394:Nationality
7215:‹ The
7117:New England
6439:18 February
6177:(in French)
6149:23 November
6002:. 315–336.
6000:Ethnicities
5878:Etymologiae
5693:Sider 1993
5582:Sider 1993
5269:James, Paul
4921:Equatorians
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4723:Soc Sci Med
4308:Ethnic flag
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3835:Switzerland
3482:nationalism
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2449:Imperialism
2322:Territorial
2288:Legionarism
1976:Core values
1872:Nationalism
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1772:subcultures
1768:melting pot
1682:, race, or
1470:ontological
1385:sanctuaries
1378:homoglōsson
1332:Anaximander
1324:Ethnography
1293:Han Chinese
1219:New Zealand
1138:citizenship
1134:nationality
983:Terminology
878:origin myth
855:, society,
638:Colonialism
581:Development
538:Reflexivity
506:Ethnography
456:Descriptive
314:Development
253:Nutritional
228:Biocultural
153:Battlefield
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8267:Categories
8236:Xenophobia
8231:Xenophilia
8206:Indigenism
8141:Allophilia
8074:Ethnocracy
7964:Statistext
7894:Historical
7787:Indigenous
7739:South Asia
7675:Indigenous
7409:Population
7060:0851170099
6944:2022-03-26
6914:2022-03-26
6885:2022-03-26
6875:"小笠原諸島の歴史"
6860:2022-03-26
6835:2022-03-26
6798:2 February
6750:2 February
6671:2022-03-26
6640:1885/38139
6598:24 January
6521:2022-03-26
6401:2022-05-22
6376:2022-05-22
6317:2022-05-22
6120:2007-05-18
6030:2012-08-06
6006:(3): 315.
5637:2021-10-01
5561:, pp. 4–7)
5559:Smith 1999
5450:Smith 1999
5430:2018-06-02
5399:2022-03-21
5307:2016-03-12
5073:August 28,
4974:ὁμόγλωσσος
4703:2021-01-05
4653:2021-08-02
4603:2021-08-02
4531:2021-08-02
4480:2020-09-11
4435:References
4052:indigenous
4017:Norwegians
3793:family in
3502:civil wars
3239:capitalism
2912:Cargo cult
2815:Acephelous
2705:Matriarchy
2700:Patriarchy
2687:Leadership
2553:Xenophobia
2521:Revanchism
2474:Militarism
2133:Indigenism
2128:Homosexual
2096:Ecological
2002:Solidarity
1992:Patriotism
1982:Allegiance
1764:Salad bowl
1737:historians
1554:Paul James
1494:South Asia
1444:". In the
1389:sacrifices
1326:begins in
1289:Bangladesh
1246:Travellers
1084:of men, a
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1028:since the
927:By way of
853:traditions
618:Prehistory
471:Historical
444:Linguistic
356:Historical
324:Ecological
216:Biological
118:Linguistic
108:Biological
8273:Ethnicity
8196:Ethnocide
8069:Ethnoburb
7974:Tribalism
7757:Australia
7749:West Asia
7729:East Asia
7700:Caribbean
7685:Greenland
7566:Ethnology
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7296:Ethnicity
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7196:Ethnicity
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7023:, 1:5–35.
6626:CiteSeerX
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4643:0191-8869
4575:0016-6731
4502:ancestors
4470:829678440
4333:Genealogy
4323:Ethnocide
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3993:Americans
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3861:Vojvodina
3728:Indonesia
3717:Singapore
3709:Hong Kong
3682:Assyrians
3555:June 2021
3319:Britannia
3311:New World
3100:Eric Wolf
2672:Age grade
2626:Political
2434:Globalism
2419:Francoism
2222:Christian
2217:Religious
2143:Left-wing
2086:Corporate
2076:Communist
2037:Bourgeois
2027:Anarchist
1733:Eric Wolf
1619:societies
1561:positive.
1504:künstlich
1500:Max Weber
1490:Caribbean
1423:Eric Wolf
1340:Herodotus
1313:Indonesia
1242:tradition
1197:Austrians
1126:ethnicity
1110:barbarous
1053:Christian
987:The term
898:mythology
825:ethnicity
591:Evolution
586:Ethnicity
518:Ethnology
396:Political
304:Cognitive
243:Molecular
42:(journal)
8216:Nativism
7884:Ethnonym
7849:Ethnarch
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7792:European
7670:Americas
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7509:Clinical
7303:Concepts
7217:template
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7010:Archived
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6879:Archived
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6810:language
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6370:Archived
6350:26 March
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6311:Archived
6277:26 March
6271:Archived
6247:26 March
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6185:Archived
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5937:24 March
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4753:20488602
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4288:Ancestor
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4225:Mexicans
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4037:Russians
4009:Scottish
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3713:Shanghai
3579:language
3427:and the
3323:Marianne
3157:Journals
2754:Chiefdom
2731:Polities
2617:a series
2615:Part of
2548:Trumpism
2489:Nativism
2469:Localism
2464:Jingoism
2312:Romantic
2263:Resource
2244:Hindutva
2232:Clerical
2227:Catholic
2188:Japanese
2147:populism
2138:Integral
2118:European
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2059:American
2042:Business
1964:Treasure
1939:Language
1934:Identity
1864:a series
1862:Part of
1784:endogamy
1692:conflict
1614:a priori
1525:a priori
1374:language
1367:homaimon
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1281:Bengalis
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1168:language
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1032:period.
1014:ethnicus
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902:folklore
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857:religion
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841:language
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773:Journals
690:Feminism
476:Semiotic
416:Symbolic
411:Religion
346:Feminist
334:Economic
284:Cultural
238:Forensic
193:Maritime
188:Forensic
183:Feminist
158:Biblical
148:Aviation
113:Cultural
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6956:Sources
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6714:7333314
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6463:Isee.nc
5839:Version
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4951:ὅμαιμος
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4868:(1975)
4766:ἐθνικός
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4091:Oceania
3989:English
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3951:Spanish
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3857:Serbian
3842:nomadic
3811:Ireland
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3780:Basques
3587:culture
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1592:kinship
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1400:customs
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628:Society
576:Culture
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386:Museums
381:Medical
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294:Applied
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3513:Africa
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1959:Symbol
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1002:ethnos
990:ethnic
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906:ritual
862:nation
833:people
603:Gender
533:Holism
431:Visual
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309:Cyborg
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143:Aerial
123:Social
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